“A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that 24 my not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all”
How later courts described this case
- “A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that 24 my not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 JOHN DOE, et al., Case No.: 3:21-cv-1809-LL-MDD
12 Plaintiffs,
ORDER REGARDING PLAINTIFFS’
13 v. SHOW CAUSE SUBMISSION
REGARDING JUSTICIABILITY OF
14 SAN DIEGO UNIFIED SCHOOL
CASE [ECF No. 55];
DISTRICT, et al.
15
Defendants. ORDER DENYING AS MOOT
16
PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO
17 CONTINUE PROCEEDING
PSEUDONYMOUSLY [ECF No. 54]
18
19 ORDER DISMISSING AMENDED
COMPLAINT
20
21
22
Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Response to the Court’s Order to Show Cause
23
re: Justiciability (ECF No. 55), and Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ Order to Show
24
Cause Submission. ECF No. 57. Plaintiffs also filed a Reply in Response to the Court’s
25
Order to Show Cause re: Justiciability. ECF No. 58. Based on the reasons set forth in this
26
Order, the Court finds that the claims in Plaintiffs’ operative Complaint (ECF No. 34) are
27
28
1 not ripe for adjudication, and that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Accordingly,
2 this case is hereby DISMISSED.1
3 I. BACKGROUND
4 The operative Complaint in this case contains five claims all of which allege that the
5 San Diego Unified School District’s vaccination requirement violates the Free Exercise
6 Clause of the Free Exercise clause of the First Amendment to the United States
7 Constitution. ECF No. 34 at ¶¶ 21-30. On September 28, 2021, Defendant San Diego
8 Unified School District (“SDUSD”) approved, via a document called a Vaccination
9 Roadmap, a requirement that all students eligible for a fully FDA-approved COVID-19
10 vaccine receive all required doses of that vaccine by December 20, 2021, to attend school
11 in-person and participate in extra-curricular activities. ECF No. 1 ¶¶ 31-34; ECF No. 34 ¶¶
12 42-45. However, the vaccination requirement was never implemented. SDUSD delayed the
13 implementation of the student vaccination requirement multiple times including in
14 December 2021. ECF No. 38-2, Declaration of Lamont Jackson (“Jackson Decl.”) ¶ 3 and
15 Ex. A. On February 22, 2022, and on March 8, 2022, the SDUSD Board approved revisions
16 to the student vaccination requirement including the implementation dates. Jackson Decl.
17 ¶ 4 and Ex. A. On May 24, 2022, the SDUSD Board postponed the vaccination plan to at
18 least July 2023. Jackson Decl. at ¶ 5 and Ex. A. The SDUSD Superintendent, whose duties
19 include oversight of the planning, attainment, and implementation of a requirement that all
20 district students and staff be vaccinated against the COVID-19 virus, stated in a signed
21 declaration on June 1, 2022 that “[b]ased on the action of the Board of Education on May
22 24, 2022, [] there is no student vaccination requirement in the San Diego Unified School
23 District, if there is ever a student vaccination requirement it will not be implemented prior
24
25
26
1 Also before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Continue Proceeding Pseudonymously (ECF No. 54),
27 Defendants’ Response thereto (ECF No. 56), and Plaintiffs’ Reply (ECF No. 59). In light of the Court’s
Order dismissing the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Proceed
28
1 to July, 2023 [and] the nature and scope of the requirement will be based on the data and
2 the conditions at the time of implementation.” Jackson Decl. ¶¶ 1, 6.
3 On September 21, 2022, the Court issued an Order to Show Cause directing
4 Plaintiffs to set forth why their claims are justiciable at this time. ECF No. 51. Plaintiffs
5 timely submitted their response (ECF No. 55), and Defendants timely submitted their
6 response thereto (ECF No. 57).
