Gunn v. Village of Bolingbrook

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

CHRISTOPHER GUNN, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) No. 19 C 916

v. )

) Magistrate Judge

P.O. McAULIFFE #1179; P.O. ) Maria Valdez

MORANDA #1159; and the )

VILLAGE OF BOLINGBROOK, )

)

Defendants. )

)

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Christopher Gunn brought this complaint against the Village of

Bolingbrook and individual police officers McAuliffe and Moranda alleging wrongful

arrest in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 1983. A bench trial was conducted on August 25-

26, October 27, and November 30, 2021. The matter is now before the Court for

findings of fact and conclusions of law in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil

Procedure 52(a). The Court has considered the testimony of the witnesses who

testified at trial, the parties’ admitted trial exhibits, any stipulations made by the

parties, the proposed findings of fact and conclusions of law submitted by the

parties, and the closing arguments and briefs of counsel. To the extent certain

findings of fact may be deemed conclusions of law, they should also be considered

conclusions of law. Similarly, to the extent matters contained in the conclusions of

law may be deemed findings of fact, they should also be considered findings of fact.

FINDINGS OF FACT

1. On March 1, 2017, Defendants McAuliffe and Moranda were on duty as police

officers for the Village of Bolingbrook. During roll call at the start of their shift, they

were told that there was an active arrest warrant for Plaintiff. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe

Test. at 4-5, Moranda Test. at 132.)

2. Both McAuliffe and Moranda were familiar with Plaintiff prior to March 1,

2017. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 56; Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 129-30.)

3. In the early morning hours of March 2, 2017, Plaintiff was sitting in a vehicle

in Bolingbrook with his friend Tia Parayor. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 8.)

4. Parayor had gone to the car earlier and sat in the passenger seat, awaiting a

ride to the store from Sara Remy, the vehicle’s owner and the mother of Plaintiff’s

children. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 8, 36-39; Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 5, 51.)

5. The car was parked a block over from the house where Remy was picking up

her children. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 38-39.)

6. Plaintiff came out to the vehicle about ten or fifteen minutes after Parayor

and sat in the driver’s seat. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 8, 42-43; Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test.

at 56.)

7. While on patrol at approximately 3:30 a.m. on March 2, 2017, McAuliffe

observed a vehicle parked on Pepperwood Lane. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 55.)

8. A Village ordinance prohibited street parking between 2:00 a.m. and 6:00

a.m. (Id.; Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 35, 41.)

9. When he was approximately 100 feet from the vehicle, McAuliffe illuminated

it with his squad car’s spotlight. As he drove closer toward the front of the parked

car, McAuliffe observed two occupants in the vehicle, a female passenger, and

Plaintiff, whom he recognized, in the driver’s seat. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 55-57.)

10. McAuliffe believed at that time that there was an active arrest warrant for

Plaintiff. He testified that after seeing Plaintiff in the vehicle, the purpose of the

contact shifted to confirming the warrant. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 22.)

11. After he got out of his squad car and approached the vehicle, McAuliffe heard

its engine running. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 58-59.)

12. The vehicle’s driver’s-side window was down as McAuliffe approached, but he

did not know whether the driver rolled it down as he pulled up, or it was already

down. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 59.)

13. The only way for the window to have been opened is if the keys were in the

ignition. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 40.)

14. When McAuliffe approached the vehicle in which Plaintiff was sitting, he

directed the occupants to keep their hands where McAuliffe could see them. (Ex. 1,

McAuliffe Test. at 11, 22, 37, 60.)

15. Parayor complied with the directive by raising her hands, but Plaintiff kept

reaching around inside the vehicle and by his pant leg. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 12-

13, 60-62.)

16. McAuliffe could not see what Plaintiff was reaching for. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe

Test. at 12-13, 60-61.)

17. McAuliffe testified that he smelled alcohol on Gunn’s breath and burned

cannabis from inside the vehicle. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 60.)

18. Plaintiff was argumentative, yelling to McAuliffe that he had taken care of

the warrant and had paperwork for it. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 12-13, 18, 61.)

19. In the evening of March 1, Plaintiff had gone to Will County to turn himself

in and post $5000 bond for that outstanding warrant. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 7-9.)

