Douglas v. University of Hawaii

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF HAWAI‘I

JAMES T. DOUGLAS, Case No. 21-cv-00217-DKW-WRP

Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

DENYING IN PART

vs. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR

SUMMARY JUDGMENT

UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI‘I;

ALOYSIUS HELMINCK; HEINZ

GERT DE COUET; DOE

DEFENDANTS 1–25,

Defendants.

Plaintiff James T. Douglas, a Professor of Microbiology at the Manoa

Campus of the University of Hawai‘i (“UH-Manoa” or the “University”), filed a

Complaint alleging claims stemming from the University’s decision to

decommission his laboratory in November 2019. Dkt. No. 1. Before the Court is a

Motion to Dismiss or, in the alternative, for Summary Judgment (“MSJ”) filed by

the three named Defendants—the University, the Dean of the College of Natural

Sciences, Aloysius Helminck, in his official and individual capacity, and the Chair

of the Department of Microbiology and Biology, Heinz Gert de Couet, also in his

official and individual capacity. Dkt. No. 42.

As discussed below, sovereign immunity precludes Douglas’ claims for

damages under Counts 1–7, along with his claims for injunctive relief under

Counts 2–7, as against the University and Helminck and de Couet in their official

capacities. Additionally, as against Helminck and de Couet in their individual

capacities, qualified immunity precludes Douglas’ damages claims for violations

of federal law under Counts 1–2, and state law precludes his damages claims for

violations of state law under Counts 3–7. The MSJ is therefore GRANTED in

these respects. With regard to Count 1 alone, insofar as it requests injunctive relief

for ongoing First Amendment violations, summary judgment is not warranted, as

Defendants did not address that claim in their MSJ.

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) authorizes a Court to dismiss a

complaint that fails “to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Rule

12(b)(6) is read in conjunction with Rule 8(a), which requires “a short and plain

statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ.

P. 8(a)(2). “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient

factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its

face’”—in other words, the facts pleaded must “allow[] the court to draw the

reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 566, 570 (2007)). Factual allegations that only permit the

court to infer “the mere possibility of misconduct” are insufficient. Id. at 678.

Additionally, summary judgment is warranted on a claim if “the evidence in

the record” and “all reasonable inferences from that evidence,” when viewed in the

light most favorable to the non-moving party, show “that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of

law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Genzler v. Longanbach, 410 F.3d 630, 636 (9th Cir.

2005). The movant “bears the initial burden of . . . demonstrat[ing] the absence of

a genuine issue of material fact.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978,

984 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986)). If

the movant carries that burden, then “[t]o survive summary judgment, [the non-

movant] must set forth non-speculative evidence of specific facts” showing there is

a “genuine issue for trial.” Cafasso v. Gen. Dynamics C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d

1047, 1061 (9th Cir. 2011); Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio

Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587 (1986). In assessing a motion for summary judgment, all

facts and inferences are construed in the light most favorable to the non-moving

party. Genzler, 410 F.3d at 636; Coghlan v. Am. Seafoods Co., LLC, 413 F.3d

1090, 1095 (9th Cir. 2005).

RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND1

Douglas is a tenured Professor of Microbiology at UH-Manoa. Complaint

¶¶ 7, 13–16. He has been employed by the University since 1980 and has enjoyed

a career as an esteemed researcher and professor. See id. ¶¶ 14–16; Declaration of

James T. Douglas (“Douglas Decl.”) ¶¶ 2–7, 21.

In October 2017, Douglas learned that he needed knee replacement surgery

and scheduled it for January 2018. Id. ¶¶ 17–18. He informed his supervisor, de

Couet, about the planned surgery. Id. ¶ 17. Because he had a full class load in the

semester beginning in January 2018, Douglas arranged for another professor to

cover his lectures while on leave. Id. ¶¶ 20–21. He returned to work in March

2018. Id. ¶ 23. In August 2018, Douglas went out on sick leave again, in part due

to a heart condition. Id. ¶ 24. As a result, he was on sick leave from August 2018

until April 2020. See id. ¶¶ 24–31.

Prior to these absences, Douglas had been assigned to teach numerous

undergraduate, graduate, research, and mentoring courses at UH-Manoa. See id.

¶¶ 19, 23, 32–34. He and his students performed research in a dedicated laboratory

space in Room 101 of a campus building called Snyder Hall (“Snyder 101”). See

id. ¶¶ 27–30.

1This summary construes all facts and inferences in the light most favorable to Douglas. See

Genzler, 410 F.3d at 636; Coghlan, 413 F.3d at 1095.

On November 1, 2018, a few months after Douglas left on his second sick

leave term described above, the University’s Institutional Biosafety Committee

(“IBC”) issued a report citing health and safety issues with Douglas’ laboratory in

Snyder 101, including:

- Lack of adequate supervision over the lab and the graduate students

working in it;

- Unapproved manipulation of laboratory biological materials and their

storage in unapproved spaces; and

- Unauthorized entries to the lab by unauthorized persons.

Dkt. No. 48-8. Douglas responded to the IBC report on November 10, 2018. See

Dkt. No. 48-30.

Throughout the following year, additional communications regarding the

safety issues ensued between Douglas and University leadership. Therein,

Douglas maintained that the lab neither posed safety risks nor violated safety

protocols, while University leadership maintained that it did. According to the

University, the safety concerns were not resolved in a timely manner, and, around

June 2019, leadership decided to decommission Snyder 101 and dispose of the

lab’s biological and research contents for the safety reasons cited by the IBC.2 The

2See, e.g., Dkt. No. 43-4; Dkt. No. 48-13 (letter from the Director of the Office of Research

Compliance to Helminck and de Couet, referencing a June 19, 2019 meeting involving “a

proposed timeline for cleanup and destruction of biologicals in the Douglas lab”); Dkt. No. 43-4

(August 1, 2019 memorandum published by Helminck about the purported safety issues); Dkt.

No. 43-6 (September 27, 2019 letter from Helminck to Douglas, notifying him of the

University’s plan to “[b]egin preparation to destroy and to properly dispose of all biological

closure took place between November 14, 2019 and January 27, 2020. See Dkt.

Nos. 43-7, 48-26, 48-28 (letter stating destruction would begin on November 14,

2019); Dkt. No. 48-33 (January 27, 2020 email from contractor stating that

“decontamination and clean-out of Snyder 101 and adjoining labs” was complete).

On December 2, 2019, Douglas filed a formal complaint against Helminck,

de Couet, and others, pursuant to the University’s Executive Policy 12.211,

alleging “Research Misconduct,” including the “malicious destruction of data or

other products of research or scholarship.” Dkt. No. 48-31 at 1.

In April 2020, Douglas returned from sick leave. Complaint ¶ 31. Shortly

thereafter, in July 2020, he learned he would not be assigned any research courses

for the fall semester, due to his lack of access to laboratory space following the

agents and specimens” in Snyder 101, and instructing him to remove his personal belongings

prior to decommissioning); Dkt. No. 43-6 (same letter stating that “the specimens in the

laboratory, together with the supplies and equipment, are owned by the University, and not by

any single individual”); Dkt. Nos. 48-16–17 (referencing Douglas’ October 4, 2019 removal of

three boxes of personal items); Dkt. Nos. 48-18–19 (October 8, 2019 email from Douglas to

Helminck, arranging an in-person meeting on October 21, 2019); Dkt. No. 48-34 (showing

October 21, 2019 in-person meeting took place, at which Helminck informed Douglas a

contractor would begin destruction of the lab’s biological contents in November); Dkt. Nos. 48-

24–25 (October 2019 communications involving Douglas’ eleventh-hour efforts to resolve the

purported safety issues); Dkt. No. 48-26 (November 6, 2019 letter from Helminck to Douglas

confirming decommissioning would begin on November 14, 2019); Dkt. No. 48-34 (November

8, 2019 email from Douglas to de Couet asking for the key to Snyder 101 in order to “transfer

samples” out of the lab); Dkt. No. 48-28 (November 13, 2019 email from de Couet denying such

access because the University’s required protocols were not in place); Dkt. No. 43-7 (November

15, 2019 letter from Helminck to Douglas, explaining that the University had identified

additional safety issues on November 5, 2019, involving unauthorized “select agents” in the lab

and denying Douglas further access to the lab for “reasons of health and safety”).

decommissioning of Snyder 101. Id. ¶¶ 32–33. He alleges that he has since been

unable to conduct research, independently or with students. Id.

PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Douglas initiated this action by filing a Complaint on May 3, 2021, asserting

seven claims against the University and Helminck and de Couet in their individual

and official capacities. Dkt. No. 1. The Complaint asserts that the University’s

past destruction of his laboratory and ongoing failure to provide current laboratory

access constituted: (1) an infringement of his First Amendment freedoms of

association and speech, and interference with academic freedom, by preventing

him from continuing prior research and pursuing future research; (2) a violation of

his right to procedural due process because it was done without proper process; (3)

a breach of his employment contract with the University; (4) a breach of the

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing; (5) conversion; (6) tortious

interference with prospective business advantage; and (7) intentional infliction of

emotional distress.3 Douglas seeks damages for past violations and declaratory

and injunctive relief for prospective violations. A jury trial in this matter is

scheduled for November 12, 2024. See Dkt. No. 55 at 1.

3The Complaint erroneously labeled this as the eighth cause of action, skipping the seventh. See

Complaint at 13.

On May 19, 2023, Defendants filed the instant MSJ, Dkt. No. 42, along with

a concise statement of facts, Dkt. No. 43. On June 30, 2023, Douglas opposed the

MSJ, Dkt. No. 49, and filed a responsive concise statement of facts, Dkt. No. 48 at

2–4, and an additional concise statement of facts, Dkt. No. 48 at 4–5. On July 7,

2023, Defendants replied. Dkt. No. 51. The Court heard oral argument on these

matters on July 21, 2023, see Dkt. No. 52, and this Order follows.

DISCUSSION

I. Sovereign Immunity: Claims Brought against the University and the

Individual Defendants in their Official Capacities

In general, the Eleventh Amendment bars suits for damages against “a state,

an ‘arm of the state,’ its instrumentalities, [] its agencies,” and state officials in

their official capacities. Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 67–69 (1985); Will v.

Mich. Dep’t of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989); Franceschi v. Schwartz, 57

F.3d 828, 831 (9th Cir. 1995).4 The only exceptions are where the state has

unequivocally consented to waive its immunity, and/or where Congress overrides

the state’s immunity. Will, 491 U.S. at 67–68.

Here, Douglas concedes that the University of Hawai‘i, along with

Helminck and de Couet in their official capacities, are “arm[s] of the state” that are

4Sovereign immunity does not preclude damages suits against state officials in their individual

capacities for actions taken under color of state law. See Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 166

(1985) (“[A]n award of damages against an official in his personal capacity can be executed []

against the official’s personal assets . . . .”); see also infra Sections II–III (describing Douglas’

damages claims against Helminck and de Couet in their individual capacities).

protected against damages suits by sovereign immunity. See Dkt. No. 49 at 10–12;

see also Mukaida v. Hawai‘i, 159 F. Supp. 2d 1211, 1220–22 (D. Haw. 2001)

(concluding that the University of Hawai‘i is “an agency of the State for purposes

of Eleventh Amendment immunity”). Douglas also concedes that neither

exception to sovereign immunity applies here. See Dkt. No. 49 at 10–12.5

Therefore, sovereign immunity bars all claims set forth in Counts 1–7 for damages

arising out of the destruction of Douglas’ lab contents, insofar as those claims are

brought against the University and against Helminck and de Couet in their official

capacities. See Pennhurst State Sch. & Hosp. v. Halderman, 465 U.S. 89, 106, 117

(1984) (sovereign immunity applies to claims brought under both federal and state

law).

With regard to the injunctive relief claims set forth in Counts 1–7, as against

the University and Helminck and de Couet in their official capacities, Count 1

survives sovereign immunity, but Counts 2–7 do not. The landmark case, Ex parte

Young, 209 U.S. 123 (1908), established that the Eleventh Amendment does not

preclude suits by individuals against states for prospective relief for violations of

federal law. See Green v. Mansour, 474 U.S. 64, 68–69 (1985) (explaining that,

5The State of Hawai‘i has expressly waived its sovereign immunity with respect to certain suits.

See H.R.S. §§ 661-1, 662. However, it is undisputed that these waivers do not extend to suits in

federal court. See also Off. of Hawai‘ian Affs. v. Dep’t of Educ., 951 F. Supp. 1484, 1491–92 (D.

Haw. 1996) (explaining that H.R.S. § 661-1 does not extend to suits in federal court) (citing

Price v. Hawai‘i, 921 F.2d 950, 958 (9th Cir. 1990)); Doe ex rel. Doe v. State of Haw. Dep’t of

Educ., 351 F. Supp. 2d 998, 1018 (D. Haw. 2004) (same for H.R.S. § 662).

under Young, a suit challenging the federal constitutionality of a state’s action is

not precluded by sovereign immunity because “[r]emedies designed to end a

continuing violation of federal law are necessary to vindicate the federal interest in

assuring the supremacy of that law”). However, Young does not apply to claims

seeking retrospective relief. See, e.g., Green, 474 U.S. at 68 (“We have refused to

extend the reasoning of Young [] to claims for retrospective relief.”). Additionally,

Young does not apply to suits against states or state officials for violations of state

law. See, e.g., Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 106 (“[I]t is difficult to think of a greater

intrusion on state sovereignty than when a federal court instructs state officials on

how to conform their conduct to state law. Such a result conflicts directly with the

principles of federalism that underlie the Eleventh Amendment.”).

Therefore, Young does not permit Count 2 because that claim is not

amenable to prospective relief. There, Douglas asserts that, in 2019 and 2020, the

Defendants destroyed his research materials in violation of constitutional

procedural due process. See Complaint ¶ 45. As the destruction is complete, no

injunction could undo it. And “notice relief”—“a declaration that [Defendants’]

prior conduct violated federal law”—where “there is no continuing violation of

federal law to enjoin” and where there is “no valid injunction to which notice could

attach” is not a permissible remedy. See Green, 474 U.S. at 64. Neither is

injunctive relief for any of the violations asserted in Counts 3–7 permitted because

those claims assert violations of state law. This Court is not authorized to

“instruct[] state officials on how to conform their [own] conduct to state law.” See

Pennhurst, 465 U.S. at 106.

Conversely, Young does permit Douglas’ claim for injunctive relief in Count

1 to proceed. Count 1 asserts that Defendants are currently preventing Douglas

from conducting research, in violation of his alleged First Amendment rights to

freedom of association, freedom of speech, and academic freedom, by failing to

provide him with a proper laboratory, research course load and students, and other

support. See Complaint ¶¶ 39–41. At oral argument, Defendants candidly

conceded that their briefing did not address this claim or provide any basis for its

dismissal. See Dkt. No. 52. Although the Court doubts that it has the authority to

interfere with the academic decisions of the University in this respect, the Court

has no basis on which to dismiss the claim on the current record. Therefore, Count

1’s claim for injunctive relief fits squarely within the Young exception and may

proceed.

In sum, Douglas’ claims for damages under Counts 1–7, along with his

claims for injunctive relief under Counts 2–7, as against the University and

Helminck and de Couet in their official capacities, are DISMISSED WITH

PREJUDICE on the basis of sovereign immunity. Douglas’ claim for injunctive

relief under Count 1 survives.

II. Qualified Immunity: Federal Damages Claims Brought against the

Individual Defendants in their Individual Capacities

The doctrine of qualified immunity protects state officials from damages

liability for acts taken in the course of their official duties “insofar as their conduct

does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a

reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 817–

18 (1982). In other words, an official is entitled to qualified immunity unless a law

that was clearly established at the relevant time showed that his conduct was

unlawful and “a reasonable official could not have believed” otherwise. Somers v.

Thurman, 109 F.3d 614, 617 (9th Cir. 1997); City of Tahlequah, Okla. v. Bond,

142 S. Ct. 9, 11 (2021) (“[Q]ualified immunity protects all but the plainly

incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.”) (internal quotation marks

and citations omitted); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 528 (1985) (qualified

immunity protects officials unless “the law clearly proscribed the[ir] actions”).

“A right is clearly established when it is ‘sufficiently clear that every

reasonable official would have understood that what he is doing violates that

right.’” Rivas-Villegas v. Cortesluna, 142 S. Ct. 4, 7–8 (2021) (citation omitted).

“Although th[e Supreme] Court’s case law does not require a case directly on point

for a right to be clearly established, existing precedent must have placed the

statutory or constitutional question beyond debate.” Id. (internal quotation marks

and citation omitted). “This inquiry must be undertaken in light of the specific

context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.” Id. at 8 (internal quotation

marks and citation omitted); City of Tahlequah, 142 S. Ct. at 11 (2021) (“We have

repeatedly told courts not to define clearly established law at too high a level of

generality.”); Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 640 (1987) (“[O]ur cases

establish that the right the official is alleged to have violated must have been

‘clearly established’ in a [] particularized . . . sense[.]”).

No law that was clearly established in 2019 showed that Helminck and de

Couet’s conduct, as asserted in Count 1, was constitutionally deficient. In Count 1,

Douglas asserts that the University infringed on his First Amendment freedoms of

association and speech, and interfered with his academic freedom, both by

destroying his lab and past research materials and by neglecting to provide a new

lab, students, and other support conducive to future research activities.6 Douglas

6Count 1 specifically alleges:

Defendants’ conduct and restrictions on Professor Douglas’ ability to engage in

and conduct academic research without interference have violated his rights that

are protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . . . .

By unduly restricting Professor Douglas’ speech and conduct and his ability to

engage in academic affairs and supervise graduate students, Defendants are

continuing to deprive Professor Douglas of rights secured by the free association

and free speech clauses of the First Amendment . . . .

Defendants’ acts complained of herein were and are directed toward intimidating

Professor Douglas and chilling the exercise of his protected expressive rights by,

among other means, silencing or diluting his message and by deterring persons

from joining with Professor Douglas in the lawful exercise of their constitutional

rights.

Complaint ¶¶ 39–41.

has pointed to no clearly established law showing that these actions were

unconstitutional. He cites only to Demers v. Austin, 745 F.3d 402, 411 (9th Cir.

2014) for the proposition that “teaching and academic writing are . . . a special

concern of the First Amendment,” and to Sweezy v. State of N.H. by Wyman, 354

U.S. 234, 250 (1957), for the proposition that “[t]he essentiality of freedom in the

community of American universities is almost self-evident. . . . Teachers and

students must always remain free to inquire, to study and to evaluate, to gain new

maturity and understanding . . . .” These vague principles in no way show that

Helminck and de Couet were or are required to provide Douglas with certain types

of classes, laboratory space or materials, or research support or that the failure to

do so was of constitutional dimension. Thus, Count 1, insofar as it seeks damages

against Helminck and de Couet in their individual capacities, is barred by qualified

immunity and is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.7

7The Court notes that, during oral argument and in a short section of his brief in opposition to the

MSJ, Douglas also cited to Turner v. City & Cnty. of S.F., 788 F.3d 1206 (9th Cir. 2015), in an

attempt to overcome qualified immunity. Turner involved First Amendment retaliation. Such a

claim requires an employee to show “(1) that he or she engaged in protected speech; (2) that the

employer took ‘adverse employment action’; and (3) that [the protected] speech was a

‘substantial or motivating factor’ for the adverse employment action.” Id. at 1210 (quoting

Coszalter v. City of Salem, 320 F.3d 968, 973 (9th Cir. 2003)); see also Dkt. No. 49 at 11 (citing

Demers v. Austin, 746 F.3d 402 (2014) (recognizing a state university professor’s retaliation

claim) and Weiss v. Perez, 602 F. Supp. 3d 1279, 1286–87 (N.D. Cal. 2022) (similar)). Turner

does not help Douglas because, among other things, the Complaint does not identify any

protected speech in which Douglas engaged, an omission that is not remedied, even in his MSJ

brief. Absent even a threshold claim of First Amendment retaliation, there is no need to evaluate

qualified immunity in that specific context.

Similarly, no law that was clearly established in 2019 showed that Helminck

and de Couet’s conduct, as asserted in Count 2, was unlawful. In Count 2, Douglas

asserts that his laboratory samples were destroyed absent proper process.

However, he has not identified any case law showing what process is required, or

that it is “beyond debate” that his supervisors’ actions did not meet the requisite

standard. See Rivas-Villegas, 142 S. Ct. at 7–8; Anderson, 483 U.S. at 639–40

(warning of the dangers of identifying clearly established law at too high a level of

generality in the specific context of procedural due process). The University

represents that it owned the discarded samples, which were located in its laboratory

on its campus. See, e.g., Dkt. No. 43-6 (Helminck’s letter informing Douglas that

“the specimens in the laboratory, together with the supplies and equipment, are

owned by the University”). This Court is aware of no clearly established law

showing that the University lacks the authority to unilaterally determine that

biological materials housed in its campus laboratories present biosafety hazards

and to take remedial action, up to and including destruction, and certainly Douglas

has offered no authority indicating or even suggesting that such actions would

violate the Constitution. Therefore, as with Count 1, insofar as Count 2 seeks

damages against Helminck and de Couet in their individual capacities, these

defendants are protected by qualified immunity, and the claim is DISMISSED

WITH PREJUDICE.

III. H.R.S. § 304A-108: State Damages Claims Brought against the

Individual Defendants in their Individual Capacities

Whether state officials in their individual capacities are subject to state law-

based damages claims is a matter of state law. In Hawai‘i, under Haw. Rev. Stat.

§ 304A-108(a):

[A]ll claims arising out of the acts or omissions of the [U]niversity [of

Hawai‘i] or the members of its board of regents, its officers, or its

employees . . . may be brought only pursuant to this section and only

against the university. . . . All defenses available to the State, as well

as all limitations on actions against the State, shall be applicable to the

university.

By the plain language of this statute, Douglas’ state law claims, which arise out of

the acts or omissions of University employees, may not be brought against the

University employees themselves, but only against the University. See Dkt. No.

42-1 at 17–18 (raising this issue). Douglas has offered no reason or argument why

Section 304A is not dispositive. See Dkt. No. 49 at 12–14 (implicitly conceding

the issue); Dkt. No. 52 (oral argument, same).8 Therefore, Douglas’ damages

claim under Counts 3–7, as against Helminck and de Couet in their individual

capacities, are DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE in accordance with H.R.S.

§ 304A-108(a).

8“When construing a statute, our foremost obligation is to ascertain and give effect to the

intention of the legislature, which is obtained primarily from the language contained in the

statute itself.” Iddings v. Mee-Lee, 919 P.2d 263, 268 (Haw. 1996). Thus, a court should “give

words [in a statute] their common meaning.” Id. at 269; see also United States v. Flores, 729

F.3d 910, 914 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[U]nless defined, words in a statute will be interpreted as taking

their ordinary, contemporary, common meaning.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

CONCLUSION

In accordance with the foregoing, Defendants’ MSJ, Dkt. No. 42, is

GRANTED as to all claims with the exception of Count 1, which survives only

insofar as it seeks prospective injunctive and declaratory relief from the University

for ongoing violations of Douglas’ First Amendment right to future speech,

association, and academic freedom. All remaining counts and claims are

DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

DATED: August 7, 2023 at Honolulu, Hawai‘1.

fOr | JR

ne Derrick K. Watson

Ran i Chief United States District Judge

James T. Douglas vs. University of Hawaii, et al; Civil No. 21-00217 DK W-WRP;

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS’

MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT

17