Watson v. United States Postal Service

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

EASTERN DISTRICT OF LOUISIANA

PAULA Y. WATSON CIVIL ACTION

VERSUS NUMBER: 20-2901

UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICE DIVISION “5”

ORDER

Before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Louis DeJoy,

Postmaster General on Behalf of the United States Postal Service (“USPS”). (Rec. Doc. 15).

Plaintiff opposes the motion, (Rec. doc. 19), and the USPS has filed a reply. (Rec. doc. 22).

HI. avingF raecvtieuwale Bd athcke gprloeaudnidngs and the case law, the Court rules as follows.

Plaintiff, Paula Y. Watson, is a black female who was hired as a city letter carrier by

the USPS in 1999. (Rec. doc. 1 at ¶ 3). Plaintiff alleges that she was required to work in a

racially hostile work environment that was cIrde.ated by Leslie Golden (white female), her

Postmaster at the Mandeville USPS Office. ( at ¶¶ 4-5). Plaintiff alleges that “Golden

engaged in a persistent, pervasive, offensive, unwelcomed, and illegal course of conduct

directed to and/or in the presence of Plaintiff by subjecting her to false allegations,

requiring that she notify a supervisor when needing to use the bathroom, issuing Plaintiff

Letters of Warning for behavior in which she did not exhibit, charging PlIadi.ntiff with

conduct and suspending Plaintiff for actions which she did not undertake. . . .” ( at ¶ 5).

Plaintiff claims that Golden’s and her other supervisors’ behavior (as outlined

below) amounted to disparate-treatmeIndt. race discrimination and retaliation and created a

racially hostile work environment. ( at ¶¶ 5, 29, 32). Plaintiff contends that other

coworkers of color (one Latino and five Black co-workers over a period of nine months)

were also involuntarily separated from their employment for enIgda.ging in behavior for

which her white coworkers were not disciplined and/or removed. ( at ¶ 5).

Plaintiff maintains that on October 4, 2019, her direct supervisor, Adam Taylor

(white male), falIsde.ly accused her of stealing documents and of making threatening remarks

about Golden. ( at ¶ 8). On the morning of OctoIbde.r 4, 2019, Taylor questioned Plaintiff

about some of Golden’s notes that were missing. ( ). Taylor allegedly falsely stated that

he had observed Plaintiff on her way to the printer that afternoon, leaving the printer area,

and that 1I0d .minutes later, he discovered Golden’s missing notes “directly on top of the

printer.” ( ). Plaintiff was then interrogated about her knowledge of Golden’s notes after

Plaintiff had earlier stated to Taylor that she already had knowledge of the information

contained in the documents. (Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶ 5). Plaintiff failed to explain to Taylor

how she had gained knowledge of the information in the missing documents. (Rec. doc.

15-7 at ¶ 11). Plaintiff denied that she haIdd. ever possessed the documents and alleged that

she was being set up and/or harassed. ( at ¶ 12). Taylor later denied accusing Plaintiff

of stealing the documents, (Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶ 5), but testified that when he questioned

Plaintiff as to her knowledge of the documents, she replied, “I’ve got something for that

bitch” (allegedly referring to Golden). (Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶ 6, 16).

Plaintiff received a letter of warning from Taylor for improper conduct and creating

a hostile work environment on October 24, 2019, due to this incident. (Rec. doc. 1 at ¶ 9;

Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶ 16). Both Taylor and Golden testified that neither Plaintiff’s race nor

color was a factor in their handling of this situation, (Rec. doc. 15-7 at ¶¶13-14; Rec. doc.

15-8 at ¶¶ 9-10), and Golden further stated in her declaration that Plaintiff’s integrity was

often in question at the office. (Rec. doc. 15-7 at ¶ 9). The letter of warning was later

expunged from all records and files. (Rec. doc. 15-6).

The next day, October 5, 2019, Plaintiff alleges that she was advised by her

supervisor Charae Flemings (black female), at the direction of Golden, that she needed to

ask permission to leave her work area, including when she needed to use the restroom.

(Rec. doc. 1 at ¶ 12). Flemings later testified that she never gave any employee specific

written instructions regarding leaving their work area and that she merely informed all

employees that if they were away from their work area, she needed to know where they

were. (Rec. doc. 15-9 at ¶¶ 9-10). Flemings informed all of the employees that if she saw

thIde.m away from theierv ewryoornk eareas, they needed Itdo. let her know where they were going.

( ). This applied to , not just Plaintiff. ( )

The postal rule, regulation, and/or policy that applies in this situation is M-41,

which stateIsd .that carriers should be at their work area casing their mail, not loitering on

the floor. ( at ¶ 11). Flemings testifiIedd. that neither Plaintiff’s race nor color was a factor

in how she handled this situation. ( at ¶¶ 15-16). Golden affirmed that she never

instructed Plaintiff to ask permission to leave her work area and to notify a supervisor

when she needed to use the bathroom. (Rec. doc. 15-7 at ¶ 15). GoldenI dis. not aware of any

carriers that are required to request permission to use the bathroom. ( at ¶ 17). Rather,

Taylor testified that all USPS carriers in the office were advised not to leave their work area

without notifying a supervisor. (Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶ 11). Both Taylor and Golden testified

that race was not a factor in their handling of this situation. (Rec. doc. 15-7 at ¶¶ 13-14;

Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶¶ 14-15). However, Plaintiff’s co-workers Arnold Sylve and Lionel Kinler

both testified that Plaintiff was the only individual who needed to ask permission to use the

restroom and that her white coworkers were neither required to ask nor needed

permission to use the restroom. (Rec. doc. 19-3 at ¶¶ 11-12; Rec. doc. 19-4 at ¶¶ 5-6).

