The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 WILLIAM AND AVE BORTZ, Case No.: 21-CV-618 TWR (JLB)
12 Plaintiffs,
ORDER (1) GRANTING
13 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION
TO DISMISS COMPLAINT, AND
14 JPMORGAN CHASE BANK, N.A.;
(2) DISMISSING WITHOUT
SHAWNA BROWN; ARCHIE
15 PREJUDICE PLAINTIFF’S
ALVARADO; JOEL PETRIASHVIL-
COMPLAINT
16 REYES; MICHELLE MARTINEZ;
ARNIE SINGSON; BRIAN CRUZ; and
17 (ECF No. 5)
DOES 1–50, inclusive,
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Defendants.
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20 Presently before the Court is the Motion to Dismiss Complaint (“Mot.,” ECF No. 5)
21 filed by Defendants JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. (“Chase”), Shauna Brown (erroneously
22 named as Shawna Brown), Archie Alvarado, Joel Petriashvili-Reyes (erroneously named
23 as Joel Petriashvil-Reyes), Michele Martinez (erroneously named as Michelle Martinez),
24 Arnie Singson and Brian Cruz, as well as Plaintiffs William and Ave Bortz’s Opposition
25 to (“Opp’n,” ECF No. 6) and Defendants’ Reply in Support of (“Reply,” ECF No. 7) the
26 Motion. Pursuant to the Honorable Cynthia A. Bashant’s Standing Order for Civil Cases,
27 the Parties declined oral argument unless ordered by the Court, and the undersigned
28 concludes that the Motion is suitable for determination on the papers without oral argument
1 pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(d)(1). Having carefully reviewed Plaintiffs’ Complaint
2 (“Compl.,” ECF No. 1-2), the Parties’ arguments, and the law, the Court GRANTS
3 Defendants’ Motion and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’ Complaint.
4 BACKGROUND1
5 At the time of the transactions that are the subject of their Complaint, Plaintiffs
6 William and Ave Bortz were 76 and 77 years old, respectively. (See Compl. ¶¶ 1–2, 17,
7 32–33, 39, 51, 54.) Plaintiffs have been banking with Defendant Chase since
8 approximately 1971. (See id. ¶¶ 19, 49.) During those 49 years, Plaintiffs had never wired
9 money to a foreign country. (See id. ¶¶ 20–21, 33, 39, 51, 54.)
10 On January 20, 2021, scammers took over Plaintiffs’ bank accounts and directed
11 Mr. Bortz to go to a Chase branch located at 7176 Avenida Encinas, Carlsbad, California
12 92011 (the “Encinas branch”), (see id. ¶ 22), which is managed by Defendant Brown. At
13 the scammers’ instruction, Mr. Bortz kept them on the phone at the bank and was
14 “groomed” how to answer questions related to his wire transfer, including whether he knew
15 the recipients. (See id.) As instructed by Mr. Bortz, Defendant Alvarado wired $198,000
16 to a Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited (“SCHK”) account belonging to
17 “eshamuddin.” (See id.; see also id. ¶ 39.)
18 At the scammers’ behest, Mr. Bortz made three additional wire transfers. First, on
19 January 22, 2021, Mr. Bortz returned to the Encinas branch as directed by the scammers,
20 who advised him that the first transfer had not gone through. (See id. ¶ 23.) At Mr. Bortz’s
21 request, Defendant Petriashvil-Reyes wired another $197,850 to a SCHK account
22 belonging to “Boloy Analizo Jono.” (See id.; see also id. ¶ 39.) Second, on January 26,
23 2021, the scammers sent Mr. Bortz to another Chase branch located in Poway (the “Poway
24 branch”), again insisting that the wire transfer had not gone through. (See id. ¶ 24.) As
25 directed by Mr. Bortz, Defendant Martinez wired $197,500 to a SCHK account belonging
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1 For purposes of Defendants’ Motion, the facts alleged in Plaintiffs’ Complaint are accepted as true. See
28 Vasquez v. Los Angeles Cty., 487 F.3d 1246, 1249 (9th Cir. 2007) (holding that, in ruling on a motion to
1 to “Tunit Rustiyawali.” (See id.; see also id. ¶ 39.) Finally, on January 28, 2021, the
2 scammers instructed Mr. Bortz to return to the Poway branch, where Defendant Singson
3 wired $97,500 to a SCHK account belonging to “eshamuddin” as requested by Mr. Bortz.
4 (See id. ¶ 25; see also id. ¶ 39.) Plaintiffs’ four transfers totaled $690,500. (See id. at 1,
5 ¶¶ 16, 41; see also Prayer ¶ 1.)
