“Neither by application of the doctrine 1 of estoppel, nor by invocation of equitable powers, nor by any other means does a court 2 have the power to confer citizenship in violation of the[ ] limitations [imposed by 3 Congress].”
How later courts described this case
- “Neither by application of the doctrine 1 of estoppel, nor by invocation of equitable powers, nor by any other means does a court 2 have the power to confer citizenship in violation of the[ ] limitations [imposed by 3 Congress].”
- “Because possession of marijuana 24 for sale is an ‘aggravated felony’ under federal law and was an aggravated felony at the 25 time of defendant’s plea (8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B)
- “In view 11 of the fact that California Penal Code section 1203.4(a) provides only a limited 12 expungement even under state law, it is reasonable for the BIA to conclude that a 13 conviction expunged under that provision remains a conviction for purposes of federal 14 law.”
- “section 1203.4 does not, 15 properly speaking ‘expunge’ the prior conviction. The statute does not purport to render 16 the conviction a legal nullity…[t]he limitations on this relief are numerous and 17 substantial….”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
9 CARLOS RAMIREZ DIAZ, Case No.: 19cv1044 JM(NLS)
10 Plaintiff,
ORDER ON CROSS MOTIONS FOR
11 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT
12 CHAD WOLF (Acting Secretary of
Homeland Security); MELISSA MAXIM,
13
Director USCIS, San Diego,
14
Defendants.
15
16 Presently before the court is Plaintiff Carlos Ramirez Diaz’s (Diaz) Motion for
17 Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 20) and Defendants’ Cross Motion for Summary Judgment
18 (Doc. No 25). The motions have been fully briefed and the court finds them suitable for
19 determination on the papers submitted and without oral argument in accordance with Civil
20 Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons set forth below Mr. Diaz’s motion is denied, and
21 Defendants’ motion is granted.
22 Background
23 On June 4, 2019, Mr. Diaz filed the instant action, petitioning the court for de novo
24 review of denial of his naturalization application pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1447(b)1.
25
26
27
1 The court notes that the petition refers to Mr. Diaz as “Mr. Quintero” but for purposes of
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1 Mr. Diaz was born in Mexico in 1955. (Doc. No. 19-1 at 24 .) On December 1,
2 1990, he became a lawful permanent resident of the United States of America. (Doc. No.
3 19-1 at 11.) On October 30, 1998, Mr. Diaz was arrested by the Police Department of
4 Chula Vista, California, for possession of marijuana for sale, in violation of Health and
5 Safety Code 11359. (Doc. No. 19-1 at 125; Doc. No. 19-2 at 58-60.) On January 13, 1999,
6 Mr. Diaz was convicted of violating HS 11359, an aggravated felony, and sentenced by the
7 Superior Court of California, County of San Diego, to serve 365 days in jail and 3 years’
8 probation. (Doc. No. 19-1 at 125; Doc. No. 19-2 at 48-55.) On March 7, 2014, a petition
9 for relief filed by Mr. Diaz was granted, with the Superior Court withdrawing Mr. Diaz’s
10 guilty plea to the original HS11359 charge and allowing him to plead guilty to PC 32,
11 accessory after the fact, a misdemeanor. (Doc. No. 1 at 7.)
12 On January 19, 2016, Mr. Diaz applied for naturalization3. (Doc. No. 19-2 at 15-33,
13 39.) In a letter dated April 28, 2017, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services
14 (USCIS) informed Mr. Diaz of its denial of his application, stating because he “had been
15 convicted of an aggravated felony on or after November 29, 1990, [he] was permanently
16 barred from establishing good moral character. Therefore, [he was] ineligible for
17 naturalization.” (Doc. No. 19-2 at 4-5.)
18 On May 30, 2017, USCIS received Mr. Diaz’s Form N-336, request for hearing.
19 (Doc. 19-1 at 151-161.) A hearing on the denial of Mr. Diaz’s application for naturalization
20 was held on November 9, 2017. (Id. at 125.) The subsequent Notice of Decision issued
21
22
23
24
2 Document numbers and page references are to those assigned by CM/ECF for the docket
25 entry.
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3 On April 14, 2000, Immigration and Naturalization Service denied Mr. Diaz’s previous
27 application for naturalization, finding him ineligible because he was still on probation until
January 12, 2002, for his conviction for sale of marijuana in San Diego Superior Court on
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1 by USCIS informs that it was reaffirming its decision to deny Mr. Diaz’s N-400 application
2 writing:
3 At the time of filing your N-336 the attorney of record submitted a brief
arguing that the N-400 should be adjudicated based on the March 7, 2014 nunc
4
pro tunc misdemeanor conviction of PC 32 (Accessory After the Fact) rather
5 than considering the original aggravated felony conviction from January 13,
1999. However, for immigration purposes the original aggravated felony
6
conviction must still be considered. If a conviction is changed for reasons
7 solely related to rehabilitation or to avoid adverse immigration hardships
rather than on the basis of a procedural or substantive defect in the underlying
8
criminal proceedings then the conviction remains for immigration purposes.