Over a month later, Plaintiff was handed a seven-day suspension for falsifying time

1

records by requesting a “no lunch” period on November 2, 2019. Plaintiff submitted Form

3971 for a “no lunch” period” on November 2, 2019, which Flemings approved. (Rec. doc.

15-10). Golden testified that Plaintiff’s submission of Form 3971 on November 2, 2019 in

which she Irde.quested a “No Lunch” waiver of 30 minutes constituted a falsification of time

2

records. ( at ¶ 21). Management reviewed DMS datIad .for November 2, 2019, which

revealed that Plaintiff had idle time from 12:45-13:15. ( ). Management also reviewIde.d

3

GPS data from RIMS and implemented the RIMS Manager for this time period. ( ).

Management Iddi.scovered that Plaintiff was idle behind a business at 620 Lotus Drive in

Mandeville. ( ). During the investigative interview of the “30 missing minuteIds,.” Plaintiff

stated that she did not take a 30-minute lunch break on November 2, 2019. ( at ¶ 22).

PIlda.intiff also stated that she performed “deliveries” at 620 Lotus Drive during that time.

( at ¶ 23). When asked what her actions were during the 30 minutes of idleId .time,

Plaintiff stated, “delivering, reloading, and I also gave a customer some directions.” ( ).

4

On the afternoon of November 7, 2019, Postmaster Turcherelli visited Brown and

Brown Insurance (“Brown”) located at 620 Lotus Drive to conduct an invIeds.tigation and

spoke with Glen Nunenmacher, a claims investigator at Brown. ( at ¶ 24).

1

2 A “no lunch” period is when an employee such as Plaintiff opts to work through the time of her lunch break.

3 This term is not defined in the pleadings.

4 This term is also not defined in the pleadings.

No given name is provided for Turcherelli. Moreover, the pleadings are entirely unclear on the presence of a

Postmaster at the Mandeville Post Office during this time frame. While the USPS labels Turcherelli as the

Postmaster on November 7, 2019, Defendant Golden declared that “[t]here was no Postmaster at the

Mandeville Post Office from February 2019 through February 2020 due to a hiring freeze.” (Rec. doc. 15-7 at

Nunenmacher informed Turcherelli that Brown is closed on SatuIdr.day and that the business

had not received any mail on Saturday, November 2, 2019. ( ). Nunenmacher offered

video surveillance of the back parking lot to assist in the investigation, which indicated that

there was no reload of the vehicle by Plaintiff and that therIed .was no delivery of mail or

approach to any business for delivery on November 2, 2019. ( at ¶¶ 25-26).

The USPS conducted a follow-up investigation with Plaintiff onI dN.ovember 13, 2019

during which it showed Plaintiff the entire video surveillance. ( at ¶ 27). When

questioned as to statements that she had made in the previous investigative interviIedw. ,

Plaintiff defended herself by stating that the camera did not show the entire location. ( ).

When asked to explain in detail her actions during the 3I0d .minutes of idle time, Plaintiff

simply stated that “it was not 30 minutes of idle time.” ( at ¶ 29). Ultimately, Plaintiff

offered the USPS no explanation of what work Iddu. ties she performed for it during the 30

minutes of idle time on November 2, 2019. ( at ¶ 30). Golden then concurred with

regard to Plaintiff’s seven-day suspension that she received on November 25, 2019 for her

actions that occurred on November 2, 2019. (Rec. doc. 15-7 at ¶ 20).

It is clear that Plaintiff submitted a form in which she requested a “no lunch” period

on November 2, 2019 that was approved. (Rec. doc. 15-10). Plaintiff also submitted Form

3996, in which she requested overtime for November 2, 2019 (because she allegedly had

not taken a lunch break) that was initially approved. (Rec. doc. 15-11). However, once the

USPS learned that Plaintiff had not worked overtimeI db.ecause she had taken a 30-minute

lunch break, her Form 3996 was later disapproved. ( ). As a result of the disapproval of

5

her Form 3996, Plaintiff alleges that her clock rings were deleted maliciously so that

management could falsely claim that her time was not approved, and it could seek harsher

discipline or separation from her employment. (Rec. doc. 1 at ¶ 19).

Plaintiff also alleges that her white coworkers including, but not limited to, Kirk

Bodenheimer, Paul Benoit, and Brian Abadie are all letter carriers who hold the same or

similar jobs to Plaintiff and have been involved in conduct of which Plaintiff had been

accused but who were not subject to any discipline. (Rec. doc. 19-2 at ¶ 18). Bodenheimer

allegedly made comments that management at the Mandeville Post Office was dumb,

sItdu.pid, and had no clue what they were doing, but he was never subject to any discipline.

( ). Benoit allegedly cuIrds.ed and threw parcels at management in June 2019 and was

subject to no discipline. ( ). On September 7, 2019, Abadie allegedly told management

thIda.t he was "sick of this shit and was going home" and was not subject to any discipline.

( ). Plaintiff also alleges that nuIdm.erous white coworkers “stole time” and yet were never

subjected to discipline like her. ( at ¶¶ 19-21).

