noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 22 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 12(b)(6)”
How later courts described this case
- noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard 22 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23 12(b)(6)”
- “[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”
- where the running of the statute of limitations is 12 apparent on the face of a complaint, dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper, so 13 long as Plaintiff is provided an opportunity to amend in order to allege facts which, if 14 proved, might support tolling
- upholding sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) of prisoner’s 19 time-barred complaint
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 KEITH RUSSEL LUCKETT Case No. 20-cv-0932-MMA-JLB
CDCR #BA-6053,
12
ORDER DENYING MOTION TO
Plaintiff,
13 PROCEED IN FORMA PAUPERIS;
vs.
14
[Doc. No. 2]
15
A. SUDBURY, et al., DISMISSING COMPLAINT
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Defendants. PURSUANT TO 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)
17 AND § 1915A(b)(1)
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22 Plaintiff Keith Russel Luckett, an inmate currently incarcerated at Salinas Valley
23 State Prison, has filed a civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. See Doc. No. 1
24 (“Compl.”). Plaintiff has also filed Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis (“IFP”)
25 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a). See Doc. No. 2.
26 I. Motion to Proceed IFP
27 All parties instituting any civil action, suit or proceeding in a district court of the
28 United States, except an application for writ of habeas corpus, must pay a filing fee of
1 $400. See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a). The action may proceed despite a plaintiff’s failure to
2 prepay the entire fee only if he is granted leave to proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
3 § 1915(a). See Andrews v. Cervantes, 493 F.3d 1047, 1051 (9th Cir. 2007); Rodriguez v.
4 Cook, 169 F.3d 1176, 1177 (9th Cir. 1999). However, a prisoner granted leave to
5 proceed IFP remains obligated to pay the entire fee in “increments” or “installments,”
6 Bruce v. Samuels, __ U.S. __, 136 S. Ct. 627, 629 (2016); Williams v. Paramo, 775 F.3d
7 1182, 1185 (9th Cir. 2015), and regardless of whether his action is ultimately dismissed.
8 See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1) & (2); Taylor v. Delatoore, 281 F.3d 844, 847 (9th Cir.
9 2002).
10 Section 1915(a)(2) requires prisoners seeking leave to proceed IFP to submit a
11 “certified copy of the trust fund account statement (or institutional equivalent) for . . . the
12 6-month period immediately preceding the filing of the complaint.” 28 U.S.C.
13 § 1915(a)(2); Andrews v. King, 398 F.3d 1113, 1119 (9th Cir. 2005). From the certified
14 trust account statement, the Court assesses an initial payment of 20% of (a) the average
15 monthly deposits in the account for the past six months, or (b) the average monthly
16 balance in the account for the past six months, whichever is greater, unless the prisoner
17 has no assets. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(4). The institution
18 having custody of the prisoner then collects subsequent payments, assessed at 20% of the
19 preceding month’s income, in any month in which his account exceeds $10, and forwards
20 those payments to the Court until the entire filing fee is paid. See 28 U.S.C. §
21 1915(b)(2); Bruce, 136 S. Ct. at 629.
22 Plaintiff has not submitted the required copy of his CDCR Inmate Statement
23 Report. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a)(2); S.D. Cal. CivLR 3.2; Andrews, 398 F.3d at 1119.
24 Without the trust account statement, this Court is unable to determine whether Plaintiff
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1 In addition to the $350 statutory fee, civil litigants must pay an additional administrative fee of $50.
27 See 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) (Judicial Conference Schedule of Fees, District Court Misc. Fee Schedule, § 14
(eff. June 1, 2016). The additional $50 administrative fee does not apply to persons granted leave to
28
1 qualifies to proceed IFP and what, if any, the initial partial payment of the filing fee
2 should be. Therefore, the Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP without
3 prejudice.
4 II. Sua Sponte Screening per 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A
5 A. Standard of Review
6 Although the Court has denied Plaintiff’s motion to proceed IFP and his Complaint
7 is therefore subject to dismissal on that ground alone, in the interest of judicial economy
8 the Court will screen the complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b).