20. At some point, McAuliffe called for backup, and Officers Kendall and

Moranda arrived on scene during his exchange with Plaintiff. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe

Test. at 36-38, 62.)

21. McAuliffe ultimately pulled Plaintiff from the vehicle by grabbing him

through the open driver’s side window with his left hand, while opening the door

with his right hand. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 62-63.)

22. Approximately twenty seconds after McAuliffe got Plaintiff out of the vehicle,

he put Plaintiff in handcuffs. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 15-16, 19-20, 64; Ex. 1,

Kendall Test. at 80.)

23. McAuliffe testified that he had to apply tension and force Plaintiff into the

handcuffs. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 15-17, 64.)

24. McAuliffe told Plaintiff he was being placed under arrest, and he later

testified that Plaintiff was arrested for resisting his instructions at the beginning of

their encounter, while being put into handcuffs, and during the pat-down. (Ex. 1,

McAuliffe Test. at 16-21.)

25. Moranda testified that he saw in the car a cup with a brownish liquid he

believed to be consistent with Crown Royal, and several empty bottles of Crown

Royal, but no cups or bottles were inventoried or photographed. (Ex. 1, Kendall

Test. 85-86; Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 157, 160.)

26. No evidence of marijuana was collected from the vehicle. (Ex. 1, Kendall Test.

85-86; Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 157, 160.)

27. No officer questioned Parayor or Plaintiff about the presence of alcohol or

marijuana in the vehicle on March 2, 2017. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 12; Ex. 3, Gunn

Test. at 26.)

28. No officer asked Parayor about the vehicle’s keys. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 12.)

29. Remy’s vehicle was not towed on March 2, 2017 as a result of this incident.

(Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 65.)

30. After the arrest, Plaintiff was transported to the Bolingbrook police station

and arrived there at approximately 3:57 a.m. (Ex. 1, McAuliffe Test. at 66; Ex. 7.)

31. After Plaintiff arrived at the police station, Moranda began to perform a DUI

investigation. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 162-63; Ex. 7.)

32. Moranda has had specialized training to detect impaired drivers and has

been involved in approximately 1000 DUI investigations. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at

171-72, 181-82.)

33. Moranda observed Plaintiff to have flaccid muscle tone, bloodshot and glassy

eyes, and a strong odor of alcohol on his breath, and also that Plaintiff was behaving

in a belligerent matter. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 182.)

34. Once Plaintiff was in the booking area, Moranda asked him to perform a field

sobriety test. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 178-79.)

35. Plaintiff did not complete the test. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 179.)

36. Officer Andrew Sraga was on duty and on patrol on March 1 and 2, 2017. (Ex.

5, Sraga Test. at 4.)

37. Sraga was a certified breath technician. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 3-4.)

38. Sraga was asked to go to the police station to perform a breathalyzer test,

and he arrived at approximately 4:11 a.m. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 4; Ex. 7.)

39. Sraga was approximately seven feet away during his interactions with

Plaintiff. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 5-6; Ex. 7.)

40. Sraga observed Plaintiff to have glassy, bloodshot eyes and a strong odor of

alcohol on his breath. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 5.)

41. Sraga gave Plaintiff his glasses and read him the Illinois Warning to

Motorist. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 6-7; Ex. 7.)

42. Sraga asked Plaintiff to perform a breath-alcohol test, but Plaintiff declined

to do so. (Ex. 5, Sraga Test. at 7.)

43. While he was at the scene of the arrest, Moranda observed Plaintiff seated in

the driver’s seat of a running vehicle. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 182-83.)

44. Moranda charged Plaintiff with DUI, stating that it was because Plaintiff

was seated in the driver’s seat of the vehicle; behaved erratically; was unable or

unwilling to cooperate with his and McAuliffe’s instructions; smelled of alcohol; and

had glassy, bloodshot eyes and flaccid muscle tone. (Ex. 1, Moranda Test. at 182.)

45. According to Remy, there were no bottles of alcohol or marijuana in her car

on March 2, 2017. (Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 65-66.)

46. Parayor testified that she did not observe any alcohol or marijuana in the

vehicle on March 2, 2017. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 8-9.)

47. After a bench trial, Plaintiff was found not guilty of all criminal charges

stemming from the incident. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 36.)

48. Plaintiff’s driver’s license was suspended as a result of the events on March 2,

2017. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 31.)

49. During this time period, Plaintiff had to take the train from Chicago to

Bolingbrook to visit his children. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 35.)

50. Plaintiff’s merchandise business suffered because of his suspended license.

(Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 32-34.)

51. Plaintiff retained a criminal defense attorney, Cosmo Tedone, and paid $5000

for Tedone’s representation in connection with the criminal charges stemming from

the incident. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 3.)

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

Plaintiff brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging he was falsely

arrested for disorderly conduct and driving under the influence, in violation of the

Fourth Amendment. See 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Defendants contend there was probable

cause for the arrest and that in the alternative, they are shielded from liability by

qualified immunity.

“The existence of probable cause to arrest is an absolute defense to any §

1983 claim against a police officer for false arrest or false imprisonment.” Abbott v.

Sangamon County, 705 F.3d 706, 714 (7th Cir. 2013). There is probable cause “if the

totality of the facts and circumstances known to the officer at the time of the arrest

would warrant a reasonable, prudent person in believing that the arrestee had

committed, was committing, or was about to commit a crime.” Id. This inquiry is

“purely objective,” and “the officer’s subjective state of mind and beliefs are

irrelevant.” Id. The trier of fact must determine whether the facts and

circumstances at the time of the arrest, “viewed from the standpoint of an

objectively reasonable police officer, amount to probable cause.” Id. (citations and

internal quotations omitted).

The probable cause determination does not require certainty that criminal

activity has taken place, only a probability or substantial chance. Thayer v.

Chiczewski, 705 F.3d 237, 246 (7th Cir. 2012); see also Abbott, 705 F.3d at 714

(citations omitted) (“[A]lthough it requires something more than a hunch, probable

cause does not require a finding that it was more likely than not that the arrestee

was engaged in criminal activity—the officer’s belief that the arrestee was

committing a crime need only be reasonable.”).

An evaluation of the probable cause determination necessarily depends on

the elements of the criminal statute at issue. See Thayer, 705 F.3d at 247. Officer

McAuliffe charged Plaintiff under 720 Ill. Comp. Stat. § 5/31-1(a), which provides

that “[a] person who knowingly resists or obstructs the performance by one known

to the person to be a peace officer . . . of any authorized act within his or her official

capacity commits a Class A misdemeanor.”

Plaintiff incorrectly argues that section 31-1(a) does not apply because

McAuliffe was not undertaking an arrest at the time Plaintiff reached into his

pocket for paperwork and/or Plaintiff’s conduct did not include a physical act of

resistance. “While older case law suggested that a ‘physical act’ was an element of

the offense of obstruction of justice, the Illinois Supreme Court has clarified that a

‘physical act’ is not an essential element of the offense.” Baier v. Pikolcz, No. 18-CV-

05603, 2021 WL 3799597, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 26, 2021). Violations of the

obstruction prong of the statute include “[p]assive acts that impede an officer’s

ability to perform his duties, such as repeatedly refusing an officer’s order to exit a

vehicle.” People v. Ostrowski, 914 N.E.2d 558, 571 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009)); see also

Golatte v. City of Chi., No. 17 C 929, 2020 WL 4464675, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 3, 2020)

(granting summary judgment on a false arrest claim, finding that the plaintiff’s

undisputed refusal to exit his vehicle hindered the police investigation, thus

providing probable cause for his arrest under section 31-1(a)).

The Court concludes that based on the facts and circumstances known to

McAuliffe at the time of the arrest, a reasonable officer would have found probable

cause to arrest Plaintiff for impeding his duties, in violation of section 31-1(a).

McAuliffe credibly testified that he repeatedly asked Plaintiff to keep his hands

visible, yet Plaintiff did not immediately comply. Testimony offered on Plaintiff’s

behalf also supports the conclusion that Plaintiff did not follow McAuliffe’s

instructions to show his hands. Parayor stated that after McAuliffe told them to put

their hands up, he “kept telling [Plaintiff], ‘Get out the car,’” and Plaintiff responded

by telling the officer “that it was a misunderstanding, and I think he tried to hand

him his ID.” (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 10.) Plaintiff maintains that McAuliffe only

told him once to keep his hands where the officer could see them, but he admitted

that he then “[u]nconsciously” reached for his warrant paperwork. (Ex. 3, Gunn

Test. at 88-89). Plaintiff appears to minimize the seriousness of this action, but “a

suspect’s refusal to make his hands visible or exit his vehicle create patent officer

safety concerns, whereas the giving of a false name might not.” People v. Mehta,

2020 IL App (3d) 180020, ¶ 34; see also Ray v. City of Chi., 629 F.3d 660, 663 (7th

Cir. 2011) (quoting Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001)) (“Where

a police officer ‘has probable cause to believe that an individual has committed even

a very minor criminal offense in his presence, he may, without violating the Fourth

Amendment, arrest the offender.’”).

Furthermore, even assuming that “reasonable minds could differ” about

whether Plaintiff was committing unlawful resistance or obstruction, then

McAuliffe’s actions are protected by qualified immunity. See Roberson v.

Liebermann, No. 17 C 6156, 2019 WL 4855759, at *5 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 2, 2019).

“Governmental actors performing discretionary functions are entitled to qualified

immunity from suits for damages ‘insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly

established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would

have known.’” Abbott, 705 F.3d at 713 (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,

818 (1982)).

Sometimes called “arguable” probable cause, qualified immunity “protects

officers who reasonably but mistakenly believe that probable cause exists.” Id. at

714-15, 718 (citation omitted) (“Qualified immunity protects police officers who

reasonably interpret an unclear statute.”); see Huff v. Reichert, 744 F.3d 999, 1007

(7th Cir. 2014) (citations and internal quotations omitted) (explaining that there is

arguable probable cause “‘when a reasonable officer in the same circumstances and

possessing the same knowledge as the officer in question could have reasonably

believed that probable cause existed in light of well-established law”).

In order to counter the qualified immunity defense, Plaintiff “must show both

(1) that the facts make out a constitutional violation, and (2) that the constitutional

right was ‘clearly established’ at the time of the official’s alleged misconduct.”

Abbott, 705 F.3d at 713. Plaintiff contends that the law was clear at the time of his

arrest that a short period of arguing and not complying with police orders does not

constitute obstruction or resisting arrest. Plaintiff, however, did not merely argue

with McAuliffe – he acknowledges that he reached into his pocket after the officer

asked him to keep showing his hands. A reasonable officer in McAuliffe’s position

could readily have concluded Plaintiff was obstructing.

Plaintiff’s claim of false arrest on the charge of driving under the influence

fares no better. Plaintiff argues that the officers had no probable cause to arrest

him for DUI because he was not in control of the vehicle, nor was he intoxicated.

Illinois law provides that “[a] person shall not drive or be in actual physical control

of any vehicle . . . while under the influence of alcohol.” 625 Ill. Comp. Stat § 5/11-

501(a)(2). “A person need not drive to be in actual physical control of a vehicle, nor

is the person’s intent to put the car in motion relevant to the determination of

actual physical control.” People v. Kiertowicz, 2013 IL App (1st) 123271, ¶ 21.

Whether a person is in actual physical control is a fact-based inquiry, and relevant

factors include “whether defendant: (1) possessed the key to the ignition; (2) had the

physical capability of operating the vehicle; (3) was positioned in the driver's seat;

and (4) was alone in the vehicle with the doors locked.” Id. (noting that “the list is

neither exhaustive, nor is the absence of one individual factor controlling”).

Plaintiff maintains that he was not in actual physical control of the vehicle

because his and Parayor’s testimony establishes that he was not holding the keys,

they were not in the ignition, and the vehicle was not running. He further states

that this fact is corroborated by the officers’ failure to confiscate the keys or tow the

vehicle, but rather allow it to remain in the possession of Parayor, who was not its

registered owner. Plaintiff also finds it unlikely that the officers would have left

Parayor, who was only twenty years old, in possession of the vehicle which allegedly

contained alcohol and liquor containers.

The Court finds that the weight of evidence establishes that the keys were in

the vehicle’s ignition while Plaintiff was seated in the driver’s seat, and therefore he

had actual physical control. Gunn testified that the car was never running while he

was in it; and Parayor claimed she had the car keys in her hand, Plaintiff never had

them, and the keys were never in the ignition. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 8, 35-36, 43,

52-53; Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 14, 24-25, 80.) However, their testimony is not credible

based on the strong evidence that the window was lowered while they were sitting

in the car.

Remy did not remember whether she left the driver’s side window open when

she parked earlier in the evening but stated that it most likely would have been

closed or maybe cracked, and Parayor testified the window was open a crack when

she got in. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 40; Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 39-40.) Plaintiff was the

only witness who testified it was already halfway open when he got into the vehicle.

(Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 16.) There is no dispute that by the time McAuliffe came to the

driver’s door, the window was open wide enough for him to hold onto Plaintiff

through it. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 20.) Finally, Plaintiff acknowledges that the

driver’s window could not have been lowered unless the keys were in the ignition.

(Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Proposed Factual Findings ¶ 15) [Doc. No. 123] (“Ms. Parayor

testified that the only way for someone to change the position of the windows would

be to put the keys in the vehicle’s ignition.”).

Therefore, even if the Court were the disregard the officers’ testimony that

the vehicle was running, the credible testimony of Plaintiff’s witnesses establishes

that (1) the window was at best only slightly open before the material events of

March 2; (2) by the time McAuliffe pulled Plaintiff out of the vehicle, the window

was open wide enough for the officer to grab him through it; and (3) the window’s

position could not have changed unless the key was in the ignition. Therefore, the

only reasonable inference is that the keys were in the ignition at some point while

Plaintiff was sitting in the driver’s seat that night. With respect to the position of

the window, Plaintiff responds only that the term “cracked” lacks a precise

definition, and such a minor detail is subject to a margin of error in the witnesses’

memories four years after the incident in question. Plaintiff’s argument, however,

disregards that it is his burden to establish the elements of his case by a

preponderance of the evidence, and he has failed to do so here.

As with the section 31-1(a) charge, the officers’ actions are also shielded from

liability by the application of qualified immunity. Plaintiff was observed in the

driver’s seat of the vehicle and had the capability to drive. At various points in the

night, not only McAuliffe and Moranda, but non-defendant Sraga smelled alcohol on

Plaintiff’s breath. Although he denies drinking alcohol that evening, the testimony

he cites in support is unpersuasive.

Parayor testified that she did not see Plaintiff drink from the time he

returned from Will County and went on to say that he does not drink at all due to

his Muslim faith, and she has never seen him drink. (Ex. 2, Parayor Test. at 50-51.)

However, Parayor’s testimony is not wholly credible, as Plaintiff admitted to

drinking beer with her earlier in 2021. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 57-58, 102, 108.) Remy

testified that she did not see Plaintiff drink or smoke marijuana after they returned

from Will County, but she acknowledged that she did not know what happened after

Plaintiff left the house to go to the car. (Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 54, 66.) Finally,

Plaintiff said that although he is now an occasional drinker, he did not drink at all

in 2017. (Ex. 3, Gunn Test. at 102, 109.) Remy, however, testified that in 2017, he

would occasionally drink. (Ex. 6, Remy Test. at 55.) In any event, Plaintiff admits

he had glassy, bloodshot eyes the morning of March 2. (Pl.’s Resp. to Defs.’ Proposed

Factual Findings ¶ 35). Under the totality of the circumstances, a reasonable officer

could have reasonably believed that probable cause existed to arrest Plaintiff for

DUI.

Plaintiff responds that McAuliffe did not testify that he observed Plaintiff to

be intoxicated or high, and the charge was manufactured at the station only after

Plaintiff mouthed off at the officers. He contends that if the officers had reason to

believe that Plaintiff was in control of the vehicle while intoxicated, or that there

were alcohol containers in the car, then “there is no logical reason” for them to delay

the start of their DUI investigation until after arriving at the station. Plaintiff,

however, fails to offer any case law establishing that a person must be investigated

for all potential charges at once, or that an investigation that seems illogical or

poorly timed is constitutionally infirm.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds in favor of Defendants Village of

Bolingbrook, P.O. McAuliffe #1179, and P.O. Moranda #1159 and against Plaintiff

Christopher Gunn.

SO ORDERED. ENTERED:

DATE: September 27, 2022

HON. MARIA VALDEZ

United States Magistrate Judge

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