However, Plaintiff’s union representative, Kinler, testified:

[i]n those grievances [that he filed,] I mentioned, one shows a black carrier

that is fired for unscheduled absences and being AWOL, while a white carrier

is late every day and not marked AWOL one time. Another grievance shows a

black carrier getting fired for backing into a mailbox and only causes damage

to the mailbox. A white carrier backs into a driveway, which were instructed

not to do [sic], and hits a tree branch that causes significant damage to the

back of the mail truck and he gets a Letter of Warning reduced to a year. A

white female carrier has a roll away vehicle and gets a Letter of Warning

reduced to a year. Then this same white female carrier about 3 months later

backs into a car in a Smoothie King parking lot and management does not

even do an investigative interview on her. There are many more examples

that I, Lionel Kinler, could give. If a black carrier, especially Paula Watson

and Arnold Sylve [Black mail], steps out of their case, management

5

immediately tells them to get back in their case. But you will have the same 3

white carriers out of their cases all morning and not a word said to them.

That’s just a tiny example. Not only the minorities get treated unequally and

receive harsher punishments, but females are constantly being disrespected

and bullied.

6

(Rec. doc. 1 at ¶ 16; Rec. doc. 19-3 at ¶¶ 4-10).

On March 15, 2020, Plaintiff filed a formal complaint with the Equal Employment

Opportunity Commission (”EEOC”). (Rec. doc. 15-6). The EEOC accepted the complaint for

investigation, investigated Plaintiff’s claim, and transmitted the results of the investigation

to Plaintiff on May 27, 2020. (Rec. docs. 15-4, 15-5). The EEOC accepted the following

claims for investigation:

1. On October 4, 2019, she was accused of stealing documents.;

2. On October 5, 2019, she was told she would need to ask permission to

leave her case and notify a supervisor when she needed to go to the

bathroom.;

3. On October 25, 2019, she was issued a Letter of Warning for Improper

Conduct/Creating a Hostile Work Environment.;

4. On November 5, 2019, her clock rings were deleted.; and

5. On November 25, 2019, she was issued a Notice of Seven (7) Day

Suspension for Conduct/Falsification of Records.

(Rec. Doc. 15-4 at p. 1; Rec. doc. 15-5 at p. 1).

As Plaintiff failed to request either a hearing or a final agency decision without a

hearing, the EEOC issued a decision in accordance with 29 C.F.R. § 1614.110(b). (Rec. doc.

15-4). On July 27, 2020, the EEOC concluded:

After carefully considering the entire record, and applying the legal

standards outlined in McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green, 411 U.S. 792

(1973); and Harris v. Forklift Systems. Inc., 510 U.S. 17 (1993) and

6 See, e.g., Conticarriers & Terminals, Inc. v. Van Fleet, Ltd

Plaintiff also cites to numerous other instances of discrimination but cites to no more than her own

complaint. Cel.,o Nteox. CCIoVr.p A. .v 9. C4a-7tr2e7t,t 1995 WL 341583, at *1

(E.D. La. June 7, 1995) (“To overcome a summary judgment motion, the plaintiff must come forth with some

evidence to support the allegations set forth in the pleadings . , 477 U.S. 317 (1986)).

T he USPS recognizes in their reply memorandum (Rec. doc. 22), and this Court also recognizes, that

Burlington Industries, Inc. v. Ellerth. 524 U.S. 742 (1998) (applying to

harassment cases); the evidence does not support a finding that the

complainant was subjected to discrimination as alleged. Consequently, this

complaint is now closed with a finding of no discrimination.

(Rec. doc. 15-4 at p. 22).

On October 23, 2020, Plaintiff filed her complaint in this Court in which she asserts

Title VII employment-discrimination claims against the USPS for race-based disparate

treatment, hostile work environment, and retaliation. (Rec. doc. 1). While Plaintiff sues

only the USPS, she alleges that she was thIed .victim of racial discrimination by her direct

IsIu. perviSsuomrsm Taayrlyo rJu, Fdlgemmeinngts S, atanndd Gaorldden. ( ).

Summary judgment is warranted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any matseerei aall sfaoc Ct ealnotde xth Ceo mrpo. vva. nCta itsr eetnttitled to judgment as a matter oLfi tltalew v.”.

FLieqdu. iRd . ACiirv . CPo. r5p6.(a); , 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986);

, 37 F.3d 1069, 1075 (5th Cir. 1994) (en banc) (per curiam). “When

assessing whether a dispute to any material fact exists, [the Court] consider[s] all of the

evidence in theD reelctao r&d Pbiunte rLeafnradi nC[os.] v f. rNoamti omnawkiidneg Acgrreidbiubsiilniteys sd Ientse.r Cmoi.nations or weighing

the evidence.” , 530 F.3d 395, 398-

99 (5th Cir. 2008). All reasonable inferences are drawn in favor of the nonmoving party,

but “unsupported allegations or affidavits setting forth ‘ultimate or conclusory facts and

conclusions Goaf lilnawdo’ va.r eP riencsisuifofnic iAemnt. Ctoo repi.ther support or defeat a motion for summary

judgment.” , 754 F.2d 1212, 1216 (5th Cir. 1985) (quoting

10A Charsleees aAllsaon L Wittrlieght & Arthur R. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2738 (2d ed.

1983)); , 37 F.3d at 1075. “No genuine dispute of fact exists if the record

tEaEkOeCn va. sS iam wbahkoil, eL tcdo.uld not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party.”

