Deligdish v. Bender

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

ORLANDO DIVISION

CRAIG K. DELIGDISH,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No: 6:23-cv-417-DCI

DAVID BENDER,

Defendant.

ORDER

This cause comes before the Court for consideration without oral argument on the

following motion:

MOTION: Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 31)

FILED: May 8, 2023

THEREON it is ORDERED that the motion is GRANTED in part and

DENIED in part.

I. Procedural Background

Craig K. Deligdish (Plaintiff) initiated this case against David Bender (Defendant) in state

court and Defendant removed it to this Court. Doc. 1. Upon the parties’ consent, the case was

reassigned to the undersigned. Doc. 25. With leave of Court, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended

Complaint against Defendant alleging four counts: Tortious Interference with Business

Relationships (Count I); Defamation, Defamation Per Se, and Defamation by Implication (Count

II); Trade Libel (Count III); and Fraud (Count IV). Doc. 28 (the Second Amended Complaint).

Pending before the Court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended

Complaint. Doc. 31 (the Motion). Plaintiff has filed a Response (Doc. 37, the Response) and

Defendant has filed a Notice of Supplemental Authority. Doc. 39. The matter is ripe for review

and for the reasons stated herein, the Motion is due to be granted in part to the extent that Count

IV is dismissed.1

II. Allegations in the Second Amended Complaint

Plaintiff seeks damages and injunctive relief because Defendant allegedly made false and

defamatory statements about Plaintiff and published them anonymously on the internet with the

intent to injure Plaintiff’s reputation and interfere with Plaintiff’s business relationships. Doc. 28

at 1.2 Plaintiff is a physician and the president and chief medical officer of Omni Healthcare, Inc

(Omni)—a multi-specialty physician group practice with practicing physicians operating

independent of Plaintiff. Id. at 1, 4. Defendant registered, created, and continually maintains the

internet domain DeligdishWatch.com (the Website). Id. at 2. Defendant’s identity is “concealed

by a privacy service purchased by Defendant which operates out of Reykjavik, Iceland.” Id. at 4.

Defendant designed and published the Website, and in January and February 2023, Defendant

updated and included new content. Id. Attached to the Second Amended Complaint is a copy of

the original Website prior to its “updates” and a copy of the Website in its current form. Id. at 4-

5. Defendant revised the Website to remove false statements after receiving the original complaint.

Id. at 11.

1 The Court granted Defendant’s unopposed request to stay discovery pending an entry of an order

on the Motion to Dismiss. Doc. 38.

2 For the purposes of this Order, the Court will assume the truth of Plaintiff’s allegations in the

Second Amended Complaint.

The Second Amended Complaint contains about five pages of allegedly defamatory

statements from the Website, which “calls attention to ‘hundreds of separate cases filed in state,

federal, and small claims courts between 2005 and the present’ in which OMNI was a party.” Doc.

28 at 5-10. “The Website identifies Plaintiff by name and includes a recognizable photograph of

Plaintiff which was reproduced, repurposed, and published by Defendant on the Website without

Plaintiff’s authorization or consent.” Id. at 5. “The Website falsely alleges that Plaintiff engages

in various forms of unprofessional, unethical, immoral, and illegal activities, including, but not

limited to falsification (‘creates false identities’), fraud (‘refuses to pay bills/violates contracts’),

other criminal conduct (‘engages in predatory billing practices against patients’), vexatious

litigation (‘sues his own lawyers,’ ‘frequently sues his own physician employees,’ and ‘sues

deceased cancer patients’), and ‘other troubling/miscellaneous behaviors.’” Id. Through

inaccurate reporting of facts and the omission of facts, the Website creates a defamatory

implication that Plaintiff has direct involvement in every lawsuit or claim involving Omni. Id. at

10-11. Specifically, “[t]he defamatory implication of the Website is that Plaintiff is directly

involved in and personally responsible for every claim or lawsuit that has been brought by or

against Omni, and that adverse inference which can be drawn from each claim or lawsuit is true.”

Id. at 12. Further, the Website is designed to and displays prominently in keyword and image

search results for his name. Id. at 11.

As alleged, Defendant authorized and published the Website without a factual basis for the

assertions and with the intent to damage Plaintiff’s reputation. Id. at 11-12. Defendant admitted

that he published the Website because he was upset with Plaintiff and Omni over sums he claimed

were contractually owed and Defendant intended to harm Plaintiff and Omni. Id. at 11-12.

Defendant “acted with malice in writing and publishing the Website, knowing the Statements and

the intended implications created thereby were false or acting with reckless disregard as to falsity.”

Id. at 17. At a minimum, Defendant’s “fault amounts to negligence.” Id.

As to publishing, Defendant paid a third-party to publish the Website using Defendant’s

credit card. Id. at 12-13. Defendant has admitted to being involved in the creation, publication,

and maintenance of the Website, and discovery revealed that Defendant used Plaintiff’s name and

Plaintiff’s son-in-law’s name as “registrants or other individuals related to the Website to make it

appear as though Plaintiff and/or his son-in-law created, published and/or maintained the

Website.” Id. at 13. Despite notice to Defendant, Defendant has failed or refused to take down

the Website. Id. at 14. Plaintiff has “incurred considerable expense attempting to mitigate the

damage caused by the Website, and Plaintiff has been substantially damaged, both economically

and otherwise, by the Website.” Id. at 12.

III. Standard

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), Defendant now moves to dismiss the

Second Amended Complaint for failure to state a claim. Doc. 31.

In reviewing a complaint on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “courts must be mindful

that the Federal Rules require only that the complaint contain ‘a short and plain statement of the

claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” United States v. Baxter Int’l, Inc., 345 F.3d

866, 880 (11th Cir. 2003) (citing Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)). This is a liberal pleading requirement, one

that does not require a plaintiff to plead with particularity every element of a cause of action. Roe

v. Aware Woman Ctr. for Choice, Inc., 253 F.3d 678, 683 (11th Cir. 2001). However, a plaintiff’s

obligation to provide the grounds for his or her entitlement to relief requires more than labels and

conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Bell Atl.

Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554-55, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007). Further,

“conclusory allegations, unwarranted factual deductions or legal conclusions masquerading as

facts will not prevent dismissal.” Davila v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 326 F.3d 1183, 1185 (11th Cir.

2003). The complaint’s factual allegations “must be enough to raise a right to relief above the

speculative level,” id. at 555, and cross “the line from conceivable to plausible.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,

556 U.S. 662, 680, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009).

IV. Discussion

A. Defamation, Defamation Per Se, Defamation by Implication (Count II)

The primary thrust of Defendant’s Motion is that the Court should dismiss Count II, the

defamation claim. Doc. 31 at 4-21. In support of dismissal, Defendant asserts that: (1) the

statements on the Website are protected by the fair report privilege; (2) Plaintiff did comply with

a condition precedent to filing a defamation claim, i.e., presuit notice pursuant Florida statute; and

(3) the statements on the Website are non-actionable pure opinion or are otherwise reasonable and

supported by court records. Id. The Court will consider these arguments, and Plaintiff’s responses

to them, in turn.

Defamation is a state cause of action. Under Florida law, “[d]efamation has the following

five elements: ‘(1) publication; (2) falsity; (3) [the] actor must act with knowledge or reckless

disregard as to the falsity on a matter concerning a public official, or at least negligently on a matter

concerning a private person; (4) actual damages; and (5) [the] statement must be defamatory.’”

Jews for Jesus, Inc. v. Rapp, 997 So.2d 1098, 1106 (Fla. 2008). A court “may not hold a defendant

liable for defaming a public figure about a matter of public concern unless he is shown to have

acted with actual malice.” Jacoby v. CNN, Inc., 2021 WL 5858569, at *3 (11th Cir. Dec. 10, 2021)

(citing Berisha v. Lawson, 973 F.3d 1304, 1310 (11th Cir. 2020)).

Defamation by implication arises in instances in which “the defendant juxtaposes a series

of facts so as to imply a defamatory connection between them, or creates a defamatory implication

by omitting facts, [the defendants] may be held responsible for the defamatory implication unless

it qualifies as an opinion, even though the particular facts are correct.” Id. at 1108 (internal

quotation marks omitted).

“Under Florida law, ‘[f]alse statements which suggest that someone has committed a

dishonest or illegal act are defamatory per se.’” Colbert v. Anheuser-Busch, Inc., (M.D. Fla. Mar.

5, 2013) (quoting Shaw v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 818 F. Supp. 1539, 1541-42 (M.D. Fla.

1993)). “‘Per se defamatory statements are ‘so obviously defamatory’ and damaging to [one’s]

reputation that they ‘give[] rise to an absolute presumption of both malice and damage.’” Maletta

v. Woodle, 2021 WL 1894023, at * at 3 (M.D. Fla. May 11, 2021) (quoting Bernath v. Seavey,

2017 WL 3268481, at *7 (M.D. Fla. May 18, 2017)). Defendant argues that Plaintiff has failed to

state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6). Whether a statement is defamatory is a question of law.

See Turner v. Wells, 879 F.3d 1254, 1262-63 (11th Cir. 2018).

1. Fair Report Privilege

Defendant asserts that the fair report privilege protects the “challenged statements.” Doc.

31 at 4. In Florida, the “fair report privilege grants journalists and news media a qualified privilege

to report on information received from government officials or to publish the contents of official

documents, as long as the account is ‘reasonably accurate and fair.’ To qualify as ‘reasonably

accurate and fair,’ the publication must be a substantially correct account of information contained

in public records or derived from a government source.’” Grayson v. No Labels, 2021 WL

2869870, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 26, 2021) (quoting, Larreal v. Telemundo of Fla., LLC, 489 F.Supp.

3d 1309 (S.D. Fla. 2020)).

The Court is not convinced that Defendant is now entitled to dismissal of the defamation

claim based on an assertion of the fair report privilege.3 At this stage of the proceedings, the Court

must take as true the allegation in the Second Amended Complaint, and there is no allegation in

that pleading that Defendant is a member of the media or a journalist. To the contrary, Plaintiff

alleges that “Defendant is not a member of the media and does not usually or regularly engage in

the publication of written material for public review or on public forums.” Doc. 28 at 2.

Accordingly, dismissal is not appropriate at this juncture. See Grayson, 2021 WL 2869870, at *3

(“Defendants’ argument stumbles at the first hurdle: there are no allegations that they are news

media entities and/or journalists as required for the application of the privilege, and Defendants

themselves do not argue as such.”).

That said, Defendant also makes the assertion that the fair report privilege applies here

given the allegations in the Second Amended Complaint, arguing that the privilege extends beyond

traditional media members or journalists to “individuals like Defendant who operate independent

websites.” Doc. 31 at 5. In support, Defendant cites two Florida cases addressing who falls into

the category of “media defendant” in another context—i.e., for the purpose of determining who

must receive presuit notice of a defamation claim pursuant to Florida Statutes section 770.01

(Notice Condition Precedent to Action or Prosecution for Libel or Slander). 4 Id. (citing Comins

3 To the extent Plaintiff argues that the Court should not consider the fair report privilege at the

motion to dismiss stage (See Doc. 37 at 8), the application of the privilege to a given set of facts

or allegations is a question of law that may appropriately be considered at this stage. See Larreal,

489 F. Supp. 3d at 1319; Grayson, 2021 WL 2869870, at *9 n.4.

4 Florida Statutes section 770.01 requires that:

Before any civil action is brought for publication or broadcast, in a newspaper,

periodical, or other medium, of a libel or slander, the plaintiff shall, at least 5 days

before instituting such action, serve notice in writing on the defendant, specifying

v. Vanvoorhis, 135 So.3d 545, 560 (Fla. 5th DCA 2014) and Zelinka v. Americare Healthscan, 763

So.2d 1173, 1175 (Fla. 4th DCA 2000)).

The Zelinka court found that a defendant who posted defamatory statements on an internet

message board was not a “media defendant” for purposes of section 770.01 because he was “a

private individual who merely made statements on a web site owned and maintained someone

else.” Id. at 1175. The court explained that “[e]very Florida court that has considered the question

has concluded that the presuit notice requirement applies only to ‘media defendants,’ not private

individuals.” Id. In the parenthetical provided to the Court, Defendant apparently seizes upon

dicta from that case: “It may well be that someone who maintains a website and regularly publishes

internet ‘magazines’ on that site might be considered a ‘media defendant’ who is entitled to

notice.” Id.5 But the Zelinka court neither mentioned nor applied the qualified fair report privilege.

And to the extent Defendant implies that the Zelinka court’s dictum related to section 770.01

should control the application of the fair report privilege in this case, that position is without

support from Zelinka itself, and the Court disagrees.

Defendant’s reliance on Comins is also misplaced and unpersuasive. Defendant, in another

parenthetical, asserts that Comins “appl[ied] [the] privilege to [a] psychology student who blogged

on issues of public concern.” Doc. 31 at 5. Again, Comins was not a fair report privilege case and

there is no indication that the court applied that privilege. Even if the section 770.01 analysis can

the article or broadcast and the statements therein which he or she alleges to be false

and defamatory.

Fla. Stat. § 770.01.

5 Zelinka also stated that “[e]ven if an internet bulletin board was a ‘medium’ within the scope of

the statute, no precedent would allow this court to extend the statutory notice requirement to a

private individual who merely posts a message on the board.” Id. at 1175.

be extended to the fair report privilege context, the Court is not convinced that such an extension

should occur here. Indeed, the Comins court specified that, “[t]he presuit notice requirement of

section 770.01 applies to allegedly defamatory statements made in such a public medium the

purpose of which is the free dissemination of news or analytical comment on matters of public

concern, as suggested in Ross.” Comins, 135 So.3d at 559 (emphasis added). The court went on:

“We are not prepared to say that all blogs and all bloggers would qualify for the protection of

section 770.01[], but we conclude that [the defendant’s] blog, at issue here, is within the ambit of

the statute’s protection as an alternative medium of news and public comment.” Comins, 135

So.3d at 559 (emphasis added).

Here, Plaintiff alleges in the Second Amended Complaint that Defendant is not a member

of the media and that Defendant set up the Website to ruin Plaintiff’s reputation. Doc. 28 at 1, 17.

Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant admitted that he published the Website because he was upset

with Plaintiff and Omni over money allegedly owed under a contract and, in publishing the

Website, Defendant intended to harm Plaintiff and Omni. Id. at 12. Assuming the fair report

privilege may apply to some bloggers, the facts of this case as alleged—and taken as true—would

not qualify Defendant for protection. See San Juan Prods. v. River Pools & Spas, Inc., 2023 WL

1994087, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 14, 2023) (stating that some Florida courts have recognized a

narrow exception for “so called ‘blogs’” that are engaged in the dissemination of news and

information and, therefore, qualify as “media defendants” within the ambit of section 770.01, but

finding that the defendant’s blog was operated as a business venture to help with pool business

and “clearly not ‘operated to further the free dissemination of information or disinterested and

neutral commentary or editorializing as to matters of public interest’”).

Finally, even if Defendant falls within the definition of news media or is a journalist who

would obtain some protection under the fair report privilege, Defendant’s request for dismissal

based on the privilege fails because the defamation claims are not entirely based on information

from government officials or contained in official government documents. See Grayson, 2021 WL

2869870, at *3 (finding that the defamation claim was not “wholly premised” on information from

government documents and, thus, the fair report privilege was not a basis for dismissal). Some of

the purported content does include what appears to be excerpts from court documents or links to

court records. But Plaintiff’s allegations go beyond those links and images. Indeed, Plaintiff states

in the Response that the publicly available court documents published on the Website are not the

subject of the defamation claim. Though Plaintiff’s characterization of the pleading in a response

is not controlling, the Court agrees that Plaintiff’s claim in Count II is based on Defendant’s alleged

statements regarding Plaintiff’s reputation, occupation, and alleged misconduct; Count II is not

based simply on information from government documents.

Accordingly, the Court does not find at this juncture that Defendant is protected by the fair

report privilege. Because the fair report privilege does not apply to Defendant, the Court will not

consider Defendant’s extensive argument that particular statements Defendant allegedly made are

protected by the privilege. See Doc. 31 at 6-12.

2. Presuit Notification

Defendant argues that Count II should be dismissed because Plaintiff failed to comply with

the presuit notice requirement of section 770.01. In support, Defendant cites to a few cases for the

general rule that Florida requires notification in writing as a prerequisite for a defamation claim

and then offers a conclusory statement that a “[a]publication on a webpage is an ‘other medium’

protected by the condition precedent in § 770.01, Fla. Stat.” Doc. 31 at 20-21. The statement does

nothing to assist the Court in deciding of whether presuit notification applies here.6 Consequently,

the Court is not persuaded that the presuit notification requirement of section 770.01 applies to

Defendant for the reasons discussed in the preceding section. Namely, Defendant does not

convince the Court—or provide persuasive authority for the proposition—that the Court should

extend the presuit notification requirement of section 770.01 to an individual who is allegedly not

a member of the media and who published a website because he was upset and for the purpose of

harming someone’s reputation. Again, Florida courts have explained that the presuit notice

requirement applies only to “media defendants” and not to private individuals. See Zelinka, 763

So.2d 1173 at 1175. And even assuming a website or blog is an “other medium” for purposes of

section 770.01, Defendant has not persuaded the Court that Plaintiff had to provide presuit notice

or make a request for a retraction given the allegations in the Second Amended Complaint, taken

as true at this stage of the proceedings.

Finally, even if the statute did require Plaintiff to provide notice, it is not clear that Plaintiff

failed to comply with section 770.01. Indeed, Plaintiff alleges in the Second Amended Complaint

that he “notified Defendant of the defamatory nature of the Website and requested that it be taken

down and otherwise removed from the public domain, but Defendant has failed or refused to do

so.” Doc. 28 at 14. In the Motion, Defendant does not directly address the allegation that Plaintiff

notified Defendant of the “defamatory nature” of the Website or requested that the information be

6 Indeed, this section of Defendant’s motion fails to comply with Local Rule 3.01(a)’s requirement

that a motion contain a “legal memorandum supporting the request” for relief and, as such, is due

to be denied alternatively for a violation of the Local Rule.

“taken down” or “removed.” See Doc. 31 at 20. Instead, Defendant states that Plaintiff did not

include an allegation of a “retraction demand.” Id. at 21.7 The Court is not so sure.

Regardless, at this juncture, the Court finds that Defendant has not established that section

770.01 requires dismissal.

3. The Content of the Statements on the Website

Defendant argues that dismissal of Count II is also appropriate because the statements on

the Website are non-actionable pure opinion or are otherwise reasonable and supported by court

records. Doc. 31 at 13-19.

“Under Florida law, a defendant publishes a “pure opinion” when the defendant makes a

comment or opinion based on facts which are set forth in the publication or which are otherwise

known or available to the reader or listener as a member of the public.” Zimmerman v. Buttigieg,

521 F.Supp. 3d 1197, 1213 (M.D. Fla. Feb. 23, 2021)(citing From v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc.,

400 So.2d 52, 57 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1981)). “[A] speaker cannot invoke a ‘pure opinion’ defense,

[however,] if the facts underlying the opinion are false or inaccurately presented.” Id. (quoting

Deeb v. Saati, 778 F. App’x 683, 687-88 (11th Cir. 2019)). Courts also “distinguish between pure

expressions of opinion and mixed expressions.” Music with Mar, LLC v. Froggy’s Friends, 2020

WL 7768941, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 30, 2020) (quoting Bassler v. George Weston Bakeries Distrib.

Inc., 2008 WL 4724434, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 24, 2008)). A mixed opinion is one “based upon

facts regarding a person or his conduct that are neither stated in the publication nor assumed to

exist by a party exposed to the communication.” Dershowitz v. CNN, Inc., 541 F. Supp. 3d 1354,

7 In the Response, Plaintiff points to this allegation and argues that Defendant is not entitled to

dismissal, but Plaintiff does not appear to contend that he fully complied with section 770.01 in

seeking a retraction. See Doc. 37 at 9.

1361 (S.D. Fla. May 24, 2021) (quoting LRX, Inc. v. Horizon Assocs. Joint Venture ex rel. Horizon-

ANF, Inc., 842 So.2d 881, 885 (Fla. 4th DCA 2003)).

“Whether a statement is one of opinion, fact, or mixed opinion and fact is a question of

law.” Music with Mar, 2020 WL 7768941, at *4 (citing Turner v. Wells, 879 F. 3d 1254, 1262-63

(11th Cir. 2018)). The Court must also determine “whether an expression of opinion is capable of

bearing a defamatory meaning because it may reasonably be understood to imply the assertion of

undisclosed facts that justify the expressed opinion about the plaintiff or his conduct.” Id.

Here, taking Plaintiff’s allegations as true, the Court finds that the statements are not clearly

all pure opinion as Defendant contends. While some of the statements appear to be opinion,

Plaintiff alleges they are misleading or inaccurate because drop-down menus or links do not

actually support Defendant’s associated statements. Doc. 28 at 5-6. Plaintiff also alleges that

Defendant’s summation of the facts or outcome of cases Plaintiff was allegedly involved in are

untrue and not reflected in the court filings Defendant relies upon in making the statements. Id. at

6-7, 9. Further, Plaintiff claims that Defendant attributes facts or litigation to Plaintiff individually

when the cases involve Omni. Id. at 6-9. Thus, Defendant allegedly defames Plaintiff by

implication. Id. at 11.

Based on these allegations along with the attached exhibits, the statements could qualify as

mixed expression of opinion and fact. Defendant’s statements seem to accuse Plaintiff of

unprofessional and unethical activity and imply wrongdoing but are allegedly not based purely on

fact as set forth on the Website. It does not appear that the Court has the complete context of the

statements and links, and dismissal is inappropriate at this juncture. See Zimmerman, 521

F.Supp.3d at 1214 (“Because the Court must construe the statements in their totality, including the

circumstances surrounding the publication, and must examine all the words used in the publication,

this issue is best determined on a motion for summary judgment.”) (citing Hay v. Indep.

Newspapers, Inc., 450 So. 2d 293, 295 (Fla. 2d DCA 1984)).'Given the context of the links,

excerpts, and statements on the Website, the Court does not find as a matter of law that Defendant’s

use of “predatory” and “extensive and vexatious” litigation 1s protected opinion. Plaintiff states a

plausible claim for defamation. Defendant may raise the argument at summary judgment, or a jury

may find in Defendant’s favor, but Plaintiffs claim may proceed.

Further, the Court is not persuaded that Defendant’s statements are mere opinion because

Defendant included a disclaimer on the Website. According to the Motion and the exhibit attached

to the Second Amended Complaint, Defendant included a statement that: “The purpose of this site

is not to defame the Florida-based physician and his company, but to provide easy access to

publicly-available court documents and news reports regarding Dr. Deligdish/Omni’s conduct and

litigation.” Docs. 28-2 at 1; 31 at 15.

The Court agrees with Defendant that it is appropriate to consider this language in

determining if a statement is opinion, as the Court must consider all circumstances surrounding

the statement. Even so, the Court is not convinced that Defendant’s disclaimer on the website is

sufficient to show as a matter of law that the challenged statements are pure opinion. Dershowitz,

541 F.Supp.3d at 1361 (quoting Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 18-19, 110 S. Ct.

2695, 111 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990) (“Even if the speaker states the facts upon which he bases his opinion,

if those facts are either incorrect or incomplete, or if his assessment of them is erroneous, the

statement may still imply a false assertion of fact. Simply couching such statements in terms of

opinion does not dispel these implications.”)).*

8 As a result, the Court rejects Defendant’s other argument that the defamation claims are due to

be dismissed and Defendant is entitled to fees and costs pursuant to Florida’s Anti-SLAPP statute.

B. Tortious Interference, Trade Libel, and Fraud (Counts I, III, and IV)

1. Single Action Rule (Counts I, III, and VI)

Defendant argues that the Court should dismiss Counts I, III, and IV because the claims

are “mere attempts to recast defamation claims to avoid constitutional protections.” Doc. 31 at 22.

Defendant states that, in Florida, a single publication gives rise to a single cause of action. Id.

(citing Callaway Land & Cattle Co., Inc. v. Banyon Lakes C. Corp., 831 So. 2d 204, 208 (Fla. 4th

DCA 2002)).

Indeed, as one court in this Division explained:

“The single publication/single action rule ... does not permit multiple actions when

they arise from the same publication upon which a failed defamation claim is

based.” Callaway Land & Cattle Co. v. Banyon Lakes C. Corp., 831 So. 2d 204, 208

(Fla. 4th DCA 2002). In this context, “[w]hen claims are based on analogous

underlying facts and the causes of action are intended to compensate for the same

alleged harm, a plaintiff may not proceed on multiple counts for what is essentially

the same defamatory publication or event.” Klayman v. Judicial Watch, Inc., 22 F.

Supp. 3d 1240, 1256 (S.D. Fla. 2014), aff’d, No. 14-13855 (11th Cir. Feb. 17, 2015).

“The rule is designed to prevent plaintiffs from circumventing a valid defense to

defamation by recasting essentially the same facts into several causes of action all

meant to compensate for the same harm.” Callaway Land & Cattle Co., 831 So. 2d

at 208 (quotation omitted).

San Juan, 2023 WL 1994087, at *9. 9 So, the single action rule may, in certain instances, prohibit

a plaintiff from bringing the type of claims alleged in Counts I, III, and IV when there is also a

defamation claim in the action.

Defendant contends that the defamation claims, “chill truthful speech” and are without merit. Doc.

31 at 27-28. Whether Plaintiff’s defamation claims are meritorious remains a question, but

Plaintiff has at least stated a claim for defamation.

9 The San Juan court explains further:

Based on this rule, Florida courts regularly preclude tortious interference claims

that factually overlap defamation claims. For example, in Tobinick v. Novella, No.

9:14-cv-80781, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8085, 2015 WL 328236 (S.D. Fla Jan. 23,

Here, Defendant’s entire argument on this issue is a page of citations to case law and the

unhelpful conclusion that Defendant is entitled to dismissal on the related, non-defamation

claims.10 While Defendant asserts that “Plaintiff’s claims are garden variety defamation claims,”

2015), which involved facts similar to this case, the plaintiffs asserted claims based

on the defendant’s publication of two articles on an internet website and filed a

complaint alleging five separate counts: violations of the Lanham Act, 15 U.S.C. §

1125(a); unfair competition under 28 U.S.C. § 1338(b),trade libel, libel per se, and

tortious interference. The Tobinick court found that the plaintiffs’ tortious

interference claim involved the same allegedly false and/or defamatory statements

made in the two articles published by the defendant. Therefore, the tortious

interference claim was dismissed based on the single action rule.

Similarly, in Hill v. Allianz Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., No: 6:14-cv-950-Orl-41KRS,

2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 31101, 2016 WL 872936 (M.D. Fla. 2016), the court found

that “Plaintiff's tortious interference claim is based on the same publication and

underlying facts as his failed defamation claim. Plaintiff not only relies on the same

conduct and alleged publication to support his claim, but his tortious interference

claim explicitly incorporates the factual allegations of his defamation claim.” As

such, summary judgment was granted in the defendant’s favor on a tortious

interference claim based on the single publication/single action rule.

However, it should be noted that tortious interference claims are not precluded by

the single publication/single action rule where they include conduct that is factually

different from the defamation claim. Geller v. Von Hagens, No. 8:10-cv-1688-

EAK-AEP, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 62435, 2011 WL 2434217, at *4 (M.D. Fla.

June 13, 2011) (denying summary judgment on a tortious interference claim where

the plaintiff's claim was based on conduct separate from the defamation

claim); Kamau v. Slate, No. 4:11CV522-RH/CAS, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 158213,

2012 WL 5390001, at *7 (N.D. Fla. Oct.1, 2012), report and recommendation

adopted, 2012 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 158211, 2012 WL 5389836 (N.D. Fla. Nov. 5,

2012) (tortious interference claim dismissed based on single publication/single

action rule, but plaintiffs given leave to file amended complaint with tortious

interference claim asserting conduct separate from defamation claim).

2023 WL 1994087, at *9.

10 Indeed, this section of Defendant’s motion fails to comply with Local Rule 3.01(a)’s requirement

that a motion contain a “legal memorandum supporting the request” for relief and, as such, is due

to be denied alternatively for a violation of the Local Rule.

there is no discussion of how the facts in Count II—the defamation claims—are the same or relate

to the underlying allegations in Counts I, III, and IV. This omission is a problem.

For example, a cursory review of Count IV shows that the fraud claim is based on

allegations appear quite different from the defamation claim. See Doc. 28 at 16-19, 20-23.

Particularly, the defamation claim is premised on Defendant’s alleged statements published on the

Website, but the fraud count relates to Defendant’s alleged use or attempted use of Plaintiff’s

identity without authorization to create and publish the Website. Doc. 28 at 21. In Count IV,

Plaintiff alleges that Defendant fraudulently used Plaintiff’s information to solicit, register, and

maintain the Website “under the guise and false impression that Plaintiff himself had registered it

in order to hide Defendant’s involvement in the same.” Id. Since the allegations that support the

two claims—Counts II and IV—do not appear to overlap and are separate and distinct, some

explanation by Defendant is necessary to explain how the single action rule applies as Defendant

contends.

As to Count I, even though courts seem to regularly preclude tortious interference claims

under the single action rule, Plaintiff responds that the tortious interference claim here goes beyond

the publication of defamatory statements via the Website and explains that the “distinction and

difference” between the claims is subtle, but it exists. Doc. 37 at 20. But Plaintiff provides

absolutely no argument concerning Count III, the trade libel claim, perhaps conceding the

application of the single action rule to that claim.

Regardless, there remains a question as to whether the single action rule applies when a

plaintiff’s claim for defamation survives a motion to dismiss. Specifically, “Florida courts have

disagreed as to whether the single action rule applies only when the non-defamation torts are

associated with a failed defamation claim.” Markle v. Markle, 2023 WL 2711341, at *13 (M.D.

Fla. Mar. 30, 2023) (M.D. Fla. Mar. 30, 2023) (emphasis in the original). Since the Court has

determined that Plaintiff’s defamation claims will go forward, it is unclear if the single action rule

dictates dismissal of any overlapping claims. Without sufficient briefing of this issue by the

parties, the Court will not sua sponte embark on the journey to decide which authority to follow.

As a result, the Court will not, at this juncture, apply the single action rules to dismiss any of the

remaining claims.

2. Sufficiency of the Allegations (Count I)

Defendant also argues that the Court should dismiss the tortious interference claim because

the allegations supporting it are insufficient. Doc. 31 at 24.

To establish tortious interference with a business relationship in Florida, a plaintiff must

demonstrate: “(1) the existence of a business relationship, (2) the defendant’s knowledge of that

relationship, (3) an intentional and unjustified interference with the relationship, and (4) injury

resulting from the breach of the relationship.” Vibo Corp. v. Us Flue-Cured Tobacco Growers,

762 F. App’x 703, 706 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting Dunn v. Airline Pilots Ass’n, 193 F.3d 1185, 1191

(11th Cir. 1999)).

Defendant argues that “Plaintiff has failed to allege with any detail the established business

relationships that have been hindered by Defendant’s actions, nor any parties with whom he had

an ‘understanding’ that would have been completed had Defendant not posted the Website.” Doc.

31 at 24-25. Defendant argues that under Florida law, there is no cause of action for “interference

with ‘a business’s relationship to the community at large.’” Id. at 24, citing Ethan Allen, Inc. v.

Georgetown Manor, Inc., 647 So.2d 812, 814 (Fla. 1994). Defendant asserts that Plaintiff’s

conclusory allegation concerning “existing patients and prospective patients” is not sufficient

under the law. Id. at 25.

The Court does not agree. Plaintiff alleges in the Second Amended Complaint that

Defendant intentionally and improperly interfered with Plaintiff’s existing and prospective

business relationships, “namely its existing patients and prospective patients that have been

deterred from engaging Plaintiff for services as a result, either whole or in part, of the Website.”

Doc. 28 at14. Plaintiff adds that “[a] business with which Defendant was employed or otherwise

affiliated had a contractual relationship with OMNI prior to Defendant’s publication of the Website

and, as a result, Defendant was aware and intended that publishing the Website would harm

Plaintiff’s and Omni’s existing relationships with patients and potential relationships with

prospective patients.” Id. Plaintiff also claims that “Defendant induced or otherwise caused

existing patients of Plaintiff to discontinue obtaining medical services from him and further caused

prospective patients to seek medical services from other providers who were not the subject of

defamatory websites.” Id. at 15. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant hindered or caused termination

of existing and prospective relationships, and that resulted in harm. Id.

So, Plaintiff alleged more than just relationships with the “community at large.” The

pleading reflects a claim that Defendant’s alleged conduct interfered with identifiable existing

relationships with patients. The Court is unaware of any authority—and Defendant does not cite

to any—that stands for the proposition that a plaintiff must “detail the established business

relationships” in the pleading. See Cain & Bultman. v. Evolutions Flooring, Inc., 2022 WL

19298813, at *3 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 15, 2022), report and recommendation adopted by 2023 WL

2681866) (M.D. Fla. Jan. 31, 2023) (finding that although the plaintiff did not name specific

customers, it adequately alleged ongoing business relationships that could be identified in

discovery and did not make vague assertions that only identify the community at large) (citing

Burge v. Ferguson, 619 F. Supp. 2d 1225, 1238 (M.D. Fla. 2008); Nautica Int’l, Inc. v. Intermarine

USA, L.P., 5 F. Supp. 2d 1333, 1344-45 (S.D. Fla. 1998) (it was sufficient for the complaint to

allege that the defendant interfered with relationships between the plaintiff and “foreign

governments who intended to purchase [from the plaintiff],” without identifying the foreign

governments); KLS Martin, Inc. v. Medical Modeling, Inc., 2018 WL 8139133, at *8 (M.D. Fla.

Dec. 17, 2018) (to state a claim for tortious interference, “no particular contract need be

evidenced. A plaintiff must only show that ‘an understanding between the parties would have been

completed had the defendant not interfered.’”) (quoting Landry v. Hornstein, 462 So. 2d 844, 846

(Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1985)). Accordingly, Defendant’s argument on this point fails.

3. Sufficiency of the Allegations (Count IV)

Defendant similarly argues that the Court should dismiss the fraud claim because the

allegations supporting it are insufficient. Doc. 31 at 24. There is a different outcome for Plaintiff’s

fraud claim.

The elements of common law fraud under Florida law are “(1) a false statement concerning

a material fact; (2) the representor's knowledge that the representation is false; (3) an intention that

the representation induce another to act on it; and (4) the consequent injury by the party acting in

reliance on the representation.” Omnipol A.S. v. Multinational Def. Servs., LLC, 32 F.4th 1298,

1307 (quoting Butler v. Yusem, 44 So. 3d 102, 105 (Fla. 2010)); see also Ambrosia Coal & Constr.

Co. v. Pages Morales, 482 F.3d 1309, 1316-17 (11th Cir. 2007) (noting under Rule 9(b), a party

alleging fraud must “state with particularly the circumstances constituting fraud” and a complaint

must contain facts which establish (1) the precise statements, documents, or misrepresentations

made, (2) the time and place of, and person responsible for the statement, (3) the content and

manner in which the statements misled the Plaintiff, and (4) what the Defendant gained by the

alleged fraud).11

Here, Plaintiff claims that Defendant obtained Plaintiff’s postal address and falsely

represented that he was Plaintiff and had authorization to identify Plaintiff as the owner or

publisher of the Website. Doc. 28 at 22. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant intended that third parties

involved in the creation and publication of the Website and the public believed that Plaintiff

created and published it. Id.

Defendant requests dismissal because Plaintiff fails to allege sufficient particularized facts

to support a claim for fraud. Doc. 31 at 25. Particularly, Defendant contends that Plaintiff fails to

allege that anyone relied on the information Defendant provided when he registered the Website

or that there was a resulting injury for the registration. Doc. 31 at 26. Defendant states that even

though Plaintiff claims an injury to himself, there is no allegation that he relied on Defendant’s

representations or acted in reliance on the information. Id. The Court agrees with Defendant.

Plaintiff does not spend much effort disputing Defendant’s argument but does mention that

“[w]hen it comes to the fourth element, however, a plaintiff need only demonstrate a causal link

between the fraud alleged to have been perpetrated by the defendant and his injuries.” Doc. 37 at

6, citing Simon v. Celebration Co., 883 So.2d 826, 833 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004). Plaintiff’s point is

unclear. Regardless, Plaintiff does not allege that anyone—not even Plaintiff—suffered injury due

11 In the Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff cites to Florida Statutes sections 817.568 and

817.569 regarding the criminalization of using the personal information of another person without

authorization and the knowing use of a public record in the commission of a misdemeanor. Doc.

28 at 20, 21. It is not clear from the pleading if Plaintiff claims that these statutes offer a private

cause of action(s) or if they hold any other relevance. See id. Defendant, therefore, analyzes the

claim under Florida common law fraud and in the Response, Plaintiff does the same. Docs. 31 at

25; 37 at 6.

to reliance on Defendant’s misrepresentation regarding the registration of the Website. See Doc.

28 at 22. So, the Court is not convinced that there is an adequate “causal link.”

As such, Count IV is due to be dismissed for failure to state a claim for fraud. See Dawley

v. Nf Energy Corp. of Am., 2011 WL 13298730, at *3 (M.D. Fla. July 19, 2011) (finding that the

plaintiff failed to state a claim for fraud as he did not allege that he suffered an injury as a result

of acting in reliance on the representation); Shaprio v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 2019 U.S. Dist.

102631, at *9 (S.D. Fla. June 18, 2019) (“Plaintiff’s fraud claims fail because Plaintiff has not

sufficiently alleged any false statement or omission by Defendants, and his reliance thereon.”);

Conseco Ins. Co. v. Clark, 2006 WL 2024401, at *3 (M.D. Fla. July 17, 2006) (granting a motion

to dismiss on a Florida common law fraud claim because there was no allegation, in part, that the

plaintiff relied on the correctness of the statements.); Miller v. Morris Commun. Co., 2005 WL

8159674, at *15 (M.D. Fla. July 22, 2005) (“Without such inducement, there could be no reliance

by Plaintiff on a false statement. When neither are proven, no claim for fraud exists.”).

C. Injunctive Relief

Defendant argues that the Court should dismiss Plaintiff’s request for permanent injunctive

relief because such an injunction would amount to an unconstitutional prior restraint. Doc. 31 at

21-22.

Before considering Defendant’s request, the Court notes three prefatory issues. First,

Plaintiff makes certain statements in the Response on this issue that are not necessarily reflected

in his pleading. Namely, Plaintiff states in the Response that injunctive relief is appropriate

because of Defendant’s “fraud.” Id. But Plaintiff did not plead entitlement to injunctive relief for

the fraud claim (Count IV), so it appears that Plaintiff’s reference to “fraud” relates to the alleged

defamation in Count II. The Court will treat it as such because that is what is pled.

Second, Plaintiff states in the Response that an exception exists to enjoin speech even

though temporary and permanent injunctive relief is not typically available with respect to

defamatory conduct. Id. Plaintiff adds that the “request for temporary and permanent injunctive

relief as set forth in Count II is proper.” Id (emphasis added). Plaintiff also discusses in the

Response the availability of preliminary injunctive relief with respect to false and defamatory

statements. Id. A review of the Second Amended Complaint, however, does not include a claim

for a temporary or preliminary injunction. Plaintiff cannot bring a claim for additional relief for

the first time in the Response. See Horowitz v. Pfizer Inc., 2021 WL 3679101, at *2 (M.D. Fla.

Aug. 19, 2021) (finding that the court should limit the scope of review to the four corners of the

complaint and not consider any new factual allegations or legal theories raised in responses to

motions to dismiss as the plaintiff did not move to amend the pleading) (citing George v. Pinellas

Cnty., 285 F.3d 1334, 37 (11th Cir. 2002)). So, while the Court is not dismissing a request for a

temporary or preliminary injunction, that is only because the Court finds that such a request does

not exist in this case.

Third, even had it been pled, the Court is not inclined to issue a temporary or preliminary

injunction as to the Website and its content when there has been no ruling or jury verdict on the

defamation issue. See Ward v. Triple Canopy, Inc., 2017 WL 3149431, at *5 (M.D. Fla. July 25,

2017) (granting a motion to dismiss to the extent the plaintiff sought a temporary restraining order

or preliminary injunction because “there are no circumstances here to justify overriding the strong

public interest against imposing a prior restraint to speech and issuing a temporary restraining

order or preliminary injunction as to speech that has not yet been found defamatory”).

Turning to the request for dismissal of the injunctive relief that Plaintiff did plead,

Defendant claims that Plaintiff’s request for a permanent injunction is an improper prior restraint

of speech and publication. Doc. 31 at 21.

Typically, “[i]n the absence of some other independent ground for invoking equitable

jurisdiction, equity will not enjoin either an actual or threatened defamation,” and “a complainant

is typically left to his or her remedy at law.” Weiss v. Weiss, 5 So. 3d 758 (Fla. 5th DCA

2009) (citations omitted). “When a prior restraint takes the form of a court-issued injunction, the

risk of infringing on speech protected under the First Amendment increases.”) (quoting Neb. Press

Ass’n v. Stuart, 427 U.S. 539, 559, 96 S. Ct. 2791, 49 L. Ed. 2d 683 (1976)). Courts in this District

have, however, “previously held that a narrowly tailored injunction prohibiting speech already

found defamatory by the jury is not an invalid prior restraint when a judgment for monetary

damages would not afford the plaintiff effective relief from a continuing pattern of defamation.”

Ward, 2017 WL 3149431, at *5 (citing Saadi v. Maroun, 2009 WL 3617788, at *1 (M.D. Fla.

Nov. 2009); see also Wentz v. Project Veritas, 2018 WL 11252110, at *5 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 31, 2008)

(allowing the plaintiff’s claim for injunctive relief to go forward “[s]ince equity serves to enjoin

defamation in certain instances that may be applicable to [the plaintiff’s] case” and finding that at

the motion to dismiss stage “an inquiry as to whether awarding [the plaintiff] a monetary award is

appropriate and sufficient, as well as whether [the plaintiff] would be irreparably harmed if he is

not granted injunctive relief, is premature.”).

Here, Plaintiff claims in the Second Amended Complaint that he is seeking an injunction

that prohibits Defendant from “creating or publishing any and all Statements about Plaintiff this

Court adjudicates to be false and defamatory” and “orders Defendant to take all actions necessary

to remove the Website and the Statements from the internet.” Doc. 28 at 18-19. Plaintiff alleges

that there is no adequate remedy at law and Plaintiff has and will continue to suffer irreparable

harm if Defendant is not required to remove the defamatory statement and Website. Doc. 28 at

18.

Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiff has pled the requisite elements for a

permanent injunction and the request survives Defendant’s request for dismissal under Rule

12(b)(6). See Cnty. of Monroe, Fla. v. Priceline.com, Inc., 2009 WL 4890664, at *6 (S.D. Fla.

Dec. 17, 2009) (“To obtain a permanent injunction under Florida law, a plaintiff must ‘establish a

clear legal right [to the relief requested], an inadequate remedy at law, and that irreparable harm

will arise absent injunctive relief.’” (quoting Liberty Counsel v. Fla. Bar Bd. of Governors, 12

So.3d 183, 186 n.7 (Fla. 2009)).

V. Conclusion

Accordingly, Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 31) is GRANTED in part to the extent

that Plaintiff's fraud claim (Count IV) is hereby DISMISSED. The remainder of the Motion (Doc.

31) is DENIED.

The STAY on discovery is LIFTED.

ORDERED and ADJUDGED in Orlando, Florida on August 7, 2023.

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE