noting that “consent decrees and orders have many of the attributes of 11 ordinary contracts, they should be construed basically as contracts, without reference to the 12 [claims the plaintiffs] originally sought to enforce but never proved applicable through 13 litigation”
How later courts described this case
- noting that “consent decrees and orders have many of the attributes of 11 ordinary contracts, they should be construed basically as contracts, without reference to the 12 [claims the plaintiffs] originally sought to enforce but never proved applicable through 13 litigation”
- “we conclude that an issue is moot 2 when deciding it would have no effect within the confines of the case itself’
- holding 28 || that “[b]ecause a stipulated judgment is analogous to a consent order or decree, it is also 3- treated as a contract for the purposes of enforcement”
- “There is no apparent distinction between a ‘stipulated 19 judgment,’ on the one hand, and what is called a ‘consent decree’ or a ‘consent judgment,’ 20 || on the other.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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SOUT US Ogtmcr □□□□
3 a LPSTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
DEPUTY
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 || BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE ) Case No.: 3:21-cv-00081-BEN-AHG
2 GLAZIERS, ARCHITECTURAL, )
METAL & GLASS WORKERS LOCAL ) ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR
13 |} UNION #1399 HEALTH & WELFARE ) ENTRY OF STIPULATED
14 TRUST, ) JUDGMENT
Plaintiff, )
15 □ ) [ECF No. 9]
v, )
16 )
7 SUMMIT COMMERCIAL FLOORS, )
INC., a California corporation, )
18 Defendant. )
LQ aS
20 INTRODUCTION
21 Plaintiff BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE GLAZIERS, ARCHITECTURAL
22 ||METAL & GLASS WORKERS LOCAL UNION #1399 HEALTH & WELFARE TRUST
23 ||(“Plaintiff’) brings this action to redress violations or enforce the terms of Section 502(e)
24 |lof the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”), as amended, 29
25 |}U.S.C § 1132(e), against Defendant SUMMIT COMMERCIAL FLOORS, INC., a
26 || California corporation (“Defendant” or “Summit”). Complaint, ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”).
27 Before the Court is the Motion for Stipulation for Entry of Judgment. ECF No. 13.
28 || After considering the papers submitted, supporting documentation, and applicable law, the
-]-
| Court DENIES the Motion.
2 BACKGROUND
3 A. Statement of Facts
4 Plaintiff alleges that on or about October 28, 2019, it conducted an audit of VALLEY
> FLOOR COVER, INC. (“Valley”), an alter-ego or successor company to Defendant, which
© ceased operations, and discovered unpaid contributions to the employee health plan/fund
7 the amount of more than $79,836.30. Compl. at 3,79, 5, 9 21, 7, § 29.
8 B. Procedural History
? On February 7, 2020, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Valley for failure to pay
10 |) amounts due under a collective bargaining agreement commencing Board of Trustees of
11 |! the Glaziers, Architectural Metal & Glass Workers Local Union #1399 Health & Welfare
12 |) Trust v, Valley Floor Covering, Inc., United States District Court for the Southern District
13 || of California Case No. 20-cv-00241-L-WVG. ECF No. 13 at 2. On March 3, 2021, the
14 || Court entered a default judgment against Valley for $89,221.20. Id.
15 On January 14, 2021, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against Defendant, alleging claims
16 for relief for (1) breach of written collective bargaining agreements and related trust
17 agreements; (2) violation of section 515 of the ERISA; and (3) audit. Compl. Plaintiff
18 |/claims that the primary relief sought is a determination that Defendant is a successor entity
19 Valley, and therefore, liable for amounts owed by Valley to Plaintiff. ECF No. 13 at 2.
20 On January 21, 2021, Plaintiff served Defendant with the summons and complaint.
21 No. 3. On February 22, 2021, Defendant filed its answer to the Complaint. ECF No.
22 On March 8, 2021, Defendant filed its First Amended Answer to the Complaint. ECF
23 ||No. 7.
24 On March 22, 2021, Magistrate Judge Allison H. Goddard held an Early Neutral
25 || Evaluation Conference (“ENE”), and the parties reached an agreement to resolve the entire
26 |lcase. ECF No. 10.
27 On April 1, 2021, the parties filed the instant Stipulation for Entry of Judgment. ECF
28 ||No. 1.
~2-
1 On April 23, 2021, the Court set a Settlement Conference, ECF No. 14, which took
2 place on May 11, 2021, where the terms of the parties’ settlement were read and affirmed
3 into the record, ECF No. 15.
4 LEGAL STANDARD
“Except as otherwise provided, stipulations must be recognized as binding on the
© | Court only when approved by the judge.” S.D. Cal. Civ. R. 7.2(a). Such stipulations “must
7 || first be filed as a ‘ joint motion,’” which require neither a hearing date for the motion nor a
8 separate points and authorities or declaration unless required by the nature of the motion
9 requested by the assigned judicial officer.” S.D. Cal. Civ. R. 7.2(b).
10 itv, DISCUSSION
I Every final judgment (1) “should grant the relief to which each party is entitled, even
12 the party has not demonstrated that relief in its pleadings,” FED. R. Clv.P. 54(c), and (2)
13 |) “must be set out in a separate document.” FED. R. Civ. P. 58(a). Parties to a lawsuit may
14 the Court to enter a stipulated judgment, which is also referred to as a “consent
15 judgment” or “consent decree,” and “is a contract-like judgment that turns on the parties’
16 expectations.” Cal. by & through Becerra v. U.S. Env’t Prot. Agency, 978 F.3d 708, 716
17 (9th Cir. 2020); see also Lopez-Aguilar vy. Marion Cty. Sheriff's Dep’t, 296 F. Supp. 3d
18 968 (S.D. Ind. 2017) (“There is no apparent distinction between a ‘stipulated
19 judgment,’ on the one hand, and what is called a ‘consent decree’ or a ‘consent judgment,’
20 || on the other.”). Such stipulated judgments “have a dual nature, reflecting the attributes of
21 || both a contract and a judicial act.” Smith v. Sumner, 994 F.2d 1401, 1406 (9th Cir. 1993);
22 || see also Lorain NAACP v. Lorain Bd. of Educ., 979 F.2d 1141, 1148-49 (6th Cir. 1992)
23 (“Because of their dual character, consent decrees may be ‘treated as contracts for some
24 | purposes but not for others,’ and modification may be justified when a court is ‘satisfied
25 |\that what it has been doing has been turned through changing circumstances into an
26 instrument of wrong.’”) (internal citations omitted); Anita’s New Mexico Style Mexican
27 || Food, Inc. v. Anita’s Mexican Foods Corp., 201 F.3d 314, 319 (4th Cir. 2000) (holding
28 || that “[b]ecause a stipulated judgment is analogous to a consent order or decree, it is also
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treated as a contract for the purposes of enforcement”) claim; Rufo v. Inmates of Suffolk
2 County Jail, 502 U.S. 367, 378-79 (1992) (providing that consent decrees reflect “an
3 agreement of the parties and thus in some respects [are] contractual in nature” but also
* ll reflects the parties’ desire and expectation that it “will be reflected in, and be enforceable
5 as, a judicial decree that is subject to the rules generally applicable to other judgments”);
6 but see Sys. Fed’n No. 91, Ry. Emp. Dep’t, AFL-CIO v. Wright, 364 U.S. 642 (1961)
7 (rejecting the argument that a consent decree should be treated as a contract rather than a
8 judicial act). Accordingly, the Court finds legal support for a stipulated judgment under
? || certain circumstances. See, e.g., United States v. ITT Cont’l Baking Co., 420 U.S. 223,
10 [1936-37 (1975) (noting that “consent decrees and orders have many of the attributes of
11 ordinary contracts, they should be construed basically as contracts, without reference to the
12 [claims the plaintiffs] originally sought to enforce but never proved applicable through
13 litigation”).
14 That being said, the Court must possess jurisdiction in order to enter a stipulated
15 judgment or consent decree. Article IIT of the United States Constitution limits the subject-
16 || matter jurisdiction of federal courts to justiciable “cases” and “controversies.” □□□□
17 || Const., ART. ILL, § 2. The United States Supreme Court has held that for a case to meet
18 the justiciability requirement, a plaintiff must show (1) standing; (2) that the case is ripe;
19 || (3) the case is not moot; and (4) the case does not involve a political question. See, e.g,
20 || DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno, 547 U.S. 332, 335 (2006) (“The doctrines of mootness,
21 |lripeness, and political question all originate in Article III’s ‘case’ or ‘controversy’
22 || language, no less than standing does.”).
23 In Wigton v. Murphy, 410 F. Supp. 3d 1121, 1121-22 (D. Mont. 2019), after the
24 parties settled their claims, they filed a Motion to Approve Stipulation for Entry of
25 || Judgment with the District Court of Montana so the plaintiff could enforce her claims
26 against the insurer of one of the defendants. The district court, however, denied the motion
27 || because the settlement of the claims meant there was no longer an Article III “case or
28 || controversy” sufficient to vest the court, a court of limited jurisdiction, with subject matter
_A_
jurisdiction. /d. at 1122. It reasoned that the attorneys “made no effort to connect the
2 || settlement to the particular claims in the case,” and the defendant failed to admit liability,
3 resulting in the court questioning on “what grounds the requested judgment [would] be
* |i entered on.” Id. (citing FED. R. CIv. P. 54(b) (describing “judgment” as adjudicating the
5 parties’ rights and liabilities); cf TeleVideo Sys., Inc. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917-18
6 (9th Cir, 1987) (requiring liability to be established before entry of default judgment)).
7 The Wigton court acknowledged that the “stipulated judgment procedure is
8 apparently common, or at least accepted[ ] in . . . courts of general jurisdiction.”
| Td Nonetheless, they also recognized that a stipulated judgment “grants an advisory
10 opinion about reasonable settlement amounts and turns the court’s imprimatur into a
11 || tactical and strategic tool.” 410 F. Supp. 3d at 1122. This is problematic because “federal
12 || courts are courts of limited jurisdiction constrained by Article III’s ‘case or controversy’
13 requirement,” and “[a] crucial aspect of that limited jurisdiction is that federal courts do
14 || not render opinions when there is not a case or controversy extant.” Jd. While “stipulated
15 judgments are not unheard of in federal court, though they are more often called ‘consent
16 || decrees,” and “generally involve the enforcement of federal statutory or constitutional
17 rights [which] require ongoing monitoring for compliance.” Jd. A proposed stipulated
18 judgment calling for a monetary award resolving a dispute between private parties, on the
19 || other hand, requires no further involvement from the court. Jd. Rather, “[w]hen a case
20 |/settles and there are no live claims or controversies to adjudicate, the appropriate
21 || disposition is dismissal.” Jd. Thus, “[i]n the ordinary course of litigation, when a case is
22 || settled] the federal court has no further business in advising the parties about the
23 |\reasonableness of the legal and factual positions they have taken to reach a mutually
24 |! agreeable accord.” Jd. at 1123. “Instead, the parties are ordered to file the necessary
25 }ipaperwork to dismiss the case.” Jd. Accordingly, the court denied the motion for a
26 || stipulated judgment, and instead, required the parties to “file a stipulation to dismiss
27 || together with a proposed order dismissing the case.” Jd. (citing FED. R. Crv. P. 41(a)(1)).
28 Here, pursuant to the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment signed by Plaintiff,
_5_
Defendant, and their counsel, all parties have agreed to the following terms:
2 1. Failure on the part of Plaintiff to take action against Defendant as provided
3 herein, in the event of any breach of the provisions of this Stipulation, shall not be deemed
4 lia waiver of any subsequent breach by the Summit of any provisions herein;
5 2. The Stipulation and proposed judgment contain the full and complete
6 agreement of the Parties and no Party has relied on any representation or other fact not
7 expressly recited herein;
8 3, Summit agrees not to take on any new work or jobs;
? 4, Summit shall close all business operations immediately after finishing both
10 jobs, but in no event later than June 30, 2021;
5. In the event, Summit takes on new work or jobs and/or fails to close all
12 || business operations after finishing his two jobs, Plaintiff may apply for:
13 a. a temporary restraining order, on an ex parte basis, seeking all
14 appropriate relief and will be entitled to immediate relief without the posting of a bond and
IS b. a preliminary and permanent injunction seeking all appropriate relief
16 || and Plaintiff will be entitled to the same without the posting of a bond.
17 6. Plaintiff releases the Summit’s President, Tony Garcia, in his individual
18 capacity, from all liability and claims of any kind related to VALLEY, Summit, and this
19 || Action with the exception set forth in paragraph 8, below.
20 7. Plaintiff does not release Tony Garcia from claims or liability, if any, that
21 || might arise from Summit’s violation of paragraphs 3 or 4, above; and
22 8. Summit agrees to the Court entering judgment in the amount of $89,221.20 in
23 || Plaintiff's favor and against Summit.
24 Plaintiff filed this lawsuit alleging claims for relief for (1) breach of written
25 || collective bargaining agreements and related trust agreements; (2) violation of section 515
26 the ERISA; and (3) audit. Compl. The Prayer for Relief in the Complaint requests
27 |\“unpaid fringe benefit contributions, interest, and liquidated damages of at least
28 $79,836.30,” prejudgment interest, liquidated damages, attorney’s fees and costs, an order
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| requiring Defendant to submit all payroll books and records to Plaintiff for an audit, and
a “such other and further relief as the Court may deem just and proper.” Compl. at 9-10.
3 ll The complaint never requests injunctive relief requiring Defendant to cease business
4 operations. See id. Thus, the relief requested by the Parties is problematic for three main
> || reasons: First, it does not pertain to the claims pled in the complaint as it neither seeks entry
© judgment that Defendant breached the agreements or violated section 515 of the ERISA
7 nor requests an audit. But see FED. R. Civ. P. 54(c) (providing that “[e}very final judgment
8 il. should grant the relief to which each party is entitled, even if the party has not
9 || demonstrated that relief in its pleadings”). Second, the Stipulation refers to Tony Garcia
10 llas an individual, who is not a named party to this case, and as such, the Court lacks personal
jurisdiction over him. Pennoyer v. Neff, 95 U.S. 714 (1877), overruled in part by Shaffer
12 Heitner, 433 U.S. 186 (1977). Third, because it appears the Parties have resolved their
13 dispute, it appears there is no longer a viable case or controversy required for the Court to
14 possess subject matter jurisdiction under Article III.
15 Like the Wigton defendant, the Stipulation indicates Summit does not admit liability.
16 Compare 410 F. Supp. 3d at 1122 with ECF No. 13 at 2 (providing that “without admitting
17 liability and solely to buy its peace, Summit is willing to stipulate to judgment in the full
18 |! amount sought by the Plaintiff and shut down its business operations”). As a result, like
19 the Wigton coutt, this Court finds that the parties may resolve their case, as they have done,
20 || but “when a case is settled, the federal court has no further business in advising the parties
21 || about the reasonableness of the . . . positions they have taken to reach a mutually agreeable
22 \laccord.” 410 F. Supp. 3d at 1123. The Parties have Stipulated to the terms of their
23 settlement in a signed writing, filed with the Court, which may be enforced in the same
24 || manner as a binding contract. Separate and aside from the tenuous nature of the Court’s
25 || authority to enter a judgment on claims and relief not pled in the complaint, the Court finds
26 both parties have already agreed in a writing signed by both parties to the terms for
27 || which they seek entry of judgment, which means the terms are enforceable. Thus, it
28 appears there is no need for the Court to separately enter judgment. See, e.g., Tur v.
7.
1 YouTube, Inc., 562 F.3d 1212, 1214 (9th Cir. 2009) (“we conclude that an issue is moot
2 when deciding it would have no effect within the confines of the case itself’), Further, the
3 Parties have also entered the terms of their settlement into the record, which also creates
* || enforcement rights. ECF No. 15,
5 Accordingly, this Court, like the Wigton court, denies the motion for a stipulated
6 judgment, and instead, requires the parties to “file a stipulation to dismiss together with a
7 proposed order dismissing the case.” 410 F. Supp. 3d at 1123 (citing Fep. R. Civ. P.
8 41(a)(1)).
9 CONCLUSION
10 The Court having reviewed the Stipulation for Entry of Judgment (“Stipulation”),
I good cause appearing, DENIES the Stipulation as moot given (1) the settlement terms
12 already been read into the record and (2) resolution of all claims between the parties
13 brings the Court’s Article II jurisdiction into question.
14 IT IS SO ORDERED.
15 || DATED: May 19, 2021
16 - ROGER T. EZ,
United States District Judge
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