9 Matter of Pickering, 23 I&N Dec. 6321, 624 (BIA 2003). You have provided
no evidence to show that the change of conviction was due to procedural or
10
substantive defect in the original conviction.
11
12 Doc. No. 19-1 at 125-126.
13 Mr. Diaz seeks review of USCIS’ decision. (Doc. No. 1.) On March 8, 2021, Mr.
14 Diaz filed a motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 20.) On April 7, 2021, the
15 Government filed its opposition and cross-motion for summary judgment. (Doc. No. 21.)
16 The parties duly filed timely replies. (Doc. Nos. 22, 23, 24, 25.)
17 Legal Standard
18 A district court has jurisdiction to conduct a de novo review of a petitioner's
19 naturalization application pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1421(c) (“A person whose application for
20 naturalization under this subchapter is denied, after a hearing before an immigration officer
21 ... may seek review of such denial before the United States district court for the district in
22 which such person resides.... Such review shall be de novo, and the court shall make its
23 own findings of fact and conclusions of law and shall, at the request of the petitioner,
24 conduct a hearing de novo on the application.”). A court may order a person naturalized if
25 the person meets various statutory criteria, including those set forth 8 U.S.C. § 1427.
26 United States v. Hovsepian, 359 F.3d 1144, 1165 (9th Cir.2004) (en banc). In other words,
27 courts do not have equitable authority to naturalize citizens otherwise ineligible under the
28 law. INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 885 (1988) (“Neither by application of the doctrine
1 of estoppel, nor by invocation of equitable powers, nor by any other means does a court
2 have the power to confer citizenship in violation of the[ ] limitations [imposed by
3 Congress].”). The statutory criteria must be applied strictly, as “Congress alone has the
4 constitutional authority to prescribe rules for naturalization, and the courts' task is to assure
5 compliance with the particular prerequisites to the acquisition of United States citizenship
6 ... to safeguard the integrity of this ‘priceless treasure.’” Fedorenko v. United States,
7 449 U.S. 490, 506–07 (1981) (quoting Johnson v. Eisentrager, 339 U.S. 763, 791 (1950)
8 (Black, J., dissenting)). “[T]he burden is on the alien applicant to show his eligibility for
9 citizenship in every respect” and “doubts should be resolved in favor of the United States
10 and against the claimant.” Berenyi v. INS., 385 U.S. 630, 636–37 (1967).
11 Summary judgment is appropriate if “there is no genuine dispute as to any material
12 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The
13 moving party bears the initial burden of informing the court of the basis for its motion and
14 identifying those portions of the record that it believes demonstrate the absence of a
15 genuine issue of material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). But
16 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 contains “no express or implied requirement . . . that
17 the moving party support its motion with affidavits or other similar materials negating the
18 opponent’s claim.” Id. (emphasis in original). The court must examine the evidence in the
19 light most favorable to the nonmoving party, United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654,
20 655 (1962), and any doubt as to the existence of an issue of material fact requires denial of
21 the motion, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 (1986).
22 Discussion
23 Mr. Diaz argues he sought and was granted a certificate of rehabilitation and pardon
24 in state court pursuant to California Penal Code section 4852.01 and that this petition was
25 granted “nunc pro tunc” to the date of his conviction. (Doc. No. 20 at 5.) He contends that
26 “the following year Plaintiff motioned the Court for an order reducing the previous
27 365- day custody order to 364 also pursuant to CPC 4852.01.” (Id.) Mr. Diaz claims that
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1 the result of both proceedings has been “to delete the initial conviction and its sentence into
2 non-existence leaving only the accessory conviction.” (Id.)
3 Notwithstanding Mr. Diaz’s contention to the contrary, a certificate of rehabilitation
4 is not an automatic pardon; rather it is an automatic application for a pardon. If a court
5 issues a certificate of rehabilitation, the certificate of rehabilitation shall be reviewed by
6 the Board of Parole Hearings within one year. (CAL. PENAL CODE §§ 4852.14, 4852.16(b).)