6 On January 28, 2021, Plaintiffs’ daughter, also named Ave Williams, learned of the
7 wire transfers and drove her parents to the nearest Chase branch, located at 16861 Bernardo
8 Center Drive, San Diego, California 92128 (the “Rancho Bernardo branch”). (See id. ¶ 26.)
9 Defendant Cruz, who is the Vice-President and Branch Manager of the Rancho Bernardo
10 branch, informed the Williamses that “the only thing Chase Bank could do was contact the
11 wires department in New York but that he could not do that until the next day when they
12 opened.” (See id.) Defendant Cruz took no further action to reverse the pending wire
13 transfers, (see id.), and Defendant Chase failed to report the fraudulent wire transfers to its
14 fraud department between January 28 and February 2, 2021. (See id. ¶¶ 26–30.) Plaintiffs’
15 daughter attempted to contact Defendant Chase’s fraud department on February 2, 2021,
16 and was told that the issue would be sent to the dispute department. (See id. ¶ 30.)
17 On March 4, 2021, Plaintiffs initiated this action in the Superior Court for the State
18 of California, County of San Diego, alleging two causes of action against all Defendants
19 for (1) financial elder abuse pursuant to California Welfare and Institutions Code
20 § 15610.30, and (2) negligence. (See generally ECF No. 1-2.) Defendants removed to this
21 Court on April 9, 2021, on the grounds that this Court has original jurisdiction pursuant to
22 the Edge Act, 12 U.S.C. § 632.2 (See generally ECF No. 1.) The instant Motion followed
23 / / /
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2 Judge Bashant ordered Defendants to show cause why this action should not be remanded for lack of
26 subject-matter jurisdiction on August 10, 2021. (See generally ECF No. 9.) Having reviewed Defendants’
response, (see generally ECF No. 10), the Court is satisfied that Plaintiffs’ claims “arise[] out of
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transactions involving international or foreign banking … or out of other international or foreign financial
28 operations,” (see id. at 1 (quoting 12 U.S.C. § 632)), such that this Court has original jurisdiction under
1 on April 26, 2021, (see generally ECF No. 5), and this action was transferred to the
2 undersigned on September 30, 2021. (See generally ECF No. 11.)
3 LEGAL STANDARD
4 “A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for failure to
5 state a claim upon which relief can be granted ‘tests the legal sufficiency of a claim.’”
6 Conservation Force v. Salazar, 646 F.3d 1240, 1241–42 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting Navarro
7 v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001)). “A district court’s dismissal for failure to
8 state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) is proper if there is a ‘lack of
9 a cognizable legal theory or the absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal
10 theory.’” Id. at 1242 (quoting Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th
11 Cir. 1988)).
12 “Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a pleading must contain a ‘short and
13 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.’” Ashcroft v.
14 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2)). “[T]he pleading
15 standard Rule 8 announces does not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands
16 more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. at 678
17 (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In other words, “[a]
18 pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a
19 cause of action will not do.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).
20 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter,
21 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id. (quoting
22 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads
23 factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is
24 liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). “[W]here the
25 well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the mere possibility of
26 misconduct, the complaint has alleged—but it has not ‘show[n]’—'that the pleader is
27 entitled to relief.’” Id. at 679 (second alteration in original) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P.
28 8(a)(2)).
1 “Rule 9(b) requires that, when fraud is alleged, ‘a party must state with particularity
2 the circumstances constituting fraud.’” Kearns v. Ford Motor Co., 567 F.3d 1120, 1124
3 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b)). “Rule 9(b) demands that the circumstances
4 constituting the alleged fraud be specific enough to give defendants notice of the particular
5 misconduct . . . so that they can defend against the charge and not just deny that they have
6 done anything wrong.” Id. (alteration in original) (internal quotation mark omitted)
7 (quoting Bly-Magee v. California, 236 F.3d 1014, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001)). “Averments of
8 fraud must be accompanied by the who, what, when, where, and how of the misconduct
9 charged.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Vess v. Ciba-Geigy Corp. USA,
10 317 F.3d 1097, 1106 (9th Cir. 2003)).
11 “If a complaint is dismissed for failure to state a claim, leave to amend should be
12 granted ‘unless the court determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the
13 challenged pleading could not possibly cure the deficiency.’” DeSoto v. Yellow Freight
14 Sys., Inc., 957 F.2d 655, 658 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well
15 Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986)). “A district court does not err in
16 denying leave to amend where the amendment would be futile.” Id. (citing Reddy v. Litton
17 Indus., 912 F.2d 291, 296 (9th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 921 (1991)).
18 ANALYSIS
19 Through the instant Motion, Defendants seek dismissal without leave to amend of
20 both Plaintiffs’ causes of action for financial elder abuse and negligence. (See, e.g., ECF
21 No. 5-1 (“Mem.”) at 2, 10, 16, 17.)
22 I. First Cause of Action: Financial Elder Abuse
23 “‘Financial abuse’ of an elder or dependent adult occurs when a person or entity . . .
