McGrath v. Dunecrest Condominium Association

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF INDIANA

SOUTH BEND DIVISION

MICHAEL MCGRATH, JILL MCGRATH,

TIM MCGRATH, MARTIN MCGRATH,

COLIN MCGRATH, and CM MCGRATH,

Plaintiffs,

v. CAUSE NO.: 3:20-CV-656-TLS-MGG

DUNECREST CONDOMINIUM

ASSOCIATION, HOLLY CANDELLA,

RUTH PALONIS, MICHAEL

HERNANDEZ, and JANET MORAN,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

This lawsuit arises out of the Plaintiffs’ desire to build a bigger balcony with a staircase

on their condominium unit. In June 2018, Plaintiffs Michael and Jill McGrath submitted a

proposal to the Defendant Dunecrest Condominium Association to build a balcony extension

along with stairs leading to the ground. When the proposal was not approved, the Plaintiffs,

Michael McGrath, Jill McGrath, Tim McGrath, Martin McGrath, Colin McGrath, and CM

McGrath (the McGraths), filed a Complaint [ECF No. 1] in this Court against Defendant

Dunecrest Condominium Association (the Association). The McGraths amended their Complaint

three times, ultimately alleging in their Third Amended Complaint [ECF No. 50] that under the

Fair Housing Act, the proposed balcony extension is a reasonable accommodation for their adult

autistic children—Plaintiffs Tim and Martin McGrath, the Association’s denial of the balcony

extension constituted familial status and disability discrimination, and the Association retaliated

against them for filing this lawsuit. In their Third Amended Complaint, the McGraths also added

as defendants Dunecrest Condominium owners Holly Candella, Ruth Palonis, Michael

Hernandez, and Janet Moran (collectively, the Individual Defendants), alleging that the

Individual Defendants discriminated against them by voting against the proposed balcony

extension. This matter is now before the Court on Defendant Dunecrest Condominium

Association’s Second Motion for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 72], which is fully briefed and

ripe for ruling. For the reasons set forth below, the Court grants summary judgment in favor of

the Association. The Court also sua sponte grants summary judgment in favor of the Individual

Defendants.

SUMMARY JUDGMENT STANDARD

Summary judgment is warranted when “the movant shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R.

Civ. P. 56(a). The movant may discharge this burden by “either: (1) showing that there is an

absence of evidence supporting an essential element of the non-moving party’s claim; or

(2) presenting affirmative evidence that negates an essential element of the non-moving party’s

claim.” Hummel v. St. Joseph Cnty. Bd. of Comm’rs, 817 F.3d 1010, 1016 (7th Cir. 2016)

(citation omitted). In response, the non-movant “must make a sufficient showing on every

element of his case on which he bears the burden of proof; if he fails to do so, there is no issue

for trial.” Yeatts v. Zimmer Biomet Holdings, Inc., 940 F.3d 354, 358 (7th Cir. 2019) (citing

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)).

In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court must construe all facts and draw all

reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id. (citation omitted).

A court’s role “is not to sift through the evidence, pondering the nuances and inconsistencies,

and decide whom to believe. The court has one task and one task only: to decide, based on the

evidence of record, whether there is any material dispute of fact that requires a trial.” Waldridge

v. Am. Hoechst Corp., 24 F.3d 918, 920 (7th Cir. 1994) (citations omitted). Facts that are

outcome determinative under the applicable law are material for summary judgment purposes.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Thus, “irrelevant or unnecessary

factual disputes do not preclude summary judgment.” Carroll v. Lynch, 698 F.3d 561, 564 (7th

Cir. 2012) (cleaned up). Further, “[a] party ‘must present more than mere speculation or

conjecture to defeat a summary judgment motion.’” FKFJ, Inc. v. Village of Worth, 11 F.4th 574,

585 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Weaver v. Champion Petfoods USA Inc., 3 F.4th 927, 936 (7th Cir.

2021)).

OBJECTIONS

The Material Facts are taken from the Association’s Statement of Material Facts [ECF

No. 73] and the McGraths’ Statement of Additional Material Facts [ECF No. 77-45]. Whether

the subject of a party’s objection or on the Court’s own review, the Court disregards substantive

arguments and characterization of evidence in the fact statements and considers the facts only as

supported by the cited evidence of record. See, e.g., Boyd v. City of Chicago, 225 F. Supp. 3d

708, 716 (N.D. Ill. 2016). However, the Court addresses the Association’s evidentiary

objections. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(2); Steffek v. Client Servs., Inc., 948 F.3d 761, 769 (7th Cir.

2020). Noting no opposition from the McGraths to the following objections, the Court sustains

them for the reasons set for below.

The Association raises objections to the opinions of Erik Emmick [Pl. Ex. 9, ECF No. 77-

10], Laura Hartwell [Pl. Ex. 11, ECF No. 77-12], and Katie Kusnik [Pl. Ex. 23, ECF No. 77-24]

that are used by the McGraths in their attempt to show that the proposed balcony extension with

stairs is a necessary accommodation for Tim and Martin’s autism. The Court sustains the

Association’s objections on the grounds of lack of personal knowledge. This is because of the

following: (1) Emmick did not mention the proposed balcony extension or secondary exit in his

letter, and he testified that he has not seen the proposed balcony extension, has not been to the

McGraths’ condominium, and does not know how many exits their condominium has, Pl. Ex. 9;

Def. Ex. 5, p. 16, 23, ECF No. 72-5; (2) Hartwell testified that she has not seen the proposed

balcony extension, has not been to the McGraths’ condominium, and does not know Tim and

Martin’s exit preferences yet considers such information important to know before expressing an

opinion on the secondary exit, Def. Ex. 6, p. 16, 19–21, ECF No. 72-6; and (3) although Kusnik

had worked with Tim and Martin from 2009 through 2012, there is no indication that she had

worked with them in the six years before the McGraths’ proposed the balcony extension was

submitted to the Association in 2018, Pl. Ex. 23 ¶ 3. “A witness may testify to a matter only if

evidence is introduced sufficient to support a finding that the witness has personal knowledge of

the matter.” Fed. R. Evid. 602.

