CDO Investments, LLC v. Knauf Gips KG

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

FORT MYERS DIVISION

CDO INVESTMENTS, LLC,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No: 2:21-cv-888-JES-DAB

KNAUF GIPS KG, KNAUF

PLASTERBOARD TIANJIN CO.

LTD., and KNAUF NEW BUILDING

SYSTEM (TIANJIN) CO. LTD.,

Defendants.

OPINION AND ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on Defendants’ Motion to

Exclude or Limit the Expert Testimony of Howard Ehrsam and Shawn

Macomber (Doc. #68) filed on February 2, 2024. Plaintiff filed

an Opposition (Doc. #77) on February 13, 2024. At the Final

Pretrial Conference on February 16, 2024, counsel for plaintiff

agreed to withdraw Howard Ehrsam as an expert witness, and the

Court determined that that portion of this motion was moot. (Doc.

#81, ¶ 2.)

I.

“[F]ederal courts sitting in diversity apply state

substantive law and federal procedural law.” Gasperini v. Ctr. for

Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996). The Court applies

federal law to determine the admissibility of expert testimony.

Hendrix ex rel. G.P. v. Evenflo Co., Inc., 609 F.3d 1183, 1193

(11th Cir. 2010). Admission of expert opinion evidence is

governed by Fed. R. Evid. 702, which provides:

A witness who is qualified as an expert by

knowledge, skill, experience, training, or

education may testify in the form of an

opinion or otherwise if the proponent

demonstrates to the court that it is more

likely than not that:

(a) the expert's scientific, technical, or

other specialized knowledge will help the

trier of fact to understand the evidence or to

determine a fact in issue;

(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts

or data;

(c) the testimony is the product of reliable

principles and methods; and

(d) the expert’s opinion reflects a reliable

application of the principles and methods to

the facts of the case.

Fed. R. Evid. 702 (eff. Dec. 1, 2023). In Kumho Tire Co. v.

Carmichael, 526 U.S. 137 (1999) and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharms.,

509 U.S. 579 (1993), the Supreme Court held that the trial court

has a “gatekeeper” function designed to ensure that any and all

expert testimony is both relevant and reliable. The importance

of this gatekeeping function “cannot be overstated.” United

States v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1260 (11th Cir. 2004) (en banc).

In determining the admissibility of expert testimony under

Rule 702, the Court applies a “rigorous” three-part inquiry.

Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1260. “Expert testimony is admissible if (1)

the expert is qualified to testify on the topic at issue, (2) the

methodology used by the expert is sufficiently reliable, and (3)

the testimony will assist the trier of fact.” Club Car, Inc. v.

Club Car (Quebec) Imp., Inc., 362 F.3d 775, 780 (11th Cir. 2004),

abrogated on other grounds by Diamond Crystal Brands, Inc. v. Food

Movers Int’l, Inc., 593 F.3d 1249, 1258 n.7 (11th Cir. 2010). In

short, “the expert must be qualified; his methodology must be

reliable; and his testimony must be helpful to the trier of fact.”

Doe v. Rollins Coll., 77 F.4th 1340, 1347 (11th Cir. 2023). “The

proponent of the expert testimony bears the burden of establishing

each requirement by a preponderance of the evidence. . . .” Id.

“Even expert testimony which satisfies these three

requirements, however, may nonetheless be excluded under Rule 403

if the probative value of the expert testimony is substantially

outweighed by its potential to confuse or mislead the jury, or if

it is cumulative or needlessly time consuming.” Frazier at 1263.

The admission of expert testimony is a matter within the discretion

of the trial court. Cook ex rel. Est. of Tessier v. Sheriff of

Monroe Cnty., Fla., 402 F.3d 1092, 1103 (11th Cir. 2005); Frazier,

387 F.3d at 1258.

II.

A. Factual Overview

According to the Joint Final Pre-Trial Statement (Doc. #76),

plaintiff CDO Investments, LLC (CDO Investments) is a real estate

company which buys, develops, and sells real property. CDO

Investments purchased a dwelling at 25409 Durango Court, Punta

Gorda, Fl (the Property) “as is” on February 21, 2014, for $93,500.

(Id. at 17.) Chinese drywall had already been installed in the

Property by a former owner. (Id. at 18.) CDO Investments

remediated the Property between March and June 2014 at a cost of

$78,231.41. (Id. at 19.) On June 14, 2014, CDO Investments sold

the Property for $147,500. (Id.) CDO Investments sues Defendants

on strict liability and negligence claims based on the presence of

the Chinese drywall in the Property.

B. Shawn Macomber

Mr. Macomber has a master’s degree in construction

management, is certified as a Defective Drywall Consultant and

Remediator, and has completed all training to be an independent

insurance adjuster. Mr. Macomber has performed Chinese drywall

inspections since 2009 and has participated as an expert witness

in Chinese drywall cases. Mr. Macomber’s qualifications as an

expert witness are not being challenged.

Mr. Macomber was retained to provide opinions on Chinese

drywall litigation, including: (1) The under-air and gross square

footage for the affected property; (2) The presence of defective

Knauf-manufactured drywall in the living space of the property;

(3) The meaning of “complete remediation of the home”; (4) The

projected cost of remediation of the Property utilizing the R.S.

Means methodology/formula approved by MDL-2047; and (5) The

projected cost of remediation of the Property utilizing Xactimate.

(Doc. #68-3 at 5-6.) It appears that Mr. Macomber did not fully

inspect the Property because it had already been remediated and

sold.

Defendants argue that Mr. Macomber’s opinions fail the second

and third prongs of the expert witness standard because his

opinions “are speculative, unreliable as to causation, and

otherwise unhelpful.” (Doc. #68, p. 16.) This is so, Defendants

argue, because the Florida economic loss rule precludes CDO

Investments’ recovery in tort of all (or at least most) of the

damages it seeks, making Mr. Macomber’s opinions on such precluded

matters neither relevant nor helpful to the trier of fact. (Id.

at 16-20.) Defendants also argue that Mr. Macomber’s inspection

and damage opinions are speculative and unreliable because he

failed to identify the presence or the extent of KPT drywall in

the Property, precluding a reliable determination of damages.

(Id. at 20-23.) Finally, Defendants argue that Mr. Macomber’s

inspection and damage opinions concerning an already-remediated

property are not helpful. (Id. at 24-25.) The Court discusses

each argument in turn.

(1) Economic Loss Rule

Defendants argue that the Florida economic loss rule

precludes CDO Investments’ recovery in tort of most, if not all,

of the damages it seeks, thus making Mr. Macomber’s opinions on

such precluded matters neither relevant nor helpful. Plaintiff

responds that Mr. Macomber’s opinions are not barred by the Florida

economic loss rule, and that Defendants’ argument is itself

precluded by prior rulings by the district judge handling MDL-2047

prior to its transfer back to the Middle District of Florida.

(Doc. #77.)

(a) Florida Economic Loss Rule

The Florida Supreme Court adopted a products liability

economic loss rule in 1987. Florida Power & Light Co. v.

Westinghouse Elec. Corp., 510 So. 2d 899 (Fla. 1987). “[T]he

economic loss rule is a judicially created doctrine that sets forth

the circumstances under which a tort action is prohibited if the

only damages suffered are economic losses.” Tiara Condo. Ass'n,

Inc. v. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc., 110 So. 3d 399, 401 (Fla.

2013) (citing Indem. Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Am. Aviation, Inc., 891

So. 2d 532, 536 (Fla. 2004)). The economic loss rule “was

introduced to address attempts to apply tort remedies to

traditional contract law damages” and was “the fundamental

boundary between contract law, which is designed to enforce the

expectancy interests of the parties, and tort law, which imposes

a duty of reasonable care and thereby encourages citizens to avoid

causing physical harm to others.” Casa Clara Condominium Ass'n,

Inc. v. Charley Toppino and Sons, Inc., 620 So. 2d 1244, 1246 (Fla.

1993). In 2013, the Florida Supreme Court re-affirmed its

economic loss rule but confined it to products liability cases,

receding from its prior expansion of the rule. Tiara Condo., 110

So. 3d at 407 (“[W]e . . . hold that the economic loss rule applies

only in the products liability context. We thus recede from our

prior rulings to the extent that they have applied the economic

loss rule to cases other than products liability.”)

The “economic losses” which may not be pursued in a tort claim

are defined as “damages for inadequate value, costs of repair and

replacement of the defective product, or consequent loss of

profits,” and include “the diminution in the value of the product

because it is inferior in quality and does not work for the general

purposes for which it was manufactured and sold.” Casa Clara, 620

So. 2d at 1246 (citation omitted). These “disappointed economic

expectations” are protected by contract law, rather than tort law.

Id. On the other hand, a claim for personal injury or damage to

“other property” is not barred by the economic loss rule. Id. As

the Eleventh Circuit summarized:

The economic loss rule prohibits tort recovery

when a product damages itself, causing

economic loss, but does not cause personal

injury or damage to any property other than

itself. [] Economic loss includes damages for

inadequate value, costs of repair and

replacement of the defective product, or

consequent loss of profits—without any claim

of personal injury or damage to other

property. [] The rationale underlying the

economic loss rule is that parties should

protect against the risk of economic loss

during contract negotiations through warranty

provisions and price adjustments rather than

attempt to recover under tort law after the

loss occurs.

Pulte Home Corp. v. Osmose Wood Preserving, Inc., 60 F.3d 734,

739–40 (11th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks and citations

omitted).

In cases where the economic loss rule applies, the Court must

distinguish between damages to the defective product itself

(recovery for which is barred in tort) and damages to “other

property” (recovery for which is permitted in tort).1 Id. at 741.

In Casa Clara, the Florida Supreme Court held that the

economic loss rule barred homeowners’ negligence claims against a

subcontractor who supplied faulty concrete used in their homes.

The Supreme Court rejected the homeowners’ assertion that “other

property” damage had occurred when steel reinforcement rods rusted

due to the unusually high salt content of the concrete. Casa

Clara, 670 So. 2d at 1247. The Court explained: “The character

of a loss determines the appropriate remedies, and, to determine

the character of a loss, one must look to the product purchased by

the plaintiff, not the product sold by the defendant.” Id. (citing

King v. Hilton-Davis, 855 F.2d 1047 (3d Cir. 1988)). Because the

concrete was “an integral part of the finished product” —the house

1 There is no suggestion that any individual has been

physically injured as a result of the Chinese drywall in the

Property, so the Court need not discuss that aspect of the economic

loss rule.

the buyers had bargained for— the “other property” exception did

not apply. (Id.)

In Pulte Home Corp., Pulte asserted a negligence claim against

a defendant who sold it treated plywood which could not be used in

attic environments. Pulte asserted that if it had been warned

that the treated plywood was inferior in quality and would not

work for the general purposes for which it was manufactured and

sold, Pulte would not have bought the product. The Eleventh

Circuit found that Pulte’s negligence claim presented precisely

the type of “disappointed economic expectation” claim that

Florida's strict interpretation of the economic loss rule

foreclosed. Pulte Home Corp., 60 F.3d at 741.

The Eleventh Circuit then discussed whether Pulte had

established that its case fell within the “other property”

exception to the economic loss rule by showing damage to property

aside from the plywood. The facts established that:

Pulte incorporated the FRT plywood into its

townhouses, such that the deterioration of the

plywood destroyed the structural integrity of

the roof. As a result, Pulte was forced to

remove and replace the FRT plywood. In doing

so, Pulte also had to remove and replace other

portions of the roof, including untreated

plywood and shingles. These other roof

components form the basis of Pulte's “other

property” argument.

Id. The Eleventh Circuit found that Pulte had not established

that there was damage to “other property.”

Under the Casa Clara definition, the product

bargained for and purchased by Pulte was the

Osmose-treated FRT plywood. Based on the

evidence offered at trial, the FRT plywood

itself was the only property damaged. Although

Pulte did replace roof components other than

the FRT plywood, these components were not

replaced because they were damaged. Rather,

replacing the shingles and other materials was

merely a consequence of replacing the damaged

FRT plywood. Casa Clara specifically stated

that economic loss includes the costs of

replacing the defective product. [] These

costs simply do not trigger the other property

exception. As such, the other property damage

Pulte complains of is nothing more than pure

economic loss for which Pulte cannot recover

in tort.

Id. at 742 (internal citation omitted).

More recently, in 2711 Hollywood Beach Condo. Ass'n, Inc. v.

TRG Holiday, Ltd., 307 So. 3d 869, 870 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020), a

condominium association purchased the condominium building from

the developer. The building included a fire suppression system

(FSS) which had been installed during construction. The

association noticed leaks in the system and filed suit seeking

damages for future repairs and replacement of the system. A

defendant moved for partial summary judgment on the association’s

negligence and strict liability claims based on the economic loss

rule, relying on Casa Clara. Summary judgment was granted, and

plaintiff appealed.

The Florida appellate court affirmed, stating:

In Casa Clara, the Florida Supreme Court held

that to the extent a products liability claim

arises in the context of real estate, the

economic loss rule applies. 620 So. 2d at

1247–48. The court applied the “object of the

bargain” rule—in order “to determine the

character of a loss, one must look to the

product purchased by the plaintiff, not the

product sold by the defendant.” Id. at 1247

(citing King v. Hilton–Davis, 855 F.2d 1047

(3d Cir. 1988)). The allegedly defective

material in Casa Clara, the concrete, was an

“integral part of the finished product,” and,

as such, the injury it caused was not

considered damage to “other” property. Id.

The Association bargained for, purchased and

received a building; Nibco’s fittings were

only a component of the FSS, incorporated into

the building. Applying the rule set forth in

Casa Clara, the Association purchased a

completed building from the developer. Nibco's

fittings were “an integral part of the

finished product and, thus, did not injure

‘other’ property.” Id.; see also Saratoga

Fishing Co. v. J.M. Martinac & Co., 520 U.S.

875, 883, 117 S. Ct. 1783, 138 L. Ed. 2d 76

(1997) (stating that parts and fittings that

become integral components of something else

“constitute a single product for purposes of

the economic loss doctrine” because “all but

the very simplest machines have component

parts” and any other holding “would require a

finding of ‘property damage’ in virtually

every case where a product damages itself.”

(quoting Va. Sur. Co. v. Am. Eurocopter Corp.,

955 F. Supp. 1213, 1216 (D. Haw. 1996); E.

River S.S. Corp. v. Transamerica Delaval,

Inc., 476 U.S. 858, 867, 106 S. Ct. 2295, 90

L. Ed. 2d 865 (1986)). Injury to the building

itself is not injury to “other” property

because the product purchased by the

Association was the building. See Casa Clara,

620 So. 2d at 1247. The economic loss rule

therefore bars the Association's recovery as

to Nibco to the extent that it sought damages

to replace the FSS and repair damage to the

building.

On appeal, the Association again concedes that

Casa Clara is good law but argues that this

Court should refrain from applying it here for

policy reasons. We decline that invitation. In

the over thirty years the economic loss rule

has been applied by Florida courts, the

Florida Supreme Court has carved out several

exceptions. This case, however, falls squarely

within the parameters of the rule.

2711 Hollywood Beach Condo. Ass'n, Inc., 307 So. 3d at 870–71.

(b) Application of Economic Loss Rule

Here, it is undisputed that Plaintiff purchased a home in

which a prior owner had previously installed Chinese drywall. The

product purchased by Plaintiff was the home, and the drywall had

been an integral part of the home for some time. As in 2711

Hollywood Beach Condo. Ass'n, Inc. and Casa Clara, injury to the

home is not injury to “other property” because the product

purchased by Plaintiff was the home. 2711 Hollywood Beach Condo.

Ass'n, Inc., 307 So. 3d at 870-71; Casa Clara, 620 So. 2d at 1247.

Therefore, Plaintiff cannot pursue the economic damages it seeks.

Id.

Most of the damages Plaintiff seeks qualify as economic

damages which are not recoverable in product liability tort claims.

In the parties’ Joint Final Pre-Trial Statement, Plaintiff states

that it “seeks to recover damages in the form of remediation costs,

damage to other property within the real property, and other

economic damages.” (Doc. #76, p. 2.) Of these, only damages to

“other property within the real property” are recoverable.

Plaintiff also asserts that the drywall caused “damage to the home

and personal property” and corroded “the copper in the wiring,

plumbing, fixtures, appliances and other personal property.” (Id.

at 3.) Additionally, “[P]laintiffs seek damages . . . for the

damage to their home and personal property, as well as for the

loss of use and enjoyment of the property.” (Id. at 4.) Of

these, only damages to personal property may be recoverable.

Therefore, most of the damages which Plaintiff seeks are precluded

by the economic loss rule, and Mr. Macomber will not be permitted

to offer an opinion concerning such precluded damages. Mr.

Macomber may, however, offer an opinion as to damages to “other

property” if such damages exist.

(c) Prior MDL Opinions

Plaintiff argues that the Court is forbidden from making this

determination because it is inconsistent with a 2010 decision by

the MDL-2047 district judge which denied motions to dismiss based

on the Florida economic loss rule. According to Plaintiff, this

prior decision is the “law of the case” which cannot now be changed

by a transferor district court. (Doc. #77, pp. 5-10.) The Court

concludes that the prior decisions are not the “law of the case”

as to the trial evidentiary issues now before the Court.

In re Chinese Manufactured Drywall Products Liab. Litig., 680

F. Supp. 2d 780 (E.D. La. 2010), involved motions to dismiss tort

claims of plaintiffs who purchased homes already containing

Chinese drywall. Id. at 785, 791. The motions to dismiss argued

that the Florida economic loss rule limited tort recovery in such

circumstances to personal injury and/or damage to “other

property,” but barred any recovery for economic damages such as

injury to the product, repair costs, inspection costs, relocation

costs, and diminution in value.

The MDL Judge refused to dismiss the claims, holding that the

Florida economic loss rule did not bar tort claims by plaintiffs

who had purchased a home already containing Chinese drywall. The

MDL Judge recognized that Casa Clara Condo. Ass'n, Inc. v. Charley

Toppino & Sons, Inc., 620 So. 2d 1244, 1247 (Fla. 1993) had

concluded that when homeowners purchase finished homes already

containing a defective product, the finished homes constituted the

“product.” Id., 680 F. Supp. 2d at 791. The MDL Judge engaged

in a lengthy discussion of the history of the economic loss rule,

including Pulte Home Corp. v. Osmose Wood Preserving, Inc., 60

F.3d 734, 741–42 (11th Cir. 1995). Id. at 794-95. The MDL Judge

distinguished these Florida cases, however, holding that they

involved structurally inferior components, while the Chinese

drywall was not structurally inferior and had not failed to serve

its intended structural purpose. Instead, “its defects go beyond

disappointed economic expectations, causing harm which justifies

access to tort remedies.” Id. at 793. The MDL Judge also found

the drywall “involves a potential hazard to health and property”

and plaintiffs had “alleged actual physical injury as a result of

the Chinese drywall in their homes, thus the rationale in Casa

Clara is not applicable.” Id. The Court was also concerned that

Casa Clara was a 4-3 decision with strong dissents, and later

Florida Supreme Court decisions “have cast doubts on” it. Id. at

793-94.

Plaintiff argues that the discussion of the Florida economic

loss rule is the law of the case which must be followed in all

subsequent stages of the case. The Court disagrees.

The typical formulation of the law of the case doctrine

provides:

A decision of a legal issue or issues by an

appellate court must be followed in all

subsequent proceedings in the same case in the

trial court or on a later appeal in the

appellate court, unless (1) the evidence on a

subsequent trial as substantially different,

(2) controlling authority has since made a

contrary decision of the law applicable to

such issues, or (3) the decision was clearly

erroneous and would work a manifest injustice.

Baumer v. United States, 685 F.2d 1318, 1320 (11th Cir. 1982)

(quoting White v. Murtha, 377 F.2d 428, 431–32 (5th Cir. 1967)).

See also Cambridge Univ. Press v. Albert, 906 F.3d 1290, 1299 (11th

Cir. 2018) (findings and fact and conclusions by an appellate court

are generally binding in all subsequent proceedings in the same

case); United States v. Williams, 728 F.2d 1402, 1405–06 (11th

Cir. 1984) (citing Baumer). “The doctrine is based upon the sound

policy that litigation should come to an end. It protects against

the agitation of settled issues and assures obedience of lower

courts to the decisions of appellate courts.” Williams, 728 F.2d

at 1406 (citation omitted). Here, of course, there is no appellate

decision at issue, so the normal law of the case doctrine simply

does not apply.

The Eleventh Circuit has discussed the concept, however, in

the context of trial-level decisions.

At the trial court level, the doctrine of the

law of the case has been described as “little

more than a management practice to permit

logical progression toward judgment.” [] It is

recognized that when cases are transferred

from one judge to another judge in the same

court, the transfer should not be treated as

an opportunity to relitigate all the questions

decided by the first judge. [] However, the

subsequent judge should never be bound by an

erroneous ruling of law.

Williams, 728 F.2d at 1406 (internal citations omitted). These

principles do not bar the Court from following the Florida economic

loss rule at trial in the manner set forth above.

At least one circuit, however, has applied the law of the

case doctrine in the context of an MDL proceeding. In re Ford

Motor Co., 591 F.3d 406, 411 (5th Cir. 2009) (“The better view is

. . . that transferor courts should use the law of the case doctrine

to determine whether to revisit a transferee court’s decision.”)

“The law of the case doctrine requires that courts not revisit the

determinations of an earlier court unless “(i) the evidence on a

subsequent trial was substantially different, (ii) controlling

authority has since made a contrary decision of the law applicable

to such issues, or (iii) the decision was clearly erroneous and

would work . . . manifest injustice.” Id. at 411–12.

Even assuming the law of the case doctrine articulated in In

Re Ford Motor Co. applies, it is not being violated here. The

Court is not re-addressing the motions to dismiss decided by the

MDL Judge. Rather, the Court is addressing new issues of how the

Florida economic loss rule impacts the admissibility of evidence

at trial and expert opinion testimony at trial. Furthermore, the

MDL Judge relied on the allegation there was personal injury, but

there is no such assertion in this case. While the Court’s

analysis of the impact of Florida case law differs from the MDL

Judge, the more recent Florida decision in 2711 Hollywood Beach

Condo. Ass'n, Inc. confirms that Casa Clara remains good law, that

the structural-soundness distinction does not make a difference,

and that concerns about the continued viability of Casa Clara in

the products liability context were not borne out.

Plaintiff also argues that the law of the case includes the

Findings of Fact & Conclusions of Law Related to The June 9, 2015

Damages Hearing (Doc. #77-1) in MDL-2047. (Doc. #77, p. 7.) Some

MDL defendants were in default and the MDL Judge had already

entered a liability judgment, so the MDL Judge followed Fed. R.

Civ. P. 55(b)(2) to determine the amount of damages. (Doc. #77-

1, p. 30.) The hearing “considered only remediation damages for

current owners.” (Id.) “After considered analysis of the

impracticality and risks of the selective remediation approach,

the Court found in Germano and re-affirms herein that remediating

a Chinese drywall property requires complete remediation and

cleaning. . ..” (Id. at 14.) The MDL Judge found that “proper

remediation of the danger posed by Chinese drywall must include

the removal of all drywall, all electrical wiring, the entire HVAC

system, and many other items such as appliances, carpet, cabinetry,

trim work and flooring.” (Id. at 14-15.) The MDL Judge further

found that “a formulaic method used to calculate remediation

damages is fair and reasonable,” (Id. at 29) and adopted “Mr.

Inglis’ damages methodology to quantify the aggregate damages.”

(Id. at 49.)

Thus, this decision determined how damages were to be

calculated for defaulted defendants. Nothing in this decision

addressed the Florida economic loss rule. Nothing in the Court’s

current Opinion and Order changes that decision, and the

methodology still applies when those damages are recoverable. The

law of the case doctrine does not apply here.

(2) Quality of Inspection and Helpfulness to Jury

Defendants argue that the inspection and damage opinions are

speculative and unreliable because the presence or extent of KPT

drywall was not identified. (Doc. #68, pp. 20-23.) Additionally,

Defendants argue that the opinions will not be helpful to the jury

since the property had already been remediated and sold when seen

by Mr. Macomber. While it is not clear if any of Mr. Macomber’s

opinions survive the economic loss rule, the criticisms voiced in

these sections of the motion go to the weight of the opinions, not

their admissibility. These arguments are therefore rejected as a

basis to exclude testimony.

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED :

Defendants’ Motion to Exclude or Limit the Expert Testimony

of Shawn Macomber (Doc. #68) is GRANTED to the extent that Mr.

Macomber may not express opinions on any component of damages other

than “other property” (if there is any in this case) as discussed

above.

DONE and ORDERED at Fort Myers, Florida, this 28th day

of February 2024.

0 x EP

: le hy ) Zz. A, ob

adi EF. STEELE

SHNIOR UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies:

Counsel of Record