Lundstrom v. Young

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 BRIAN LUNDSTROM, Case No.: 18-cv-2856-GPC

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT

13 v. YOUNG’S MOTION FOR

ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS

14 CARLA YOUNG, an individual; LIGAND

PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.; LIGAND

15 [ECF No. 123]

PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. 401(k)

16 PLAN; and DOES 1 through 20,

17 Defendants.

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19 On November 10, 2022, Defendant Carla Young (“Defendant” or “Young”) filed a

20 Motion for Attorneys’ Fees. ECF No. 123. On December 28, 2022, Plaintiff Brian

21 Lundstrom (“Plaintiff” or “Lundstrom”) filed an Opposition. ECF No. 140. On January

22 10, 2023, Young filed a Reply. ECF No. 141. For the reasons below, the Court GRANTS

23 Defendant Young’s Motion for Attorneys’ Fees and Costs under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g).

24 FACTUAL BACKGROUND

25 The facts of this matter are well known to all parties involved. The Court briefly

26 recounts the history of this litigation as it pertains to Defendant Young.

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1 Plaintiff and Defendant Young married on or around August 21, 1998 in Seattle,

2 Washington and divorced on July 30, 2014 in Texas. ECF No. 92 (“SAC”) ¶¶ 16, 18. On

3 July 30, 2014, a Decree was signed that divided all marital property. Id. ¶ 18. On January

4 8, 2016, Plaintiff began employment with Ligand Pharmaceuticals (“Ligand”) and

5 commenced participation in the Ligand 401(k) Plan on or about April 1, 2016. Id. ¶¶ 19,

6 23. Further, as part of his compensation, Ligand granted Plaintiff 18,010 stock options.

7 Id. ¶ 26. Both the 401(k) Plan account and the stock options are at issue.

8 In his Second Amended Complaint (“SAC”), Plaintiff alleged that Defendant

9 Young and law firm KoonsFuller “surreptitiously” prepared a document purporting to be

10 a qualified domestic relations order (“QDRO”) seeking transfer of all the benefits in

11 Plaintiff’s 401(k) Plan account (the “401(k) QDRO”) to Defendant Young. Id. ¶ 30.

12 Plaintiff alleged he was not notified the 401(k) QDRO was submitted to the Texas court

13 and was not given an opportunity to review, approve, or contest the validity of the Order.

14 Id. ¶¶ 32-34.

15 As to the stock options, Plaintiff made similar allegations. He alleged that Young

16 and KoonsFuller prepared a document purporting to be a domestic relations order seeking

17 transfer of the 18,010 stock options from Plaintiff to Defendant Young (the “Stock

18 DRO”). Id. ¶ 39. Plaintiff states he was not given notice and thus not given an

19 opportunity to review, approve, or contest the validity of the Stock DRO. Id. ¶¶ 40-44.

20 PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

21 On December 20, 2018, Plaintiff filed his initial Complaint in this Court. ECF No.

22 1. On April 8, 2019, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Leave to file a first amended complaint,

23 (ECF No. 17), which the Court granted, (ECF No. 41). Plaintiff’s First Amended

24 Complaint (“FAC”) alleged five causes of action against Defendant Young. ECF No. 45.

25 Defendant Young filed a Motion to Dismiss, (ECF No. 46), and the Court granted

26 Young’s Motion, (ECF No. 64). The Court held that the Rooker-Feldman doctrine barred

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1 the federal claims and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the remaining

2 state law claims. ECF No. 64 at 21, 25.1

3 Lundstrom appealed to the Ninth Circuit. ECF No. 68. The Ninth Circuit affirmed

4 in part and reversed in part this Court’s Order. ECF No. 79. Specifically, the Ninth

5 Circuit held Rooker-Feldman did not bar all of Plaintiff’s federal claims and on remand,

6 instructed this Court “to consider any other defenses, including claim and issue

7 preclusion, in the first instance.” Id. at 6.

