holding that “courts should hesitate to impose” orders for disqualification “except when absolutely necessary”
How later courts described this case
- holding that “courts should hesitate to impose” orders for disqualification “except when absolutely necessary”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
MIAMI DIVISION
CASE NO. 20-22556-CIV-COOKE/GOODMAN
DEBORAH ENGLE,
Plaintiff,
v.
ROYAL BAHAMIAN ASSOCIATION, INC., et al.,
Defendants.
_____________________________________________/
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISQUALIFY PLAINTIFF’S COUNSEL
Defendant Royal Bahamian Association, Inc. (“RBA”) filed a motion to disqualify
Plaintiff’s counsel, Gregory Ochalek. [ECF No. 33]. Plaintiff filed a response in opposition
and RBA filed a reply. [ECF Nos. 40; 45]. United States District Court Judge Marcia G.
Cooke referred the motion to the Undersigned. [ECF No. 38]. For the reasons discussed
below, the Undersigned denies RBA’s motion to disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel.
I. Background
Plaintiff states in her complaint that she has been battling stage four/late-stage
breast cancer that has metastasized to her bones over the past nine years. [ECF No. 1, p.
2]. This has created mobility issues and she is legally, physically disabled. Id. She owns
and resides in a condominium, which is governed by RBA’s laws, rules, and regulations.
Id. at p. 1. She obtained a service dog to assist her with her disabilities. Id. at p. 4. However,
it is difficult for her to walk her dog to the designated dog areas, which are difficult and/or
dangerous for Plaintiff to access. Id.
Thus, Plaintiff requested a reasonable accommodation to use other areas in the
condominium and requested that RBA waive the pet fee since her dog is a service dog.
Id. at p. 5. She also requested other accommodations to the grounds in the rear of the
building so that she could enter and exit the building safely. Id. at p. 7. Plaintiff felt she
was being targeted and retaliated against by the RBA Board because a grievance
committee member would follow her and her dog around and film her. Id. at p. 8.
Plaintiff alleges two counts in her complaint for failure to reasonably
accommodate her, as required under the Fair Housing Act, and retaliation in violation of
42 U.S.C. § 3617.
Plaintiff served RBA with the summons and complaint on August 4, 2020. [ECF
No. 7]. More than four months after the complaint was served, RBA filed a motion to
disqualify Plaintiff’s counsel, Gregory Ochalek, because he previously represented RBA
in 2016-2019 in connection with four different matters, and (according to RBA) during
that time, “Ochalek gained confidential information regarding negotiation strategies,
business practices and legal strategies.” [ECF No. 33, p. 2]. RBA claims this confidential
information will give Plaintiff an unfair advantage in this litigation and thus Ochalek
should be disqualified from representing Plaintiff in this case. Id. at p. 4.
Plaintiff responds that Ochalek was provided only public documents and
information relevant to the discrete issues that he handled for RBA. [ECF No. 40, p. 4].
Ochalek never acted as general counsel for RBA, never attended board meetings, “nor
did [he] ever advise RBA on any business, legal or financial related matters or any other
corporate legal matters.” Id. Plaintiff provides affidavits from former RBA board
members -- his client, Deborah Engle, as former president, and Jodi Grossman, as former
treasurer of RBA board -- which confirm the narrow circumstances in which Ochalek
represented RBA. [ECF No. 40-1]. According to Ochalek, his representation of RBA was
not even remotely related to the current litigation involving an alleged violation of the
Fair Housing Act and failure to make reasonable accommodations and/or retaliation
against a person with a disability. [ECF No. 40, p. 7].
II. Applicable Legal Standards and Analysis
“The party bringing the motion to disqualify bears the burden of proving the
grounds for disqualification.” Herrmann v. GutterGuard, Inc., 199 F. App’x 745, 751 (11th
Cir. 2006) (citing In re BellSouth Corp., 334 F.3d 941, 961 (11th Cir. 2003)). “Motions to
disqualify are governed by two sources of authority. First, attorneys are bound by the
local rules of the court in which they appear . . . Second, federal common law also governs
attorneys’ professional conduct because motions to disqualify are substantive motions
affecting the rights of parties.” Hermann, 199 F. App’x at 752.
S.D. Fla. Local Rule 11.1(c) provides, in relevant part, that “[t]he standards of
professional conduct of members of the Bar of this Court shall include the current Rules
Regulating The Florida Bar.”
In turn, Rule 4-1.9 provides, in relevant part:
A lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter must not
afterwards:
(a) represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter
in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of
the former client unless the former client gives informed consent;
(b) use information relating to the representation to the disadvantage of the
former client except as these rules would permit or require with respect
to a client or when the information has become generally known . . .”
R. Regulating the Fla. Bar 4-1.9 (emphasis added).1
“Matters are ‘substantially related’ for purposes of this rule if they involve the
same transaction or legal dispute, or if the current matter would involve the lawyer
attacking work that the lawyer performed for the former client.” Comment to R.
Regulating the Fla. Bar 4-1.9. “[T]he fact that a lawyer has once served a client does not
preclude the lawyer from using generally known information about that client when later
representing another client.” Id.
When evaluating disqualification motions, judges need to also recognize that
“[d]isqualification of one’s chosen counsel is a drastic remedy that should be resorted to
1 The Undersigned does not address Florida Rules of Professional Conduct 4-1.7,
which addresses conflicts of interest with current clients, because it is not alleged that
RBA is currently a client of Ochalek.
sparingly.” Armor Screen Corp. v. Storm Catcher, Inc., 709 F. Supp. 2d 1309, 1310 (S.D. Fla.
2010) (emphasis added) (citing Norton v. Tallahassee Mem’l Hosp., 689 F.2d 938, 941 n.4
(11th Cir. 1982)).
Courts must “be conscious of [their] responsibility to preserve a reasonable
balance between the need to ensure ethical conduct of lawyers appearing before [them]
and other social interests, which include [a] litigant’s right to freely choose counsel.”
Woods v. Covington Cnty. Bank, 537 F.2d 804, 810 (5th Cir. 1976).
Parties presumptively are entitled to counsel of their choice, a choice that may be
overridden only for exceptionally compelling reasons. In re BellSouth Corp., 334 F.3d at
961; see also Jawhbs, LLC v. Arevalo, 224 F. Supp. 2d 1296, 1299 (S.D. Fla. 2016) (citing
Metrahealth Ins. Co. v. Ancote Psychiatric Hosp., Ltd., 961 F. Supp. 1580, 1582 (M.D. Fla. 1997)
(holding that “courts should hesitate to impose” orders for disqualification “except when
absolutely necessary”)).
Here, RBA has not met its burden of proving grounds for Ochalek’s
disqualification. RBA has not shown that Ochalek is representing Plaintiff in the same or
in a substantially similar matter that Ochalek represented RBA on, or that he can use
information gained during his prior representation to the disadvantage of RBA now. See
R. Regulating the Fla. Bar 4-1.9.
In 2016, Ochalek represented RBA in the case titled “Royal Bahamian Association,
Inc. v. Alberto Llinas,” Case No. 11-42570-CA-13, in the Eleventh Circuit Judicial Court for
Miami-Dade County. According to Ochalek:
RBA’s opponent Alberto Llinas sought the enforcement a Settlement
Agreement in regard[] to the maintenance and replacement of his air-
conditioning unit. GMO [a/k/a Ochalek] filed his Notice of Appearance on
February 22, 2016 and his representation ended on or about November 2016
when Order Taxing Cost and Attorney fees was entered by the presiding
judge. For the purpose of this representation RBA delivered to GMO only a
copy of the Mediated Settlement Agreement at enforcement issue and the
case file documents/papers filed with the Miami-Dade Clerk as they pertain
to this case. The only information provided to GMO by RBA are said public
record documents and are otherwise available on Miami-Dade Clerk’s
website available for public access. No other information was provided to
GMO. GMO had no access to any financial data, corporate records or other
legal matters. GMO was walled off from all other RBA data.
[ECF No. 40, p. 2].
In 2017, Ochalek represented RBA in the case styled “In re SPGA Investments, Inc.
v. Royal Bahamian Association, Inc.,” Case No.: 2017-009151-CA-01, in the Eleventh Circuit
Judicial Court for Miami-Dade County. According to Ochalek:
RBA was sued by SGPA Investments, Inc. for unpaid legal fees under
Miami-Dade Case Number 2017-9151-CA-01. GMO was retained to
represent RBA’s interest and his representation ended on or about January
2019 when this case was dismissed. In relation to this case the only
information that RBA provided to GMO were the documents publicly filed
with the Miami-Dade Clerk of Court under the subject case number. No
other information was provided to GMO. GMO had no access to any
financial data, corporate records or other legal matters. GMO was walled
off from all other RBA data.
Id. at pp. 2-3.
In 2018, Mr. Ochalek represented RBA in a collection matter against a property
owner. According to Ochalek:
On or about December 2018 RBA retained GMO for the sole purpose of
collecting a balance for unpaid condominium assessments related to Unit
owner Claudia Tumene and Daniel Litmanovich. For the purpose of this
representation RBA delivered to GMO only the at issue units’ ledger and
no corporate data beyond this matter and unit owner’s name and address
for the purpose of sending a demand letter. This representation inquiry
ended within a few months of being retained as the unit owners paid their
unpaid balance in full and said funds were properly remitted to RBA. No
other information was provided to GMO. GMO had no access to any
financial data, corporate records or other legal matters. GMO was walled
off from all other RBA Data.
Id. at p. 3.
In 2019, Mr. Ochalek represented RBA in a matter concerning a former Board
Member and a deposit received from a tenant. According to Ochalek:
On or about February 2019, RBA retained GMO the final time for the limited
purpose of inquiry into missing cash funds to be collected by RBA in
relation to the rental of Unit 707W within RBA’s condominium. RBA
delivered to GMO a copy of the subject lease and only the ledger records
solely related to said recovery of money. GMO’s representation consisted
of email inquiries to Luis Gonzalez, Liliana Calderon, Gabriel Naiman and
a real estate broker, Max Bellomo, to determine the whereabouts of the
missing cash funds. GMO’s representation of RBA in this matter ended on
March 2019 when GMO’s inquiry was completed, and all
documentation/emails were forwarded to the RBA Board. No other
information was provided to GMO. GMO had no access to any financial
data, corporate records or other legal matters. GMO was walled off from all
other RBA Data.
Id. at pp. 3-4.
Both Ms. Engle and Ms. Grossman corroborate Ochalek’s statement that he did not
attend board meetings, did not participate in business activities of the condominium, and
did not participate in any board settlement discussions. See ECF No. 40-1. And they also
state that he was given limited information relating only to the discrete issues that he
handled. See id.
RBA does not dispute Plaintiff’s characterization of these matters, which appear
to have no connection or relation to this current suit.
RBA disputes Ochalek’s statement that he did not request financial information
because “in order to attend the Missing Cash Matter, . . . Ochalek sent an email to Mr.
Gonzalez asking to ‘provide to the undersigned attorney any information, receipts,
banking statements or like which you have regarding this transaction.’” [ECF No. 45, p.
3 (emphasis added)].
However, at most, this means that Ochalek had access to financial documents
regarding the one missing deposit. It is difficult to see how access to those documents
would provide Ochalek with any privileged, confidential, or “inside” information that
would disadvantage RBA in this current Fair Housing Act/reasonable accommodation
case. And RBA has failed to provide any specific explanation for how the information
gained by Ochalek during his representation of RBA would provide any advantage to
Plaintiff in this case.
To the contrary, RBA may be concerned that Plaintiff, a former board member,
may have helpful “inside information” about the board’s business practices, but that is a
reality which will exist regardless of who represents her. RBA cannot disqualify Plaintiff,
nor can it prevent her from bringing this lawsuit merely because she used to be on
Defendant's board of directors. But regardless of whether RBA’s annoyance at not being
able to preclude a former director from bringing this lawsuit is a motivation for the
motion to disqualify, the critical point is that it has not met its burden to demonstrate that
Ochalek should be disqualified.
Ill. Conclusion
For the reasons discussed above, the Undersigned denies RBA’s disqualification
motion.
DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers, in Miami, Florida, on January 6, 2021.
Jgnathan Goodman
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
Copies furnished to:
The Honorable Marcia G. Cooke
All Counsel of Record