The Court also excludes the statements by Kusnik because it appears that the McGraths

are attempting to use them as a form of expert witness testimony on accommodations for Tim

and Martin in relation to their autism without having made any of the requisite expert discovery

disclosures under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26 and without justifying the nondisclosures.

See Novak v. Bd. of Trs. of S. Ill. Univ., 777 F.3d 966, 972 (7th Cir. 2015) (“Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 26(a)(2) requires parties to timely disclose their expert witnesses in accordance with

any deadlines set by the district court.”); Musser v. Gentiva Health Servs., 356 F.3d 751, 758

(7th Cir. 2004) (explaining that even those with direct knowledge of an individual’s medical

condition “must be designated as experts if they are to provide expert testimony”); Rossi v. City

of Chicago, 790 F.3d 729, 738 (7th Cir. 2015) (“The exclusion of non-disclosed evidence is

mandatory under Rule 37(c)(1) unless non-disclosure was justified or harmless.” (cleaned up)).1

The Court further sustains the Association’s objection to the declaration of Kusnik on the

grounds that it was not sworn under penalty of perjury. Although the declaration contains a

notary seal, there is no indication that the declaration was true under penalty of perjury. See Pl.

Ex 23. 28 U.S.C. § 1746 requires that statements in declarations that are used as evidence be

made “as true under penalty of perjury.” 28 U.S.C. § 1746.

To the extent that in their responsive brief, other than with the conclusory assertation that

Emmick and Hartwell have knowledge related to Tim and Martin’s disability, the McGraths did

not respond to the Association’s objections to the opinions of Emmick and Hartwell, any such

arguments are waived. See Bonte v. U.S. Bank, N.A., 624 F.3d 461, 466 (7th Cir. 2010) (“Failure

to respond to an argument . . . results in waiver.”); Horne v. Elec. Eel Mfg. Co., 987 F.3d 704,

728 (7th Cir. 2021) (“It is not our role to save a party from . . . failing to advance arguments that

may be advantageous. Moreover, [plaintiffs] may decide for strategic business reasons not to

pursue legal arguments that may be available to them.”).

BACKGROUND AND MATERIAL FACTS

A. McGraths’ Dunecrest Condominium Unit

The Defendant Dunecrest Condominium Association (the Association) is a group of eight

condominium unit owners in the Dunecrest Condominiums (Dunecrest) in Michigan City,

Indiana. ECF No. 50 ¶ 9. Dunecrest consists of a North Building and a South Building, each with

four condominium units. Id. ¶¶ 14–15. The North Building owners are Plaintiffs Michael and Jill

1 Although the McGraths disclosed Kusnik as a potential witness, they did not disclose her as a potential

expert witness by December 1, 2021, nor was her opinion disclosed in discovery. See ECF Nos. 34, 35,

77-29 ¶ 19 (listed as Katie Gibson who is now known as Katie Kusnik).

McGrath (Unit 121), Defendant Michael Hernandez (Unit 125), Defendant Ruth Palonis (Unit

123), and Defendant Janet Moran (Unit 127). Id. ¶ 30. The South Building owners, during the

relevant time, were Frank Candella and Defendant Holly Candella (Unit 131), Roy Plush (Unit

129), Laura Freeman (Unit 135), and George Konstantinopoulos (Unit 133). Id. ¶ 31.

In 2009, Michael and Jill McGrath purchased their unit in Dunecrest, which is located on

the second floor. Pl. Ex. 34 ¶ 2, ECF No. 77-35; ECF No. 50 ¶ 21. Since that time, the McGraths

have used their condominium as a weekend home; their primary residence is in Evergreen Park,

Illinois. Pl. Ex. 1, pp. 21, 145, ECF No. 77-2; Pl. Ex. 2, p. 18, ECF No. 77-3. Plaintiffs Collin

McGrath, CM McGrath, Tim McGrath, and Martin McGrath are Michael and Jill McGrath’s

children who live with them. Pl. Ex. 2, p. 11. Tim and Martin McGrath are adults living with

autism. Id. at p. 12.

At Dunecrest, the main entrance is currently the McGraths’ only reliable method of

entering and exiting their condominium. Pl. Ex. 1, p. 167; Pl. Ex. 2, pp. 25–26, 31–32, 57. This is

because, for the McGraths to exit the property through the secondary rear exit, they must exit

onto their back deck, pass through a gate that is closed and/or locked and onto the rear deck of

the unit presently owned by their neighbor—Defendant Michael Hernandez, cross over

Hernandez’s deck, and then exit his deck through another locked gate to get to the common area.

Pl. Ex. 1, p. 93–96; Pl. Ex. 2, p. 25–26, 31–32. Also, the back outside area of their condominium

unit is otherwise surrounded by a tall retaining wall. Pl. Ex. 13, PLAINTIFF 000168, 000170,

ECF No. 77-14, pp. 8, 9 of 18. Should the area around the primary exit be engulfed by fire or

made inaccessible by some natural disaster, the McGraths would have no reliable way of getting

out of their unit. Pl. Ex. 1, pp. 131–34, 166–71. In 2018, the McGraths proposed extending their

side balcony and adding a staircase to the balcony, in part, to have a reliable secondary exit. See

id. at 167; Pl. Ex. 41, ECF No. 77-42.

The balcony that is the subject of the McGraths’ proposed extension with a staircase is

the lower balcony in the picture below:

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B. Tim and Martin McGrath

Plaintiffs Tim and Martin McGrath are identical twins who were diagnosed with autism

when they were 28 months old. Pl. Ex. 1, pp. 16; Pl. Ex. 2, p. 12. As of February 28, 2022, they

were 26 years of age. Pl. Ex. 2, p. 11.

Jill McGrath testified that Tim and Martin pace constantly because of their autism. Jd. at

51. She also said that Tim and Martin’s autism was “definitely made part of the reason why we

needed a more reliable secondary exit... and... personally I wanted . . . another three feet

[added to the balcony] so I could put a little bigger table out there so I could help [feed] [Martin].

He’s got a feeding tube.” Jd. at 60. She also said, “[Tim and Martin] could pace a little bit out

there . . . . It’s literally just asking for a little bit more space for enjoyment for the family and a

reliable exit.” Id.