9 Under these statutes, the Court must sua sponte dismiss a prisoner’s IFP complaint, or
10 any portion of it, which is frivolous, malicious, fails to state a claim, or seeks damages
11 from defendants who are immune. See Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-27 (9th Cir.
12 2000) (en banc) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)); Rhodes v. Robinson, 621 F.3d 1002,
13 1004 (9th Cir. 2010) (discussing 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)). “The purpose of [screening] is
14 ‘to ensure that the targets of frivolous or malicious suits need not bear the expense of
15 responding.’” Nordstrom v. Ryan, 762 F.3d 903, 920 n.1 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations
16 omitted).
17 “The standard for determining whether a plaintiff has failed to state a claim upon
18 which relief can be granted under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) is the same as the Federal Rule of
19 Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) standard for failure to state a claim.” Watison v. Carter, 668
20 F.3d 1108, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012); see also Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1121 (9th
21 Cir. 2012) (noting that screening pursuant to § 1915A “incorporates the familiar standard
22 applied in the context of failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
23 12(b)(6)”). Rule 12(b)(6) requires a complaint “contain sufficient factual matter,
24 accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
25 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at 1121.
26 Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the
27 elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”
28 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for
1 relief [is] ... a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its
2 judicial experience and common sense.” Id. The “mere possibility of misconduct” or
3 “unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed me accusation[s]” fall short of meeting
4 this plausibility standard. Id.; see also Moss v. U.S. Secret Service, 572 F.3d 962, 969
5 (9th Cir. 2009).
6 B. Plaintiff’s factual allegations
7 On July 9, 2015, Plaintiff was in the custody of the San Diego County Jail while he
8 was attending his trial. See Compl. at 12. During his attorney’s closing argument, he
9 “stood up and yelled his innocence.” Id. At that point, San Diego County Sheriff A.
10 Sudbury punched Plaintiff in the back of his head, knocking Plaintiff unconscious.
11 Plaintiff alleges that defendants A. Macias and J. Lopez, also San Diego County Sheriffs,
12 punched and kicked him. Plaintiff was then dragged from the courtroom. Plaintiff
13 contends he was disoriented from the courtroom attack and could not identify the Does 1-
14 4 who also punched and kicked him after he was removed from the courtroom. Plaintiff
15 also alleges and that he was tasered several times unnecessarily and that the Defendants
16 did not file an incident report. Plaintiff alleges that although he was taken to the hospital
17 after the incident, this was only “to deal with the protocol after being tasered” and that
18 “all other medical treatment was denied.” Id. at 14.
19 Plaintiff appeared in court on July 10, 2015 and told the judge he had not been fed
20 since the preceding morning. Later, Plaintiff was placed in Administrative Segregation
21 (Ad. Seg.), which he claims was in retaliation. Defendants continued to refuse to provide
22 him with medical care, and after Plaintiff’s attorney and family members contacted the
23 Sheriff’s Department to complain about Plaintiff’s treatment, Plaintiff claims he was
24 subjected to further retaliation and denial of medical care. His placement in Ad. Seg.
25 resulted in Plaintiff being unable to perform his critical daily activities [and] to properly
26 participate in his own defense.” Id. at 15-16. In addition, Plaintiff’s placement in Ad.
27 Seg. “cause[d] Plaintiff more depression and his PTSD to increase,” and he was denied
28 mental health care. Id.
1 C. Statute of Limitations
2 Plaintiff’s claims arise from the time he was housed at the San Diego County Jail
3 in July of 2015. See Compl. at 12. “A claim may be dismissed [for failing to state a
4 claim] on the ground that it is barred by the applicable statute of limitations only when
5 ‘the running of the statute is apparent on the face of the complaint.’” Von Saher v.