24 [a]ssists in taking, secreting, appropriating, obtaining, or retaining real or personal property
25 of an elder or dependent adult for a wrongful use or with intent to defraud, or both.” See
26 Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 15610.30(a)(2). In their first cause of action, Plaintiffs allege
27 that Defendants “are liable for the financial abuse of [Plaintiffs] because, not only should
28 they have known they were assisting others’ financial elder abuse, but their knowledge of
1 facts makes it clear that they must have known they were assisting others’ financial elder
2 abuse.” (See Compl. ¶ 48; see also generally id. ¶¶ 36–46.)
3 Under California law, liability may be imposed for “assist[ing]” in financial elder
4 abuse under an aiding and abetting standard. See Das v. Bank of Am., N.A., 186 Cal. App.
5 4th 727, 744–45 (2010). This requires the plaintiff to plead that the defendant “knows the
6 other’s conduct constitutes a breach of duty and gives substantial assistance or
7 encouragement to the other to so act.” See id. at 744 (quoting Casey v. U.S. Bank Nat’l
8 Ass’n, 127 Cal. App. 4th 1138, 1144 (2005)). Consequently, “when, as here, a bank
9 provides ordinary services that effectuate financial abuse by a third party, the bank may be
10 found to have ‘assisted’ the financial abuse only if it knew of the third party’s wrongful
11 conduct.” See id. at 745;3 see also Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians v. Umpqua Bank,
12 846 F. App’x 589, 590 (9th Cir. 2021) (“[A]ctual knowledge is required to establish an
13 aiding and abetting claim.” (first citing Das, 186 Cal. App. 4th at 745; then citing Chavez
14 v. United States, 683 F.3d 1102, 1108–10 (9th Cir. 2012)). “An allegation of aiding and
15 abetting fraud requires pleading with particularity under [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure]
16 9.” Mackintosh v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, No. 18-CV-03348-SK, 2018 WL 3913791, at
17 *3 (N.D. Cal. July 13, 2018) (citing S.E.C. v. Berry, 580 F. Supp. 2d 911, 924 (N.D. Cal.
18 2008)).
19 Defendants argue that dismissal of Plaintiffs’ first cause of action is required because
20 Plaintiffs fail to allege that Defendants had actual knowledge of the fraud or that
21 Defendants substantially assisted the scammers. (See Mem. at 4–10.) Plaintiffs counter
22 that the following facts alleged in their Complaint support an inference of Defendants’
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3 Plaintiffs argue that the California Court of Appeal in Das interpreted a prior version of Section
25 15610.30, rendering its interpretation of Section 15610.30(a)(2) inapplicable. (See Opp’n at 7–10.) But
as Defendants note, (see Reply at 1–7), the amendments not addressed by Das related to financial elder
26 abuse liability under Section 15610.30(a)(1), which requires the “[t]ak[ing], secret[ing], appropriat[ion],
obt[ention], or ret[ention of] real or personal property of an elder or dependent adult for a wrongful use or
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with intent to defraud, or both.” Das therefore remains good law as to liability under Section
28 15610.30(a)(2), and was even recently followed by the Ninth Circuit in an unpublished memorandum
1 actual knowledge of the underlying fraud: (1) the Department of the Treasury (“DOT”)
2 published an advisory for financial institutions in February 2011, which “described the
3 potential signs of elder financial exploitation,” including changes in banking patterns and
4 “[u]ncharacteristic attempts to wire large sums of money”; (2) “the highly unusual activity
5 in Plaintiff's account must have raised huge red flags, all of which fell within the warning
6 signs of financial elder abuse” under the February 2011 advisory; and (3) the wire transfers
7 exceeded DOT’s $10,000 threshold for filing a Currency Transaction Report, which would
8 have required Chase’s management to scrutinize Plaintiffs, the transaction amount, and the
9 recipient(s). (See Opp’n at 10–12 (citing Compl. ¶¶ 15, 17, 20, 22–25, 32–34).)
10 Defendants respond that “‘red flags’ are insufficient to establish that a defendant had actual
11 knowledge of fraudulent conduct.” (See Reply at 7–8 (emphasis in original) (first citing
12 Casey, 127 Cal. App. 4th at 1147–49; then citing S&S Worldwide, Inc. v. Wells Fargo
13 Bank, No. 20-cv-01926, 2020 WL 7714534, at *7 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 29, 2020); and then
14 citing Mackintosh v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, No. 18-cv-03348, 2018 WL 3913791, at *3
15 (N.D. Cal. July 13, 2018)).)
16 Although this case is undoubtedly a tragedy, the Court must agree that Plaintiffs fail
17 sufficiently to plead that Defendants had actual knowledge of the scam such that they may
18 be held liable for aiding and abetting financial elder abuse under Section 15610.30(a)(2).
19 “[A]iding and abetting requires participation in a specific primary wrong ‘with knowledge
20 of the object to be attained.’” Casey, 127 Cal. App. 4th at 1152 (quoting Lomita Land &
21 Water Co. v. Robinson, 154 Cal. 36, 47 (1908)). Here, by contrast, Plaintiffs “essentially
22 allege[] the banks knew something fishy was going on,” see id. at 1149 (emphasis in
23 original), which does not suffice to establish actual knowledge. See id. at 1151–53
24 (“[B]anks’ alleged knowledge of . . . suspicious account activities . . . [,] without more, does
25 not give rise to tort liability for the banks.” (emphasis in original)); see also S&S
26 Worldwide, Inc. v. Wells Fargo Bank, 509 F. Supp. 3d 1154, 1165 (N.D. Cal. 2020) (“[B]y
27 alleging a [bank] branch manager ‘determined [the] [a]ccount and [the alleged fraudster]
28 were involved with and/or participating in an illegitimate and fraudulent scheme’ . . . , [the
1 plaintiff] essentially alleges [the bank] knew ‘something fishy was going on with the
2 account[’;] however, [the plaintiff] has not alleged the requisite ‘actual knowledge of the
3 specific [wrongdoing] for which it seeks to hold [the bank] liable.” (emphasis and third,
4 fourth, and tenth alterations in original) (quoting Casey, 127 Cal. App. 4th at 1149, 1152)).
5 Further, “[t]he elder abuse act does not impose a duty to investigate even if an entity is a
6 mandated reporter, much less when it is not.” Sterling Sav. Bank v. Poulsen, No. C-12-
7 01454 EDL, 2013 WL 3945989, at *17 (N.D. Cal. July 29, 2013) (citing Cal. Wel. & Inst.
8 Code § 15630.1(e)).
9 Mackintosh v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, No. 18-cv-03348-SK, 2018 WL 3913791
10 (N.D. Cal. July 13, 2018), is instructive. In that case, three scammers convinced the 82-
11 year-old plaintiff to withdraw over $1,000,000 in cash from his bank accounts over an
12 eight-month period to pay “taxes” and “fees” on purported lottery winnings of millions of
13 dollars. See id. at *1. Most of the more than thirty withdrawals, ranging from $1,000 to
14 over $100,000, were from one Chase branch and from the same branch teller. See id. After
15 eight months, a Chase representative asked the plaintiff why he was withdrawing the funds
16 and warned him that he may have been a victim of fraud. See id. The plaintiffs sued Chase
17 for negligence and aiding and abetting fraud, and Chase moved for dismissal. See id. The
18 district court in Mackintosh dismissed the aiding and abetting claim on the grounds that the
19 plaintiff had failed to allege actual knowledge, instead “only alleg[ing] facts to show
20 constructive knowledge: that he and his wife ‘almost never withdrew cash from the bank,
21 other than a few hundred dollars on occasion’ and yet, over an eight-month period, [the
22 plaintiff] made over thirty cash withdrawals in sums ranging from $1,000 to over
23 $100,000.” See id. at *3.
24 As in Mackintosh, Plaintiffs here allege that Defendants had constructive knowledge
25 of—i.e., they should have known about—the underlying fraud based on their unusual
26 account activity. (See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 39–40.) That alone, however, fails sufficiently to
27 allege the requisite actual knowledge. See Mackintosh, 2018 WL 3913791, at *3; see also
28 S&S Worldwide, 509 F. Supp. 3d at 1165; Casey, 127 Cal. App. 4th at 1151–53. The Court
1 therefore GRANTS Defendants’ Motion and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE
2 Plaintiffs’ first cause of action for aiding and abetting financial elder abuse.4
3 II. Second Cause of Action: Negligence
4 Plaintiffs’ second cause of action alleges that Defendants were negligent when they
5 made the four wire transfers requested by Mr. Bortz totaling $690,500 over the course of
6 one week. (See generally Compl. ¶¶ 47–55.) Defendants contend that dismissal of this
7 cause of action is merited on several grounds. (See generally Mem. at 11–15.) Plaintiffs,
8 however, do not oppose dismissal of their second cause of action; rather, they request leave
9 to amend to allege a new cause of action for breach of contract. (See Opp’n at 14–15.)
10 Defendants respond that Plaintiffs’ failure to oppose dismissal of their second cause of
11 action merits dismissal with prejudice pursuant to Civil Local Rule 7.1(f)(3)(c), that their
12 request for leave to amend is procedurally improper under Civil Local Rule 15.1(b), and
13 that the proposed amendment is futile. (See Reply at 9–10.)
14 None of Defendants’ arguments merit denial of Plaintiffs’ request for leave to
15 amend. First, Plaintiffs’ concession to the dismissal of their negligence cause of action
16 does not mean that any other claim must be foreclosed. Second, the Federal Rules of Civil
17 Procedure direct the Court to “freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires,” see
18 Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2), and “there exists a presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of
19 granting leave to amend.” Eminence Cap., LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th
20 Cir. 2003) (emphasis in original) (citing Lowrey v. Tex. A & M Univ. Sys., 117 F.3d 242,
21 245 (5th Cir. 1997)). “Although [Plaintiffs’] rather informal mechanism for requesting
22 leave to amend (i.e., tucking the request into [their] response to [Defendants’] motion to
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25 4 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiffs fail adequately to allege Defendants’ actual knowledge, the
Court declines to address Defendants’ additional argument that Plaintiffs fail to allege that Defendants
26 “substantially assisted” the scammers. (See Mem. at 10; Reply at 8–9.) Further, although Defendants
request dismissal of Plaintiffs’ first cause of action for financial elder abuse without leave to amend, (see
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id.), it is not yet clear to the Court that “the allegation of other facts . . . could not possibly cure the
28 deficiency.’” See DeSoto, 957 F.2d at 658. The Court therefore concludes that dismissal with prejudice
1 dismiss) is not a preferred practice, it is not necessarily improper under Ninth Circuit law.”
2 Olivas v. Arizona, No. CV-19-02698-PHX-DWL, 2020 WL 6290486, at *1 (D. Ariz.
3 Oct. 27, 2020) (citing Edwards v. Occidental Chem. Corp., 892 F.2d 1442, 1445 n.2 (9th
4 Cir. 1990); Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 700–01 (9th Cir. 1988)
5 (as amended), overruled on other grounds by Bell Atl., 550 U.S. at 562–63). Indeed, it may
6 constitute reversible error for the Court to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Complaint with prejudice as
7 Defendants advocate here. See Balistreri, 901 F.2d at 700–02 (concluding that the district
8 court had abused its discretion by dismissing claim with prejudice despite the plaintiff’s
9 request for leave to amend contained in her opposition brief). Ultimately, “even assuming
10 that [Plaintiffs’] approach violated the Local Rules, the Court will exercise its discretion to
11 overlook [their] non-compliance.” See Olivas, 2020 WL 6290486, at *2 (citing Prof’l
12 Programs Grp. v. Dep’t of Comm., 29 F.3d 1349, 1353 (9th Cir. 1994)). Third and finally,
13 “denial [of leave to amend] on . . . ground[s of futility] is rare and courts generally defer
14 consideration of challenges to the merits of a proposed amended pleading until after leave
15 to amend is granted and the amended pleading is filed.” Clarke v. Upton, 703 F. Supp. 2d
16 1037, 1043 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (citing Netbula, LLC v. Distinct Corp., 212 F.R.D. 534, 539
17 (N.D. Cal. 2003)).
18 The Court therefore concludes that the proper course of action is “to construe
19 [Plaintiffs’] informal request as a motion for leave to amend, grant it, and then allow
20 [Defendants] to move to dismiss the new claim [Plaintiffs] includes in the next iteration of
21 [their] complaint.” See Olivas, 2020 WL 6290486, at *2. Accordingly, the Court
22 GRANTS Defendants’ Motion and DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’
23 second cause of action.
24 CONCLUSION
25 In light of the foregoing, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion (ECF No. 5) and
26 DISMISSES WITHOUT PREJUDICE Plaintiffs’ Complaint. Plaintiffs MAY FILE an
27 amended complaint curing the deficiencies outlined in this Order within fourteen (14) days
28 of the electronic docketing of this Order. Should Plaintiffs elect not to file a timely
1 || amended complaint, this action will be dismissed without prejudice without further Order
2 || of the Court.
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4
Dated: October 15, 2021
: [5 12 bie
Honorable Todd W. Robinson
7 United States District Court
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