7 Thereafter, the Board shall issue a recommendation as to whether the Governor should
8 pardon that individual. (Id. § 4852.16(b).) Importantly, an expungement sought under
9 section 1203.4 does not prevent the conviction from being used by USCIS for removal and
10 exclusion purposes. Ramirez-Castro v. INS, 287 F.3d 1172, 1175 (9th Cir. 2002) (“In view
11 of the fact that California Penal Code section 1203.4(a) provides only a limited
12 expungement even under state law, it is reasonable for the BIA to conclude that a
13 conviction expunged under that provision remains a conviction for purposes of federal
14 law.”); People v. Vasquez, 25 Cal. 4th 1225, 1231 (2001) (“section 1203.4 does not,
15 properly speaking ‘expunge’ the prior conviction. The statute does not purport to render
16 the conviction a legal nullity…[t]he limitations on this relief are numerous and
17 substantial….”). Equally important, a Certificate of Rehabilitation sought under Penal
18 Code section 4852.01 does not erase the record of conviction or necessarily prevent
19 deportation. (See CAL. PENAL CODE § 4852.17.)
20 The overarching problem with Mr. Diaz’s petition is a fundamental lack of
21 documentation to support the claims made by his counsel. Indeed, as USCIS noted at the
22 time of:
23 [Plaintiff’s] N-336 hearing the attorney of record also submitted documents
related to the removal proceedings of an individual, Maximo Rogelio
24
Ramirez, who has no connection with the instant case other than being
25 represented by the same attorney of record. The specific details of this
person’s immigration case has no bearing on your case and your case will be
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adjudicated based on the facts related to your case.
27
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1 Doc. No. 19-1 at 125-126; see also id at 138-148. The court has not been provided with a
2 certificate of rehabilitation issued by the Superior Court of California, County of San
3 Diego, pursuant to either California Penal Code section 1203.44 or section 4852.015. The
4 only documents before the court are the “Felony Minutes-Pronouncement of Judgment
5 Form,” wherein the Superior Court stamped Plaintiff’s filing as a Penal Code section
6 1203.4 petition and a 2-page “fill-in the blank” form, stamped “post-sentence minutes.”
7 (Doc. No. 1 at 7; Doc. No. 19-2 at 55.) These documents, totaling 3 pages, do not establish
8 that Mr. Diaz’s aggravated felony conviction has been “deleted… into non-existence.”
9 And while Mr. Diaz’s counsel did indeed revisit San Diego Superior Court in 2015, nothing
10 in the administrative record supports Mr. Diaz’s second contention that the sentence was
11 reduced to 364 days “nunc pro tunc.” The 2-page “post sentence minutes” document dated
12 September 25, 2015, simply indicates that Mr. Diaz was committed to the sheriff for 364
13 days. (Doc. No. 19-2 at 55.)
14 Even assuming arguendo, the court had been provided with Mr. Diaz’s Certificate
15 of Rehabilitation, Mr. Diaz would remain “convicted” of the underlying aggravated felony
16
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4 The granting of a Certificate of Rehabilitation restores to the applicant some of the rights
18
of citizenship which were forfeited as a result of a conviction. Defendants convicted of a
19 felony, or a misdemeanor sex offense specified in California Penal Code section 290, and
who were granted probation, must obtain relief pursuant to California Penal Code section
20
1203.4 before a Certificate of Rehabilitation may be granted. See
21 https://www.sdcourt.ca.gov/sites/default/files/sdcourt/generalinformation/forms/criminalf
orms/pkt016.pdf
22
23 5 Any person who has been convicted of a criminal offense in California may apply directly
to the Governor for a pardon. The granting of a pardon restores to the applicant some of
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the rights of citizenship which were forfeited as a result of the conviction. The granting of
25 a Certificate of Rehabilitation pursuant to California Penal Code section 4852.01
automatically serves as a recommendation and application to the Governor for a pardon.
26
See
27 https://www.sdcourt.ca.gov/sites/default/files/sdcourt/generalinformation/forms/criminalf
orms/pkt016.pdf
28
1 for immigration purposes, unless the state court order made clear that its vacatur was based
2 on “a procedural or substantive defect in the underlying proceeding.” Matter of Pickering,
3 23 I. & N. Dec. 621, 624 (BIA 2003). Prior to Matter of Thomas & Thompson, 27 I. & N.
4 Dec. 674, 2019 WL 5546810 (A.G. Oct. 25, 2019), the Board of Immigration Appeals
5 applied three distinct tests to consider the effect state-court orders modifying, clarifying,
6 or otherwise altering a criminal alien’s sentence will have for immigration purposes. To
7 end disparate outcomes in immigration cases that the application of these three distinct
8 tests had engendered, the Attorney General wrote the order in Matter of Thomas &
9 Thompson, 27 I. & N. Dec. 674. He determined:
10 Going forward, immigration courts should apply the test articulated in Matter
of Pickering in determining the immigration consequences of any change in a
11
state sentence, no matter how the state court describes its order. Such an
12 alteration will have legal effect for immigration purposes when based on a
procedural or substantive defect in the underlying criminal proceeding, but
13
not when the change was based on reasons unrelated to the merits, such as the
14 alien’s rehabilitation or an interest in avoiding an immigration consequence.