6 Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 969 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting
7 Huynh v. Chase Manhattan Bank, 465 F.3d 992, 997 (9th Cir. 2006)). “‘A complaint
8 cannot be dismissed unless it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of
9 facts that would establish the timeliness of the claim.’” Id. (quoting Supermail Cargo,
10 Inc. v. U.S., 68 F.3d 1204, 1206 (9th Cir. 1995)); see also Cervantes v. City of San Diego,
11 5 F.3d 1273, 1276-77 (9th Cir. 1993) (where the running of the statute of limitations is
12 apparent on the face of a complaint, dismissal for failure to state a claim is proper, so
13 long as Plaintiff is provided an opportunity to amend in order to allege facts which, if
14 proved, might support tolling); see also Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l
15 Planning Agency, 216 F.3d 764, 788 (9th Cir. 2000) (court may raise the defense of
16 statute of limitations sua sponte), overruled on other grounds by Gonzalez v. Arizona,
17 677 F.3d 383, 389 (9th Cir. 2011) (en banc); Hughes v. Lott, 350 F.3d 1157, 1163 (11th
18 Cir. 2003) (upholding sua sponte dismissal under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) of prisoner’s
19 time-barred complaint).
20 Because section 1983 contains no specific statute of limitation, federal courts apply
21 the forum state’s statute of limitations for personal injury actions. Jones v. Blanas, 393
22 F.3d 918, 927 (9th Cir. 2004); Maldonado v. Harris, 370 F.3d 945, 954 (9th Cir. 2004);
23 Fink v. Shedler, 192 F.3d 911, 914 (9th Cir. 1999). Before 2003, California’s statute of
24 limitations was one year. Jones, 393 F.3d at 927. Effective January 1, 2003, the
25 limitations period was extended to two. Id. (citing CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 335.1).
26 The law of the forum state also governs tolling. Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384,
27 394 (2007) (citing Hardin v. Straub, 490 U.S. 536, 538-39 (1989)); Jones, 393 F.3d at
28 927 (noting that in actions where the federal court borrows the state statute of limitation,
1 the federal court also borrows all applicable provisions for tolling the limitations period
2 found in state law). Under California law, the statute of limitations for prisoners serving
3 less than a life sentence is tolled for two years. CAL. CIV. PROC. CODE § 352.1(a);
4 Johnson v. California, 207 F.3d 650, 654 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds,
5 543 U.S. 499 (2005). Accordingly, the effective statute of limitations for most California
6 prisoners is three years for claims accruing before January 1, 2003 (one-year limitations
7 period plus two-year statutory tolling), and four years for claims accruing thereafter (two-
8 year limitations period plus two years statutory tolling).
9 Unlike the length of the limitations period, however, “the accrual date of a § 1983
10 cause of action is a question of federal law that is not resolved by reference to state law.”
11 Wallace, 549 U.S. at 388; Hardin, 490 U.S. at 543-44 (federal law governs when a
12 § 1983 cause of action accrues). “Under the traditional rule of accrual . . . the tort cause
13 of action accrues, and the statute of limitation begins to run, when the wrongful act or
14 omission results in damages.” Wallace, 549 U.S. at 391. Put another way, “[u]nder
15 federal law, a claim accrues when the plaintiff knows or has reason to know of the injury
16 which is the basis of the action.” Maldonado, 370 F.3d at 955; TwoRivers v. Lewis, 174
17 F.3d 987, 991 (9th Cir. 1999).
18 Here, Plaintiff’s claims accrued in July of 2015. See Compl. at 12-16. Plaintiff,
19 however, was not a prisoner at the time of the alleged incidents because he was in trial
20 and had not yet been convicted. See id. at 12. A California appellate court has held that a
21 pretrial detainee is not “imprisoned on a criminal charge” and is therefore not entitled to
22 tolling for the period he was in custody prior to being in prison. See Austin v. Medicis, 21
23 Cal. App. 5th 577, 597 (2018). Plaintiff is similarly not entitled to tolling for the period
24 he was in custody during his trial. See Shaw v. Sacramento Cnty. Sheriff’s Dept., 343 F.
25 Supp. 3d 919, 923-24 (E.D. Cal. 2018) (applying Austin to a pretrial detainee and
26 denying tolling). The statute of limitations therefore expired on July 9, 2017.
27 Consequently, based on the face of Plaintiff’s own pleading, it is clear Plaintiff’s claims
28 fall outside California’s two-year statute of limitations, even including all presumed
1 periods of tolling provided by statute. See Wallace, 591 U.S. at 391; Maldonado, 370
2 F.3d at 955; CAL. CODE CIV. PROC. § 335.1 (tolling statute of limitations “for a maximum
3 of 2 years” during a prisoner’s incarceration).