7 II. DISCUSSION
8 a. Ripeness
9 Notwithstanding that the Vaccination Roadmap has never been implemented in
10 SDUSD and that there are no plans to implement it until at the earliest, July 2023, Plaintiffs
11 still contend that they have standing and the issues are ripe. ECF No. 55 at 9-11. The Court
12 is not persuaded. “The Article III case or controversy requirement limits federal courts’
13 subject matter jurisdiction by requiring . . . that claims be ‘ripe’ for adjudication.” Chandler
14 v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 598 F.3d 1115, 1121-22 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Allen v.
15 Wright, 468 U.S. 737, 750 (1984)). “[R]ipeness is a means by which federal courts may
16 dispose of matters that are premature for review because the plaintiff’s purported injury is
17 too speculative and may never occur.” Chandler, 598 F.3d at 1122. “If a claim is unripe,
18 federal courts lack subject matter jurisdiction and the complaint must be dismissed.” S.
19 Pac. Trans. Co. v. City of Los Angeles, 922 F.2d 498, 502 (9th Cir. 1990).
20 “The central concern of the ripeness inquiry is whether the case involves uncertain
21 or contingent future events that may not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at
22 all.” Chandler, 598 F.3d at 1122-23; see also Texas v. United States, 523 U.S. 296, 300
23 (1998) (“A claim is not ripe for adjudication if it rests upon contingent future events that
24 my not occur as anticipated, or indeed may not occur at all”). “The ‘basic rationale’ of the
25 ripeness requirement is ‘to prevent the courts, through avoidance of premature
26 adjudication, from entangling themselves in abstract disagreements.’” Twitter, Inc. v.
27 Paxton, 26 F.4th 1119, 1123 (9th Cir. 2022).
28
1 “Ripeness has two components: constitutional ripeness and prudential ripeness.” In
2 re Coleman, 560 F.3d 1000, 1004 (9th Cir. 2009). “The constitutional component of
3 ripeness is a jurisdictional prerequisite,” while the prudential component is not. Id. at 1005.
4 (citations omitted). Like the “injury in fact” element of standing, constitutional ripeness is
5 meant to ensure that the issues presented are concrete, rather than hypothetical. Id. When
6 a dispute is dependent on “future contingencies that may or may not occur it may be too
7 impermissibly speculative to present a justiciable controversy.” Id. (internal quotation
8 marks and citations omitted).
9 In their respective briefing, Plaintiffs and Defendants address constitutional and
10 prudential ripeness together. Plaintiffs argue that “this case is ripe because: (1) the issues
11 in this case are ready for judicial decision because Defendants previously solidified their
12 mandate into a binding policy, immediately enforceable; and (2) exclusion from school due
13 to inability to be vaccinated, or violation of religious beliefs, are both severe hardships.”
14 ECF No. 55 at 11 (citing Skyline, Skyline Wesleyan Church v. Cal. Dep’t of Managed
15 Health Care, 968 F.3d 738, 752-53 (9th Cir. 2020); Stormans Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d
16 1109, 1122-26 (9th Cir. 2009)). Defendants argue the claim is not ripe because “there is no
17 student vaccination policy in place, [and] there is therefore currently no direct and
18 immediate impact on any Plaintiff, no Plaintiff has to presently comply with any policy or
19 requirement, and it is speculative to assert that they will ever have to comply with a policy
20 and what form that policy may take.” ECF No. 57 at 10.
21 As an initial matter, the Court finds that Plaintiffs’ claim is not constitutionally ripe.
22 Here, the present controversy is hypothetical as there is no COVID-19 student vaccination
23 requirement in effect at SDUSD. No vaccination requirement has ever been implemented,
24 and the District has formally postponed any vaccination requirement until at least July
25 2023. Additionally, “it is undetermined whether there will ever be a student vaccination
26 requirement [for COVID-19] in the San Diego Unified School District….” ECF No. 38-2,
27 ¶ 6. “[I]f there is a student vaccination requirement in or after July 2023, the nature and
28 scope of [any such] requirement will be based on the data and conditions at the time of
1 implementation.” Id. This dispute is solely based on the “future contingency” that the
2 vaccine policy will be reinstated, and such contingency is “too impermissibly speculative
3 to present a justiciable controversy.” See In re Coleman, 560 F.3d at 1005.
4 Both Skyline and Stormans are distinguishable. In Skyline, a challenged rule was
5 already in effect and the court did not face hypothetical facts of a policy that may or may
6 not be implemented. 968 F.3d 738, 752. The court reasoned in Skyline as follows:
7 Skyline’s challenge to the Coverage Requirement is fit for decision now. After
the DMHC [California Department of Managed Health Care] formalized the
8
Coverage Requirement by issuing the Letters, there was an immediate effect
9 upon Skyline: its insurer promptly amended Skyline’s plan.
10 Id. Similarly, in Stormans, the challenged rule was already in effect. The Court in Stormans
11 reasoned as follows:
12 Here, the record is admittedly sparse, but the circumstances presented by
Appellees are not hypothetical. If a patient enters their pharmacies requesting
13
Plan B, which the record reflects has occurred, Appellees will refuse to deliver
14 the medication. . . Because there are no incomplete hypotheticals or open
factual questions [] we hold that despite the preliminary nature of the record,
15
Appellees’ claims satisfy the requirements of prudential standing.
16 586 F.3d at 1126. Unlike in Skyline and Stormans, here the present controversy is
17 hypothetical as there is no vaccination policy in place and no plans to implement one until,
18 at the earliest, July 2023. Additionally, the parameters of any potential vaccine policy will
19 be determined based on the ever-evolving COVID-19 pandemic and the science and data
20 available at that time. Accordingly, the present controversy is not constitutionally ripe, and
21 this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction.
22 Additionally, this case is not prudentially ripe. Prudential ripeness requires an
23 evaluation of “the fitness of the issues for judicial decision and the hardship to the parties
24 of withholding court consideration.” Ass’n of Irritated Residents v. United States EPA, 10
25 F.4th 937, 944 (9th Cir. 2021) (citing Abbott Labs. v. Gardner, 387 U.S. 136, 149 (1967)
26 (overruled on other grounds)). As to the fitness prong, ‘“[a] claim is fit for decision if the
27 issues raised are primarily legal, do not require further factual development, and the
28 challenged action is final.’” Skyline Wesleyan Church, 968 F.3d at 752. Thus, “a case is
1 more likely to be ‘fit’ if it involves pure legal questions that require little factual
2 development.” In re Coleman, 560 F.3d at 1009 (citations omitted). Regarding the hardship
3 prong, a legal harm is required or “something that imposes a significant practical harm
4 upon the plaintiff.” Colwell v. HHS, 558 F.3d 1112, 1128 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Natural
5 Res. Def. Council v. Abraham, 388 F.3d 701, 706 (9th Cir. 2004)). The hardship must be
6 “immediate, direct, and significant." Colwell, F.3d at 1128 (quoting Municipality of
7 Anchorage v. United States, 980 F.2d 1320, 1326 (9th Cir. 1992)).
8 Here, Plaintiffs’ claim does not meet the fitness prong because it requires “further
9 factual development” because the vaccine mandate has never been implemented and may
10 never be implemented. As to the hardship prong, Plaintiffs have not suffered an
11 “immediate, direct, and significant” hardship. Colwell, F.3d at 1128 (citations omitted).
12 Plaintiffs have never been “exclu[ded] from school” nor have their religious beliefs been
13 violated because the vaccine mandate was never implemented. Accordingly, the present
14 controversy is also prudentially unripe.
15 b. Standing
16 “Ripeness and standing are closely related because they ‘originate from the same
17 Article III limitation.’” Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr. v. Stone-Manning, 766 F.3d 1184, 1188 (9th
18 Cir. 2014) (citing Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehause, 134 S. Ct. 2334, 2341 n.5 (2014)).
19 “Ripeness coincides squarely with standing’s injury in fact prong.”’ Mont. Envtl. Info. Ctr.,
20 766 F.3d at 1189 (citing Thomas v. Anchorage Equal Rights Comm’n, 220 F.3d 1134, 1138
21 (9th Cir. 2000)). Thus, the analysis for ripeness and standing is materially the same. Mont.
