The opinion
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
MIDDLE DISTRICT OF FLORIDA
TAMPA DIVISION
JERARD BROWN and
ELIZABETH CARDONA,
Plaintiffs,
v. Case No. 8:18-cv-2838-T-24 JSS
VIVINT SOLAR, INC., ET AL.,
Defendants.
______________________________/
ORDER
This cause comes before the Court on Vivint’s Motion to Exclude Expert Witness Report
and Testimony (Doc. No. 68), in which Mosaic joins (Doc. No. 69). Plaintiffs oppose the
motion. (Doc. No. 82). As explained below, the motion is granted in part and denied in part.
I. Background
Plaintiffs Jerard Brown and Elizabeth Cardona bring this lawsuit alleging violations of
the Fair Credit Reporting Act (“FCRA”) by Defendants. Defendant Vivint Solar, Inc. is the
parent company of Defendant Vivint Solar Developer, LLC (collectively referred to as “Vivint”),
and they sell solar panels. Defendant Solar Mosaic, Inc. (“Mosaic”) is a financing company that
finances solar energy systems.
Vivint’s door-to-door salesmen go to potential customers’ houses to attempt to sell Vivint’s
solar panels. These salesmen have iPads with them, on which a potential customer can access
Mosaic’s online credit application to apply for financing for the purchase of Vivant’s solar panels.
Plaintiffs contend that Vivint’s salesmen came to their houses and completed Mosaic’s online credit
application in Plaintiffs’ names without Plaintiffs’ knowledge or consent. Thus, Plaintiffs contend
that all three defendants acted together through Vivint’s door-to-door salesmen to obtain Plaintiffs’
credit reports under false pretenses and without any permissible purpose or authorization.
Plaintiffs intend to call Evan Hendricks at trial to provide expert testimony regarding the
FCRA, Defendants’ compliance with the FCRA, and the damages that can be expected to result from
non-compliance. Defendants ask the Court to exclude Hendricks from testifying at trial regarding the
opinions that he expressed in his expert report.1 Defendants contend that Hendricks’ expert
testimony does not meet the stringent requirements of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 and Daubert v.
Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 597 (1993).
II. Standard of Review
This Court performs “a gatekeeping role” regarding admissibility of expert testimony. See
Daubert, 509 U.S. at 597. Federal Rule of Evidence 702 provides the following:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training,
or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if: (a) the expert's
scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to
understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue; (b) the testimony is based
on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the product of reliable principles and
methods; and (d) the expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the
facts of the case.
FRE 702. The proponent of the expert testimony has the burden of showing, by a preponderance
of the evidence, that the testimony satisfies each of the following prongs:
(1) the expert is qualified to testify competently regarding the matters he intends to
address; (2) the methodology by which the expert reaches his conclusions is
sufficiently reliable as determined by the sort of inquiry mandated in Daubert; and
(3) the testimony assists the trier of fact, through the application of scientific,
technical, or specialized expertise, to understand the evidence or to determine a fact
in issue.
Hendrix ex rel G.P. v. Evenflo Co., 609 F.3d 1183, 1994 (11th Cir. 2010).
1 Hendricks’ expert report can be found at Document Number 126-15.
III. Motion to Exclude Expert Witness
In the instant motion, Defendants ask the Court to exclude Hendricks from testifying at trial,
because: (1) Hendricks is not qualified to opine on all of the issues he intends to testify about; (2) his
opinions are not based on sound methodology; and (3) his testimony will not assist the jury.
Accordingly, the Court will address each argument.
A. Qualifications
Defendants argue that Hendricks is not qualified to opine on all of the issues he intends to
testify about. Hendricks’ qualifications include 33 years studying and publishing on credit reporting
issues. He has also written a book on credit reports, as well as testified as an expert witness in many
state and federal FCRA cases. He has also testified before Congress on many occasions as an expert
on credit reporting.
The Eleventh Circuit has stated the following regarding experts being qualified based on their
experience:
[E]xperts may be qualified in various ways. While scientific training
or education may provide possible means to qualify, experience in a
field may offer another path to expert status. In fact, the plain
language of Rule 702 makes this clear: expert status may be based
on “knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education.” . . . The
Committee Note to the 2000 Amendments of Rule 702 also explains
that “[n]othing in this amendment is intended to suggest that
experience alone ... may not provide a sufficient foundation for
expert testimony.” . . . [T]he Committee Note to the 2000
Amendments of Rule 702 expressly says that, “[i]f the witness is
relying solely or primarily on experience, then the witness must
explain how that experience leads to the conclusion reached, why
that experience is a sufficient basis for the opinion, and how that
experience is reliably applied to the facts.
U.S. v. Frazier, 387 F.3d 1244, 1260-61 (11th Cir. 2004).
Based on the above, Hendricks is qualified to testify about the FCRA generally and credit
reporting issues. Defendants contend that he is not qualified to testify regarding Defendants’
management of their employees, as well as Defendants’ training, policies, or procedures. Plaintiffs
respond that Hendricks is qualified to opine about Defendants’ policies and procedures for preventing
unauthorized privacy invasions. The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that to the extent that Hendricks
opines regarding the industry standards for preventing privacy invasions, as well as comparing
Defendants’ conduct to industry standards, such is within his experience and expertise, such that he is
qualified to render such opinions. See Williams v. First Advantage LNS Screening Solutions Inc.,
2015 WL 9690018, at *2 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 31, 2015)(concluding that “Hendricks’ experience qualified
him as an expert on consumer reports . . . and industry standards pertaining to FCRA compliance”);
McDonough v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 2016 WL 4944099, at *2 (E.D. Mo. Sept. 30,
2016)(finding that Hendricks’ experience qualified him to testify regarding standard credit reporting
policies and procedures).
Defendants also content that Hendricks is not qualified to opine regarding Plaintiffs’ damages
or the emotional and physical damages that generally arise from FCRA violations. Plaintiffs respond
that Hendricks is qualified to testify regarding the emotional and physical damages that can arise
from a consumer’s loss of control over their private information, because he has studied this issue for
more than 30 years.
The Court agrees with Defendants that Hendricks is not qualified to opine regarding
Plaintiffs’ emotional or physical damages or the emotional and physical damages that generally arise
from FCRA violations. See Malverty v. Equifax Information Services, LLC, 2019 WL 5549146, at
*2 (M.D. Fla. Oct. 28, 2019)(concluding that Hendricks could not testify regarding the plaintiff’s
emotional damages, nor could Hendricks testify regarding the types of damages that are common to
people in comparable situations); McDonough, 2016 WL 4944099, at *3 (finding that Hendricks
could not opine regarding the types of damages that are common to people in comparable situations).
Accordingly, the Court grants Defendants’ motion to the extent that Hendricks may not opine
regarding Plaintiffs’ emotional or physical damages or the emotional and physical damages that
generally arise from FCRA violations.2
B. Methodology
Next, Defendants argue that Hendricks’ opinions are not based on reliably sound
methodology. Defendants contend that Hendricks has no specialized knowledge to support his
opinions, and instead, he is simply a pro-plaintiff FCRA advocate that makes a living testifying
against defendants in FCRA cases.
The Eleventh Circuit has stated the following regarding the evaluation of non-scientific,
experience-based expert testimony:
Sometimes the specific Daubert factors will aid in determining
reliability; sometimes other questions may be more useful. As a
result, “the trial judge must have considerable leeway in deciding in
a particular case how to go about determining whether particular
expert testimony is reliable.” Exactly how reliability is evaluated
may vary from case to case, but what remains constant is the
requirement that the trial judge evaluate the reliability of the
testimony before allowing its admission at trial.
Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1262 (internal citations omitted).
Plaintiff responds that Hendricks’ extensive experience studying and publishing on FCRA
issues provides a sufficient methodology to support his opinions. As explained by one court:
“As a prerequisite to making the Rule 702 determination that an
expert’s methods are reliable, the court must assure that the methods
are adequately explained.” There must be a connection between the
2 Hendricks is permitted to testify regarding the damage to a person’s credit report that may be
caused by a hard inquiry, as well as the risk of identity theft that can result from unauthorized
access.
witness' knowledge and the particular conclusions
drawn. Hendricks will opine on the reasonableness of [the
defendant’s] actions and/or inactions. His testimony is based on his
experience and research in FCRA matters. Thus, his method is
simply an application of his experience with and understanding of
the FCRA and the credit reporting industry to the facts at hand.
Although his methods are not meticulously detailed for every
conclusion, they can be understood and are reliable. Moreover,
“shaky but admissible evidence is to be attacked by cross
examination, contrary evidence, and attention to the burden of proof,
not exclusion.”
Valenzuela v. Equifax Information Services LLC, 2015 WL 6811585, at *2 (D. Ariz. Nov. 6,
2015)(internal citations omitted); see also Ma v. Equifax Information Services, LLC, 288 F.
Supp.3d 1360, 1366-67 (N.D. Ga. 2017)(finding that Hendricks’ methods were sufficiently
reliable and that the defendant’s objections went towards weight rather than admissibility).
In the instant case, the Court agrees with Plaintiffs and finds that Hendricks’ extensive
experience studying and publishing on FCRA issues provides a sufficient methodology to
support his opinions. Accordingly, the Court denies Defendants’ motion on this issue.
C. Assisting the Jury
Next, Defendants argue that Hendricks’ testimony will not assist the jury in understanding the
evidence or determining a fact in issue. The Eleventh Circuit has stated the following when
explaining the requirement that expert testimony must assist the trier of fact:
[E]xpert testimony is admissible if it concerns matters that are
beyond the understanding of the average lay person. Proffered
expert testimony generally will not help the trier of fact when it
offers nothing more than what lawyers for the parties can argue in
closing arguments.
Frazier, 387 F.3d at 1262-63 (internal citations omitted).
Defendants contend that many of Hendricks’ opinions: (1) are common sense observations
that the jury is capable of making on their own; (2) consist of speculation regarding Defendants’
motive, knowledge, and intent; and (3) are improper legal conclusions. There is some merit to this
argument, as explained below.
In the “Summary of Opinions” section of the expert report, Hendricks sets forth ten opinions.
The first two opinions—regarding hard inquiries and their effect on a credit file—are permissible
opinions that will aid the jury in understanding this case. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
opinions—that unauthorized access to credit information causes profound harm; that continued
complaints to the Better Business Bureau and the police show Defendants’ lack of concern about
customer privacy; and that Defendants’ sales quotas incentivize the salesman to access credit reports
without consent—are conclusions that that the jury may or may not come to, but they do not need
Hendricks’ opinion on these matters. Furthermore, Hendricks cannot opine as to Defendants’
motives, intent, or state of mind. See Valenzuela, 2015 WL 6811585, at *3; Anderson v. Equifax
Information Services, LLC, 2018 WL 1542322, at *5 (D. Kan. Mar. 29, 2018).
The seventh, eighth, and ninth opinions—that the salesmen obtained information about
potential customers without the customers’ knowledge and that the salesmen used that information to
fill out credit applications and Prospective Consumer Consent Forms (“PCCFs”) to initiate a credit
inquiry—is speculation. It has not been determined that the salesmen did, in fact, have access to such
information and did, in fact, use that information to fill out credit applications and PCCFs. If
Plaintiffs present evidence at trial that the salesmen did, in fact, have access to the information
required to fill out credit applications and PCCFs, then Hendricks can opine that it was possible for
the salesmen to fill out credit applications and PCCFs without obtaining the information from
customers. However, at this point, Hendricks’ opinions are based on speculation.
Hendricks’ tenth opinion is that Defendants lacked an adequate regime to prevent the
unauthorized access to Plaintiffs’ credit reports. Hendricks may testify regarding the industry
standards for preventing unauthorized access, whether Defendants’ procedures complied with
industry standards, and he can identify other measures that Defendants could have taken to prevent
the unauthorize access to Plaintiffs’ credit reports. See Malverty, 2019 WL 5549146, at *2; Zabriskie
v. Federal National Mortgage Assoc., 2016 WL 3653512, at *2 (D. Ariz. Apr. 22, 2016); Williams,
2015 WL 9690018, at *3-4; McDonough, 2016 WL 4944099, at *2; Anderson, 2018 WL 1542322, at
*6. However, Hendricks may not specifically state that he believes that Defendants’ procedures are
inadequate, that Defendants are at fault for the alleged unauthorized access to Plaintiffs’ credit
reports, or that Defendants violated the FCRA—those are determinations to be made by the jury. See
Malverty, 2019 WL 5549146, at *3; Zabriskie, 2016 WL 3653512, at *2; Williams, 2015 WL
9690018, at *3; McDonough, 2016 WL 4944099, at *3; Anderson, 2018 WL 1542322, at *6.
Additionally, the Court finds that Hendricks cannot testify regarding certain other portions of
his expert report. In his expert report, Hendricks provides a lot of legal history and background for
the FCRA that will not aid the jury. See Williams, 2015 WL 9690018, at *4 (limiting Hendricks’
testimony regarding the history of the FCRA3). For example, Hendricks may not testify about, or cite
to, the following: (1) case law to describe privacy rights (page 4); (2) the historical background of the
FCRA and Congressional findings (pages 5-6); and (3) FTC staff opinions (page 7). However,
Hendricks may provide background and context regarding the FCRA today.
It is also unnecessary for Hendricks to testify regarding the history of privacy rights.
Therefore, Hendricks will be precluded from testifying as to the matters set forth in his discussions of
the “Relevant Privacy History and Standards” (pages 9-12), as well as the “Invasion of Plaintiffs’
Privacy” (page 12).
3 The Williams court referred to the FCPA, but that appear to be a typo.
IV. Conclusion
Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that Defendants’ Motion to Exclude
Expert Witness Report and Testimony (Doc. No. 68, 69) is GRANTED IN PART AND
DENIED IN PART as set forth above.
DONE AND ORDERED at Tampa, Florida, this 26th day of March, 2020.
Susan C Sruekle, )
wes
SUSAN C. BUCKLEW
United States District Judge
Copies to: Counsel of Record