15 Matter of Thomas, 27 I&N. Dec. at 675.
16 The state court documentation pertinent to Mr. Diaz, which is currently before the
17 court, appears to have been issued for rehabilitative purposes only. Nothing indicates it
18 was the result of a “procedural or substantive defect in the underlying proceeding.” (See
19 Doc. No. 1 at 7; Doc. No. 19-2 48-54, 55-56.) Thus, the type of expungement sought by
20 Mr. Diaz would have little to no effect for federal immigration purposes. See Prado v.
21 Barr, 949 F.3d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 2020) (“federal immigration law does not recognize a
22 state’s policy decision to expunge (or recall or reclassify) a valid state conviction.”);
23 People v. Camacho, 32 Cal. App. 5th 998, 1004 (2019) (“Because possession of marijuana
24 for sale is an ‘aggravated felony’ under federal law and was an aggravated felony at the
25 time of defendant’s plea (8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B)), deportation and exclusion from
26 readmission was and remains mandatory. [citations omitted.] Expungement under section
27 1203.4 has no effect on the federal immigration consequences of a conviction for such a
28 felony.”); People v. Borja, 95 Cal. App. 4th 481, 487 (2002) ( “To permit a court, years
1 after a person has pleaded guilty and the term has been served, to obtain a retroactive order
2 altering the record in a manner so that the conviction could not be later used, violates that
3 Legislature’s clear intent and the rulings of the federal courts that prior convictions be
4 available for future use, including, pursuant to the federal decisions, immigration
5 consequences.”).
6 Furthermore, in the case file, USCIS noted that even if Mr. Diaz’s aggravated felony
7 conviction was reduced to an accessory charge, being convicted of a controlled substance
8 violation may also provide grounds for his removal. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 19-1 at 10).
9 Section 1227 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) provides the grounds upon
10 which an alien may be removed from the United States, with §1227(a)(2)(A) specifically
11 enumerating various crimes which may constitute a basis for removal. The general crimes
12 section includes: “crime[s] involving moral turpitude,” “aggravated felon[ies],” “high
13 speed flight from an immigration checkpoint,” and “[f]ailure to register as a sex offender.”
14 8 U.S.C. § 1227(a)(2)(A)(i)-(v). This provision also contains a section pertinent to
15 pardons, wherein it is explained that convictions for crimes of moral turpitude, aggravated
16 felonies, and high speed flight cannot serve as the basis for removal “if the alien subsequent
17 to the criminal conviction has been granted a full and unconditional pardon by the President
18 of the United States or by the Governor of any of the several States.” Id. at
19 § 1227(a)(2)(A)(vi). However, section 1227(a)(2)(B), which provides for removal of an
20 alien “convicted of a violation of (or a conspiracy or attempt to violate) any law or
21 regulation of a State ... relating to a controlled substance,” contains no pardon waiver. In
22 other words, Congress did not explicitly provide that a full pardon for a controlled
23 substance conviction extinguishes the immigration consequences of that offense. See
24 Zumel v. Lynch, 803 F.3d 463, 473 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Since Congress knows how to
25 eliminate the immigration consequences of unlawful conduct when it wants to, we should
26 not interpret congressional silence as accomplishing the same end.”). Here, Mr. Diaz was
27 convicted of possessing for sale 488 pounds of marijuana, a controlled substance. See 21
28 U.S.C. § 812 – Schedules of controlled substances. Not only is there no evidence that Mr.
1 || Diaz has received a pardon from the Governor, thereby eliminating the aggravated felony
2 || ground for his removal, the plain text of § 1227 (a)(2)(B) prevents the pardoning of the
3 || controlled substance offense.
4 Conclusion
5 In sum, this court is precluded by law from granting Mr. Diaz United States
6 || citizenship because he was convicted of an aggravated felony involving a controlled
7 ||substance in 1999, Accordingly, the court GRANTS the Government's Motion for
8 ||Summary Judgment (Doc. No. 21), DENIES Mr. Diaz’s Motion for Summary Judgment
9 ||(Doc. No. 20), and DENIES Mr. Diaz's Petition (Doc. No. 1).°
10 The Clerk of Court shall CLOSE this case.
11 IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 || Dated: November 2, 2021 Piel
13 eg.
14 n. Jeffrey. Miller
nited States District Judge
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The court does not intend this order to in any way prejudice applicant’s status as a legal permanent
resident.