And, Michael McGrath testified that the proposed balcony extension “would allow Marty

from instead of going from the kitchen to the glass door, turning around, going back into the

kitchen to the glass door in the condo, he would then be able . . . to pace on the deck or go

around, a little more room.” Pl. Ex. 1, p. 160. He also testified, “Tim does the same thing, is all I

can say.” Id.

C. 2018 Proposed Balcony Extension and July 21, 2018 Vote

Although Michael McGrath first proposed a balcony extension to the Association in

2013, he did not ultimately receive a favorable bid from a builder until Spring 2018 when he

received one from Deck Masters. Pl. Ex. 1, p. 118, 146; Pl. Ex. 17, ECF No. 77-18. On June 18,

2018, he sent an email to the Association members stating the McGraths’ reasons for their

proposed balcony extension, which were to have another exit point that addresses their safety

concern, prevent wear and tear on the interior of their hallway, and space for outdoor grilling,

and on June 25, 2018, he sent a copy of the bid to the Association members. Pl. Exs. 17, 41. The

proposed balcony extension was for an eight-foot extension of the existing balcony along the

side of the unit towards the rear with stairs leading to the ground. Pl. Ex. 41.

On June 21, 2018, Michael McGrath sent another email to the Association members in

response to questions. See Def. Ex. 2, Ex. 8, ECF No. 72-3, p. 103 of 116. He reiterated the

reasons for the proposed balcony extension, stating that “[f]irst and foremost, safety of my

family, having a second exit in event of an emergency, fire, tornado, what have you.” Id. He also

mentioned, “As everyone know[s], we have two adult sons with special needs. In the event of an

emergency we need to make sure they have more than one option of getting out safely.” Id.

As a result of the McGraths’ emails, the Association called a special meeting, which took

place on July 21, 2018, for the sole purpose of voting on whether to approve the balcony

extension and stairs proposed by the McGraths. Pl. Ex. 1, p. 150; Pl. Ex. 39, ECF No. 77-40. The

Association minutes for that meeting reflect that it was attended by North Building owners

Hernandez, Palonis, Michael and Jill McGrath, and Moran and South Building owners Holly and

Frank Candella, Plush, Freeman, and Konstantinopoulos. Pl. Ex. 39. For voting on the McGrath

proposed balcony extension, Plush, Freeman, Konstantinopoulos, and McGrath were “yes”

votes, while Moran was a “yes” vote conditioned on the installation of security shutters, and

Palonis, Candella, and Hernandez were “no” votes. Id. pp. 3–4. However, on July 22, 2018,

Moran advised the homeowners by email that her vote was a “no.” Id.

D. Defendant Candella’s Three Emails

After the McGraths filed the instant lawsuit on July 16, 2020, the Association sent the

McGraths three emails via Defendant Candella. First, on August 13, 2021, Defendant Candella

sent an email to Michael McGrath, stating:

Your special assessments have not yet been paid. They were due July 30, 2021. Per

bylaws, the Association will be placing a lien on the properties effected[sic] should

the assessments not be paid. How far do you want to take this Mike? You were

granted stairs for the safety of your children. You were granted a walk-around like

that of others. You failed to act.

Pl. Ex. 34 ¶ 11.

On September 20, 2021, one month after sending the “lien email,” Defendant Candella

sent another email to Michael McGrath, stating:

Mike; In an effort to respect compliance of Association Bylaws and Dec. of

Horizontal Property, the board is asking that you comply with the following:

• Please remove all anchors, bolts, etc. attached to the outside of building that you

have installed and repair and paint holes. This is asso. property. Janet and Roy have

asked you to do so on separate occasions in the past.

• Please repair electric garage door opener as it is a security issue.

Id. ¶ 16; Def. Ex. 7 ¶ 23, Ex. G, ECF No. 72-7.

Additionally, the Third Amended Complaint was filed on August 5, 2022. See ECF No.

50. Shortly after it was filed, the issue of grilling on front balconies/decks was raised by

Defendant Candella as the Association President. Pl. Ex. 34 ¶ 44. On October 6, 2022, Candella

advised the Association that she met with Michigan City Fire Marshal Bruder on September 1,

2022. Id. ¶ 45. She also emailed the agenda for the October 8, 2022 Association fall meeting to

all unit owners. Id. ¶ 46. The email included a document titled “Dunecrest Fire Marshal Report”

dated September 1, 2022, which was attached as a separate document to the agenda. Id. The

“Fire Marshal Report” contained items from the Michigan City Fire Marshal Bruder. Id. ¶ 47.

The report specified that there is to be no grilling on balconies and the owner can be cited and

that there is to be no heat producing appliance outdoors 10 feet from the exterior wall. Id.

If the statements contained in the Fire Marshal Report were true and accurate findings of

the Fire Marshal, the McGrath family, and only the McGrath family, would be prohibited from

outdoor grilling, due to the size of their rear deck—which is smaller than the rear deck of all

other units. Id. ¶ 48. Based on Michael McGrath’s observations during the years that he has

owned Unit 121, all unit owners who engage in the practice of outdoor grilling do so using the

rear deck/balcony. Id. ¶ 43. However, the McGraths are the only unit owners who engage in the

practice of grilling on a front balcony. Id. ¶ 42.

ANALYSIS

The Fair Housing Act (FHA), also known as Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968,

allows an “aggrieved person” to file a civil action in federal court. See 42 U.S.C. § 3613(a)(1).

The FHA defines an “aggrieved person” as “any person who– (1) claims to have been injured by

a discriminatory housing practice; or (2) believes that such person will be injured by a

discriminatory housing practice that is about to occur.” Id. § 3602(i). “Discriminatory housing

practice” is defined as “an act that is unlawful under section 3604, 3605, 3606, or 3617 of” Title

42. Id. § 3602(f).

Here, the Association seeks summary judgment on each of the McGraths’ claims brought

under the FHA. The Court notes that the McGraths’ arguments in their response brief in certain

instances address two claims simultaneously. The Court will analyze each argument as

appropriate to the relevant claim.

Based on a generous reading of the Third Amended Complaint and the Plaintiffs’

response brief, the Court understands the Plaintiffs to be bringing three claims against the

Association: a discrimination claim under 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2) based on a failure to

accommodate as defined by 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B); a disparate treatment claim under

§ 3604(b); and a retaliation claim under 42 U.S.C. § 3617. The Court will address each in turn

and then address the McGraths’ remaining claims against the Individual Defendants.