8 On May 25, 2022, Plaintiff filed his SAC. ECF No. 92. Plaintiff’s SAC alleged

9 five causes of action as to Defendant Young: (1) unjust enrichment; (2) conversion; (3)

10 equitable and injunctive relief under ERISA; (4) equitable and injunctive relief under

11 state law; and (5) breach of contract as intended third-party beneficiary. Id. ¶¶ 125-176.

12 Defendant Young filed a Motion to Dismiss the SAC. ECF No. 97. Plaintiff conceded

13 dismissal of the breach of contract claim. ECF No. 120 at 32-33. In its October 27, 2022

14 Order, the Court dismissed the four remaining claims against Defendant Young finding

15 them barred by collateral estoppel. Id. at 19. The four claims necessarily relied on

16 arguments that were considered and rejected by Texas state courts. Id.

17 LEGAL STANDARDS

18 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1) states that in an ERISA action, a “court in its discretion

19 may allow a reasonable attorney’s fee and costs of action to either party.” Although a fee

20 claimant does not need to be a prevailing party to be awarded fees pursuant to §

21 1132(g)(1) “a fee claimant must show ‘some degree of success on the merits.’” Simonia

22 v. Glendale Nissan/Infiniti Disability Plan, 608 F.3d 1118, 1120 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting

23 Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 244 (2010)). A “trivial success

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1 on the merits” or a “purely procedural victory” does not satisfy this requirement. Id. Only

2 after a court determines that the fee claimant achieved “some degree of success on the

3 merits” can the district court grant attorneys’ fees. Id. at 1121.

4 After a party has demonstrated success on the merits, a district court must consider

5 five factors to determine if an award of fees under ERISA is appropriate: (1) the degree

6 of the opposing parties’ culpability or bad faith; (2) the ability of the opposing parties to

7 satisfy an award of fees; (3) whether an award of fees against the opposing parties would

8 deter others from acting under similar circumstances; (4) whether the parties requesting

9 fees sought to benefit all participants and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or to resolve a

10 significant legal question regarding ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’

11 positions. Hummel v. S.E. Rykoff & Co., 634 F.2d 446, 453 (9th Cir. 1980). A district

12 court must consider these factors before awarding fees pursuant to § 1132(g)(1). Simonia,

13 608 F.3d at 1122 (“In order to grant fees under 29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)(1), courts must first

14 determine whether a litigant has achieved some degree of success on the merits. If so,

15 courts must then determine whether the Hummell factors weigh in favor of awarding that

16 litigant attorney’s fees. Only if both of these conditions are met may a district court

17 award fees.”).

18 If the court determines an award of attorneys’ fees is warranted, the court must

19 then decide what amount is reasonable. The Ninth Circuit “has adopted the hybrid

20 lodestar/multiplier approach used by the Supreme Court in Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461

21 U.S. 424 (1983), as the proper method for determining the amount of attorney’s fees in

22 ERISA actions.” Van Gerwen v. Guarantee Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.

23 2000). The Court must first determine the lodestar amount by multiplying the number of

24 hours expended by the hourly rate(s). Id. The fee claimant “must submit evidence

25 supporting the hours worked and the rates claimed.” Id. (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461

26 U.S. 424, 433 (1983)). A district court should pay close attention and “exclude from the

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1 lodestar amount hours that are not reasonably expended because they are ‘excessive,

2 redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.’” Id. (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 434). A court may

3 adjust the lodestar amount using a “multiplier” based on other factors not considered in

4 the initial calculation. Id. A multiplier should only be used in “rare and exceptional

5 cases” where the “lodestar amount is unreasonably low or unreasonably high.” Id.

