Younger abstention is appropriate “when there is an action in state court against the federal plaintiff and the state is seeking to enforce the contested law in that proceeding.”
How later courts described this case
- Younger abstention is appropriate “when there is an action in state court against the federal plaintiff and the state is seeking to enforce the contested law in that proceeding.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
LAKESIDE EMS, LLC,
Plaintiff,
v. Case No. 3:18-CV-1853-NJR-RJD
COUNTY OF EFFINGHAM, ILLINOIS,
and JAMES NIEMANN,
Defendants.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
ROSENSTENGEL, Chief Judge:
This matter is before the Court on the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants
County of Effingham, Illinois (“Effingham County”), and James Niemann. Defendants
ask the Court to dismiss or stay this case on abstention grounds or, alternatively, to
dismiss it for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)
(Doc. 18). For the reasons set forth below, the Court dismisses this action on the grounds
of abstention.
BACKGROUND
Lakeside EMS, LLC, (“Lakeside”) is an ambulance service provider based in
Shelby County, Illinois, that provides inter-facility transfer of hospital patients in and out
of Effingham County (Doc. 1 at ¶¶ 10, 21-23). Lakeside is licensed by the Illinois
Department of Public Health, which has placed no restrictions on where Lakeside can
provide ambulance services (Id. at ¶ 8, 20).
On September 18, 2017, the Effingham County Board, with Defendant James
Niemann as its Chairman, enacted Effingham County Ordinance Number 17-76 entitled,
“Effingham County Ground Ambulance Service Ordinance Amending Ordinance 14-93”
(“the Ordinance”) (Id. at ¶ 24). The Ordinance requires any ambulance service with a
physical base of operation in Effingham County or that provides “routine service of
Transfers from acute care facilities or as an Emergency Ambulance Services within the
County” to “acquire a letter of authorization from the County Board, signed by not less
than three Board Members.” (Id. at ¶ 25).
The Ordinance permits the County Board to limit the number of authorization
letters it issues, withdraw any letter of authorization it issues, or revoke any letter of
authorization by a majority vote of the County Board (Id.).
The Ordinance further provides:
That no person or entity, other than the contractor (“Mission Care of
Illinois”) and ambulance services having a mutual aid agreement with the
contractor, shall operate or cause to be operated a vehicle for emergency
ground ambulance purposes, nor furnish, conduct, maintain, advertise, or
otherwise be engaged in the business of service of the emergency
transportation of patients within the County of Effingham.
(Id. at ¶ 27). Under this provision, Lakeside alleges, the Ordinance gives Mission Care of
Illinois, LLC, d/b/a Abbott EMS (“Abbott”), the exclusive right to provide “emergency
ambulance services” in Effingham County (Id. at ¶ 28). Lakeside has asked Niemann and
the Effingham County Board for a letter of authorization, but the request has been denied
without explanation (Id. at ¶¶ 34-36).
On July 2, 2018, Niemann sent Lakeside a cease and desist letter demanding that
it cease operations within Effingham County (Id. at ¶ 40). On July 20, 2018, the County
filed a complaint and motion for injunctive relief in the Fourth Judicial Circuit of Illinois
seeking an order enjoining Lakeside from operating within Effingham County (Id. at
¶ 41). Effingham County’s motion for injunctive relief was denied, but the state court
action remains pending (Id. at ¶¶ 42-43).
Less than three months after the County filed the state court action seeking to stop
Lakeside from operating in Effingham County, Lakeside filed the Complaint in this case
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Doc. 1). Lakeside alleges that the Ordinance purports to
regulate intra-facility ambulance transfers but is actually intended to ensure fruitful
employment for Defendant Niemann and his family members who are employed by
Abbott (Id. at ¶¶ 64-67). And, while there are more than twenty ambulance services that
routinely provide inter-facility transfers in and out of Effingham County, none of which
have obtained a “letter of authorization” from Effingham County (other than Abbott),
Lakeside is the only ambulance service that has been targeted by Effingham County (Id.
at ¶¶ 51-55).
Furthermore, Lakeside claims, Defendants have no legitimate, non-
discriminatory, non-arbitrary purpose for enforcing the Ordinance against it. For
example, at an August 23, 2018 hearing on Effingham’s motion for injunctive relief in
state court, Effingham County State’s Attorney, Bryan Kibler, claimed that the reason for
enforcing the Ordinance against Lakeside centers on Lakeside’s advertising within the
County of Effingham and specifically at St. Anthony’s Medical Center (Id. at ¶ 58). The
County does not have an ordinance regulating advertising by ambulance services within
the County, however, and improper advertising activities is not a rational basis for
enforcing the Ordinance against Lakeside (Id. at ¶ 60).
Based on these facts, Lakeside claims that Defendants violated its procedural due
process rights (Count I), that Defendants’ conduct constitutes an unconstitutional
regulatory taking (Count II), and that Defendants violated the Equal Protection Clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment (Count III).
Defendants have now moved to dismiss the case on several grounds (Doc. 18).
First, Defendants assert the Younger abstention doctrine applies. See Younger v. Harris, 401
U.S. 37 (1971). Alternatively, Defendants assert the Pullman abstention doctrine applies.
See Railroad Comm’n of Tex. v. Pullman Co., 312 U.S. 496 (1941). Finally, Defendants assert
non-abstention grounds for dismissing the case including improper claim splitting and
failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6).
DISCUSSION
Younger Abstention
The Younger abstention doctrine “reflects a concern that federal interference with
certain types of important state proceedings is unwise and unnecessary in a system of
dual sovereigns, . . . and it requires that federal courts dismiss such cases rather than
intervene in state affairs.” Mulholland v. Marion Cty. Election Bd., 746 F.3d 811, 815 (7th
Cir. 2014) (citing Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971)). It applies only where federal
jurisdiction would intrude into ongoing state criminal proceedings or particular civil
proceedings that are akin to criminal prosecutions, or into civil proceedings “that
implicate a State’s interest in enforcing the orders and judgments of its courts.” Id.
(quoting Sprint Comm’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 73 (2013)).
When the state proceeding is civil, “federal courts must abstain from enjoining or
otherwise interfering in ongoing state court proceedings that are (1) judicial in nature,
(2) involve important state interests, and (3) provide an adequate opportunity to raise
federal claims, as long as (4) no exceptional circumstances exist that would make
abstention inappropriate.” Stroman Realty, Inc. v. Martinez, 505 F.3d 658, 662 (7th Cir.
2007). Exceptional circumstances include when “(1) the state proceeding is motivated by
a desire to harass or is conducted in bad faith, (2) there is an extraordinarily pressing need
for immediate equitable relief, or (3) the challenged provision is flagrantly and patently
violative of express constitutional prohibitions.” Id. at 664. The Supreme Court has
cautioned that cases falling within the Younger doctrine are “exceptional”; federal courts
typically should not refuse to decide a case “in deference to the States.” Sprint Commc’ns,
Inc., 571 U.S. at 73.
Here, there is no dispute that the state court proceedings are judicial in nature. The
Court further finds that an important state interest is at stake. Lakeside disagrees, arguing
that the Ordinance does not set forth any safety standards, Lakeside is licensed and has
passed all inspections, and Defendants have never alleged Lakeside’s performance is
substandard or unsafe. But the regulation of ambulance services is an important matter
of state concern, and the State of Illinois has an inherent interest in interpreting its laws
and ensuring they are uniformly applied by local governments. As noted by Defendants,
Illinois has a strong interest in resolving what is “an essentially local problem.” See Forty
One News, Inc. v. County of Lake, 491 F.3d 662, 665 (7th Cir. 2007) (Younger abstention is
appropriate “when there is an action in state court against the federal plaintiff and the
state is seeking to enforce the contested law in that proceeding.”).
Furthermore, Lakeside has had an adequate opportunity to raise its constitutional
claims in state court. Lakeside does not dispute that fact; instead, it asserts it chose not to
raise its claims there because it faces an “inherent risk of bias in litigating against
Effingham in the Effingham County courts, before a jury made of up Defendant
Niemann’s constituents.” (Doc. 19 at p. 10). But Lakeside provides no factual allegations
to support that assertion and no case law indicating this is a valid reason not to proceed
with its claims in state court.
Finally, Lakeside has failed to demonstrate any exceptional circumstances that
would make abstention inappropriate. First, Lakeside argues that the state court
proceeding must be motivated by bad faith or a desire to harass because it is the only
company to be prosecuted out of the twenty companies operating in Effingham County
without a letter of authorization, and Effingham’s motion for injunctive relief was
unsuccessful. The Seventh Circuit has held, however, that instituting even multiple
prosecutions—on its own—does not establish bad faith or harassment. Collins v. Kendall
Cty., Ill., 807 F.2d 95, 99 (7th Cir. 1986). And, while Effingham County’s motion for
preliminary injunction was denied, the case remains pending in state court.
Furthermore, Lakeside has not shown that the state court case “was brought in
bad faith for the purpose of retaliating for or deterring the exercise of constitutionally
protected rights.” Id. at 98 (citation omitted). Lakeside points to its allegations that
Defendants are enforcing the ordinance solely for the benefit of Niemann’s family, that
Niemann has used his influence with St. Anthony’s Medical Center to prevent Lakeside
from providing ambulance services to the hospital, that their conduct was willful, and
that Lakeside has been intentionally treated differently from similarly situated
ambulance services as creating an inference of bad faith. But none of these allegations,
even when taken together, demonstrate that Effingham County filed suit in state court as
retaliation or to deter Lakeside from exercising its constitutional rights.
Lakeside also argues that the Court should not abstain because “there is an
extraordinarily pressing need for immediate equitable relief[.]” According to Lakeside,
there is a serious need to protect hospital patients around Effingham, and lives will be at
risk if the supply of ambulances is inadequate to meet the demand. The Court notes,
however, that while Lakeside has requested equitable relief in its Complaint, it has not
filed a motion for preliminary injunction or other request for immediate equitable relief.
Furthermore, as Lakeside has made the Court aware, there are twenty other ambulance
companies operating in Effingham County that can assist these patients. Thus, the Court
finds this argument disingenuous.
Having found that abstention is appropriate under Younger and that no exception
applies, the Court need not address the remainder of Defendants’ motion. The only
remaining question is whether to stay the case pending the outcome of the state court
case or dismiss it outright. A stay is appropriate when a plaintiff is foreclosed from
bringing its damages claims in the state proceeding. Green v. Benden, 281 F.3d 661, 667
(7th Cir. 2002). Where the damages claims could have been brought in state court,
however, dismissal is warranted. Id. Here, Lakeside could have brought its claims for
damages in state court; therefore, its claims will be dismissed.
CONCLUSION
For these reasons, the Motion to Dismiss filed by Defendants County of Effingham,
Illinois, and James Niemann (Doc. 18) is GRANTED in part. The Court abstains from this
matter pursuant to Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971), and the Complaint is
DISMISSED without prejudice. Plaintiff may refile the Complaint, if appropriate, once
the state court case has concluded.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
DATED: September 11, 2019
Tene Moet
NANCY J. ROSENSTENGEL |
Chief U.S. District Judge
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