4 Finally, Plaintiff’s claims could be considered timely if, in his Complaint, he
5 alleges facts sufficient to show the limitations period may be equitably tolled. See
6 Cervantes, 5 F.3d at 1276-77. Generally, federal courts also apply the forum state’s law
7 regarding equitable tolling. Fink, 192 F.3d at 914; Bacon v. City of Los Angeles, 843 F.2d
8 372, 374 (9th Cir.1988). Under California law, however, Plaintiff must meet three
9 conditions to equitably toll the statute of limitations: (1) he must have diligently pursued
10 his claim; (2) his situation must be the product of forces beyond his control; and (3)
11 Defendants must not be prejudiced by the application of equitable tolling. See Hull v.
12 Central Pathology Serv. Med. Clinic, 28 Cal. App. 4th 1328, 1335 (Cal. Ct. App. 1994);
13 Addison v. State of California, 21 Cal.3d 313, 316-17 (Cal. 1978); Fink, 192 F.3d at 916.
14 As currently pleaded, however, the Court finds Plaintiff has failed to plead any
15 facts which, if proved, would support any plausible claim for equitable tolling. See
16 Cervantes, 5 F.3d at 1277; Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679; Hinton v. Pac. Enters., 5 F.3d 391, 395
17 (9th Cir. 1993) (plaintiff carries the burden to plead facts which would give rise to
18 equitable tolling); see also Kleinhammer v. City of Paso Robles, 385 Fed. Appx. 642, 643
19 (9th Cir. 2010).
20 Accordingly, the Court finds the running of the statute of limitations is apparent on
21 the face of Plaintiff’s Complaint, and therefore he has failed to state a claim upon which
22 section 1983 relief may be granted. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii); § 1915A(b)(1).
23 III. Conclusion and Order
24 Good cause appearing, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
25 1. The Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Proceed IFP pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
26 § 1915(a) (Doc. No. 2).
27 2. The Court DISMISSES Plaintiff’s Complaint for failing to state a claim
28 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A(b).
1 3. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff forty-five (45) days from the date of this
2 || Order in which to re-open his case. In order to do so, Plaintiff must: (1) pay the entire
3 $400 statutory and administrative filing fee in one lump-sum, or (2) file a renewed
4 || Motion to Proceed IFP, which includes a prison certificate and/or a certified copy of his
5 || CDCR Inmate Trust Account Statement or his Inmate Trust Account Statement Report for
6 || the 6-month period preceding the filing of his Complaint pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
7 |{§ 1915(a)@) and S.D. Cal. CivLR 3.2(b) and (3) file a First Amended Complaint (FAC)
8 || which cures all the deficiencies of pleading noted. Plaintiff's Amended Complaint must
9 || be complete in itself without reference to his original pleading. Defendants not named
10 any claims not re-alleged in the Amended Complaint will be considered waived. See
11 ||S.D. CAL. CIVLR 15.1; Hal Roach Studios, Inc. v. Richard Feiner & Co., Inc., 896 F.2d
12 || 1542, 1546 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A]n amended pleading supersedes the original.”); Lacey,
13 || 693 F.3d at 928 (noting that claims dismissed with leave to amend which are not re-
14 || alleged in an amended pleading may be “considered waived if not repled.”’).
15 4. The Court DIRECTS the Clerk of the Court to provide Plaintiff with a
16 || blank copy of a Court-approved form “Motion and Declaration in Support of Motion to
17 || Proceed IFP” for his use and convenience and a blank copy of a form Complaint under
18 |/the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for Plaintiff's use in amending.
19 5. If Plaintiff does not comply by paying or sufficiently moving IFP and filing
20 || FAC within 45 days, the Court will then enter a final Order of dismissal based both on his
21 || failure to satisfy 28 U.S.C. § 1914(a) and § 1915(a) and his failure to state a claim per 28
22 ||U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2) and § 1915A.
23 IT IS SO ORDERED.
24 || Dated: June 18, 2020 Wa , Lt UTM 8 : higllr
25 Hon. MICHAEL M. ANELLO
United States District Judge
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