, 767 F.3d 475, 481 (5th Cir. 2014).

If the dispositive issue is one on which the moving party will bear the burden of

proof at trial, the moving party “must come forward with evidence wIhnitc'hl Swhoourtlsdt o‘epn, tIintlce. vit.

tRoa laly d’si,r Iencct.ed verdict if the evidence went uncontroverted at tGroialdl.’e”n Rule Ins. Co. v. Lease

, 939 F.2d 1257, 1264-65 (5th Cir. 1991) (quoting ,

755 F. Supp. 948, 951 (D. Colo. 1991)). “[T]he nonmoving party can defeat the motion” by

either countering with evidence sufficient to demonstrate the “existence of a genuine

dispute of material fact,” or by “showing that the moving party’s evidence is so sheer that it

may notI dp.ersuade the reasonable fact-finder to return a verdict in favor of the moving

party.” at 1265.

If the dispositive issue is one on which the nonmoving party will bear the burden of

proof at trial, the moving party may satisfy its burden by pointing out that the evidence in

the recoSrede Cise liontseuxfficient with respect to an essential element of the nonmoving party’s

claim. , 477 U.S. at 325. The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party, who

must, by submSieteti nidg. or referring to evidence, set out specific facts showing that a genuine

issue exists. at 324. The nonmovant may not rest upon theS epel, eea.gd.i,n igds. bLuittt lme ust

identify specific facts that establish a genuine issue for resolution. ; , 37

F.3d at 1075 (“Rule 56 ‘mandates the entry of summary judgment, after adequate time for

discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to

establish the existence of an element essential toC etlhoatte xparty’s case, and on which that party

will bear the burden of proof at trial.’” (quoting , 477 U.S. at 322).

III. The McDonnell Douglas Standard

“Title VII makes it an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate

against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of

EemEOpClo vy.m Beonht , Bbreocsa. uCsoen sotrf . sCuoc.h individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.”

McDon, n7e3l1l DFo.3udg l4a4s 4C, o4r5p2. v(5. tGhr eCeinr. 2013) (en banc). The burden

shifting framework of , 411 U.S. 792 (1973), and its

progeny establish the respective burdens and standards for plaintiDffsu nacnadn d ve. fUennidva. noft sT oexna as

mHeoatlitohn Sfcoir. Csutrm. amt aHroyu jsutdognment for causes of action under Title VII. Septimus v. Univ. of

Houston , 469 F. App’x 364, 368 & n.6 (5th Cir. 2012);

, 399 F.3d 60p1r,i m60a8 f a(c5iteh Cir. 2005). Under this framework, Plaintiff has the initial

burden of proviMngc Da onnell Doug claasse of retaliation or discrimination by par pimreap ofancdieerance of

the evidence. McDonn,e l4l 1D1o uUg.Sla. sat 802. To establish a case of

discrimination under the burden-shifting framework, “an employee

must demonstrate that she ‘(1) is a member of a protected group; (2) was qualified for the

position at issue; (3) was discharged or suffered some adverse employment action by the

employer; and (4) was replaced by someone outside his protected group or was treated

lGeasrsr ifsaovno rva. bTlrye gthrean other similarly situated employees outside the protected group.’”

Morris v. T, oNwon. CoVf I n1d9e-p1e3n0d0e8n, t2021 WL 6050179, at *2 (E.D. La. Dec. 21W, 2il0li2s1 v).

C(qleucoot iCnogr p. , 827 F.3d 396, 400 (5th Cir. 2016) (quoting

, 749 F.3d 314, 319-20 (p5rtihm Ca ifra. c2i0e14)). An individual who alleges a retaliation

claim under Title VII establishes a case by demonstrating that: (1) she engaged

in a protected activity; (2) an adverse employment action occSuerprteidm; uasnd (3) a causal link

existed between the protected activity and the adverse action. , 399 F.3d at 609.

prima facie

If a case is present, a presumption of retaliation/discrimination arises,

and the burden then shifts to the employer to produBcreo aad lwegaiyt imv. aUten,i tneodn Sdtiasctersim Dinepat’to royf

rHeoamsoenla nfodr Stehce. alleged adverse employment action.

, Civ. A. No. 04-1902, 2006 WL 2460752, *3 (E.D. RLeae. vAesu gv. . 2S2a,n 2de0r0s6o)n.

“PDluemfebnidnagn Ptr’so dbsu., rIdnec.n is one of production, not persuasion. . . .”

, 530 U.S. 133, 142 (2000). A defendant must merely set forth, through

admissible evidence, reasons for its actions which, if believed by the trier of fact, would

sSut.p Mpoarrty ’as fHinodnionrg Cthtra.t vu. nHlaicwkfsul discrimination was not the cause of the employment action.

Sm, 5it0h9 v U. A.Sa.r 5on0’2s, I5nc0.7 (1993). This causes the presumption of

discrimination to dissipate. , 325 F. Supp. 2d 716, 724 (E.D. La. 2004).

