The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS
EASTERN DIVISION
BOB XU, )
)
Plaintiff, )
) No. 21 C 1990
v. )
) Judge John Z. Lee
GOOGLE, INC., )
)
Defendant. )
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
Defendant Google Inc. (“Google”) moves to dismiss Plaintiff Bob Xu’s complaint
with prejudice for failure to state a claim. For the reasons that follow, the Court
grants the motion and dismisses this case with prejudice. Civil case terminated.
I. Background
According to the complaint, someone with the username “BlakeG” left a review
on the Google Maps review page for Xu’s business. Notice of Removal Ex. A, State
Court Compl. (“Compl.”) ¶ 1, ECF No. 1-1. Xu claims that BlakeG has never been a
customer of his business. Id. ¶¶ 1–2. He states that he reported the allegedly
fraudulent review to Google on numerous occasions, but Google refused to take the
review down. Id. ¶ 6. According to Xu, Google’s failure to remove the review has
“caused severe harms and damages to [his] reputation.” Id. ¶ 7.
Xu sued Google in the Circuit Court of Will County, Illinois, asserting three
negligence claims. First, Xu claims that Google breached its duty to remove the
review pursuant to the Consumer Review Fairness Act (“CFRA”), 15 U.S.C. §45b. Id.
at 7. Second, Xu alleges that, in failing to remove the review, Google breached a duty
created by its own internal policies, which, he claims, prohibit fake or misleading
reviews. Id. Finally, Xu claims that Google’s failure to remove the review breached
its duty to promote “social fairness, justice, law and order.” Id.
Google removed the case to this Court, see Notice of Removal, ECF No. 1, and
filed a motion to dismiss the complaint with prejudice for failure to state a claim
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). See Renewed Mot. Dismiss (“Mot.
Dismiss”), ECF No. 19.
II. Legal Standard
To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the complaint must
“state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550
U.S. 544, 570 (2007). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
When considering a motion to dismiss, courts “accept the allegations in the
complaint as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff.”
Crescent Plaza Hotel Owner, L.P. v. Zurich Am. Ins. Co., 20 F.4th 303, 307 (7th Cir.
2021) (cleaned up). But “allegations in the form of legal conclusions are insufficient,”
as are “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere
conclusory statements.” Def. Sec. Co. v. First Mercury Ins. Co., 803 F.3d 327, 334 (7th
Cir. 2015) (cleaned up) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678).
III. Analysis
Google has proffered multiple grounds for dismissal, but the Court need only
reach one: Xu’s negligence claims fail because he has not alleged a legally cognizable
duty that Google purportedly breached.1 See Johnson v. Armstrong, ___ N.E.3d ____,
2022 WL 2284320, at *9 (Ill. June 24, 2022) (under Illinois law, “[t]he elements of a
negligence cause of action are a duty owed by the defendant to the plaintiff, a breach
of that duty, and an injury proximately caused by the breach” (citation omitted)). For
starters, Xu premises his first negligence claim on Google’s obligations under the
CFRA, but the CFRA does not create any legal duty to remove false reviews.
Although that statute permits a review provider to “remove or refuse to display
publicly” any review that is “unrelated to the goods or services offered” by the subject
of the review or “is clearly false or misleading,” 15 U.S.C. § 45b(b)(2)(C), nothing in
the CFRA expressly requires a provider to do so, or even implies such an obligation.
See generally id. § 45b; see also Pilotto v. Urb. Outfitters W., L.L.C., 72 N.E.3d 772,
780 (Ill. App. Ct. 2017) (a statute may create a duty either expressly or by
implication).
Xu also has not sufficiently alleged that Google’s internal policies imposed
upon it a duty to remove the review. He claims that, because he is a “consumer” of
Google’s services, Google owes to him a duty to follow its own review-moderation
1 To the extent Xu asserts a claim based directly on Google’s purported violation of the
CFRA, that claim also fails, because the CFRA has no private right of action. See 15 U.S.C.
§ 45b(b), (d), (e); Quigley v. Yelp, Inc., No. 17-cv-03771-RS, 2018 WL 7204066, at *3 (N.D. Cal.
Jan. 22, 2018) (dismissing CFRA claim because the CFRA is “by its terms enforced only by
the Federal Trade Commission or state attorneys general”).
policies. Pl.’s Resp. Def.’s Mot. Dismiss (“Resp.”), passim, ECF No. 20. But under
Illinois law, a private company’s internal policies do not, standing alone, create legal
duties. See Doe v. Coe, 135 N.E.3d 1, 12 (Ill. 2019); Rhodes v. Ill. Cent. Gulf R.R., 665
N.E.2d 1260, 1272–73 (Ill. 1996) (collecting cases); see also, e.g., Albrecht as Next
Friend for N.S.S. v. Dick’s Sporting Goods, Inc., No. 21 C 2016, 2022 WL 2356416, at
*5 (N.D. Ill. June 30, 2022) (explaining that Illinois courts “have repeatedly rejected
the notion that a [defendant’s] internal policies create a legal duty or new standard
of care” and collecting cases).2
Xu last appeals to the public policy of “promot[ing] social fairness, justice, law
and order.” Compl. at 7; see Resp. at 7. In Illinois, however, a tort duty must be
founded in either the common law or a statute. Pilotto, 72 N.E.3d at 780. Promoting
social fairness and the rule of law is certainly an important objective, but Xu has not
identified any statute or common law principle that imposes tort liability on a private
company for failing to live up to it.
Google asks the Court to dismiss Xu’s complaint with prejudice because “it is
certain from the face of the complaint that any amendment would be futile or
otherwise unwarranted.” Runnion ex rel. Runnion v. Girl Scouts of Greater Chi. and
Nw. Ind., 786 F.3d 510, 520 (7th Cir. 2015). The Court agrees, both because of the
severity of the aforementioned deficiencies and because Xu has not (over the course
2 In his surreply brief, Xu contends that the Google policies that he cites are “external”
policies, not “internal” policies, because they deal with Google’s relationship to its users, not
its employees. Pl.’s Surreply Def.’s Reply at 1–4, ECF No. 27. But “internal” in this context
refers to the source of the regulation—a policy is “internal” if it is “self-imposed.” Doe, 135
N.E.3d at 12.
of two response briefs) “suggested to the court the ways in which he might cure the
defects.” Fosnight v. Jones, 41 F.4th 916, 925 (7th Cir. 2022) (cleaned up) (calling
leave to amend “pointless” in such circumstances).
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, Google’s motion to dismiss the complaint with
prejudice is granted. Civil case terminated.
IT IS SO ORDERED. ENTERED: 8/22/22
er fo—
John Z. Lee
United States District Judge