Parker v. Harper

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

MARILYN PARKER, )

)

Plaintiff, )

) No. 16 C 4042

v. )

) Judge Sara L. Ellis

TRISTA HARPER, individually, and )

CHICAGO BOARD OF EDUCATION FOR )

THE CITY OF CHICAGO, )

)

Defendants. )

OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Marilyn Parker, a former Chicago Public Schools teacher, lost her job as a

special education teacher at Manley Career Academy High School (“Manley”) as part of

mandated layoffs in December 2015. In this action filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against

Defendants Trista Harper, Manley’s principal, and the Chicago Board of Education for the City

of Chicago (the “Board”), Parker claims that Defendants retaliated against her for engaging in

speech protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments and deprived her of substantive due

process. Defendants have filed a motion for summary judgment. Although the Court concludes

that Parker’s speech to a reporter concerning alleged attendance fraud at Manley amounts to

constitutionally protected speech, Parker has only created a disputed issue of fact as to whether

Harper retaliated against her for that speech in connection with Parker no longer receiving

summer substitute teaching assignments. The remaining aspects of Parker’s First Amendment

retaliation claim against Harper fail, and she also has not produced sufficient evidence to allow

this claim to proceed against the Board. Finally, because Parker does not have a protected

property interest in her continued employment in the case of an economic layoff, the Court

grants judgment for Defendants on Parker’s substantive due process claim.

BACKGROUND1

Parker began working as a special education teacher at Manley in 2001. Harper served as

the interim principal at Manley from July 2014 until May 2015, when she officially became its

principal. The Board operates Manley, subjecting Parker, as a Board employee, to the Board’s

Rules and a collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between the Board and the Chicago

Teachers Union (“CTU”). The CBA governed the order of layoffs for teachers and the teacher

evaluation process.2

I. Parker’s 2014-2015 Teacher Evaluation

The teacher evaluation process, known as “REACH,” consists of an overall score and a

descriptive summative rating of excellent, proficient, developing, or unsatisfactory. Each

tenured teacher received an evaluation on either an annual or biannual basis. Objective and

subjective components encompassed a teacher’s rating. The objective component, labeled

performance tasks, comprised thirty percent of the overall score and came from student scores,

with the principal playing no role in the objective component. The subjective component, titled

professional practice, made up the remaining seventy percent of the score and was based on

formal and informal observations of the teacher’s performance by the principal or a designee.

Each component had a score between 1.00 and 4.00, with the overall REACH score the sum of

1 The facts in this section are derived from the Joint Statement of Undisputed Material Facts and Parker’s

additional statement of facts. The Court has considered Defendants’ objections to Parker’s additional

statements of fact and supporting exhibits and included in this background section only those portions of

the statements and responses that are appropriately presented, supported, and relevant to the resolution of

the pending motion for summary judgment. All facts are taken in the light most favorable to Parker, the

non-movant.

2 The relevant CBA came into effect on July 1, 2012.

the objective score multiplied by 30 and the subjective score multiplied by 70. Summative

ratings were assigned as follows: excellent for a score of 340 to 400, proficient for a score of 285

to 339, developing for a score of 210 to 284, and unsatisfactory for a score of 100 to 209.

For the 2014 to 2015 school year, Harper evaluated Parker for her review, with informal

observations occurring on October 6, 2014, and February 9, 2015, and formal observations

taking place on December 2, 2014, and March 30, 2015. Harper’s subjective score equated to a

developing summative rating. Harper noted significant shortcomings in Parker’s teaching and

lesson planning, but Parker disagrees with Harper’s criticisms and claims Harper had ulterior

motivations in giving Parker her evaluation. According to Parker, on March 20, 2015, and

during a meeting in April 2015, Harper threatened to give Parker a negative evaluation. Parker

also testified that, during her formal observation on March 30, 2015, Harper told her, “you know

what we have to do to your evaluation,” apparently referring to the fact that teachers, including

Parker, had expressed disagreement with how Harper wanted to conduct certain school issues.

Doc. 85 ¶ 75. Harper’s role in the evaluation process concluded in April 2015, at which time

Parker knew she would likely receive an overall unsatisfactory rating. Indeed, Parker received

an overall REACH summative rating of unsatisfactory, comprised of a developing subjective

rating and an unsatisfactory objective rating.

II. Parker Reports Attendance Fraud Issues at Manley

Beginning in 2012, Parker belonged to the Professional Problems Committee (“PPC”) at

Manley. The PPC included the principal, support personnel, and teachers. It discussed school

operational issues and potential improvements. Its mandate was also to bring serious issues to

the administration’s attention. In 2014 and 2015, Parker and others on the PPC learned of

potential attendance fraud issues. To Parker’s knowledge, the Manley PPC never discussed

these perceived attendance tracking issues with Harper. Parker also did not bring the issue up

with Harper, despite having a responsibility to raise issues at the school with administrative

personnel as a PPC member. Tonya Butler, another Manley teacher, claims that she told Harper

of attendance tracking issues, but Harper denies having had any such conversation. Parker

testified that Harper was generally unresponsive and hostile when the PPC sought to address

concerns with her and refused to discuss issues she did not want to address. For example, the

PPC had distributed a survey to Manley teaching staff in the second semester of the 2014-2015

school year addressing issues such as leadership, discipline, evaluations, classroom visits, and

teacher self-worth. Harper refused to discuss this survey at an April 2015 PPC meeting because

it was not a CPS-approved survey. But Harper states she indicated she would discuss a CPS-

approved survey on such topics at the appropriate time.

Instead of going to the administration, in June 2015, Parker, along with two other Manley

teachers, Valentina Sorescu and Butler, and CTU Field Representative John Kugler, met with

Kate Grossman, a reporter, about alleged attendance tracking issues at Manley. Specifically,

Parker told Grossman that when teachers marked students as absent, school personnel would

later change the entry to present under the code “school function.” Doing this boosted Manley’s

attendance data. Parker also provided Grossman with documents, including student attendance

data, to support these claims.

On July 6, 2015, The Atlantic published an article Grossman wrote about Chicago

schools titled “What Schools Will Do to Keep Students on Track,” which included information

she obtained from meeting with Parker and the other Manley teachers. The article cited records

provided by the three Manley teachers, quoted Parker by name, and referred to the other two

teachers anonymously. It also indicated that the Board’s Office of the Inspector General

(“OIG”) was investigating Manley. Harper learned of the Atlantic article that day from the

Board’s Network Chief, Wanda Washington, who emailed Harper stating, “Ms. Parker and other

teachers did not paint Manley in a good light.” Id. ¶ 46. Before the article, Harper did not know

of the OIG’s investigation.3

The OIG investigates alleged waste, fraud, and financial mismanagement. All Board

teachers must cooperate with OIG investigations, pursuant to the Board’s rules and Illinois state

law. After the publication of the Atlantic article, the OIG contacted Parker to interview her about

the attendance issues. Parker met with the OIG on July 17, 2015, cooperating with their

questioning. Parker did not tell Harper about her OIG meeting and does not know if Harper

knew of the meeting.

III. Alleged Retaliation

Over the summer of 2015, Parker worked as a substitute teacher at Manley as part of a

bridge program for incoming ninth graders. Butler assigned the substitute teachers for the

program, filling substitute positions from an approved list. Alternatively, a teacher could directly

reach out to Parker and request that Parker substitute for that teacher. Harper did not directly

assign substitute teachers, and Butler did not contact Harper to discuss substitute teaching

assignments for the bridge program. But after the Atlantic article came out, Butler learned

through an intermediary, Melinda Jean-Baptiste, that, per Harper, Parker was no longer allowed

to substitute teach in the bridge program, information that Butler then relayed to Parker. Parker

had already been asked to substitute for several teachers when Butler told her she could no

longer substitute teach over the summer.

3 The OIG later recommended Harper’s termination as Manley’s principal for her involvement in the

attendance fraud at Manley, but the Board did not terminate Harper and no one informed Harper that

charges for removal were being considered or filed against her.

Parker returned to Manley for the 2015-2016 school year. But in September 2015, Parker

claims Harper questioned her about her participation in the Atlantic article. Parker testified that

Harper told Parker that she is “loyal to the people who are loyal to [her].” Id. ¶ 83. Harper

denies that such a conversation took place. Parker claims Harper made a similar statement in

November, when she called Parker to her office to discuss schedule adjustments, but again,

Harper denies any such interaction. Also in November 2015, Harper approached Parker in the

school hallway, asking her why she was not in a class. Although Parker explained that she did

not have a class to teach that period, Harper insisted that Parker did and called a school counselor

who handled scheduling to check. The counselor corroborated that Parker did not have an

assigned class at the time. Parker admits that Harper legitimately questioned her, disagreeing

instead as to the manner in which the questioning took place.

Manley’s enrollment for the 2015-2016 school year was significantly lower than

expected, with only approximately sixty freshmen enrolled and twenty fewer special education

students than the previous year reported on the tenth school day, when the Board determines

attendance for budgetary purposes. Because Manley’s enrollment dropped, Harper learned on

September 14 that Manley would lose special education teaching positions. Harper appealed to

the Office of Diverse Learner Support and Services (“ODLSS”) on October 7 and 10, seeking to

keep some of these teaching positions, but ODLSS denied the appeal on December 2. Manley

lost four special education teaching positions, but because two of its special education teachers

had either resigned or moved to other schools since the beginning of the school year, the Board

had to lay off only two teachers.

The Board’s Talent Office ensures that the applicable CBA provisions are followed in

determining which positions are eliminated for budgetary reasons. Appendix H of the CBA,

concerning teacher layoffs for economic reasons, provides the order for layoffs when only some

teachers’ positions are eliminated, as follows:

1. Any teachers rated unsatisfactory;

2. Any substitute or temporary teachers;

3. Probationary appointed teachers by performance tier

(emerging: 209-250 score; developing: 251-284 score;

proficient: 285-339 score; and excellent: 340-400 score).

4. Tenured teachers rated satisfactory or, after the first

evaluation in the new evaluation system issues, first

tenured teachers rated emerging (209-250 score) and then

tenured teachers rated developing (251-284 score).

5. All other tenured teachers.

Within each of the foregoing five tiers, teachers shall be displaced

by inverse order of seniority, with the least senior teacher being

laid off first.

Id. ¶ 62. Jerry Taylor, a Human Resources Generalist in the Talent Office, conducted the

analysis for the Manley layoffs. He determined that the CBA required the Board to first lay off

Parker because, unlike any other Manley special education teacher, she had an unsatisfactory

REACH summative rating. Taylor informed Harper of the results on November 30.

On December 8, 2015, Harper informed Parker that her position at Manley was being

eliminated for budgetary reasons. At that meeting, Parker received a letter from the Board

indicating she would be laid off effective December 29, 2015, due to “Other Actions,” defined in

the CBA to include teacher layoffs based on “drops in enrollment whereby a [school] receives

fewer positions . . . due to a decline in student enrollment.” Id. ¶ 67. Parker filed a grievance

concerning her layoff, but she subsequently resigned and retired on March 23, 2016, with her

layoff retroactively classified as a retirement.

LEGAL STANDARD

Summary judgment obviates the need for a trial where there is no genuine issue as to any

material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56.

To determine whether a genuine issue of fact exists, the Court must pierce the pleadings and

assess the proof as presented in depositions, answers to interrogatories, admissions, and

affidavits that are part of the record. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 & advisory committee’s notes. The party

seeking summary judgment bears the initial burden of proving that no genuine issue of material

fact exists. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S. Ct. 2548, 91 L. Ed. 2d 265

(1986). In response, the non-moving party cannot rest on mere pleadings alone but must use the

evidentiary tools listed above to identify specific material facts that demonstrate a genuine issue

for trial. Id. at 324; Insolia v. Philip Morris Inc., 216 F.3d 596, 598 (7th Cir. 2000). Although a

bare contention that an issue of fact exists is insufficient to create a factual dispute, Bellaver v.

Quanex Corp., 200 F.3d 485, 492 (7th Cir. 2000), the Court must construe all facts in a light

most favorable to the non-moving party and draw all reasonable inferences in that party’s favor.

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255, 106 S. Ct. 2505, 91 L. Ed. 2d 202 (1986).

ANALYSIS

I. First Amendment Retaliation

First, the Court considers Parker’s First Amendment retaliation claim against Harper. To

establish such a claim, Parker must show that “(1) [she] engaged in activity protected by the First

Amendment; (2) [she] suffered a deprivation that would likely deter First Amendment activity in

the future; and (3) the First Amendment activity was at least a motivating factor in the

defendants’ decision to take the retaliatory action.” McGreal v. Vill. of Orland Park, 850 F.3d

308, 312 (7th Cir. 2017) (quoting Perez v. Fenoglio, 792 F.3d 768, 783 (7th Cir. 2015)). The

Court considers these elements in turn.

A. Constitutionally Protected Speech

For a public employee like Parker to have her speech protected under the First

Amendment, she must show that (1) she spoke as a private citizen, (2) her speech addressed a

matter of public concern, and (3) the government’s interests as an employer in promoting

effective and efficient public service do not outweigh her interest in expressing that speech.

Kristofek v. Vill. of Orland Hills, 832 F.3d 785, 792 (7th Cir. 2016). Harper concedes, for

purposes of this motion, that Parker’s speech addressed a matter of public concern, so the Court

need only consider the remaining two factors. “[W]hen public employees make statements

pursuant to their official duties, the employees are not speaking as citizens for First Amendment

purposes, and the Constitution does not insulate their communications from employer

discipline.” Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 421, 126 S. Ct. 1951, 164 L. Ed. 2d 689 (2006).

But a public employee’s speech “does not lose protection simply because it ‘concerns’ or is

‘acquired by virtue of [her] public employment,” and so the Court must conduct an inquiry into

Parker’s job duties and whether the speech at issue falls within the scope of those duties.

Kristofek, 832 F.3d at 793 (quoting Lane v. Franks, --- U.S. ----, 134 S. Ct. 2369, 189 L. Ed. 2d

312 (2014)).

The Court analyzes two instances of Parker’s speech: (1) her speech to Grossman for the

Atlantic article, and (2) her interview with the OIG. Harper argues that Parker spoke in both

instances pursuant to her job duties, maintaining that she learned of the alleged attendance fraud

in her capacity as a PPC member and had the responsibility to report such fraud as a PPC

member pursuant to CPS policy and Board rules. Although this holds true with respect to her

speech to the OIG—indeed Parker only half-heartedly contests this in her response—the Court

cannot come to the same conclusion with respect to the conversation with Grossman.

Addressing the OIG speech first, the OIG approached Parker for an interview after the

Atlantic article. As a CPS teacher, Parker had the duty to cooperate and answer the

investigators’ questions pursuant to Board Rules and state law. See Doc. 84-1 at 143 (Board

Rule 4-4(m) provides that “[a]ll employees are obligated to cooperate with the Board’s Inspector

General in investigations or inquiries conducted by the Inspector General as required by 105

ILCS 5/34-13.1. Employees who are interviewed by the Inspector General or his/her authorized

agents . . . are directed by the Board of Education to answer all questions by the Inspector

General”). Parker also acknowledges she had an obligation to report falsified attendance records

to the administration. Taken together, then, the Court concludes that Parker spoke to the OIG

pursuant to her duties as a public employee, not as a private citizen. See Sorescu v. Harper, No.

1:15 C 10317, 2017 WL 1927696, at *6 (N.D. Ill. May 10, 2017) (coming to the same

conclusion in nearly identical case where another teacher who spoke to Grossman and then was

interviewed by the OIG filed suit claiming First Amendment retaliation for her speech to the

OIG). Parker half-heartedly argues without citation that the Court should find otherwise because

the only reason the OIG spoke to Parker was because she first independently spoke to the press

about her concerns. But the Court does not find that this immunizes Parker’s speech, where her

job duties required her to speak on the issue with the investigators regardless of how they learned

of the issue. Therefore, Parker cannot claim First Amendment protection for speaking to the

OIG.

But the Court does find that Parker spoke to Grossman as a private citizen. Instead of

pursuing official channels to report misconduct, such as raising the attendance fraud within the

confines of the PPC, with Harper, or going to the OIG directly, Parker chose to speak with

Grossman, a reporter. Parker made such speech outside the established channels for reporting

misconduct as a private citizen. See Spalding v. City of Chicago, 186 F. Supp. 3d 884, 904 (N.D.

Ill. 2016) (contrasting speech made pursuant to official duties where misconduct is reported “in

the manner directed by official policy, to a supervisor, or to an external body with formal

oversight responsibility,” with that made as a private citizen, where an employee “reports

misconduct outside established channels or in violation of official policy”). This is particularly

true here because Parker was reporting alleged fraud. See Kristofek, 832 F.3d at 793 (“[W]e

must be especially careful in concluding that employees have spoken pursuant to their official

duties when the speech concerns allegations of public corruption.”). Although Harper cites to

cases from outside the Seventh Circuit that have found that a report to the press on a subject

related to an employee’s job duties does not necessarily amount to citizen speech, see, e.g.,

Omokehinde v. Detroit Bd. of Ed., 563 F. Supp. 2d 717, 728–30 (E.D. Mich. 2008); Dougherty v.

Sch. Dist. of Philadelphia, No. 12-1001, 2013 WL 5525642, at *11 (E.D. Penn. Oct. 4, 2013),

aff’d, 772 F.3d 979 (3d Cir. 2014),4 these cases are not binding on this Court and appear contrary

to the Seventh Circuit’s considerations of reports made outside of the official channels to

“expose such official malfeasance to broader scrutiny.” Morales v. Jones, 494 F.3d 590, 597

(7th Cir. 2007) (quoting Freitag v. Ayers, 468 F.3d 528, 545 (9th Cir. 2006)). Additionally, the

Court does not place any weight on the fact that Parker, unlike Sorescu, spoke to Grossman on

the record and not anonymously. Both individuals took action outside of their official roles as

teachers and PPC members to speak out about alleged fraud occurring within CPS.

4 The Court acknowledges that the Dougherty court declined to adopt a “bright line distinction between

internal and external speech (i.e., between speech within the employee’s organization and outside the

organization)” to determine whether an individual speaks as a private citizen or public employee, instead

considering whether “it fell within the scope of the [individual’s] duties to recognize the alleged

misconduct as such and report it, whether to the media or any other party.” Dougherty, 2013 WL

5525642, at *11. But in that case, the court found that although the plaintiff acquired the information in

the course of his job, his reports to the press did not fall within the scope of his duties and so he spoke as

a private citizen, not as a public employee. The facts of Dougherty, then, do not help Harper.

This does not end the inquiry, however, for the Court must also find that Parker’s interest

in speaking to Grossman outweighed her employer’s interest in “promoting the efficiency of the

public services it performs through its employees.” Swetlik v. Crawford, 738 F.3d 818, 827 (7th

Cir. 2013) (quoting Hernandez v. Cook County Sheriff’s Office, 634 F.3d 906, 914 (7th Cir.

2011)). In balancing the employee’s free speech and employer’s management interests, the

Court considers the following factors:

(1) whether the speech would create problems in maintaining

discipline or harmony among co-workers; (2) whether the

employment relationship is one in which personal loyalty and

confidence are necessary; (3) whether the speech impeded the

employee’s ability to perform her responsibilities; (4) the time,

place and manner of the speech; (5) the context in which the

underlying dispute arose; (6) whether the matter was one on which

debate was vital to informed decisionmaking; and (7) whether the

speaker should be regarded as a member of the general public.

Kristofek, 832 F.3d at 796 (quoting Greer v. Amesqua, 212 F.3d 358, 371 (7th Cir. 2000)). An

actual disruption need not occur; instead, the Court must “give substantial weight to government

employers’ reasonable predictions of disruption,” as long as those predictions are “supported

with an evidentiary foundation and . . . more than mere speculation.” Craig v. Rich Twp. High

Sch. Dist. 227, 736 F.3d 1110, 1119 (7th Cir. 2013) (citations omitted) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Harper argues that, by going to the press and accusing Harper of misconduct, Parker

created the potential for disharmony in the workplace, particularly because they were supposed

to work together to avoid conflicts that could potentially adversely affect students and the

school’s operation.

But Harper’s argument sweeps too broadly, essentially asking the Court to take a blanket

approach and find that any speech critical of the administration has the potential to disrupt school

services and thus is not entitled to First Amendment protection. Although the Court may

consider the potential for disruption, Harper must support her argument with more than mere

speculation, which is all that she has presented to the Court here. This is not a case, like Craig,

where the employee’s speech threatened the public trust and authority that the employer placed

in him and that speech had the potential to interfere with the employee’s job duties. See id. at

1119–20 (finding that the potential for disruption outweighed a school counselor’s free speech

interest in writing advice book on female relationships where the counselor “must maintain a

safe space for his students in order to ensure they remain willing to come to him for advice” and

the book’s contents would likely make “female students . . . uncomfortable seeking advice from

[the counselor]”). Nor did Parker’s speech relate to personal complaints about Harper or other

supervisors at Manley. Cf. Khuans v. Sch. Dist. 110, 123 F.3d 1010, 1017–18 (7th Cir. 1997)

(finding employer’s interest outweighed that of employee where employee’s comments mainly

involved private complaints she had about her supervisor). Instead, she spoke out about “actual

wrongdoing or breach of public trust on the part of her superiors,” and therefore requiring a

“more substantial showing than otherwise that the speech is, in fact, likely to be disruptive before

the employee’s actions may be punished.” Id. at 1018. Harper has not made this required

substantial showing, relying instead on mere generalities. The Court therefore agrees with the

Sorescu court’s conclusion that Harper’s interest in promoting effective and efficient public

service did not outweigh Parker’s interest in speaking to Grossman. See Sorescu, 2017 WL

1927696, at *8. As there, although Parker spoke critically of Harper and CPS, her speech has

not been “shown nor can be presumed to have in any way either impeded [Parker’s] proper

performance of [her] daily duties in the classroom or to have interfered with the regular

operation of the schools generally.” Pickering v. Bd. of Ed. of Twp. High Sch. Dist. 205, Will

County, Ill., 391 U.S. 563, 572–73, 88 S. Ct. 1731, 20 L. Ed. 2d 811 (1968). Additionally,

Parker spoke to Grossman during the summer, when school was out of session, and even though

Parker was identified in the Atlantic article, she managed to continue teaching at Manley without

significant disruption at the beginning of the next school year until her termination for budgetary

reasons. Sorescu, 2017 WL 1927696, at *8. Therefore, the Court finds Parker’s speech to

Grossman constitutionally protected.

B. Deprivation

The second element of Parker’s retaliation claim requires a “deprivation ‘likely’ to deter

free speech,” which is “a standard considered more lenient than the Title VII counterpart of

adverse action.” Hobgood v. Ill. Gaming Bd., 731 F.3d 635, 643 (7th Cir. 2013). “Any

deprivation” may be actionable, “even something as trivial as making fun of an employee for

bringing a birthday cake to the office to celebrate another employee’s birthday,” as long as “the

circumstances are such as to make [the deprivation] an effective deterrent to the exercise of a

fragile liberty.” Power v. Summers, 226 F.3d 815, 820 (7th Cir. 2000). Harper challenges only

two of Parker’s claimed deprivations: being barred from substitute teaching in the summer of

2015 and questioned about whether she was supposed to be in class in November 2015.

The Court finds that being prohibited from substitute teaching would reasonably deter

someone from further exercising her First Amendment rights, where the substitute teaching

provides additional income to a teacher over the summer. But the Court agrees that the hallway

incident in November 2015 does not amount to an actionable deprivation. Harper’s actions

amounted to no more than simple verbal harassment, ultimately resolved upon confirmation that

Parker indeed did not have a class at the time Harper encountered her in the hallway. Parker

even admits that Harper appropriately questioned her about her schedule, only disagreeing about

the manner in which that questioning occurred. The evidence in the record does not suggest that

Harper’s actions in November 2015 would deter a person of ordinary firmness from exercising

her First Amendment rights. See Long v. Hammer, 727 F. App’x 215, 217 (7th Cir. 2018)

(“Hammer’s ‘yelling’ at Long was not unlawfully retaliatory because ‘simple verbal harassment’

is insufficient to deter a person of ordinary firmness from submitting grievances.” (citation

omitted)). The Court therefore proceeds to consider causation only with respect to Parker’s loss

of substitute teaching positions and her layoff in December 2016, which Harper concedes

amounts to a deprivation.

C. Causation

At summary judgment, “the burden of proof for causation is divided and shifts between

the parties.” McGreal, 850 F.3d at 312. First, Parker must provide evidence that her speech was

“at least a motivating factor—or, in philosophical terms, a ‘sufficient condition’—of the

employer’s decision to take retaliatory action against [her].” Kidwell v. Eisenhauer, 679 F.3d

957, 965 (7th Cir. 2012) (quoting Green v. Doruff, 660 F.3d 975, 979–80 (7th Cir. 2011)). If

Parker satisfies this initial burden, then it “shifts to the employer to rebut the causal inference,”

id., which can be done “by offering an alternative explanation for the [deprivation], showing that

[the retaliatory action] ‘would have been [taken] in the absence of the protected speech,’”

McGreal, 850 F.3d at 313 (quoting Thayer v. Chiczewski, 705 F.3d 237, 252 (7th Cir. 2012)). At

this point, the burden returns to Parker “to demonstrate that the proffered reason was pretextual

and that the real reason was retaliatory animus.” Thayer, 704 F.3d at 252. The Court considers

the loss of substitute teaching opportunities and Parker’s layoff separately.

1. Loss of Substitute Teaching Opportunities

First, Harper argues that Parker has no admissible evidence to support her claim that

Harper kept her from substitute teaching assignments in the summer of 2015, after Parker spoke

to Grossman for the Atlantic article. But Parker proffers Jean-Baptiste’s deposition testimony, in

which Jean-Baptiste testified that pursuant to Harper’s orders, Parker could no longer substitute

teach at Manley for the summer. Harper claims without explanation that this statement is

hearsay, but Harper’s comments to Jean-Baptiste do not amount to hearsay because they are

statements of a party-opponent. Fed. R. Evid. 801(d)(2). Therefore, the Court may consider this

statement. Harper further argues, however, that Butler coordinated the summer substitute

teaching assignments and thus Harper could not have prevented Parker from teaching during the

summer. But a dispute exists on the issue—a reasonable juror could conclude from Harper’s

statement and the fact that Parker found herself prohibited from substitute teaching at Manley

over the summer shortly after the publication of the Atlantic article that Harper retaliated against

Parker for speaking to Grossman by keeping her from further substitute teaching over the

summer at Manley.

2. Layoff

Parker also contends that Harper laid her off in retaliation for speaking to Grossman for

the Atlantic article. Harper responds that Parker’s layoff was required by the CBA’s provisions

for economic layoffs, which mandated that those teachers with an unsatisfactory rating be laid

off first. Parker acknowledges that Harper followed the CBA’s provisions when laying off the

special education teachers at Manley in December 2015, instead arguing that Harper acted with a

retaliatory motive or discriminatorily in giving her an unsatisfactory rating during the evaluation

process between October 2014 and April 2015. For support, she claims that Harper made

implied threats to her during the evaluation period and also raises issues about other teachers’

reviews and treatment after complaining about attendance fraud charges. But none of this has

any relevance to the issue of whether Parker’s speech to Grossman was a motivating factor in her

layoff because that speech took place several months after Harper finalized her review and so

could not have played any role in Harper’s evaluation of Parker’s teaching. See Sorescu, 2017

WL 1927696, at *8 (finding that speech could not be a motivating factor for layoff or other

retaliatory actions where the defendant only found out about the speech after those actions took

place). Instead, the only evidence the Court has before it indicates that the drop in attendance

mandated a reduction in special education positions at Manley and the CBA required that Parker

be the first of the special education teachers laid off based on her most recent evaluation. Even if

that evaluation was tainted by improper factors, those improper factors do not relate to the

constitutionally protected speech under consideration here. Therefore, Parker has not pointed to

any evidence that would rebut Harper’s proffered reason for her layoff. Because Parker could

have been laid off based on her unsatisfactory rating even absent her protected speech, she

cannot establish the required causation in connection with her layoff and so this aspect of her

First Amendment retaliation claim must fail. Milliman v. County of McHenry, 893 F.3d 422, 434

(7th Cir. 2018).

D. Qualified Immunity

Because the Court finds a question of fact on the First Amendment retaliation claim with

respect to the substitute teaching issue, it must address Harper’s qualified immunity argument.

“Qualified immunity attaches when an official’s conduct does not violate clearly established

statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” White v.

Pauly, --- U.S. ----, 137 S. Ct. 548, 551, 196 L. Ed. 2d 463 (2017) (citation omitted) (internal

quotation marks omitted). “[T]wo central questions must be addressed in the course of

determining whether qualified immunity is available: whether the plaintiff has alleged a

deprivation of a constitutional right at all, and whether the right at issue was clearly established

at the time and under the circumstances presented.” Bianchi v. McQueen, 818 F.3d 309, 319 (7th

Cir. 2016) (citation omitted).

Harper conclusorily argues that the law was unsettled in 2015 as to whether her alleged

conduct was unlawful. She does not specify what area of law remained unsettled, leaving the

Court to look broadly at the landscape of First Amendment retaliation law. And at that level, the

Court disagrees. To the extent Parker can prove that Harper retaliated against her by preventing

her from taking on additional substitute teaching during the summer school session because

Parker spoke to Grossman, the Court cannot agree that the law surrounding whether such

conduct was unlawful remained unsettled. Instead, it was clearly established that Harper could

not retaliate against Parker for exercising her First Amendment speech rights. See Kristofek, 832

F.3d at 798–99 (collecting cases observing that the right to be free from retaliation for exercising

one’s First Amendment rights is clearly established); Delgado v. Jones, 282 F.3d 511, 520 (7th

Cir. 2002) (“It has been well established for many years in this Circuit that a public employer

may not retaliate against an employee who exercises his First Amendment speech rights[.]”

(quoting Gustafson v. Jones, 117 F.3d 1015, 1020 (7th Cir. 1997)). Therefore, qualified

immunity does not protect Harper from Parker’s claim.

E. The Board’s Liability

Parker also seeks to hold the Board liable on her First Amendment retaliation claim. She

cannot hold the Board liable on a theory of respondeat superior. Rossi v. City of Chicago, 790

F.3d 729, 737 (7th Cir. 2015). Instead, Parker may establish liability by showing (1) an express

policy that, when enforced, causes a constitutional deprivation; (2) a widespread practice that,

although not authorized by written law or express policy, is so permanent and well-settled as to

constitute a custom or usage with the force of law; or (3) a constitutional injury caused by a

person with final policymaking authority. Id. The policy or practice “must be the direct cause or

moving force behind the constitutional violation.” Woodward v. Corr. Med. Servs. of Ill., Inc.,

368 F.3d 917, 927 (7th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted).

Parker argues that a question of fact exists as to whether the Board had a custom of

condoning retaliation for First Amendment complaints. For support, she relies on Sorescu’s

termination as a teacher at Manley in September 2015, also after speaking to Grossman, and

another Manley teacher, Shana Robinson, deciding to leave Manley because she feared having

her evaluation threatened. She also highlights Butler’s complaints about attendance fraud. But

another court in this district concluded that Harper did not retaliate against Sorescu. See

Sorescu, 2017 WL 1927696, at *8. And no evidence exists in the record that Harper took

retaliatory action against Butler or that Robinson exercised her First Amendment rights regarding

her concerns with Harper’s conduct. Therefore, Parker has failed to submit sufficient evidence

for the Court to find the Board liable for First Amendment retaliation based on a custom of

condoning retaliation for First Amendment complaints. See Thomas v. Cook County Sheriff’s

Dep’t, 604 F.3d 293, 303 (7th Cir. 2009) (a single incident of misconduct cannot sustain Monell

liability).

Alternatively, Parker argues that the Board should be held liable on a ratification theory.

But to hold the Board liable on such a theory, Parker must show “that a municipal official with

final policymaking authority approved the subordinate’s decision and the basis for it.” Baskin v.

City of Des Plaines, 138 F.3d 701, 705 (7th Cir. 1998). Here, the evidence in the record

indicates that the Board complied with the provisions of the CBA in determining the teachers to

lay off as part of the required reduction in force of special education teachers at Manley.

Therefore, the Court cannot conclude that the Board may be held liable based on a ratification

theory. See Darchak v. City of Chicago Bd. of Educ., 580 F.3d 622, 630 (7th Cir. 2009) (“The

Board approved [the principal’s] decision not to renew [plaintiff’s] contract, but no evidence

demonstrates that the Board was aware of any potential retaliatory basis for the nonrenewal.”).

II. Due Process Claim

Finally, the Court addresses Parker’s due process claim. The contours of this claim are

not particularly clear, with Parker devoting only a paragraph to the claim in her response brief.

Although Defendants addressed both substantive and procedural due process arguments, because

Parker focuses only on substantive due process, the Court does the same. “[T]he scope of

substantive due process is very limited,” involving “the exercise of governmental power without

reasonable justification.” Tun v. Whitticker, 398 F.3d 899, 902 (7th Cir. 2005). Parker claims

she had a protected property interest in her position as a tenured teacher protected by a collective

bargaining agreement. But the Illinois School Code does not provide “laid-off tenured teachers

either a substantive right to be rehired after an economic layoff or a right to certain procedures

during the rehiring process.” Chicago Teachers Union, Local No. 1 v. Bd. of Educ., 963 N.E.2d

918, 927, 2012 IL 112566, 357 Ill. Dec. 520 (2012). Here, the evidence in the record makes

clear that several special education teachers lost their positions at Manley in December 2015 for

economic reasons because of decreased enrollment for the 2015-2016 school year. Because

Parker lost her position at Manley for economic reasons, she does not have a protected property

interest on which to base a substantive due process claim. See Price v. Bd. of Educ. of City of

Chicago, 755 F.3d 605, 609–610 (7th Cir. 2014).

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the Court grants in part and denies in part Defendants’ motion

for summary judgment [81]. The Court grants summary judgment to the Board on all claims and

for Harper on Parker’s First Amendment retaliation claim as it relates to verbal harassment in

November 2015 and the December 2015 layoff and Parker’s due process claim. Only Parker’s

First Amendment retaliation claim related to substitute teaching assignments remains pending.

Ay

Dated: August 6, 2018 Dy

SARA L. ELLIS

United States District Judge

21