At the third stage of the burden-shifting framework, the plaintiff is given a “full and

fair opportunity to demonsPtrraictee ”v .t hFaetd . tEhxep dreesfsendant’s proffered reason is a pretext for

iHnitceknstional discrimination. , 283 F.3d 715, 721 (5th Cir. 2002) (citing

, 509 U.S. at 507-08). On summary judgment at the third step, the plaintiff must

substantiate her claim of pretext throuPgrhic eevidence demonstrating that discrimination lay at

the heart of the employer’s decision. , 283 F.3d at 721. Even when such a showing is

made, however, it will not always be enough to prevent summIda.ry judgmReenevt eisf no rational

factfinder couRlede cvoesn clude that the action was discriminatory. (citing , 530 U.S. at

148). As the court explained,

The ultimate question is whether the employer intentionally discriminated,

and proof that the employer’s proffered reason is unpersuasive, or evdeins

obviously contrived, does not necessarily establish that the plaintiff’s

proffered reason . . . is correct. In other words, it is not enough . . . to

believe [sic] the employer; the factfinder must believe the plaintiff’s

explanation ofp irnitmena tfiaocniael discrimination.

. . . Certainly there will be instances where, although the plaintiff has

defendant's explanation, no rational factfinder could conclude that the action

was discriminatory. For instance, an employer would be entitled to

judgment as a matter of law if the record conclusively revealed some other,

nondiscriminatory reason for the employer's decision, or if the plaintiff

created only a weak issue of fact as to whether the employer's reason was

untrue and there was abundant and uncontroverted independent evidence

that no discrimination had occurred. . . .

530 U.S. 146-48 (internal citations omitted). “Whether summary judgpmriemnat ifsa caipepropriate

depends on numerous factors, including the strength of the plaintiff’s case, the

probative value of the proof that the employer’s explanation is false, and anIyd . other

eIVv.i dencLea twh aatn sdu pApnoarltyss tihse employer’s case and that properly may be considered.”

A. Disparate I mpact Claims

prima facie

The USPS argues that Plaintiff cannot establish a claim of disparate

treatment. “Disparate treatment refers to deliberate discrimination in tMheu ntoezr mv.s O rorr

conditions of employment . . . on account of race, national origin, or gender.” ,

200 F.3d 291, 299 (5th Cir. 2000). “Disparate-treatment discrimination addresses

employment actions that treat an employee worse than others based on the employee's

race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. InC icsaulcehs ed vis. pUanriavt. eo-ft rTeeaxt. mMeendt. Bcarasensc,h proof and

finding of discriminatory motive Pisa rcehqeucoir evd. .M” ineta , 924 F.3d

762, 766 (5th Cir. 2019) (citing , 448 F.3d 783, 787 (5th Cir. 2006)). A

pPloaritnist ifvf. cFainrs tp rNoavte'l dBisacnrkim oifn Nateowr yA mlboatniyv,e Mthisrso.ugh either direct or circumstantial evidence.

, 34 F.3d 325, 328 (5th Cir. 1994). When a

plaintiff buMicldDso nan cealls De ooung lacisrcumstantial Seeveid Leanxcteo,n av . cGoaupr tI nacn.alyzes the plaintiff's claim

under the framework. , 333 F.3d 572, 578 (5th Cir.

2003). “Under this framework, the plaintiff must first creaItde. a presumption of

discrimination by makpirnimg oau fta aci ep rima facie case of discrimination.”

To establish a case of disparate treatment, a plaintiff must show that (1)

she belongs to a protected group, (2) she was qualified for her position, (3) she suffered an

adverse employment action, and (4) aW saimtkiilnasr lvy. sTitrueagtreed employee outside of her protected

group wNaass tti rve. aCtIeBdA m Spoereci afaltvyo Crahbemly.s . Corp. , 997 F.3d 275, 282 (5th Cir. 2021)

(citing , 492 F.3d 589, 593 (5th Cir. 2007)). As the Fifth

Circuit has held, there are two ultimate elements that a plaintiff must plead to support a

disparate treatment claim under Title VII: (1) an “adSevee rRsaej evm. Lpal.o Sytmateen Ut naicvt.ion,” (2) taken

against a plaintiff “because of her protected status.” , 714 F.3d 322,

331 (5th Cir. 2013) (explaining that a plaintiff must allege “facts, [either] direct or

circumstantial, that would suggest [the employer's] actions were based on [the plaintiff's]

race or national origin or that [the employer] treatedK asinmidilaa rvl.y G suitlfu Catoeads te Mmepdlo. yPeeerss. oLfP other

races or national origin more favoPraacbhlye”c)o (quoting , 363

F.3d 568, 576 (5th Cir. 2004)); , 448 F.3d at 787 (a “discriminatory motive is

required” for disparate treatment claims). An “[a]dverse employment action[] include[s]

only ultimate employment decisions such as hiring, granting leave, discharging, promoting,

or compensation. An employment action that doWese lnsho tv a. fFfoecrtt Bjoebn dd uIntideesp, .c oScmhpoeonl sDaitsito.n, or

benefits is not an adverse employment action.” , 941

F.3d 818, 824 (5th Cir. 2019).

Plaintiff alleges that her clock rings were deleted, that she was accused of stealing

documents, and that she had to ask permission to go to the bathroom. The Court finds that

these are not “adverse employment actions,” as none of these events affected her job

duties, compensation, or benefits. She was not demoted, her salary was not reduced, nor

was she fired or assigned menial job responsibilities as a result of these actions. With

regard to the October 25, 2019 letter of warning and the November 25, 2019 seven-day

suspension, both of these incidents were settled through the grievance procedure and were

7

expunged from Plaintiff’s record. (Rec. doc. 15-6). Indeed, Plaintiff admIidts. that these two

incidents were resolved in her favor through the grievance process. ( ). Accordingly,

Plaintiff’s complaints about her letter of warning and suspension did not result in adverse

employment decisions and are thus not actionable. The Court finds that Plaintiff cannot

establish the third element of her disparate treatment claim.

Further, aes.g t.o the fourth element, “there can be no liabIilnitcylu wsiivteh oCumt tay sf.i nPdroinjegc tth, aInt ct.h ve.

Lpirnoctoelcnt ePdr torpa.i tC (o. , race) motivated the challenged action.”

, 920 F.3d 890, 909 (5th Cir. 2019) (citation omitted). Plaintiff has

proffered to this Court no evidence that any of her supervisors used race-based language or

made any racial insinuation, either verbally or in writing, when they disciplined her. The

only “evidence” to which Plaintiff cites to support her claim of discrimination is that Golden

and Taylor are white and that she is black. (As a reminder, Flemings is also black.) This is

no more than Plaintiff’s own subjective belief that race was involved in Taylor’s and

Golden’s decisions concerning her employment. While the Court recognizes that their

statements are self-serving, Golden and Taylor both explained in their attached

declarations that none of their actions about which Plaintiff complains concerned Plaintiff’s

race, and Plaintiff has offered no contrary evidence to support her subjective beliefs. (Rec.

doc. 15-7 at ¶¶ 13, 14, & 32; Rec. doc. 15-8 at ¶¶ 9, 10, 14-15, 19- 20).

7

Plaintiff appears to attempt to establish the fourth element of her disparate

treatment claim by identifying non-black comparator employees that she believes were

treated more favorably. As the Fifth Circuit has held, however,

[e]mployees with different supervisors, who work for different divisions of a

company or who were the subject of adverse employment actions too remote

in time from that taken against the plaintiff generally will not be deemed

similarly situated. Employees . . . who are subjected to adverse employment

action for dissimilar violations are not similarly situated. This is because [the

Fifth Circuit] require[s] that an employee who proffers a fellow employee as

a comparator demonstrate that the employment actions at issue were taken

under nearly identical circumstances. The employment actions being

compared will be deemed to have been taken under nearly identical

circumstances when the employees being compared held the same job or

responsibilities, shared the same supervisor or had their employment status

determined by the same person, and have essentially comparable violation

histories. And, critically, the plaintiff's conduct that drew the adverse

employment decision must have been ‘nearly identical’ to that of the

Lee proffered comparator who allegedly drew dissimilar employment decisions.

, 574 F.3d at 259-260 (citations omitted).

In her EEOC Administrative Claim and in her complaint, Plaintiff identified several co-

workers as possible comparators including Kirk Bodenheimer (white male), Paul Benoit (white

male), and Brian Abadie (white male). (Rec. doc. 1 at ¶¶ 10-11). However, none of these

individuals had comparable violation histories. (Rec. doc 15-7 at ¶¶ 17-19). None of these

employees was reprimanded for disappearing from their workstation, for falsifying

8

records, or for threatening a co-employee. All three of them, however (and despite

Plaintiff’s protestations), were in fact disciplIind.ed, albeit for various inappropriate

comments or outbursts on the workroom floor. ( ). Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, her

coworkers (generally white males, accordIidn.g to the evidence of record) were disciplined

and written up for various infractions. ( ). The evidence indicates that USPS did not

siSmeep sluyp rdai scipline Plaintiff as a black female. Plaintiff cannot establish that any of her white

male co-workers were similarly situated to her and were not disciplinedp froirm tah efairc iienfractions.

Accordingly, Plaintiff cannot satisfy the third and fourth elements of her disparate

9

treatmeBn.t claimHso, satnilde t Wheo Croku Ernt rveirjeocntsm tehnist cClalaimim. s

Title VII also makes it unlawful for employWeersst tvo. Creitqyu oirf eH “opuesotopnle, Tteox .work in a

discriminatorily hostile or abusiGvaer dennevrir vo. nCmLCe notf. ”P a scagoula, L.L.C. , 960 F.3d

736, 741, (5th Cir. 20H2a0rr)i (sc vit. iFnogr klift Systems, Inc. , 915 F.3d 920, 325 (5th

Cir. 2019) (quoting , 510 U.S. 17, 21 (1993)). “A hostile work

environment claim is composed of Iad .series ofN saetpiaornaatle R a.cRt.s P tahsaste ncoglelre cCtoivrepl.y v c. oMnostrigtaunte one

‘unlawful employment practice.’” (citing , 536

U.S. 101, 117 (2002) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1)). To survive summary judgment

on a hostile work environment claim based on race or sex discrimination, a plaintiff must

show that (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) that she was subject to unwelcome

harassment; (3) that the harassment was based on her protected class status; (4) the

harassment “affected a term, condition or privilege of employment”; and (5) “that the

employer knew orI ds.h ould haRvaem ksneyo wv.n H” eanbdoeurts otnhe harassment and “failed to take prompt

remedial action.” (citing , 286 F.3d 264, 268 (5th Cir. 2002)). The

last element may not apply when the harassment is committed by a supervisor who is

responsible for the terms and conditions of the plaintiff’s employment, for thSee ep lNaiansthif f'vs.

wEloecrktr oasspsaigcen mSyesntet mw, Iinthci.n the company, or for hiring or firing decisions.

, 9 F.3d 401, 404 (5th Cir. 1993).

prima facie

9

Given that this Court has determined that Plaintiff cannot make a case of disparate impact, the

To affect a term, condition or privilege of employment, the harassment must be

sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter tIhde. conditiAornysi aonf vt.h We avlimctaimrt’ sS teomreps loTyemx. eLnPt and

create an abusive working environment. (citing , 534

F.3d 473, I4d7. 9 (5th CHiar.r r2i0s08)). The conduct must be objectively and subjectively hostile or

abusive. (citing , 510 US at 21-22). The totality ofI dth. e emploHyamrreinst circumstances

determines whether an environment is objectively hostile. (citing , 510 U.S. at 23).

Although no single factor is determinative, pertinent considerations are: (1) “the frequency

of the discriminatory conduct”; (2) “its severity”; (3) “whether it is physically threatening

or humiliating, or a mere offensive utteraIdn.ce”; and (4) “whether it unreasonably interferes

with an employee’s work performance.”

Givenpr tihmea e fvaicdieen ce before it, this Court cannot state at this time that Plaintiff cannot

establish a case of a hostile work environment. The affidavits of Lionel Kinler

and Arnold Sylve submitted on behalf of Plaintiff cannot be ignored. Kinler testified

variously:

I became aware of the instances in which white employees of the United

States Postal Service were being treated differently than minority employees

in the Mandeville Post Office when I began filing grievances during the time

period including, but not limited to, October and November 2019.

I have witnessed minority carriers including, but not limited to, Paula

Watson treated unequally and receive harsher punishments than white

carriers for similar if not the exact same alleged offenses.

I witnessed the morale of the minority employees and, specifically, African-

American (black) drop tremendously when Leslie Golden began serving as

Postmaster in the Mandeville Post Office.

I have witnessed Leslie Golden bully and intimidate African-American (black)

carriers including, but not limited to, Paula Watson by constantly issuing

discipline.

I have observed an African-American (black) carrier being fired for

unscheduled absences, while a white carriers are late every day and receive

no discipline or being marked AWOL on a single occasion.

I have observed Caucasian (white) carriers being involved in motor vehicle

and receive letters of warning, while African-American carriers are

terminated for the same alleged offense.

As it relates to Ms. Watson, during the time frame at issue, namely the fall of

2019, if Ms. Watson stepped out of her case, management immediately told

her to get back in her case. But at the same time her Caucasian (white)

coworkers received no such instruction.

Ms. Watson was instructed that she needed permission to use the restroom

while her Caucasian (white) coworkers required no such permission.

(Rec. doc. 19-4).

Sylve also testified variously:

During the fall of 2Ol9,I became aware that Ms. Watson's manager, Charae

Flemings instructed Ms. Watson that she had to have permission to use the

restroom. Ms. Flemings acknowledged she gave this instruction to Ms.

Watson in my presence.

Based upon my knowledge, neither Ms. Flemings nor any other supervisor at

the Mandeville Post-Office instructed Ms. Watson's white coworkers that

they needed permission to use the restroom.

(Rec. doc. 19-5).

The testimony that Plaintiff has submitted in support of her version of the facts is

neutral, as are the attached declarations of Golden, Taylor, and Flemings in which they

simply testify that Plaintiff’s race was not a motivating factor in their decisions. The

evidence before the Court could reasonably support both sides of the facts outlined here to

some degree. Indeed, the evidence could lead a rational trier of fact to find for Plaintiff or

the USPS based on such things as credibility determinations, which this Court cannot make.

While the Court recognizes that the standards to establish a hostile work environment “are

sFuafrfaicgiheenrt lyv. dCeitmy aonfd Binogc at oR aetnosnure that Title VII does not become a general civility code,”

, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998), the Court cannot state that no

genuine issue of material facts exists with regard to Plaintiff’s hostile work environment

claim. The affidavits of Plaintiff’s two fellow co-workers, that of Plaintiff herself, and the

questions in this lawsuit for a factfinder, and not this Court. For these reasons, the Court

denies Dth.e USPRSe’st amlioattiioonn for summary judgment on this claim.

prim a facie

To establish a case of retaliation under Title VII, a plaintiff must show

that: (1) she engaged in a Title VII protected activity; (2) she was subject to an adverse

employment action; and (3) there was a but-for causal connectionH arbveitllwe eve. nC ityh eorf

eHmoupsltooynm, Menists i.n the protected activity and the adveWrsea sehminpgltooynm ve. nBtd a. cotfi oSnu.p ervisors for Univ.

of La. Sys. , 945 F.3d 870, 879 (5th Cir. 2019);

, 297 So.3d 69, 72 (La. Ct. App. 2020). An employee has engaged in activity

protected by Title VII if she has either (1) “opposed any practice made an unlawful

employment practice” by Title VII or (2) “made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated

in any mannLeorn ign va. nE aisntvfieesldti gCaotlilo. n, proceeding, or hearing” under Title VII. 42 U.S.C. §

2000e-3(a). , 88 F.3d 300, 304 (5th Cir. 1996). The opposition clause

of § 2000e-3(a) requires the employee to demonstrate Stheea ti dsh. e had aPt aleyanset va. “MrecaLseomnoarbel'es

Wbehlioelfe”s athlea t& t Rheet apirla Scttoicreess she opposed were unlawful. (citing

, 654 F.2d 1130, 1140 (5th Cir. 1981)).

The Fifth Circuit has previously held that the burdMenc-Dsohnifntienllg sDtoruugctlausr eC aoprppl.icable to

Title VII disparate treatment cases, as set forIdth. in McMillan is also

applicable to Title VII unlawful retaliation cases. at 304p-r0im5 a(c iftaincige , 710 F.2d at

1116). Therefore, once the plaintiff has established a case, the burden of

production shifts to the defendManctM tioll aarnticulate a legitimate, non-retaliatory reason for the

adverse employment action. , 710 F.2d at 1116. If the defendant introduces

evidence which, if true, would permit the conclusion that the adverse employment action

was nondiscriminatory, the focus shifts toI dth.e ultimate question of whether the defendant

unlawfully retaliated against the plaintiff.

It is also well-settled law that before a plaintiff can bring an action inS efeederal court

under Title VII,T sahyelo mr vu. sBto foirksst Ae xMhialluiosnt , aIvnac.ilable administrative remedies. 42 EUll.Sze.Cy. v§.

C2a0t0h0. eC-h5a(fr)i(t1ie)s; Archdiocese of New Orleans , 296 F.3d 376, 378–79 (5th Cir. 2002);

Reed v. Northrop Grumman Ship Sys. Inc. , 833 F. Supp. 2d 595, 599-600 (E.D. La. 2011);

, No. Civ. A. 04-1214, 2004 WL 2115596, at *1 (E.D.

La. Sept. 17, 2004). Title VII's exhaustion requirement is satisfied only if aT apyllaoirntiff files a

timely charge witDha toh ev .E AEuOcCha ann Hd yrpeecremivaersk ae tstatutory right-to-sue notice. , 296 F.3d

at 378-79 (citing , 96 F.3d 787, 788-89 (5th Cir. 1996))S.e eF aRileuerde

to comply with this requirement will result in dismissal of a plaintiff's claim. ,

2004 WL 2115596, at *2. For the following reasons, the Court finds that Plaintiff has failed

to exhaust her administrative remedies as to her retaliation claim.

While the USPS only raised arguments on the merits as to Plaintiff’s retaliation claim

in its original memorandum in support of summary judgment, this Court cannot ignore the

fact that it is clear from the evidence before it that Plaintiff failed to exhaust her

10

administrative remedies as to this claim. There is simply no evidence in the record that

Plaintiff exhausted her claim for retaliation. The Court’s review of the EEOC documents in

the record, including the Final Agency Decision (Rec. doc. 15-4) and the EEO Investigative

Affidavit (Rec. doc. 15-6) – completed by Plaintiff herself – reveals that the EEOC never

11

considered a claim for retaliation, and that Plaintiff never raised one.

10

11 The Court notes that the USPS raised this argument in its reply memorandum. (Rec. doc. 22).

pro se

While Plaintiff argues that as a plaintiff during the EEOC proceedings, she

should not be subjected to such an exacting procedural requirement as exhaustion, Plaintiff

fails to cite to parnoy s ecase law to support her argument. The case law of the Fifth Circuit

mandates that Pache cpol avi.n Mtififnse etaxhaust their Title VII claims at the EEOC before filing suit in

federal court. , 448 F.3d 783, 788-89 (5th Cir. 2006). Indeed, the Fifth

Circuit has recognized the two competing Title VII policies that the exhaustion requirement

furthers:

[o]n the one hand, because ‘the provisions of Title VII were not designed for

the sophisticated,’ and because most complaints are initiated pro se, the

scope of an EEOC complaint should be construed liberally.’ On the other

hand, a primary purpose of Title VII is to trigger the investigatory and

conciliatory procedures of the EEOC, in attempt to achieve non-judicial

resolution of employment discrimination claims. Indeed, ‘[a] less exacting

rule would also circumvent the statutory scheme, since Title VII clearly

contemplates that no issue will be the subject of a civil action until the EEOC

Id. has first had the opportunity to attempt to opbrota sine voluntary compliance.’

(citations omitted). That Plaintiff proceeded before the EEOC does not absolve

her of her obligation to exhaust her all her claims before that administrative body. Because

Plaintiff failed to exhaust her retaliation claim, neither the agency nor this Court was put on

notice of such a claim. Accordingly, this Court finds that it lacks jurisdiction to consider

12

VPl.a intifCf’os nrectlaulsiaiotino n claim.

For the foregoing reasons,

Agency Decision, which makes no mention of retaliation – are enough to satisfy the Court that Plaintiff failed

t1o2 raise this claim before the EEOC.

In her opposition, Plaintiff alleges for the first time that she was also discriminated against on the basis of

her gender. (Rec. doc. 19 at p. 16). This claim was also not part of Plaintiff’s EEOC complaint, it was not

accepted for investigation by the EEOC, (Rec. doc. 15-5), and it was not part of the EEOC’s Final Agency

IT IS ORDERED

that the Motion for Summary Judgment filed by Louis DeJoy,

PosGtmRaAsNteTrE DG eInNe rPaAl RoTn BehDalEf NoIEf Dt hIeN PUAniRteTd States Postal Service (Rec. Doc. 15)

is and . The motion is granted as to Plaintiff’s

claims of disparate impact and retaliation but denied as to Plaintiff’s claim of

hostile work environment. 1st April

New Orleans, Louisiana, this day of , 2022.

MICHAEL B. NORTH

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE