“[I]f the bulk of a company's business activities visible to the public take place in New Jersey, while its top officers direct those activities just across the river in New York, the ‘principal place of business’ is New York.”
How later courts described this case
- “[I]f the bulk of a company's business activities visible to the public take place in New Jersey, while its top officers direct those activities just across the river in New York, the ‘principal place of business’ is New York.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
DAVID LEWIS,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 3:24-cv-97-JPG
LKQ CORPORATION d/b/a LKQ PICK YOUR
PART — ST. LOUIS,
a corporation,
Defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
This matter comes before the Court on a motion to Remand. (Doc. 11). The Plaintiff filed
the motion on January 23, 2024. Finding that the Plaintiff and Defendant are both citizens of
Illinois, there is no diversity of citizenship and, therefore, this Court lacks subject matter
jurisdiction. Accordingly, this Court GRANTS the motion (Doc. 11) and REMANDS this case
to St. Clair County Circuit Court, without costs.
I. BACKGROUND
a. Procedural History
On November 19, 2015, the Plaintiff, Lewis, was injured at his workplace. (Doc. 11).
Lewis required years of medical and dental treatment, provided through his previous employer
under the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act, codified as 33 U.S.C. § 901 et
seq. (Id.). Eventually, Lewis changed employers and began working for the Defendant, LKQ
Corporation (“LKQ”). Lewis left work early to attend an appointment related to his previous
workplace injury and was allegedly unlawfully terminated. (Id.).
Lewis filed this lawsuit in state court on November 30, 2023, (Doc. 1, Ex. A). On January
12, 2024, LKQ filed a notice of removal. (Doc. 1). In that notice of removal, LKQ claimed that
the amount in controversy exceeded $75,000 and that the parties were completely diverse. (Id.).
LKQ claimed that they were incorporated in Delaware, their principal place of business is in
Tennessee, and that Lewis is a citizen of Illinois. Lewis filed a Motion to Remand. (Doc. 11).
Lewis argued that there was no diversity of citizenship because LKQ’s principal place of
business is in Illinois—not in Tennessee. (Doc. 22). Additionally, Lewis argued that LKQ’s
principal place of business has always been in Illinois, LKQ lacked an objectively reasonable
basis for removal, and, therefore, the Court should award costs upon remand. (Id.).
LKQ responded opposing remand, (Doc. 21), and Lewis replied renewing their request
for remand. (Doc. 22). Given the issue of remand is a threshold issue, an unopposed motion to
stay the deadline to respond to the complaint was filed. (Doc. 13). Accordingly, the Court
entered a stay until the issue of subject matter jurisdiction could be resolved. (Doc. 20).
b. LKQ’s Principal Place of Business
While there is a dispute over LKQ’s principal place of business currently, prior to 2024,
both parties agree that LKQ’s principal place of business was at their headquarters in Chicago,
Illinois. However, in 2019, LKQ opened a large facility in Antioch, Tennessee and “began . . .
shifting its primary business operations to Tennessee.” (Doc. 21). LKQ dubbed its Antioch
location its “North American Headquarters” yet, LKQ’s principal place of business “remained
[in] Chicago, Illinois,” at their established headquarters. (Id.). From 2019 to 2024, LKQ saw
their North American Headquarters grow, evincing an intentional transition from Chicago to
Antioch as their principal place of business; however, according to LKQ, that change was
incomplete until November 27, 2023.
On November 27, 2023,1 LKQ’s President and CEO, Dominick Zarcone, announced that
he planned to retire in June of 2024. Consequently, LKQ’s “Board of Directors appointed an
Antioch, Tennessee-based employee[:] Justin Jude . . . to the role of Executive Vice President
and Chief Operation Officer effective January 1, 2024.” (Id.).2 Jude was the Senior Vice
President of Operations / President of Wholesale for LKQ’s North America segment.
Leadership, LKQ Corp. (last visited Mar. 28, 2024),
https://investor.lkqcorp.com/governance/leadership/default.aspx
[https://web.archive.org/web/20230709112617/https:
//investor.lkqcorp.com/governance/leadership/default.aspx] (Archived on Jul. 9, 2023,
11:26 AM) (hereinafter “Archived LKQ Leadership Webpage, (Jun. 9, 2023)”).
Currently, LKQ’s website lists their Chicago location as their “Headquarters” and their
Antioch location as their “North American Headquarters.”3 LKQ, https://www.lkqcorp.com/
(last visited Mar. 28, 2024) (scroll to the bottom of the webpage; then examine the left side of
the screen under “LKQ: Keeping you moving.”). As of January 1, 2024, LKQ has ten executive
officers: four in Tennessee, four in Illinois, one in Texas, and one in Europe. (Doc. 21).
The officers currently in Tennessee are Jude (Executive Vice President and Chief
Operating Officer), Rick Galloway (Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer),
Genevieve Dombrowski (Senior V.P. of Human Resources), and John Menke (Senior V.P. of
1 Though the LKQ’s filings do not give the specific date of the announcement GlobalNewswire published an article
on the change on November 27, 2023. LKQ Corporation Announces Executive Leadership Succession Plan,
GLOBALNEWSWIRE (Nov. 27, 2023). This article was cross-posted to LKQ’s website for investors on the same day.
LKQ Corporation Announces Executive Leadership Succession Plan, LKQ CORP. (Nov. 27, 2023)
https://investor.lkqcorp.com/news/news-details/2023/LKQ-Corporation-Announces-Executive-Leadership-
Succession-Plan/default.aspx.
2 While their filing refers to this individual—Justin Jude—as an employee, before the Board selected him to succeed
LKQ’s out-going President and CEO, Jude was the Senior Vice President of Operations / President of Wholesale for
North America and, therefore, is more appropriately described as an officer of the corporation. Id.
3 Though Lewis claims that LKQ’s Chicago Headquarters are their “global headquarters,” (Doc. 22), and LKQ is a
global company, LKQ has always referred to their Chicago location as simply their “Headquarters” and their
Antioch location as their “North American Headquarters.”
LKQ Corporation and President of Wholesale North America—Jude’s previous position). (Id.).
Leadership, LKQ CORP., https://investor.lkqcorp.com/governance/leadership/default.aspx (last
visited Mar. 28, 2024) (hereinafter “LKQ Leadership Webpage”).
The officers currently in Illinois are Matthew McKay (Senior V.P., General Counsel, &
Corporate Secretary), Michael Clark (V.P. – Finance & Controller), Michael T. Brooks (Senior
V.P. – Global Information Officer), and Walter Hanley (Senior V.P. of Development). The
officer in Europe, the Court infers, is Andy Hamilton (Senior V.P. of LKQ Corporation and
President and Managing Director of LKQ Europe). (Doc. 11, Ex. 9). LKQ Leadership Webpage.
The officer currently in Texas is Zarcone, the outgoing President and CEO. (Doc. 21). While
Zarcone currently works out of a home office in Texas, before his announced retirement,
Zarcone worked at the Chicago office. (Id.). LKQ states that as of January 1, 2024, all executive
officers report to Jude and that he has authority to override all other executive decisions, save
for Zarcone’s. (Id.).
Before January 1, 2024, the position of Executive V.P. and C.O.O. did not exist,4 and
John Menke was not an officer of the corporation. Archived LKQ Leadership Webpage, (Jun. 9,
2023). Therefore, before January 1, 2024, three officers worked in Tennessee and five officers
worked in Illinois. Id. The officer duties assigned to Antioch were Senior V.P. of Operations /
President of Wholesale North America, C.F.O., and Human Resources. The officer duties
assigned to Chicago were C.E.O., President, Global Information, Development, General
Counsel, Corporate Secretary, and Finance & Controller.5 Id.
4 The position of “Senior V.P. of Operations / President of Wholesale North America” did exist, but it is unclear
whether this title referred to North American or global operations. Archived LKQ Leadership Webpage, (Jun. 9,
2023).
5 With the exception of one officer (Michael Clark, V.P. – Finance & Controller), all officers also held the title of
“Senior V.P.” of their respective departments. Id.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Federal courts have limited jurisdiction. Actions commenced in state courts can be
removed to federal court if they are within a federal court’s original jurisdiction or, alternatively,
if the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and each plaintiff is diverse from each defendant.
If a plaintiff and a defendant are citizens of the same state, the parties are not diverse, a federal
court lacks subject matter jurisdiction, and must either dismiss the case or, if the case has been
removed, remand it. The citizenship of natural persons is based on their domicile. In contrast, a
corporation’s citizenship is based on their state of incorporation and their principal place of
business.
Previously, courts employed differing tests to determine a corporation’s principal place of
business. The Supreme Court laid out a clearer test in Hertz v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77 (2010). In
Hertz the Supreme Court clarified that a company’s principal place of business is their “nerve
center . . . the center of overall direction, control, and coordination.” Id. at 95–96.
In practice it should normally be the place where the corporation maintains its
Headquarters—provided that the Headquarters is the actual center of direction, control,
and coordination, i.e., the ‘nerve center,’ and not simply an office where the corporation
holds its board meetings.
Id. at 78.
Analogizing the “nerve center” to a brain, the Supreme Court emphasized it is the decision-
making apparatus, not the bulk of business activities or business presence that matters. Id. at 96
(“[I]f the bulk of a company's business activities visible to the public take place in New Jersey,
while its top officers direct those activities just across the river in New York, the ‘principal place
of business’ is New York.”). While a S.E.C. form listing a principal place of business is some
evidence for identifying a company’s principal place of business “the mere filing of [such] a
form . . . listing a corporation's ‘principal executive offices’ would, without more, be
[in]sufficient proof to establish a corporation’s ‘nerve center.’” Id. at 97.
Diversity is determined at the time the suit was filed and at the time the action is
removed. 14C CHARLES ALAN WRIGHT & ARTHUR R. MILLER, FEDERAL PRACTICE AND
PROCEDURE § 3723 (Rev. 4th ed. 2023). If a party is not diverse at the commencement of the
action but is diverse at the time of removal, removal is improper. Id. “[A] corporation's principal
place of business must be based on the location of corporate activities at the time [the] suit is
instituted.” Id. § 3625. If a corporation’s principal place of business is contested, “the burden of
proving the existence of diversity jurisdiction . . . rests upon the [removing] party.” Id. Hertz,
559 at 96 (“The burden of persuasion for establishing diversity jurisdiction, of course, remains
on the party asserting it.”). When diversity is disputed, each party must support their position “by
competent proof.” Hertz, at 96–97.
III. ANALYSIS
a. Principal Place of Business
Both parties agree that LKQ was headquartered and had its principal place of business in
Chicago, Illinois for some time. Beginning in 2019, LKQ began transitioning their principal
place of business from Chicago, Illinois, to Antioch, Tennessee. If LKQ’s principal place of
business was in Chicago, Illinois, there is no diversity and the Court must remand; if their
principal place of business was in Antioch, Tennessee, there is diversity and the Court must
deny remand.
LKQ asserts that their principal place of business was “in Chicago, Illinois . . . . [T]hat
changed, however, when LKQ’s Board of Directors appointed [Justin Jude as] Executive Vice
President and Chief Operating Officer effective January 1, 2024.” (Doc 21) (emphasis added). It
is unclear whether LKQ is arguing that their principal place of business changed on November
27, 2023—when their Board of Directors announced that they were going to appoint Jude—or
that their principal place of business changed on January 1, 2024—when Jude’s appointment
became effective.6
If LKQ is arguing the latter—that their principal place of business did not change from
Chicago to Antioch until January 1, 2024—then they have forfeited. This suit was initiated
before January 1 and diversity of citizenship is assessed at the time the lawsuit is initiated. Thus,
arguing that their principal place of business did not change until January 1 concedes that their
principal place of business remained in Chicago and, consequently, there is no diversity.
Therefore, LKQ must be arguing the former—that the announcement on November 27, 2023,
itself completed the transition from Chicago to Antioch. Regardless, both parties agree that
LKQ’s principal place of business was in Chicago before November 27, 2023.
In summary, because diversity is assessed at the time the suit was initiated, the key issue
here is LKQ’s principal place of business on November 30, 2023. As LKQ states that its
principal place of business was in Chicago before November 27, 2023, LKQ, as the removing
party, bears the burden of showing by competent proof that their principal place of business
changed in the three days from November 27 to November 30.
LKQ has failed to meet that burden.
LKQ conflates the announcement on November 27, 2023, with the effective date of those
changes on January 1, 2024. However, just as a new presidential administration takes power only
after the stroke of noon on January 207—not after all the votes are tallied on Election Night nor
when the joint session of Congress certifies the winner of the electoral college; LKQ’s new
6 LKQ references some changes that occurred after an announcement in December 2023. This December update,
however, sheds no light on any events that may have taken place between November 27 and November 30.
Therefore, the details of the December update are irrelevant.
7 “[T]he terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January … and the terms of
their successors shall then begin.” U.S. CONST. Amend. XX.
administration, likewise, took power only after the stroke of midnight on January 1—not after the
Board announced that Jude would become Executive Vice President and C.O.O., nor when
Zarcone announced his plan to retire in eight months. Conflating the announced changes with the
changes themselves is erroneous. Therefore, the announcement itself is not competent proof that
shows LKQ’s principal place of business changed from Chicago to Antioch.
A re-examination of LKQ’s filings yield no evidence or proof that any changes took
place between November 27 and November 30, let alone sufficient changes that would complete
the transition of LKQ’s principal place of business. In fact, on the same day Lewis filed this
lawsuit, LKQ filed a form with the S.E.C. stating that their principal executive offices were in
Chicago. (Doc. 11, Ex. 9). While an S.E.C. filing that lists a corporation’s executive offices in a
particular location is insufficient to establish a company’s principal place of business on its own,
the filing cuts against LKQ’s argument that their principal place of business changed from
November 27 to November 30. Additionally, to this day, LKQ still lists their Chicago location as
their “Headquarters,” and still places the information for their Chicago Headquarters above the
information for their “North American Headquarters” on their website. LKQ,
https://www.lkqcorp.com/ (last visited Mar. 28, 2024) (scroll to the bottom of the webpage; then
examine the left side of the screen under “LKQ: Keeping you moving.”).
A company’s principal place of business is ordinarily its headquarters. While simply
naming a location their “headquarters” is not enough to establish a company’s principal place of
business, LKQ’s Chicago Headquarters was far from a simple office that would hold the
occasional board meeting; it retained a significant number of employees and officers that were
assigned duties essential to the continued operation of the company.
As the removing party LKQ bears the burden of showing diversity. Because LKQ has
admitted that their principal place of business was in Chicago, Illinois, before November 27 and
failed to show by competent proof that their principal place of business changed from Chicago to
Antioch before this suit was filed on November 30; LKQ has failed to meet their burden.
Additionally, there are multiple indicators—such as calling their Chicago location their
headquarters, the significant presence at the Chicago Headquarters, and their filings with the
S.E.C.—that cumulatively support Lewis’s argument that LKQ’s principal place of business was
still in Chicago when he filed this lawsuit. Therefore, the Court finds that LKQ’s principal place
of business was at their Chicago Headquarters. Accordingly, there is no diversity of citizenship
and the case must be remanded.
b. Costs upon Remand
When remanding a case, the Court retains the power to award costs to the moving party
incurred as a result of the improper removal “where the removing party lacks an objectively
reasonable basis for seeking removal.” See Jackson County Bank v. Du Sablon, 915 F.3d 422,
424 (7th Cir. 2019) (citations omitted).
Here, removal was certainly improper and LKQ has failed to adequately articulate a
viable argument for removal, let alone support their position with competent proof. However,
LKQ appears to be in the final stages of a multi-year long transition from Chicago to Antioch.
This, combined with the undoubted de facto transition from Zarcone to Jude—to borrow from
the earlier analogy, similar to the de facto transition from an outgoing President and a President-
elect—the Court declines to find that LKQ lacked an objectively reasonable basis for
seeking removal. Accordingly, the Court will not award costs on remand.
IV. CONCLUSION
Because the Defendant has failed to meet the burden necessary to establish diversity of
citizenship, and the Plaintiff has supported their argument for lack of diversity by competent
proof, the Court hereby GRANTS Lewis’s Motion to Remand. (Doc. 11). The Court
REMANDS this case back to St. Clair County Circuit Court, without costs.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: April 3, 2024
s/ J. Phil Gilbert
J. PHIL GILBERT
DISTRICT JUDGE