22 Envtl. Info. Ctr., 766 F.3d at 1189. To establish Article III standing, an injury must be
23 “concrete, particularized, and actual or imminent; fairly traceable to the challenged action;
24 and redressable by a favorable ruling.” Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398, 409
25 (2013); see also Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). The elements of
26 standing must be supported in the same way as any other matter for which the plaintiff
27 bears the burden of proof, “i.e., with the manner and degree of evidence required at the
28
1 successive stages of the litigation.” Gest v. Bradbury, 443 F.3d 1177, 1181 (9th Cir. 2006)
2 (citing Lujan, 504 U.S. at 561).
3 Plaintiffs argue that they have “an injury in fact through the violation of their Free
4 Exercise rights, requiring them to choose between abandoning their religious beliefs or
5 keeping their minor children in school.” ECF No. 55 at 10. Plaintiffs have never suffered
6 an injury in fact because they have never been excluded from school, nor have their
7 religious beliefs been violated because the vaccine mandate was never implemented.
8 Plaintiffs also argue that they need injunctive relief because “Defendants intend to
9 ‘reinstate’ their policy.” Id. As set forth above, SDUSD has formally postponed any
10 vaccination requirement until at least July 2023. The facts in this case would require the
11 Court to speculate about whether Plaintiffs will ever be subject to a vaccine requirement
12 for COVID-19 at SDUSD, and what the details of such a requirement may be. In sum,
13 Plaintiffs’ claim hangs on a future contingency that is too speculative to create a justiciable
14 controversy and they lack standing to bring their claim.
15 c. Voluntary Cessation Doctrine
16 Plaintiffs also argue that the voluntary cessation doctrine applies. ECF No. 55 at 11-
17 16. Plaintiffs state that under the voluntary cessation doctrine, “once an action has
18 commenced, it is well settled that a defendant’s voluntary cessation of a challenged practice
19 does not deprive a federal court of its power to determine the legality of the practice.” Id.
20 at 12 (citing Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Env’t Servs. (TOC), Inc., 528 U.S. 167,
21 189 (2000)). Defendants argue that the voluntary cessation doctrine does not apply because
22 “for the doctrine to apply the cessation must be because of the litigation.” ECF No. 57 at
23 14. Here, the Court finds that the voluntary cessation doctrine does not apply. The
24 challenged policy in this case is merely hypothetical as it was never implemented and may
25 never be implemented. Even if the SDUSD’s board approval of the Vaccination Mandate
26 was sufficient to trigger the voluntary cessation doctrine, “the voluntary cessation must
27 have arisen because of the litigation.” Sze v. I.N.S., 153 F.3d 1005, 1008 (9th Cir. 1998)
28 (citing Public Utilities Comm’n of State of Cal. v. F.E.R.C., 100 F.3d 1451, 1460 (9th Cir.
1 || 1996))(abrogated on other grounds). Here, Defendants’ decision to initially delay and
2 || eventually postpone and cancel the vaccination requirement was due to reasons other than
3 litigation, including the ever-evolving nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, actions by
4 || state and local agencies, etc. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ argument that the voluntary cessation
5 || doctrine applies is without merit.
6 Til. CONCLUSION
7 For the reasons stated herein, is hereby ORDERED that the operative Complaint is
8 DISMISSED for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. In light of the Court’s Order
9 || dismissing the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, Plaintiffs’ Motion to Proceed
10 || Pseudonymously (ECF No. 54) is DENIED AS MOOT.
11 IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 Dated: November 16, 2022 NO
13 DE
14 Honorable Linda Lopez
15 United States District Judge
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
°