6 DISCUSSION

7 I. Timeliness of Young’s Fee Request

8 As a threshold matter, Plaintiff argues that Defendant Young’s Motion for

9 Attorneys’ Fees is premature because a final judgment has not been entered as to all

10 claims and Defendants. ECF No. 138 at 7-8. Following the Court’s Order granting in part

11 and denying in part Defendant Ligand’s Motion to Dismiss, a few claims remain pending

12 against Ligand. See ECF No. 120. Plaintiff argues that Auke Bay Concerned Citizen’s

13 Advisory Council v. Marsh, 779 F.2d 1391 (9th Cir. 1986), requires there to be entry of

14 final judgment prior to an application for attorneys’ fees. ECF No. 138 at 8 (citing Auke

15 Bay Concerned Citizen’s Advisory Council v. Marsh, 779 F.2d 1391, 1393 (9th Cir.

16 1986) (“[A]n application for attorney fees under 28 U.S.C. § 2412(d) is timely only if (1)

17 the applicant files no more than 30 days after final judgment, and (2) the applicant is able

18 to show that he or she ‘is a prevailing party and is eligible to receive an award under this

19 subsection.’”)).

20 Defendant Young responds that final judgment is not required prior to a timely

21 application for attorneys’ fees. ECF No. 141 at 5. Young argues that the Ninth Circuit in

22 Auke Bay granted the Plaintiff’s request for interim attorneys’ fees because it found the

23 district court “substantially grant[ed] the applicant’s remedy” even though final judgment

24 had not yet been entered. Id. (quoting Auke Bay, 779 F.2d at 1393 (stating Equal Access

25 to Justice Act allows attorneys’ fee award when “a court order substantially grants the

26 applicant’s remedy before final judgment is entered”)). Auke Bay explains that the main

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1 concern behind the decision to grant an interim award of attorneys’ fees is whether it can

2 be properly determined if the fee claimant has “prevailed.” Auke Bay, 779 F.2d at 1393

3 (stating that allowing a fee award before the applicant’s remedy is substantially granted

4 means the “applicant would be unable to show that he or she had prevailed”).

5 The Court finds that Defendant Young’s application for attorneys’ fees is timely.

6 First, Auke Bay provides what is in effect a statute of limitations for filing a motion for

7 attorneys’ fees. Auke Bay states that a motion is timely “only if . . . the applicant files no

8 more than 30 days after final judgment.” Id. This does not imply that an attorneys’ fees

9 motion can only be filed once there is a final judgment; it simply implies the maximum

10 time limit for filing a motion for attorneys’ fees is 30 days after final judgment. See also

11 id. (stating the statute “establishes a clear date after which applications for attorney fees

12 must be rejected as untimely” but the statute is “less clear about a time before which

13 applications must be rejected”). Further, as a general matter, interim awards of attorneys’

14 fees under ERISA are not precluded in this Circuit. See Kayes v. Pacific Lumber Co., 51

15 F.3d 1149, 1469 (9th Cir. 1995) (holding that “interim attorney’s fees are available under

16 ERISA to the extent that they are available under civil rights statutes”).

17 II. Success on the Merits

18 District courts must determine whether an ERISA fee claimant has achieved “some

19 degree of success on the merits” before granting fees under the statute. Simonia, 608 F.3d

20 at 1119. This success must be more than “trivial” or a “purely procedural victory.” Id. at

21 1120. A claimant can satisfy this requirement “if the court can fairly call the outcome of

22 the litigation some success on the merits without conducting a ‘lengthy inquiry[y] into

23 the question whether a particular party’s success was substantial or occurred on a central

24 issue.’” Hardt., 560 U.S. at 255 (quoting Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club, 564 U.S. 680, 688

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1 Plaintiff does not dispute that Young has achieved “some success on the merits.”

2 This Court dismissed every cause of action against Defendant Young. See generally ECF

3 No. 120. Young’s success clearly was not “trivial” and was not purely procedural. The

4 Court finds this requirement met.

5 III. Hummel Factors

6 After determining that a fee claimant has achieve a degree of success on the merits,

7 a district court must consider the Hummel factors prior to awarding fees. Simonia, 608

8 F.3 at 1119. The factors are: (1) the degree of the opposing parties’ culpability or bad

9 faith; (2) the ability of the opposing parties to satisfy an award of fees; (3) whether an

10 award of fees against the opposing parties would deter others from acting under similar

11 circumstances; (4) whether the parties requesting fees sought to benefit all participants

12 and beneficiaries of an ERISA plan or to resolve a significant legal question regarding

13 ERISA; and (5) the relative merits of the parties’ positions. Id. at 1121. Although these

14 factors should guide a district court’s discretion, no one factor is determinative. Credit

15 Managers Ass’n of S. Cal. v. Kennesaw Life and Accident Ins. Co., 25 F.3d 743, 749 (9th

16 Cir. 1994). After considering these factors, the Court GRANTS Defendant Young’s

17 Motion.

18 The first factor weighs in favor of granting Defendant Young’s Motion. Although

19 bad faith is not proven simply because Lundstrom did not succeed on his claims against

20 Young, there is evidence this litigation was commenced and carried out in bad faith. At

21 their core, all of Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Young were that Young “is in

22 wrongful possession of [Plaintiff’s] assets for reasons including that the orders are an

23 improper division of post-marital assets and that Plaintiff lacked notice and therefore due

24 process as to the signing of the orders.” ECF No. 120 at 18. Plaintiff raised these

25 arguments in Texas courts, and his arguments were consistently rejected. He continues to

26 make these identical arguments at great expense to judicial resources.

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1 Further, it is not clear to the Court why Plaintiff did not attempt to modify the

2 401(k) QDRO or Stock DRO before the Texas courts in the first instance. Plaintiff argues

3 it is because he “was never notified about the QDRO or the Stock DRO prior to the Texas

4 Court’s issuance.” ECF No. 138 at 10. Whether Plaintiff received notice of the 401(k)

5 QDRO and Stock DRO has been a point of contention throughout this litigation.

6 However, it appears indisputable that Plaintiff received notice of the Texas court hearings

7 pertaining to these Orders. ECF No. 113-1 at 10 (quoting from oral argument before this

8 Court in which Plaintiff’s counsel admitted Plaintiff had notice of the Texas court hearing

9 authorizing the QDRO). Once pressed on this fact, Plaintiff clarified that his argument is

10 actually that he did not receive notice the orders were submitted to the Texas court for

11 signature. ECF No. 117 at 10. There was a subsequent question of law as to whether

12 notice of the signing of the Orders was required under Texas law or the United States

13 Constitution. See ECF No. 122 at 4. Nevertheless, even in his Response to the present

14 Motion, Plaintiff continues to edge dangerously close to making misrepresentations to the

15 Court. It is not true, as Plaintiff argues, that he “was never notified about the QDRO or

16 Stock DRO prior to the Texas Court’s issuance.” ECF No. 138 at 10. He was notified that

17 a hearing would take place concerning his unpaid child support and that he had the right

18 to be heard at such hearing. He did not take advantage of this right. He cannot continue to

19 argue that he lacked complete notice. Plaintiff’s relentless litigation on matters decided

20 by Texas state courts and his inadvertent, or perhaps intentional, misrepresentations

21 before this Court weigh in favor of awarding Defendant Young attorneys’ fees.

22 The second factor, ability to pay, also favors an award of attorneys’ fees. Plaintiff

23 does not argue his inability to pay as much as he argues Young has not met her burden to

24 prove he is able to pay. ECF No. 138 at 11-12. The Court disagrees. Young presents

25 evidence of many years of Plaintiff’s six-figure salary as well as the equity he received

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1 from various companies. See ECF No. 123-2 (“Young Decl.”). This factor weighs in

2 favor of awarding fees.

3 The third factor, whether a fee award would deter the opposing party from acting

4 under similar circumstances, similarly weighs in favor of fees. The third factor “is

5 generally aimed at protecting participants in employee benefit plans against the abuses or

6 administrative failures of the plan.” Honolulu Joint Apprenticeship and Training Comm.

7 of United Ass’n Loc. Union No. 675 v. Foster, 186 F. Supp. 2d 1114, 1122 (D. Haw.

8 2001). This is not a case in which a plan beneficiary is suing a plan administrator to hold

9 them accountable. See e.g., Mull v. Motion Picture Indus. Health Plan, 2017 WL 748980,

10 at *8 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 27, 2017) (awarding fees to deter ERISA administrators from only

11 enforcing selective provisions).

12 While Lundstrom may seek protection against alleged abuses by Ligand, the Court

13 has found that there was no basis for him to make an ERISA claim against Young.

14 Defendant Young and Plaintiff Lundstrom are ex-spouses who have been involved a

15 contentious dissolution and child support proceedings. An ERISA suit against Young

16 attempted to revisit rulings made by the Texas courts and needlessly prolonged the

17 proceedings against her. An attorneys’ fee award in this action would deter an ex-spouse

18 from challenging the validity of a state court order in federal court on superficial ERISA

19 grounds. Although Plaintiff’s action is not the typical ERISA action brought against a

20 plan administrator, the Court finds this type of action is worth deterring. The Court does

21 not want to swing the doors of federal court wide open for actions between aggrieved

22 spouses that belong in state court and, as in this action, actually were decided in state

23 court many years ago. The Court rejects the use of ERISA as a means for ex-spouses to

24 drag each other through endless litigation in federal court at great expense to all involved.

25 Thus, this factor weighs in favor of granting Defendant Young fees.

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1 The fourth factor weighs against granting Young’s Motion. Young is the party

2 requesting fees, and she did not intend to benefit all participants of an ERISA plan or to

3 resolve a significant legal question regarding ERISA. Young’s intent was to defend the

4 action against herself and prove she was not in wrongful possession of Plaintiff’s assets.

5 Her collateral estoppel defense does not benefit any other participants. Further, this factor

6 is likely to weigh against an award of attorneys’ fees when the action is not between

7 individual plan beneficiaries and “institutional litigants.” Tingey v. Pixley-Richards West,

8 Inc., 958 F.2d 908, 910 (9th Cir. 1992). Thus, the fourth factor cuts against Defendant

9 Young’s request.

10 The fifth factor as to the relative merits of the parties’ positions also weigh in favor

11 of granting Young fees. The Court granted Young’s Motion to Dismiss in its entirety and

12 did not rule in Plaintiff’s favor on any issue relating to Defendant Young. See generally

13 ECF No. 120. Although the Court engaged in a rigorous analysis regarding the

14 application of collateral estoppel and whether the issues raised in this action were fully

15 and fairly litigated in the Texas courts, the analysis was relatively straightforward. Every

16 argument advanced on how Defendant Young was in wrongful possession of Plaintiff’s

17 assets had been presented to, and uniformly rejected by, the Texas courts. See id. at 16-

18 19. For these reasons, the fifth factor supports an award of attorneys’ fees.

19 After considering the Hummel factors, the Court finds all but the fourth factor

20 weigh in favor of Defendant Young’s Motion. As a result, the Court GRANTS her

21 request for attorneys’ fees.

22 IV. Award Amount

23 The Court must now determine the appropriate amount of Young’s award. The

24 Ninth Circuit “has adopted the hybrid lodestar/multiplier approach used by the Supreme

25 Court in Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424 (1983), as the proper method for

26 determining the amount of attorney’s fees in ERISA actions.” Van Gerwen v. Guarantee

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1 Mut. Life Co., 214 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2000). The Court must first determine the

2 lodestar amount by multiplying the number of hours expended by the hourly rate(s). Id.

3 The fee claimant “must submit evidence supporting the hours worked and the rates

4 claimed.” Id. (citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983)).

5 Young requests $135,234.20 for a total of 263.32 hours of work. ECF No. 123-1 at

6 18. Young states that she requests “reasonable, and reduced fees to the Court” because

7 she “did not include any fees directly related to Lundstrom’s appeal, Young’s petition to

8 the Supreme Court of the United States, or Young’s two motions for sanctions which

9 were denied by this Court.” Id. Young claims she “only seeks fees directly and indirectly

10 related to the defense of this matter and achieving the success on the merits which

11 resulted in the complete dismissal of all claims against her.” Id. Defendant Young’s

12 attorney submitted a billing summary. See ECF No. 123-5 (Exh. A to Barnes Decl.).

13 Lundstrom challenges the amount of attorney fees sought on the basis that the fees

14 are unreasonable because Young’s attorney is an employment attorney and has not

15 provided a prevailing rate for attorneys specializing in ERISA cases. Given that ERISA

16 involves employment retirement rights, the Court finds that attorney fees for employment

17 attorneys provide a proper fit in determining a reasonable hourly rate in this case.

18 Lundstrom also argues that the attorney fees are excessive because, of the five claims

19 against Ms. Young, only one was an ERISA claim and counsel has failed to break out the

20 amount of work performed on the ERISA claim.

21 The Court finds that the ERISA claim and the state law claims are inextricably

22 intertwined. The Court has previously observed that, at their core, all of Plaintiff’s

23 claims asserted that Young “is in wrongful possession of [Plaintiff’s] assets for reasons

24 including that the orders are an improper division of post-marital assets and that Plaintiff

25 lacked notice and therefore due process as to the signing of the orders.” ECF No. 120 at

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1 18. Given that the core issues overlap, the attorney hours devoted to challenging the non-

2 ERISA claims were required to defend the ERISA cause of action.

3 However, the Court reduces the amount requested by 50% to reflect the degree of

4 success Defendant Young has achieved throughout the course of this litigation. See

5 Aguirre v. Los Angeles United School Dist., 461 F.3d 1114, 1118 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing

6 Hensley, 461 U.S. at 430 (stating that the level of success is “relevant to the amount of

7 fees to be awarded”)). The district court has discretion to reduce a requested fee award,

8 and “[t]here is no precise rule or formula” to determine an appropriate reduction.

9 Hensley, 461 U.S. at 436. A court “may attempt to identify specific hours that should be

10 eliminated, or it may simply reduce the award to account for the limited success.” Id. at

11 436-37.

12 Although this Court dismissed all claims against Defendant Young, not all of

13 Defendant Young’s arguments raised throughout the course of this four-year litigation

14 were successful and relevant to her ultimate success on collateral estoppel grounds. For

15 example, fees expended in relation to the Rooker-Feldman doctrine are not fairly

16 recoverable because the Ninth Circuit reversed this Court’s ruling in part after finding

17 Rooker-Feldman did not bar the majority of Plaintiff’s claims against Defendant Young.

18 Fees devoted to issues such as personal jurisdiction, venue transfer, subject matter

19 jurisdiction, and sanctions are also not recoverable because Defendant Young did not

20 achieve success on these grounds. See e.g., ECF No. 123-5 at 3 (“Finalize initial legal

21 analysis of procedural defenses based upon subject matter and personal jurisdiction” and

22 “[e]xchange e-correspondence with Mr. Barnes regarding application of Rooker-Feldman

23 Doctrine”); id. at 5 (“Draft legal arguments for Rooker-Feldman and personal

24 jurisdiction”); id. at 27 (“Continue drafting procedural and factual background to motion

25 to transfer”).

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1 After reviewing the billing summary submitted as Exhibit A to Brook Barnes’s

2 || Declaration, (ECF No. 123-5), the Court concludes the appropriate amount of attorneys’

3 || fees in this action is the requested amount, $135,234.20, multiplied by 50%, or

4 ||$67,617.10. This reflects the approximate amount of fees expended on the successful

5 collateral estoppel defense. In addition, costs in the requested amount of $1,246.58 are

6 || also recoverable.

7 CONCLUSION

8 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Defendant Young’s Motion for

9 || Attorneys’ Fees in the amount of $67,617.10 and costs in the amount of $1,246.58.

10 IT IS SO ORDERED.

11 Dated: January 27, 2023 2

12 Hon. athe Ck

13 United States District Judge

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