A. 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2) Discrimination Claim Based on Discrimination Because of a

Handicap as Defined by 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B) for a Failure to Accommodate

The FHA makes it unlawful to “discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions,

or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in

connection with such dwelling, because of a handicap.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2). For purposes of

this subsection, discrimination includes “a refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules,

policies, practices, or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such

person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B).2 To prove a

2 Even if the McGraths were bringing their claim based on the definition of discrimination in

§ 3604(f)(3)(A), it would not change the analysis or result. See § 3604(f)(3)(A) (defining discrimination

as including “a refusal to permit, at the expense of the handicapped person, reasonable modifications of

existing premises occupied . . . if such modifications may be necessary to afford such person full

enjoyment of the premises . . . .”).

claim of discrimination under § 3604(f)(2) based on a failure accommodate as defined by

§ 3604(f)(3)(B), the McGraths must show that their proposed accommodation “(1) is reasonable,

and (2) necessary, (3) to afford a handicapped person the equal opportunity to use and enjoy a

dwelling.” Oconomowoc Residential Programs v. City of Milwaukee, 300 F.3d 775, 783 (7th Cir.

2002) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(3)(B)); see Wis. Cmty. Servs., Inc. v. City of Milwaukee, 465

F.3d 737, 746, 748–49 (7th Cir. 2006) (evaluating a § 3604(f)(2) discrimination claim under the

definition of discrimination as set forth in § 3604(f)(3)(B)).

Here, the McGraths proposed an accommodation in the form of a balcony extension with

a staircase, which the Association denied. The parties do not dispute the reasonableness of the

McGraths’ proposed accommodation or that Plaintiffs Tim McGrath and Martin McGrath

qualify as handicapped under the FHA because they are autistic. To prove unlawful

discrimination under § 3604(f)(2) as defined by § 3604(f)(3)(B) for a failure to accommodate,

the McGraths mainly argue that their current secondary exit from the back of the condominium

is illusory and the proposed balcony extension will enhance Tim and Martin’s quality of life.

However, the McGraths’ request for relief based on discrimination as defined by § 3604(f)(3)(B)

requires a showing that it is “necessary,” which is “essentially . . . a causation inquiry.” See Wis.

Cmty. Servs., Inc., 465 F.3d at 749, 752. As the Association argues, the McGraths have not

shown causation. Therefore, the Court must grant summary judgment in favor of the Association

on the McGraths’ § 3604(f)(2) discrimination claim.

The § 3604(f)(3)(B) causation requirement comes from the linking of the “necessary” and

“equal opportunity” elements of the failure to accommodate legal standard and acts as a limit on

a defendant’s accommodation duty. See Wis. Cmty. Servs., Inc., 465 F.3d at 749. As a result, “not

every rule that creates a general inconvenience or expense to the disabled needs to be modified.”

Id. “[T]he statute requires only accommodations necessary to ameliorate the effect of the

plaintiff’s disability so that [he] may compete equally with the non-disabled in the housing

market.” Id. To enforce this limitation, the Court asks “whether the rule in question, if left

unmodified, hurts ‘handicapped people by reason of their handicap, rather than . . . by virtue of

what they have in common with other people.’” Id. at 749, 752 (quoting Hemisphere Bldg. Co.,

Inc. v. Village of Richton Park, 171 F.3d 437, 440 (7th Cir. 1999)).

In conducting the causation inquiry, the Court determines whether “but for his

[handicap], [the plaintiff] would have been able to access the services or benefits desired.” Id. at

754. A proposed accommodation is required when it directly “address[es] the needs created by

the handicaps.” Schwarz v. City of Treasure Island, 544 F.3d 1201, 1226 (11th Cir. 2008); see

Lapid-Laurel, L.L.C. v. Zoning Bd. of Adjustment of Twp. of Scotch Plains, 284 F.3d 442, 460

(3d Cir. 2002) (“[I]f the proposed accommodation provides no direct amelioration of a

disability’s effect, it cannot be said to be ‘necessary.’” (cleaned up and emphasis added)); Wis.

Cmty. Servs., Inc., 465 F.3d at 749 (relying on the Lapid-Laurel, L.L.C. explanation for applying

the causation requirement to a claim under § 3604(f)(3)). Examples of required accommodations

include “the blind woman who obtains an exemption from a ‘no pets’ policy for her seeing eye

dog, or the paraplegic granted special permission to live on a first floor apartment because he

cannot climb the stairs.” Cinnamon Hills Youth Crisis Ctr., Inc. v. Saint George City, 685 F.3d

917, 923 (10th Cir. 2012). However, a defendant does not have a duty to accommodate a

proposed modification when it “[goes] beyond addressing [those] needs and start[s] addressing

problems not caused by a person’s handicap.” Schwarz, 544 F.3d at 1226 (citing Wis. Cmty.

Servs., Inc., 465 F.3d at 749) (emphasis added). A proposed modification addresses a problem

not caused by a person’s handicap when the problem “[affects] anyone . . . living in a dwelling,

not just handicapped people.” Good Shepherd Manor Found., Inc. v. City of Momence, 323 F.3d

557, 562 (7th Cir. 2003).

For example, in Good Shepherd, the defendant city cut off water service to the plaintiff

group home’s lot. 323 F.3d at 562. In that case, the plaintiff argued “that by not supplying their

lot with water and sewage, the city harmed the disabled adults by preventing them from living in

the group homes.” Id. That plaintiff contended that “the harm was ‘by reason of their disability’

because the potential residents were denied the benefit they, as developmentally disabled adults,

receive from group living.” Id. The Good Shepherd court concluded that the plaintiff’s

“reasoning [was] too attenuated” because “[c]utting off water prevents anyone from living in a

dwelling, not just handicapped people, and therefore the prohibitions found in the [FHA] . . . do

not apply to [the] case.” Id. (emphasis added). “[T]he lack of accommodation argument [by the

plaintiff in Good Shepherd] therefore failed because the residents’ disabilities did not deny them

an equal opportunity to obtain housing.” Nikolich v. Village of Arlington Heights, 870 F. Supp.

2d 556, 565 (N.D. Ill. 2012) (explaining the causation inquiry for a claim under § 3604(f)(3) as

illustrated in Good Shepherd).

Here, the McGraths have not shown causation. The McGraths do not argue that Tim and

Martin’s autism was the but-for cause of their need for the proposed balcony extension with a

staircase.3 Nor would the facts support such an argument.

Although the McGraths establish that autism causes Tim and Martin’s need to pace and

Martin’s need for a feeding tube, the testimony of Michael McGrath and Jill McGrath reveals

that the proposed balcony extension would merely provide additional room for Tim and Martin’s

3 Thus, the McGraths waive any argument on the issue of the but-for cause of Tim and Martin’s need for

the proposed balcony extension. See Nichols v. Mich. City Plant Plan. Dep’t, 755 F.3d 594, 600 (7th Cir.

2014) (“The non-moving party waives any arguments that were not raised in its response to the moving

party’s motion for summary judgment.”).

pacing and for feeding Martin by his feeding tube. Their testimony also reveals that Tim and

Martin already pace and Martin is already fed by a feeding tube inside the condominium unit

without the proposed extension. See United States v. Trumbull Metro. Hous. Auth., No. 4:17-CV-

101, 2018 WL 2183265, at *4 (N.D. Ohio May 10, 2018) (granting summary judgment in favor

of the defendant when the plaintiffs “[did] not . . . offer[] any admissible evidence showing that it

was necessary for Plaintiff JG to have a separate room for the sole purpose of administering his

dialysis treatment” and “the evidence reveal[ed] that, Plaintiff JG need only conduct his dialysis

treatment in a ‘clean’ room” (emphasis added)). To the extent the McGraths attempt to rely on

the opinions of Erik Emmic, Laura Hartwell, and Katie Kusnik to establish Tim and Martin’s

needs, they are inadmissible for the reasons set forth in the Objections section above.

Additionally, the reasons the McGraths give for needing the proposed balcony extension

address problems that affect anyone living in the McGraths’ condominium unit. As the

Association highlights, the reasons for the proposed balcony extension—that the McGraths

provided in their June 18, 2018 email proposal to the Association—were to have another exit

point that addresses the McGraths’ safety concern, ease wear and tear on the interior of their

hallway, and provide more space for outdoor grilling.

Moreover, in their response brief, the McGraths state that their current secondary exit is

controlled by another unit owner in that he either keeps the gate to it locked or places a lock on

the gate in a manner which gives the appearance that the gate is locked (thus the McGraths are

not free to come and go from this exit). According to the McGraths, this is problematic because

in case of an emergency, such as a fire, they cannot rely on the availability of the secondary exit.

Another reason the McGraths give is that if the back area of their unit was impacted by an

emergency such as a fire or tornado, it shares a common wall with the common stairway that

they primarily use to enter and exit the building; thus, if the McGraths’ primary exit from their

condominium unit was blocked by a natural disaster, they would be trapped in their unit. The

McGraths also say that they cannot leisurely leave the condominium unit to go to the beach or

return to their primary residence in Illinois by a secondary exit.

Similar to the water shut off in Good Shepherd, the unreliable second exit, wear and tear

on the hallway, lack of space for grilling, entrapment in the unit if their primary exit was

blocked, and no second exit to leisurely leave their unit are problems that are too attenuated from

Tim and Martin’s disability because the problems affect anyone living in the McGraths’

condominium unit, not just those living with autism. See Good Shepherd, 323 F.3d at 562.

Therefore, even when viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to them, the

McGraths fail to create a genuine dispute of material fact that Tim and Martin’s autism is the

but-for cause of their need for the proposed balcony extension and stairs. Accordingly, the

Association is entitled to summary judgment on the McGraths’ § 3604(f)(2) discrimination claim

because the McGraths cannot establish that they were discriminated against as defined by

§ 3604(f)(3)(B). Thus, the Court need not consider the McGraths’ additional arguments on

statements and conduct evidencing discriminatory animus, pretext, suspicious timing, or

Robert’s Rules of Order.

B. 42 U.S.C. § 3604(b) Disparate Treatment Claim Based on Familial Status

Under § 3604(b), the FHA makes it unlawful “[t]o discriminate against any person in the

terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or

facilities in connection therewith, because of race, color, religion, sex, familial status, or national

origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(b). “Familial status” is defined as “one or more individuals (who have

not attained the age of 18 years) being domiciled with . . . a parent or another person having legal

custody of such individual or individuals.” 42 U.S.C. § 3602(k)(1). Discrimination because of

“familial status” thus entails discrimination based on “the presence of minor children in the

household.” Snyder v. Barry Realty, Inc., 953 F. Supp. 217, 219 (N.D. Ill. 1996).

The Association argues that the McGraths do not “specifically identify a statutory basis

for [their discrimination claims]” in the Third Amended Complaint. Def. Br. 14, ECF No. 74

(citing Third Am. Compl. ¶¶ 69, 73). As the Association points out, the McGraths allege that

“[t]he failure of the Association to provide a prompt response to the McGrath family request for

the deck extension with stairs, following a majority vote in support of the project, is evidence of

the Association’s animus and discriminatory conduct towards a family with disabled family

member[s].” Third Am. Compl. ¶ 69 (emphasis added). Also, the McGraths “claim in the

alternative, the . . . unit owners who . . . subsequently changed their position and voted against

the McGrath’s request for a reasonable accommodation, was based upon those Association

members discriminatory animus against the McGrath familial status, specifically the disabled

individuals in the McGrath family.” Id. ¶ 73 (emphasis added). Thus, the McGraths base their

theory of the Association’s liability under § 3604(b) on the presence not of individuals under the

age of 18 in the household but of the disabled individuals in their family—their autistic adult

children Tim and Martin, which the McGraths refer to as “familial status.”

However, the plain language of § 3604(b) does not provide a remedy for discrimination

based on a family with disabled adults. See Weiner v. Prairie Park Condo. Ass’n Inc., No. 16 C

1889, 2016 WL 3444210, at *3 (N.D. Ill. June 23, 2016) (“A plain reading of the statute reveals

that . . . 3604(b) provide[s] no remedy for disability discrimination.”); see also 42 U.S.C.

§ 3602(k)(1) (defining “familial status” but not including households with disabled individuals in

the definition). In their response brief, the McGraths contend that “[t]he overwhelming evidence

supports an inference that at least one of the discriminatory motives . . . was based on either or

both the McGraths’ familial status and the disability status of Tim and Martin.” Pl. Br. 7, ECF

No. 77. But the McGraths do not explain in their Third Amended Complaint or in their response

brief how they meet the FHA’s definition of familial status, which only includes families with

individuals under the age of 18 living in a household, not families with disabled adults living in a

household. See 42 U.S.C. § 3602(k)(1). As the Association points out in its reply brief, the

“McGraths did not articulate the basis for discrimination but cite to [§ 3604(b)] . . . and refer to

vague comments about the size of their family and the behavior of their adult children.” Def.

Reply 2.

For these reasons, the Court concludes the McGraths are proceeding solely on a theory of

liability based on the presence of disabled adults in their family, which is not a protected class

under the plain language of § 3604(b) or the FHA’s definition of familial status. See 42 U.S.C.

§ 3602(k)(1). Consequently, the McGraths’ § 3604(b) claim fails. Accordingly, the Association

is entitled to summary judgment on the McGraths’ § 3604(b) discrimination claim.

To the extent the McGraths are in fact alleging a claim of discrimination under § 3604(b)

based on having children under the age of 18 in their household, their claim still fails. To prove a

claim under § 3604(b), the McGraths “must establish that the defendant had a discriminatory

intent or motive.” Texas Dep’t of Hous. & Cmty. Affs. v. Inclusive Communities Project, Inc.,

576 U.S. 519, 524–25 (2015) (quoting Ricci v. DeStefano, 557 U.S. 557, 577 (2009)).4 This

4 The McGraths could also potentially be alleging discrimination “on a modified disparate impact theory.”

Bloch v. Frischholz, 587 F.3d 771, 784 (7th Cir. 2009). However, “a disparate-impact claim challenges

practices that have a ‘disproportionately adverse effect on minorities’ and are otherwise not justified by a

legitimate rationale.” Texas Dep’t of Hous., 576 U.S. at 524–25 (quoting Ricci, 557 U.S. at 577).

“Disparate-impact analysis looks at the effects of policies, not one-off decisions, which are analyzed for

disparate treatment.” City of Joliet v. New W., L.P., 825 F.3d 827, 830 (7th Cir. 2016). Here, there are no

allegations or evidence that would support a disparate impact claim.

means that to survive summary judgment on their § 3604(b) claim, the McGraths must produce

evidence that, when considered as a whole, would allow a reasonable jury to find that the

Association treated them differently because they have children under the age of 18 living in

their household. See Ortiz v. Werner Enters., Inc., 834 F.3d 760, 765 (7th Cir. 2016) (explaining,

on a Title VII employment discrimination claim, that the record evidence “must be considered as

a whole” to determine whether the plaintiff suffered an adverse employment action due to a

protected characteristic); Kormoczy v. Sec’y, U.S. Dep’t of Hous. & Urb. Dev. ex rel. Briggs, 53

F.3d 821, 823–24 (7th Cir. 1995) (explaining that the elements of FHA discrimination claims

under § 3604 “follow closely the elements of employment discrimination”).5

In the alternative, the McGraths can proceed under the familiar McDonnell Douglas

burden shifting method to create an inference of discrimination on summary judgment. See

McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802–03 (1973); East-Miller v. Lake Cnty.

Highway Dep’t, 421 F.3d 558, 563 (7th Cir. 2005) (citing Kormoczy, 53 F.3d at 823–24).

However, “plaintiff[s] need not use the McDonnell Douglas framework after Ortiz. At summary

judgment, what matters is whether [the plaintiffs] presented enough evidence to allow the jury to

find in [their] favor.” Igasaki v. Ill. Dep’t of Fin. & Pro. Regul., 988 F.3d 948, 957–58 (7th Cir.

2021) (cleaned up).

In this case, the McGraths do not appear to rely on the McDonell Douglas burden-

shifting framework for their § 3604(b) claim. Under that framework modified for a claim of

familial status discrimination, the McGraths would have to establish a prima facie case of

housing discrimination by showing that they are members of a protected class, that they were

5 To the extent the Association and the McGraths rely on the “convincing mosaic” test in their briefs, the

Seventh Circuit in Ortiz expressly held that the test has no continuing viability. See Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 765

(“From now on, any decision of a district court that treats this phrase as a legal requirement . . . is subject

to summary reversal . . . .”).

similarly situated to members of the unprotected class, and that they were treated differently than

members of the unprotected class. Hatter v. Williams, No. 17-2141, 2019 WL 11555274, a *5

(C.D. Ill. July 8, 2019), aff’d 844 F.3d App’x 870 (7th Cir. 2021) (quoting Grubbs v. Hous. Auth.

of Joliet, No. 91 C 6454, 1997 WL 281297, at *16 (N.D. Ill. May 20, 1997)). If the McGraths

meet each element of the prima facie case, the burden then shifts to the Association “to offer a

nondiscriminatory justification for the challenged . . . action.” Groves v. S. Bend Cmty. Sch.

Corp., 51 F.4th 766, 770 (7th Cir. 2022). The burden then shifts back to the McGraths to show

the Association’s “proffered nondiscriminatory reason amounted to pretext for discrimination.”

Id.

But even if they had relied on the McDonnell Douglas framework and despite five pages

of their response brief referencing evidence they believe shows pretext, the McGraths do not say

or show that they have individuals under the age of 18 living in their household, nor do they

attempt to identify a similarly situated unit owner that did not have individuals under the age of

18 living in their household who was treated differently. Thus, the Court finds that the McGraths

have not established a prima facie case under McDonnell Douglas.

Notably, under McDonnell Douglas, evidence of pretext “may, together with the

elements of the prima facie case, suffice to show intentional discrimination” or lead to such an

inference. St. Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 511 (1993) (emphasis added); Runkel v.

City of Springfield, 51 F.4th 736, 744 (7th Cir. 2022) (citing St. Mary’s Honor Center for the

proposition that when the plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, she needs to

also offer evidence that the decisionmaker’s reasons for the adverse action were pretextual to

allow an inference that the true intent was discriminatory). But because the McGraths do not

establish a prima facie case, even if they establish pretext, their pretext evidence alone does not

suffice to lead to an inference of intentional familial status discrimination under the McDonnell

Douglas framework. See Peele v. Country Mut. Ins. Co., 288 F.3d 319, 331–32 (7th Cir. 2002)

(“Because Peele has failed to establish prima facie cases of sex and age discrimination, we need

not address her pretext argument.”).

Even considering the evidence as a whole under Ortiz, the § 3604(b) claim based on

familial status discrimination still fails. Under Ortiz, the McGraths must show that the

Association’s “decision was motivated in part by an unlawful criterion” based on the McGraths

having children under the age of 18 living in their household. Runkel, 51 F.4th at 742 (citing

Ortiz, 834 F.3d at 765). Here, the McGraths’ only relevant argument is that voting Association

member Michael Hernandez’s “reliance on a clearly inapplicable bylaw creates an inference that

his claimed reliance thereon was pretext and, combined with his clear animus toward the

McGrath children strongly supports the inference that his vote against the McGrath proposal . . .

was based on discriminatory motives.” Pl. Br. 12. The McGraths further explain, “Hernandez . . .

referred to the [McGrath] children collectively, and it is therefore reasonable to infer that his

animosity toward the children includes Tim and Martin.” Pl. Br. 8.6 However, as the Association

6 The McGraths point to the following statements and conduct by Hernandez that they believe establishes

his animosity toward the McGrath children. Hernandez has owned Unit 125 at Dunecrest since December

2013. Pl. Ex. 4, pp. 7–8, ECF No. 77-5. His unit has a metal gate between his deck and the McGraths’

back deck. Id. at 164. He placed a large storage container in front of the gate “because [the McGrath

family] kept coming through the patio.” Id. at 164–66. This container served to block the McGrath family

from using and getting onto his deck area, but ultimately Hernandez removed it. Id. at 166. He removed it

because “it wasn’t doing any good. They were still coming through.” Id. at 167. At some point,

Hernandez put a padlock on the gate. Id. The padlock “wasn’t always locked. It looked like it was locked,

but it wasn’t locked.” Id. He confirmed with counsel that currently there is a rubber band securing the

gate closed, and he keeps the gate closed to keep the McGrath children from going on his deck. Id. at

168–69. Hernandez testified that he first found out about the McGraths’ request for an extension of their

balcony in 2015. Id. at 172. What upset him about their request was the fact that his deck was an egress

for the McGraths that he was not informed about prior to purchasing his unit. Id. at 173. He was also

upset that he was dragged into the fight about extending the McGraths’ balcony. Id. At that time, he was

already having issues with the McGrath family because they kept coming through his patio, and he was

concerned about who was responsible if one of them falls. Id. at 173–74. To address this concern, Roy

Plush told Hernandez to lock the gate; but then Janet Moran told him it needed to be unlocked, so he

highlights, Tim and Martin are the McGraths’ adult children. Specifically, the record shows that

Tim and Martin were over the age of 18 at the time of the Association’s vote on the McGraths’

proposed balcony extension on July 21, 2018 (as they were 26 years old as of February 28,

2022), and that they are disabled because of autism. Thus, the McGraths are connecting the

statements by Hernandez only to their disabled adult children; the McGraths do not contend that

there are children under the age of 18 living in their household to whom Hernandez was

referencing. As a result, the Court finds that the McGraths have not developed an argument on

how a decision by a voting Association member was motivated in part by the McGraths having

children under the age of 18 living in their household.

Also, although the McGraths point to facts and details that they believe establish animus,

pretext, suspicious timing, and violation of Association voting procedure, they do not cite any

pertinent case law that supports finding an inference of discriminatory motive based on children

under the age of 18 living in the McGrath household for any of those facts and details. Instead,

the McGraths only cite H.O.P.E., Inc. v. Lake Greenfield Homeowners Ass’n, 330 F. Supp. 3d

1105, 1116 (N.D. Ill. 2018), and provide a narrative description of that case’s facts and findings

as well as block quotes. P1. Br. 4–6. Although the McGraths assert that “the facts of the instant

case are strikingly similar to those in H.O.P.E.,” they provide no analysis to explain how. Id. at

7. Even if they had, the McGraths are incorrect because although H.O.P.E. involves a § 3604(b)

claim, that claim was based on racial discrimination, not familial status discrimination. Also, the

plaintiffs in H.O.P.E. established both that they were part of a protected class and identified

unlocked it. Id. at 174. Hernandez said, “I didn’t like the fact that [Mr. McGrath’s] children were coming

through the patio.” Id. at 222. Hernandez testified that he tried to talk to Mr. McGrath about it, but his

response was to say that those were not his children. Id. However, Hernandez confirmed, “I’ve seen [the

McGrath children] sneaking through the patio . . . about six or seven, eight times . . . [but] [o]nce is too

many.” Id. at 223. Nevertheless, Hernandez testified, “I love kids.” Id. at 222.

similarly situated comparators treated more favorably who were outside of their protected class,

see H.O.P.E., 330 F. Supp. 3d at 1115–16, but the McGraths do not attempt to show that they

meet the definition of familial status or that other Dunecrest unit owners who were treated more

favorably were outside of their protected class, mentioning only that other unit owners were

“non-disabled,” Pl. Br. 16. Thus, H.O.P.E. does not constitute persuasive legal authority in this

case.

Consequently, any arguments on potential discrimination by the Association based on

children under the age of 18 living in the McGraths’ household are waived because the

McGraths did not develop their arguments or cite pertinent legal authority on that issue. See

Mahaffey v. Ramos, 588 F.3d 1142, 1146 (7th Cir. 2009) (“Perfunctory, undeveloped arguments

without discussion or citation to pertinent legal authority are waived.”); United States v. Holm,

326 F.3d 872, 877 (7th Cir. 2003) (“It is not the obligation of this court to research and construct

the legal arguments open to parties, especially when they are represented by counsel.”). For the

above reasons, the Court grants summary judgment in favor of the Association on the McGraths’

familial status discrimination claim under § 3604(b).7

C. 42 U.S.C. § 3617 Retaliation Claim

Under the FHA, it is illegal “to coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any person

in the exercise or enjoyment of, or on account of his having exercised or enjoyed, . . . any right

granted or protected by section 3603, 3604, 3605, or 3606 of this title.” 42 U.S.C. § 3617.

Consequently, plaintiffs bringing a § 3617 claim must show such an adverse outcome, among

other things. See Bloch, 587 F.3d at 783 (citing East-Miller, 421 F.3d at 563).8 To establish an

7 Thus, the Court need not address the Association’s arguments on the statute of limitations made in its

reply.

8 To establish a claim for retaliation under § 3617 based on interference, the plaintiffs must establish: that

(1) they are protected individuals under the FHA, (2) they were engaged in the exercise or enjoyment of

adverse outcome, the McGraths must “point to . . . conduct that a person of normal fortitude

would view as coercive, intimidating, threatening, or interfering with the exercise of [their]

protected right under the FHA.” Geraci v. Union Square Condo. Ass’n, 891 F.3d 274, 277 (7th

Cir. 2018). As “[t]he antiretaliation provision protects an individual not from all retaliation, but

from retaliation that produces an injury or harm[,]” the McGraths must show conduct by the

Association that produced an injury or harm involving a protected right under the FHA.

Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 67 (2006); see Geraci, 891 F.3d at 277

(applying the reasonable person standard from Burlington to § 3617 retaliation claims). But the

antiretaliation provision does not protect against “trivial harms.” Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry.

Co., 548 U.S. at 68.

Here, the Association argues that the retaliation claim under § 3617 fails because the

McGraths have not established an adverse outcome. The McGraths contend that the Association

retaliated against them for filing the instant action with a campaign of harassment. For the

reasons set forth below, the Court agrees with the Association.

In this case, a reasonable jury could not find an adverse outcome. Rather than identifying

evidence from which a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the McGraths experienced an

adverse outcome, the McGraths point to three emails from the Association (1) stating a lien will

be placed on the McGraths’ condominium unit if they do not pay the special assessment that was

their fair housing rights, (3) the defendant coerced, threatened, intimidated, or interfered with the

plaintiffs on account of their protected activity under the FHA, and (4) the defendant was motivated by an

intent to discriminate. Bloch, 587 F.3d at 783 (citing East-Miller, 421 F.3d at 563); see Wetzel v. Glen St.

Andrew Living Cmty., LLC, 901 F.3d 856, 868 (7th Cir. 2018) (“[The Seventh Circuit] [has] said that a

claim under section 3617 requires showing intentional discrimination only when considering an

interference claim.”); Halprin v. Prairie Single Fam. Homes of Dearborn Park Ass’n, 388 F.3d 327, 330

(7th Cir. 2004) (defining interference as “a pattern of harassment, invidiously motivated”). To establish a

claim for retaliation under § 3617 based on coercion, threat, or intimidation, “a plaintiff must show that:

(1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) she suffered an adverse action; and (3) there was a causal

connection between the two.” Wetzel, 901 F.3d at 868.

owed (sent August 13, 2021); (2) asking the McGraths to remove all outside anchors and bolts

that they installed and to repair their electric garage door opener (sent September 21, 2021); and

(3) attaching a report prohibiting grilling on decks less than ten feet from the exterior wall (sent

October 6, 2022).

However, the McGraths do not point to any facts establishing the injury or harm that the

emails produced. Although the McGraths say that if the prohibition in the grilling report were

enforced, they would be unable to grill on their rear balcony/deck, the McGraths also say that

they grill on their front balcony/deck. Moreover, the McGraths do not indicate that there was any

further action taken by the Association against them after sending those three emails.

Consequently, at most, the McGraths experienced trivial harm because the emails were

inconvenient. Therefore, no person of normal fortitude would view the Association’s sending of

the three emails “as coercive, intimidating, threatening, or interfering with the exercise of [the

McGraths’] protected right under the FHA.” Geraci, 891 F.3d at 277.9 Accordingly, the Court

grants summary judgment in favor of the Association on the McGraths’ retaliation claim under

§ 3617.

D. Individual Defendants

The only remaining claims are the unlawful discrimination claims against the Individual

Defendants based on their votes against the balcony extension. “[W]here one defendant files a

motion for summary judgment which the court grants, the district court may sua sponte enter

summary judgment in favor of additional non-moving defendants if the motion raised by the first

defendant is equally effective in barring the claim against the other defendants and the plaintiff

had an adequate opportunity to argue in opposition to the motion.” Malak v. Associated

9 Thus, the Court need not address the parties’ arguments on invidious motivation or causation.

Physicians, Inc., 784 F.2d 277, 280 (7th Cir. 1986). Here, the discrimination claims brought

under the FHA against the Individual Defendants are interrelated with the discrimination claims

against the Association because the allegations of discrimination against the Association are

based on the statements and conduct of the Individual Defendants that are also the basis of the

discrimination claims against the Individual Defendants. Accordingly, because the Court has

granted summary judgment in favor of the Association on all claims against it and the McGraths

submitted evidence arguing in opposition to the Association’s motion for summary judgment, the

Court sua sponte grants summary judgment in favor of the Individual Defendants.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the Court hereby GRANTS the Defendant Dunecrest

Condominium Association’s Second Motion for Summary Judgment [ECF No. 72] and

GRANTS summary judgment in favor of the Individual Defendants sua sponte. The Court

DIRECTS the Clerk of Court to enter judgment against Plaintiffs Michael McGrath, Jill

McGrath, Tim McGrath, Martin McGrath, Colin McGrath, and CM McGrath and in favor of

Defendants Dunecrest Condominium Association, Holly Candella, Ruth Palonis, Michael

Hernandez, and Janet Moran. The Plaintiffs take nothing by their Third Amended Complaint.

The Court DENIES as moot the Individual Defendants’ Motion for Discovery [ECF No. 67].

SO ORDERED on May 23, 2024.

s/ Theresa L. Springmann

JUDGE THERESA L. SPRINGMANN

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT