Bloomberg v. Blocker

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

JACKSONVILLE DIVISION

SARA BLOOMBERG,

Plaintiff,

v. Case No. 3:21-cv-575-TJC-LLL

JEREMIAH RAY BLOCKER, in his

personal and professional capacity

as the chair of St. Johns County

Board of County Commissioners and

as Commissioner for District 4, and

ST. JOHNS COUNTY BOARD OF

COUNTY COMMISSIONERS,

Defendants.

ORDER

This case requires the Court to determine whether Defendants St. Johns

County Board of County Commissioners and its Chair Jeremiah Ray Blocker

violated Plaintiff Sara Bloomberg’s constitutional rights when they declined to

consider a proclamation submitted by Bloomberg. This case is before the Court

on Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 18), to which Bloomberg responded

(Doc. 19).

I. BACKGROUND

Bloomberg is a citizen of St. Johns County, Florida, where Blocker is

Chair of the St. Johns County Board of County Commissioners. (Doc. 13 ¶¶ 9–

10). On March 8, 2021, Bloomberg emailed St. Johns County Commissioner

Henry Dean about a proclamation celebrating “LGTBQ [sic] civil rights progress

and the contributions of LGBTQ individuals to the St. Johns County

community . . . .” Id. ¶ 12. Commissioner Dean responded that he supported the

proposed proclamation and would approach the Chair about placing it on the

agenda for consideration by the Board. Id. ¶ 13. Later, Michael Ryan, the St.

Johns County Assistant Director of Public Affairs in the Office of the County

Administrator, called Bloomberg and said, “the Chair of the St. Johns County

Board of County Commissioners [Chairman Blocker] ultimately decides

whether to place a proclamation on the agenda.” Id. ¶ 14 (alterations in

original); (see also Doc. 13-2 ¶ 4). Ryan called Bloomberg again on April 28,

2021, to report that “they would not consider proclamations that were

‘controversial’ or ‘too far left or too far right,’ and therefore that the

proclamation would not come before the Board for consideration.” (Doc. 13

¶ 15).1

According to Bloomberg, “‘far left’ refers primarily to adherents of

Communism, Anarchism, or other extreme revolutionary ideals” and does not

1 In Ryan’s affidavit, which is attached to the First Amended Complaint,

he denies mentioning Chairman Blocker in his conversation with Bloomberg

and denies speaking with Chairman Blocker about the proclamation. (See Doc.

13-2 ¶ 7). However, on a motion to dismiss, the Court accepts the allegations in

the First Amended Complaint as true.

describe the LGBTQ proclamation, which Bloomberg attaches to the First

Amended Complaint (FAC). Id. ¶ 16–17; (Doc. 13-1). Bloomberg adds that St.

Augustine, the largest city in St. Johns County, and St. Augustine Beach have

issued nearly identical LGBTQ proclamations in the past. (Doc. 13 ¶ 17); (see

also Doc. 13-3). Additionally, President Joe Biden issued a proclamation in

honor of pride month on June 1, 2021, as Presidents Barack Obama and Bill

Clinton did before him. (Doc. 13 ¶¶ 18–19); (see also Docs. 13-4, 13-5).

Bloomberg also alleges that Ryan suggested that the Board does not

consider proclamations that are “national political topics.” (Doc. 13 ¶ 20).

Bloomberg contends that previous proclamations prove the contrary, including:

• A February 2021 Black History Month proclamation. Id.

• A 2019 Columbus Day proclamation, in the midst of national and local

controversy about the holiday’s origins and name. Id. ¶¶ 20–21.

• An October 2019 meeting where the Knights of Columbus, “a right wing,

anti-LGBTQ, religious organization,” spoke in favor of their own

proclamation. Id. ¶ 22; (see also Doc. 13-8).

Bloomberg takes issue with the fact that the “organization behind [the

Columbus Day proclamation] has spent well over $15 million dollars [sic] to

fight LGBTQ rights,” and that Chairman Blocker is affiliated with the Knights

of Columbus. (Doc. 13 ¶¶ 24–25); (see also Docs. 13-9 at 2; 13-10 at 2, 3, 6).

Bloomberg claims that “Chairman Blocker holds beliefs antithetical to the

fair and equal protection of LGBTQ Americans and their rights and seeks to

impose these beliefs upon St. Johns County residents through his personal

power as Chairman of the Board of County Commissioners.” (Doc. 13 ¶ 26).

Bloomberg alleges that Chairman Blocker himself declined to put the

proclamation on the Board’s agenda and claims that is supported by Ryan’s

affidavit and by Commissioner Dean’s statement to local news: “Let me put it

this way, I certainly support their cause and I would vote for it if it was on the

agenda, but I don’t have the authority to put it on the agenda.” Id. ¶¶ 27–28;

(see also Doc. 13-11 at 2). Bloomberg states that additional measures to

convince Chairman Blocker to consider the proclamation “have been met with

silence.” (Doc. 13 ¶ 29).

Bloomberg filed this lawsuit on June 3, 2021, with a corresponding

Motion for Temporary Restraining Order or Preliminary Injunction filed June

6, 2021. (Docs. 1, 4). The Court denied the Motion to the extent that it requested

a temporary restraining order, directed Bloomberg to provide notice to

Defendants, and set a hearing on the Motion for June 22, 2021. (Doc. 5).

Following oral argument at the hearing, and with the benefit of briefing from

both sides, the Court denied the Motion for Preliminary Injunction. (See Doc.

12). Bloomberg requested leave to file an amended complaint, which the Court

allowed. Id. at 2 n.1. Bloomberg filed the FAC (Doc. 13), and Defendants filed

the current Motion to Dismiss (Doc. 18).

Bloomberg alleges violation of freedom of speech under the First and

Fourteenth Amendments as well as Article I, Section 4 of the Florida

Constitution (Count I); violation of equal protection under the Fourteenth

Amendment as well as Article I, Section 2 of the Florida Constitution (Count

II); violation of Florida Statute § 286.011, Article I, Section 24 and Article III,

Section 4 of the Florida Constitution (Count III); violation of Florida

Statute § 286.0114 and Article I, Section 24 of the Florida Constitution (Count

IV); and violation of the St. Johns County Board of Commissioners Rule 4.303

(Count V). (See Doc. 13).

II. DISCUSSION

Defendants first argue that Bloomberg has not established standing

because Bloomberg has not shown a “‘legally protected interest’ that is ‘concrete

and particularized’ and that the Defendants violated [that interest].” (Doc. 18

at 9). However, as framed, this is not a true issue of standing. Rather, the Court

answers this question in its analysis of the sufficiency of Bloomberg’s claims.

A. Section 1983 Claims (Counts I, II)

As a preliminary matter, Florida law stipulates that “[t]he county

commissioners shall sue and be sued in the name of the county of which they

are commissioners.” FLA. STAT. § 125.15. Bloomberg has not articulated any

reason to sue Blocker in his individual capacity. He should be sued in his official

capacity alone, which is the equivalent of suing his office. See Will v. Michigan

Dept. of State Police, 491 U.S. 58, 71 (1989) (“[A] suit against a state official in

his or her official capacity is not a suit against the official but rather is a suit

against the official’s office.”); see also Busby v. City of Orlando, 931 F.2d 764,

776 (11th Cir. 1991).

Bloomberg brings the first two claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. To impose

§ 1983 liability on a county, a plaintiff must show: (1) that their constitutional

rights were violated; (2) that the county had a custom or policy that constituted

deliberate indifference to the constitutional right; and (3) that the policy or

custom caused the violation. McDowell v. Brown, 392 F.3d 1283, 1289 (11th Cir.

2004). As discussed below, because Bloomberg’s allegations fail to satisfy the

first requirement, the Court need not address the final two elements of

the § 1983 analysis.

1. Bloomberg has failed to allege a violation of the First Amendment.

In Count I, Bloomberg claims that Defendants’ alleged refusal to publicly

hear or put to a vote Bloomberg’s request for the LGBTQ pride proclamation

because it was too “controversial” or “far left” violated the First Amendment as

well as Article I, Section 4 of the Florida Constitution.2 (Doc. 13 ¶ 44).

2 “Florida courts have equated the scope of the Florida Constitution with

that of the Federal Constitution in terms of the guarantees of freedom of

speech . . . .” Dickerson v. Stuart, 877 F. Supp. 1556, 1559 n.1 (M.D. Fla.

1995) (citing Florida Canners Ass’n v. State, Dep’t of Citrus, 371 So.2d 503 (Fla.

1979)).

The First Amendment prohibits Congress from making laws that

“abridg[e] the freedom of speech,” U.S. CONST. amend I, and is applicable to the

states through the Fourteenth Amendment, N.Y. Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376

U.S. 254, 301 (1964). The law treats government speech different than private

speech. See Mech v. School Bd. of Palm Beach Cnty., Fla., 806 F.3d 1070, 1074

(11th Cir. 2015) (“The Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment restricts

government regulation of private speech; it does not regulate government

speech.”) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). “When government

speaks, it is not barred by the Free Speech Clause from determining the content

of what it says.” Walker v. Texas Div., Sons of Confederate Veterans, Inc., 576

U.S. 200, 207 (2015) (citing Pleasant Grove City v. Summum, 555 U.S. 460,

467–68 (2009)). In Walker, the Supreme Court discussed the reasons behind its

government speech jurisprudence:

That freedom [government speech not being barred by the Free

Speech Clause] in part reflects the fact that it is the democratic

electoral process that first and foremost provides a check on

government speech. Thus, government statements (and

government actions and programs that take the form of speech) do

not normally trigger the First Amendment rules designed to protect

the marketplace of ideas. Instead, the Free Speech Clause helps

produce informed opinions among members of the public, who are

then able to influence the choices of a government that, through

words and deeds, will reflect its electoral mandate . . . . It is not easy

to imagine how government could function if it lacked the freedom

to select the messages it wishes to convey . . . .

That is not to say that a government’s ability to express itself is

without restriction. Constitutional and statutory provisions outside

of the Free Speech Clause may limit government speech. And the

Free Speech Clause itself may constrain the government’s speech

if, for example, the government seeks to compel private persons to

convey the government’s speech. But, as a general matter, when the

government speaks it is entitled to promote a program, to espouse

a policy, or to take a position. In doing so, it represents its citizens

and it carries out its duties on their behalf.

Id. at 207–08 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). In sum, a

government entity may “speak for itself,” “say what it wishes,” and “select the

views that it wants to express.” Summum, 555 U.S. at 467–68 (citations and

quotation marks omitted). The backstop to that principle is that “[t]he

involvement of public officials in advocacy may be limited by law, regulation, or

practice,” and “[i]f the citizenry objects, newly elected officials later could

espouse some different or contrary position.” Id. at 468–69 (citing Bd. of Regents

of Univ. of Wis. Sys. v. Southworth, 529 U.S. 217, 235 (2000)).

“There may be situations in which it is difficult to tell whether a

government entity is speaking on its own behalf or is providing a forum for

private speech[.]” Id. at 470. Though the Supreme Court “has not articulated a

precise test” to determine what constitutes government speech versus private

speech, it has previously based its analysis on three factors. Mech, 806 F.3d at

1074. Those factors include the history of the type of speech, whether there is

the appearance of government endorsement of the message conveyed, and

whether the government maintains control over the message conveyed. Walker,

576 U.S. at 209–13 (finding that specialty license plates in Texas, designed by

private entities, were government speech); see also Summum, 555 U.S. at 470–

72 (finding that monuments designed by private entities were government

speech); Mech, 806 F.3d at 1075–79 (finding that private advertisement

banners at a school were government speech). “The fact that private parties

take part in the design and propagation of a message does not extinguish the

governmental nature of the message or transform the government’s role into

that of a mere forum-provider.” Walker, 576 U.S. at 217.

Bloomberg’s First Amendment claims hinge on whether St. Johns

County’s proclamations are government speech or private speech. Here, the

type of speech is a proclamation that, though written by an individual person

or group, is adopted and communicated by elected officials at County

Commission meetings. Historically, past proclamations have been on topics

such as 4-H week, domestic violence awareness month, arts and humanities

month, Whitney Labs, and Columbus Day, and they include a place for an

elected official to sign at the bottom. (See Doc. 13-8 at 1–3). The proclamation

at issue includes the following language:

Now, therefore, I, under the authority vested in me as [] of St.

John’s [sic] County, Florida, do hereby proclaim St. John’s [sic]

County acknowledgment of pride history and the 52nd anniversary

of Stonewall. I call upon all citizens to celebrate the progress that

we have made, the contributions of the LGBTQIA+ community to

our city, to stand as an ally with our friends and neighbors in the

face of prejudice wherever it exists, and to embrace the great

diversity within our community.

(Doc. 13-1 at 1). Because the proclamation is written using “I,” with the

Commissioner or elected body speaking in the first person, and with a space for

the signature of an elected official at the bottom, the Commission endorses the

content of the proclamation. (See Doc. 18 at 6, 13 (“A proclamation is an official

document endorsed by the entire St. Johns County Board of County

Commissioners.”) (quoting the St. Johns County Government website)).

Furthermore, by choosing whether to place certain proclamations on the

agenda, the government maintains control over the message conveyed, even if

the message was originally crafted by a private citizen. Thus, all three factors

weigh in favor of proclamations as government speech.

Bloomberg attempts to distinguish “the decision as to whether the Board

would or would not issue a proclamation” from “the content-based restriction to

refuse to even put the LGBTQ Proclamation on the agenda . . . .” (Doc. 13 ¶ 35).

Bloomberg claims that the latter is “an unlawful restraint” and that “[p]utting

the LGBTQ Proclamation up for a vote is no more ‘government speech’ than a

ballot initiative being placed on a ballot is ‘government speech’ or an

‘endorsement’ of that initiative.” Id. ¶ 35–36. However, the Board’s (or the

Chair’s) decision whether to place an item on the agenda is not speech of an

individual to which First Amendment safeguards apply. The Eleventh Circuit

has upheld local governments’ right to control meeting agendas without

running afoul of the First Amendment. See, e.g., Jones v. Heyman, 888 F.2d

1328, 1333–34 (11th Cir. 1989) (affirming ability of presiding officer to confine

public comment to agenda topics).

Bloomberg points to seminal First Amendment cases, but those cases

address a citizen’s right to free speech and not government speech. Cf. Reed v.

Town of Gilbert, 576 U.S. 155, 163 (2015); Wollschlaeger v. Governor, Fla., 848

F.3d 1293, 1307–08 (11th Cir. 2017). Neither the decision to place the particular

proclamation on the agenda for a vote nor the decision to not issue the

proclamation inhibit Bloomberg’s (or other non-government actors’) First

Amendment rights.3 Even accepting the allegations in the FAC, the decision

not to consider the proclamation is government speech, and the Free Speech

Clause therefore does not apply. Count I is dismissed.

2. Bloomberg has failed to allege a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Bloomberg claims that Defendants’ refusal to publicly hear or put to a

vote the request for the LGBTQ pride proclamation violated Equal Protection

under the Fourteenth Amendment and Article I, Section 2 of the Florida

Constitution. 4 (Doc. 13 ¶¶ 45–53). The Equal Protection Clause of the

3 There are no allegations that Bloomberg was denied the opportunity to

speak at any Board meeting.

4 Florida law is analyzed the same as federal law with regards to Equal

Protection. Sasso v. Ram Prop. Mgmt., 431 So. 2d 204, 211 (Fla. 1st DCA 1983),

approved, 452 So. 2d 932 (Fla. 1984) (“As noted by this court in Schreiner v.

McKenzie Tank Lines & Risk Mgmt. Servs., Inc., 408 So.2d 711 (Fla. 1st DCA

1982), approved, 432 So.2d 567 (Fla. 1983), the Florida Constitution’s Equal

Protection Clause was intended by the framers and adopters of our state

Fourteenth Amendment bars states from “deny[ing] to any person within its

jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1.

“[T]he courts have themselves devised standards for determining the validity of

state legislation or other official action that is challenged as denying equal

protection.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439–40

(1985). Equal Protection cases typically involve “governmental classification

and treatment that affects some discrete and identifiable group of citizens

differently from other groups.” Corey Airport Servs., Inc., v. Clear Channel

Outdoor, Inc., 682 F.3d 1293, 1296 (11th Cir. 2012).

While it’s true that the Board has endorsed other proclamations in the

past, Bloomberg’s Equal Protection claim fails because there is no legal right to

compel the Board to hear or vote on a proposed proclamation that will

ultimately become the Board’s own speech. Under Florida law, the agenda is

made at the discretion of the Chair and the Board. See FLA. STAT. §§ 125.01(1),

125.73(1). In making the decision whether to consider a proclamation, the Board

decides what the Board is willing to communicate; it does not inhibit the rights

of private citizens. Though a citizen proposing a proclamation may be

disappointed that the Board will not consider it, the Board’s decision is

fundamentally about its own speech, and it is not required to endorse all

constitution to function in a manner similar to that embraced by the Fourteenth

Amendment.”).

messages or any particular message. Just as with any other policy disagreement

a citizen may have with an elected body, the citizen may advocate publicly on

the topic and resort to the ballot box. Count II is dismissed.

B. Florida State Claims (Counts III, IV, V)

Bloomberg brings three claims under Florida state law. Bloomberg

alleges that Defendants violated two of the Florida Constitution’s Sunshine

provisions and their accompanying statutes and the Board’s own rules.

1. Bloomberg has failed to allege a violation of Florida’s Sunshine Law.

Bloomberg alleges that Defendants’ decision to deny or publicly put the

LGBTQ proclamation to a vote outside any public meeting or forum and without

records violated Florida Statute § 286.011(1) and that Defendants violated

§ 286.0114 by removing the proposed proclamation from the Board’s agenda.

(Doc. 13 ¶¶ 64, 67).

Under Florida Statute § 125.01(1), the legislative and governing body of

a county has the power to carry on county government, including the power to

“[a]dopt its own rules of procedure, select its officers, and set the time and place

of its official meetings.” Section 286.011 of the Sunshine Law provides:

All meetings of any board or commission of any state agency or

authority or of any agency or authority of any county, municipal

corporation, or political subdivision, except as otherwise provided

in the Constitution, including meetings with or attended by any

person elected to such board or commission, but who has not yet

taken office, at which official acts are to be taken are declared to be

public meetings open to the public at all times, and no resolution,

rule, or formal action shall be considered binding except as taken

or made at such meeting. The board or commission must provide

reasonable notice of all such meetings.

FLA. STAT. § 286.011(1) (emphasis added). Bloomberg claims that discussion of

the proclamation should have been public and formalized. However, nothing in

the Sunshine Law required the Board to make public its decision not to take up

the proclamation. “Although the drawing up of an agenda is a matter related to

a noticed public meeting, it essentially is an integral part of the actual

mechanics and procedures for conducting that meeting and, therefore, aptly

relegated to local practice and procedure as prescribed by city charters and

ordinances.” Hough v. Stembridge, 278 So. 2d 288, 291 (Fla. 3d DCA 1973); see

also Grapski v. City of Alachua, 31 So. 3d 193, 199 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (“If the

meeting itself is properly noticed, chapter 286 does not require the

governmental entity to ‘give notice of potential deviation from a previously

announced agenda.’”) (quoting Law & Info. Servs., Inc. v. City of Riviera Beach,

670 So. 2d 1014, 1016 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996)). The St. Johns County rules task

the Chair with setting the agenda for the Board, and do not mandate that the

Chair’s decisions to not publicly hear or put to a vote a proclamation, be made

public. Bloomberg does not sufficiently allege a violation of Florida

Statute § 286.011(1); Count III is dismissed.

Count IV alleges that Defendants’ violated Florida Statute § 286.0114(2)

which provides:

(2) Members of the public shall be given a reasonable opportunity

to be heard on a proposition before a board or commission. The

opportunity to be heard need not occur at the same meeting at

which the board or commission takes official action on the

proposition if the opportunity occurs at a meeting that is during the

decisionmaking process and is within reasonable proximity in time

before the meeting at which the board or commission takes the

official action. This section does not prohibit a board or commission

from maintaining orderly conduct or proper decorum in a public

meeting. The opportunity to be heard is subject to rules or policies

adopted by the board or commission, as provided in subsection (4).

(emphasis added). Importantly, however, § 286.0114 also contains an

express exemption for ministerial acts, including proclamations:

(3) The requirements in subsection (2) do not apply to: . . .

(b) An official act involving no more than a ministerial act,

including, but not limited to, approval of minutes and ceremonial

proclamations[.]

§ 286.0114(3) (emphasis added). If § 286.0114(2) does not apply to ministerial

acts or the approval of ceremonial proclamations, then it logically follows that

it does not apply to the decision whether to put a proclamation on the agenda.

Count IV is also dismissed.

2. Bloomberg has failed to allege a private cause of action for violations of the

Board’s rules.

Rule 4.303 of the St. Johns County Board Rules and Policies provides

that:

Changes to the Regular Agenda may be proposed by any

Commissioner, the County Administrator or the County Attorney.

Changes to the Regular Agenda must be approved by majority vote.

(Doc. 10-1 at 40). Bloomberg claims that Defendants ran afoul of this rule by

failing to take a vote on whether the proposed proclamation should have been

added to the Board’s meeting agenda. (Doc. 13 ¶ 74). There is no basis for a

private cause of action under the Board’s own rules, which are “for the efficient

operation of the Board;” non-compliance with the rules does not invalidate any

Board action. (Doc. 10-1 at 9); cf. Koehler v. Treasure Coast Carwash, LLC, No.

2:16-CV-14106, 2016 WL 3878464, at *1–2 (S.D. Fla. July 18, 2016) (noting that

federal courts should exercise caution when implying a private cause of action

in state laws that have not expressly created a cause of action). Additionally,

the FAC does not allege that Commissioner Dean made a request to include the

proclamation on the agenda that was improperly denied. Thus, Count V is

dismissed.

III. CONCLUSION

It is not for the Court to evaluate the wisdom of the Board’s decision not

to take up this proclamation. Rather, the Court’s role is limited to determining

whether the Board’s action (or inaction) violated either the federal or state

constitution or Florida law. It did not. And, having given Bloomberg the

opportunity to amend the complaint already, the Court determines that further

amendment would be futile. The dismissal will be with prejudice.

Accordingly, it is hereby

ORDERED:

1. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss First Amended Complaint (Doc. 18) is

GRANTED. Plaintiffs First Amended Complaint (Doc. 13) is DISMISSED

with prejudice.

2. The Clerk should terminate any pending motions or deadlines and close

the file.

DONE AND ORDERED in Jacksonville, Florida the 17th day of

February, 2022.

Oe > Cimotheg 9. Corrig an

(Nw) TIMOTHY J. CORRIGAN

SS —-United States District Judge

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Copies:

Counsel of record

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