“[A] suit by private parties seeking to impose a liability which must be paid from public funds in the state treasury is barred by the Eleventh Amendment.”
How later courts described this case
- “[A] suit by private parties seeking to impose a liability which must be paid from public funds in the state treasury is barred by the Eleventh Amendment.”
- “While legal conclusions can provide the complaint's framework, they must be supported by factual allegations.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA
HOWARD BROWN CIVIL ACTION
VERSUS NO: 22-00135
LOUISIANA STATE, et al. SECTION: T (3)
ORDER
Before the Court are a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and Motion to Dismiss
for Failure to State a Claim filed by Defendant Judge Bernadette D’Souza (R. Doc. 7), to which
Plaintiff has filed an opposition (R. Doc. 8). Judge D’Souza has filed a reply (R. Doc. 18). Also
before the Court are a Motion to Dismiss for Lack of Jurisdiction and a Motion to Dismiss for
Failure to State a Claim by Defendants Kim Glapion Bertrand, Sandra A. Broussard, Donna
Clayton, Chip Coulter, Department of Children and Family Services, Department of Public Safety
and Corrections Louisiana State, Catherine Heitman, George J. Higgins, Jr., Phenda Hodnett, Eric
Horent, Shavana Howard, Konitra K. Jack, Mary Kenerson, James M. LeBlanc, Louisiana State,
Sherry Maitre, Office of Motor Vehicles, Terri Ricks, Karen St. Germain, and Marketa Garner
Walters (R. Doc. 12). Plaintiff has filed a response in opposition (R. Doc. 19). The Court finds the
motions have merit and therefore will GRANT the Motions to Dismiss.
Plaintiff, Howard Brown, filed his complaint on January 24, 2022, in the Eastern District
of Louisiana for the events surrounding surround a child support issue out of the State of
California. In his Complaint, he named as defendants, in both their individual and official
capacities, the State of Louisiana through the Department of Public Safety & Corrections, the
Department of Children and Family Services, and the Office of Motor Vehicles, James LeBlanc,
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Marketa Garner Walters, Terri Ricks, Eric Horent, Rhenda Hodnett, Shavana Howard, Kim
Bertrand, Catherine Heitman, Chip Coulter, Karen St. Germain, Sherry Maitre, Konitra Jack,
Sandra Broussard, Donna Clayton, Mary Kenerson, and George Higgins Jr.
Plaintiff alleges that the defendants, many of whom are alleged to be employed with the
Louisiana Department of Children and Family Services (“DCFS”) and the Louisiana Department
of Public Safety and Corrections, Office of Motor Vehicles (“OMV”), violated his civil rights in
connection with the enforcement of an out-of-state child support order and suspension of his
driver’s license for failure to pay child support. Plaintiff asserts that sometime in 2018, DCFS
informed Plaintiff that he was required to pay child support related to a child support case in
California. On April 8, 2019, Plaintiff asserted that OMV informed him via certified mail that his
driving privileges had been revoked and his driver’s license suspended as a result of non-payment
of child support. Plaintiff admits that he took no action regarding his suspension until April 9, 2021
when he sent a letter to Ms. Walters and “other named defendants” asserting that a mistake had
been made. Plaintiff subsequently requested a meeting with members of DCFS and met with them
on May 12, 2021.
On January 24, 2022, Plaintiff filed the instant matter. Plaintiff asserts that the revocation
of his license was based on a process that gives the State of Louisiana the ability to restrict licenses
through the Louisiana Children’s Code. However, he contends the basis for initiating the process
was invalid as it relates to his license revocation. Plaintiff contends the State executed a petition
to register foreign child support order that was not based on an ongoing child support issue, but
was instead based on an issue in arrears. Plaintiff alleges the process used to instigate a legal
procedure deprived him of due process and equal protection of the laws.
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Plaintiff asserts five causes of action related to the revocation of his driving privileges
pursuant to (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1983,8 (2) 18 U.S.C. § 242,9 (3) Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S.
Constitution, (4) the Social Security Act, and (5) the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act. Plaintiff
seeks declaratory relief and injunctive relief “to return [his] driver’s license to full and active
status”, in addition to damages and costs.
The defendants first argue that the plaintiff’s official capacity claims against them should
be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction based on the state's Eleventh Amendment
sovereign immunity. Motions to dismiss based on Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity are
analyzed under Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, which provides that a court
“has the power to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction on any one of three separate bases:
(1) the complaint alone; (2) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts evidenced in the
record; or (3) the complaint supplemented by undisputed facts plus the court's resolution of
disputed facts.” St. Tammany Parish ex rel. Davis v. Fed. Emergency Mgmt. Agency, 556 F.3d
307, 315 (5th Cir.2009). The burden of proof for a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss is on the party
asserting jurisdiction. Ramming v. U.S., 281 F.3d 158, 161(5th Cir.2001).
Otherwise, Defendants’ requests for dismissal are analyzed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6).
A motion filed pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure challenges the
sufficiency of a plaintiff's allegations. Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss, “a
complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is
plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 652, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949 (2009) (citing
Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (2007)). “A claim has facial plausibility
when the plaintiff pleads the factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference
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that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged ... Determining whether a complaint states
a plausible claim for relief ... [is] a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw
on its judicial experience and common sense.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679, 129 S.Ct. at 1950. Although
the court must accept as true all factual allegations set forth in the complaint, the same presumption
does not extend to legal conclusions. Id. Courts will not accept as true “conclusory allegations,
unwarranted factual inferences, or legal conclusions.” Ferrer v. Chevron Corp., 484 F.3d 776, 780
(5th Cir.2007) (quoting Plotkin v. IP Axess Inc., 407 F.3d 690, 696 (5th Cir.2005)); see also Iqbal,
556 U.S. at 664, 129 S.Ct. at 1940 (“While legal conclusions can provide the complaint's
framework, they must be supported by factual allegations.”).
Under the Eleventh Amendment, “[t]he Judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the
United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” This
broad grant of immunity also extends to federal suits against a state brought by the citizens of that
state. See Hans v.. Louisiana, 134 U.S. 1, 10 S.Ct. 504, 33 L.Ed. 842 (1890).
A state need not be named in a complaint in order to trigger the provisions of the Eleventh
Amendment, as it bars any suit where a state is a “real, substantial party in interest.” Pennhurst
State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 101, 104 S.Ct. 900, 908, 79 L.Ed.2d 67 (1984);
Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 663, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1356, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974) (“[A] suit by
private parties seeking to impose a liability which must be paid from public funds in the state
treasury is barred by the Eleventh Amendment.”). Eleventh Amendment immunity covers state
agencies that may be properly characterized as arms of the state. Porche v. St. Tammany Parish
Sheriffs Office, 67 F.Supp.2d 631, 632 (E.D.La.1999). Moreover, the Eleventh Amendment bars
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claims for damages when the claimant is suing state officers in their official capacities, and the
damages would be paid out of the state treasury. Chrissy F. by Medley v. Mississippi Dep't of Pub.
Welfare, 925 F.2d 844, 849 (5th Cir.1991).
Here, there can be no doubt that the defendant judge, state agencies, and the individuals in
their official capacities are immune from suit. In accordance with longstanding precedent, federal
courts lack jurisdiction over suits against state officials sued in an official capacity for monetary
relief. Therefore, this Court lacks jurisdiction over all claims for monetary relief against the
defendants in their official capacity.
Additionally, Plaintiff’s claims are barred by the Younger abstention doctrine. Younger v.
Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 44, 91 S.Ct. 746, 27 L.Ed.2d 669 (1971). The Younger abstention doctrine is
based upon “a strong federal policy against federal-court interference with pending state judicial
proceedings absent extraordinary circumstances.” Middlesex County Ethics Committee v. Garden
State Bar Association, 457 U.S. 423, 431, 102 S.Ct. 2515, 73 L.Ed.2d 116 (1982). Generally, the
Younger abstention doctrine requires that federal courts decline to exercise jurisdiction over
lawsuits when three conditions are met: 1) the federal proceeding would interfere with an “ongoing
state judicial proceeding”; 2) the state has an important interest in regulating the subject matter of
the claim; and 3) the plaintiff has “an adequate opportunity in the state proceedings to raise
constitutional challenges. Bice v. Louisiana Public Defender Board, 677 F.3d 712, 716 (5th Cir.
2012)(citing Middlesex County Ethics Comm., supra).
Here, Plaintiff seeks declaratory relief that would interfere with the ongoing state judicial
proceedings. Plaintiff does not dispute that his appeal with respect to the child support and
suspension of his driving privileges for failure to pay child support is pending and that any orders
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from this Court would threaten the integrity of those proceedings. Similarly, there can be no doubt
that Louisiana has an important interest in the enforcement of child support awards. Finally,
Plaintiff has an adequate opportunity to challenge the constitutionality of the child support awards
in state court. Indeed, Plaintiff has invoked his appellate rights in state court. Accordingly, the
Court finds that the Younger abstention doctrine applies and that Plaintiffs claims may be
dismissed on that basis.
Finally, this Court notes that Plaintiff's claims under § 1983 appear to be prescribed on
their face. The Petition states that on April 8, 2019 OMV informed him via certified mail that his
driving privileges had been revoked and his driver’s license was suspended as a result of non-
payment of child support. Plaintiff took no action regarding his suspension until April 9, 2021,
when he sent a letter to Ms. Walters and “other named defendants” asserting that a mistake had
been made. Plaintiff's underlying cause of action for his claims against the defendants is that his
license was improperly revoked, and as such that revocation forms the operative nexus of fact.
Because Plaintiff asserts he became aware that his license had been revoked on April 8, 2019, he
had one year from that date — April 8, 2020 — to file suit. Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on January 24,
2022, almost two years after the last date for timely filing. Accordingly, Plaintiffs claims appear
to be prescribed on their face.
Accordingly, for the reasons stated above,
IT IS ORDERED that Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (R. Docs. 7 and 12) are
GRANTED and Plaintiff’s claims are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.
New Orleans, Louisiana, this 30th da sie (oun)
1 wd
Cong Gord Curd
‘ United States District Judge