Gustine v. County of San Diego

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10

11 BRENT EDWARD GUSTINE, Case No. 3:19-cv-00903-LAB-NLS

12

ORDER: (1) GRANTING

13 Plaintiff, DEFENDANT COUNTY OF SAN

DIEGO’S MOTION TO DISMISS

14 vs. PLAINTIFF’S FIRST AMENDED

15 COMPLAINT; AND (2) ISSUING

ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE

16 COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO;

17 DOES 1 THROUGH 10, [ECF No. 11]

Defendants.

18

19

20

21 Plaintiff has brought this action under 42 U.S.C. Section 1983 alleging that his

22 constitutional rights were violated when he was housed at the San Diego Central Jail

23 (“SDCJ”) in November of 2018. (See First Am. Compl., ECF No. 10.) Defendant County

24 of San Diego moves to dismiss all the claims in Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint1

25

26

27 1 Plaintiff requested and was granted leave to amend his original Complaint in response

to Defendants’ initial motion to dismiss on August 1, 2019. (See ECF No. 9.)

28

1 (“FAC”) pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (Def.’s Mot., ECF No.

2 11.) Plaintiff filed an Opposition to Defendants’ Motion to which Defendants filed a

3 Reply. (See ECF Nos. 13, 14.)

4 While the Motion was initially calendared before Magistrate Judge Nita L.

5 Stormes, the Court has determined that this Motion is suitable for disposition upon the

6 papers without oral argument and that no Report and Recommendation from Magistrate

7 Judge Stormes is necessary.

8 For the reasons set forth more fully below Defendant’s Motion is GRANTED.

9 I. Factual allegations2

10 On July 25, 2018, Plaintiff was arrested and housed in the SDCJ. See FAC at 4.

11 Plaintiff was placed in “Intake Holding #1” and “went to sleep.” Id. One day later,

12 Inmate George Julius (“Julius”) “was arrested by El Centro Police Department for

13 violating a protective order to prevent domestic violence.” Id. Plaintiff claims “Doe

14 Officers” examined Julius and “knew of his propensity of violence.” Id. Defendant Doe

15 Deputy #1 purportedly told Defendant Doe Deputy #2 that Julius “should not be placed

16 with other inmates.” Id.

17 Plaintiff claims that Defendants, “despite … knowing [Julius’] propensity of

18 violence,” placed Julius in the same cell as Plaintiff. Id. As a result, Julius purportedly

19 “walk[ed] up to Plaintiff and began punching Plaintiff’s face and body.” Id. Plaintiff

20 “fell off the bench” as Julius continued to punch and kick Plaintiff “several times.” Id.

21 Plaintiff claims to have lost “consciousness” during the encounter. Id.

22 After Plaintiff “regained consciousness, he heard deputies telling him to get out of

23 the cell.” Id. As he was escorted out of the cell, he “overheard Doe Deputy #1tell Doe

24 Deputy, ‘I told you [Julius] shouldn’t have been placed in a cell with anyone’.” Id.

25

26

27 2 Page numbers for all documents filed in the Court’s Case Management/Electronic Case File

(“CM/ECF”) will refer to the pagination generated by CM/ECF as indicated on the top right-hand corner

28

1 “As a result of Plaintiff being attacked, he suffered a broken nose, contusion to his lip,

2 fractured back, shoulder injury, concussions, brain trauma, headaches, memory loss,

3 anxiety, depression and lack of focus.” Id. at 5.

4 II. Defendant’s Motion to Strike

5 In Defendant’s Motion they request that the “Court strike the references to ‘all

6 Defendants’,” or in the alternative, dismiss them as a named Defendant from Plaintiff’s

7 first, second, and fourth claims. (Def.’s Mot. at 9.)

8 In Plaintiff’s response, he indicates that the first and second claims in his FAC “are

9 not alleged against the County.” (Pl.’s Reply at 4.) Therefore, Plaintiff “accepts

10 Defendant County’s request to strike reference to ‘all Defendants’ made in Plaintiff’s first

11 and second claims, as said claims are only alleged against Defendants DOE Deputies 1-

12 10, individually.” (Id.) Plaintiff further states he “never intended to seek liability against

13 the County based on the first two claims.” (Id.)

14 Based on these representations, the Court strikes Defendant County of San Diego

15 from Plaintiff’s first and second claims.

16 Plaintiff does not address Defendant’s request to strike his fourth claim which is a

17 state law negligence claim. In the Court’s August 1, 2019, it was made clear that

18 Plaintiff’s state law negligence claim was dismissed with prejudice. (Aug. 1, 2019 Order

19 at 2.) Plaintiff was not given permission by the Court to re-allege this claim in his FAC.

20 Thus, the Court GRANTS Defendant’s Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s state law

21 negligence claim found in count 4 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(f)(2).

22 III. Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss

23 A. Standard of Review

24 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may file a motion to

25 dismiss on the grounds that a complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be

26 granted.” A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “tests the

27 legal sufficiency of a claim.” Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001); Bryan

28 v. City of Carlsbad, 207 F. Supp. 3d 1107, 1114 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 20, 2018).

1 Because Rule 12(b)(6) focuses on the “sufficiency” of a claim rather than the

2 claim’s substantive merits, “a court may [ordinarily] look only at the face of the

3 complaint to decide a motion to dismiss,” Van Buskirk v. Cable News Network, Inc., 284

4 F.3d 977, 980 (9th Cir. 2002).

5 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual

6 matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft

7 v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S.

8 544, 570 (2007)); Villa v. Maricopa Cty., 865 F.3d 1224, 1228-29 (9th Cir. 2017). A

9 claim is facially plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court

10 to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.”

11 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Plausibility requires pleading facts, as opposed to conclusory

12 allegations or the “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” Twombly,

13 550 U.S. at 555, which rise above the mere conceivability or possibility of unlawful

14 conduct. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79; Somers v. Apple, Inc., 729 F.3d 953, 959-60 (9th Cir.

15 2013). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

16 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. While a pleading “does

17 not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’” Rule 8 nevertheless “demands more than an

18 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678

19 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555).

20 B. Monell liability

21 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s FAC “still does not allege sufficient facts to

22 allege a constitutional claim against the County.” (Def.’s Mot. at 9.) In his FAC,

23 Plaintiff claims that the Defendant’s failure to train individual employees resulted in

24 violations of his constitutional rights. (See FAC at 7-10.) A municipal entity is liable

25 under section 1983 only if Plaintiff alleges his constitutional injury was caused by

26 employees acting pursuant to the municipality’s policy or custom. Mt. Healthy City Sch.

27 Dist. Bd. of Ed. v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274, 280 (1977); Monell, 436 U.S. at 691; Villegas v.

28 Gilroy Garlic Festival Ass’n, 541 F.3d 950, 964 (9th Cir. 2008). The County of San

1 Diego may not be held vicariously liable under section 1983 simply based on allegedly

2 unconstitutional acts of its employees. See Board of Cty. Comm’rs. v. Brown, 520 U.S.

3 397, 403 (1997); Monell, 436 U.S. at 691 (“[A] a municipality cannot be held liable

4 solely because it employs a tortfeasor.”); Jackson v. Barnes, 749 F.3d 755, 762 (9th Cir.

5 2014). Instead, the municipality may be held liable “when execution of a government’s

6 policy or custom ... inflicts the injury.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694; Los Angeles Cty., Cal. v.

7 Humphries, 562 U.S. 29, 36 (2010).

8 In seeking relief against a municipality, “the inadequacy of the police training may

9 serve as the basis for § 1983 liability only where the failure to train amounts to deliberate

10 indifference to the rights of persons with whom the police come into contact.” City of

11 Canton v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 389 (1989). Plaintiff “must demonstrate a ‘conscious’

12 or ‘deliberate’ choice on the part of a municipality in order to prevail on a failure to train

13 claim.” Price v. Sery, 513 F.3d 962, 972 (9th Cir. 2008). “When city policymakers are

14 on actual or constructive notice that a particular omission in their training program causes

15 city employees to violate citizens’ constitutional rights, the city may be deemed

16 deliberately indifference if the policymakers choose to retain that program.” Connick v.

17 Thompson, 562 U.S. 51, 61 (2011).

18 In addition, in order to state a “failure to train” claim, Plaintiff must demonstrate

19 that “(1) he was deprived of a constitutional right, (2) the [County] had a training policy

20 that ‘amounts to deliberate indifference to the [constitutional] rights of the persons’ with

21 whom [its police officers] are likely to come into contact,’ and (3) his constitutional

22 injury would be have avoided had the [County] properly trained those officers.”

23 Blankenhorm v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 484 (9th Cir. 2007).

24 Defendant argues that the “FAC does not adequately identify any San Diego

25 Sheriff policy that instructs the entity’s employees to take an unconstitutional action.”

26 (Def.’s Mot. at 11.) They argue “Plaintiff appears to allege that the County had a policy

27 of requiring ‘violent’ inmates to be housed together without appropriate supervision.”

28 (Id.) However, Plaintiff argues that he has identified that a lack of a policy to screen

1 inmates “with a propensity for violence” is a “policy of inaction” which is “obviously

2 deficient and likely to cause constitutional injury.” (Pl.’s Opp’n at 5-6.)

3 A Plaintiff may demonstrate that “the need for more or different training is so

4 obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights,

5 that the policymakers . . . can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to

6 the need.” Kirkpatrick v County of Washoe, 843 F.3d 784, 793-94 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing

7 Canton, 489 U.S. at 389).

8 In his FAC, Plaintiff sets forth a “list of incidents exemplifying the aforementioned

9 policies, customs,” and practices of the Defendant. (FAC at 8.) Specifically, Plaintiff

10 identifies reports that from 2015-2018 that “the San Diego County jail system struggled

11 with an over-incarceration of people with mental disabilities, which resulted in excessive

12 force, inmate suicide.” (Id.) In addition, Plaintiff alleges that according to “media

13 reports,” SDCJ “inmate suicides have escalated 3-fold since 2011,” the San Diego

14 Sheriff’s Department “admitted” that the “number of high-risk inside since 2001” has

15 “led to violence in the facilities,” and in 2018 the “San Diego County Citizen Review”

16 determined that the SDCJ “wrongfully placed a jail inmate into general which resulted in

17 a general population detainee to be assaulted.” (Id.)

18 “A ‘pattern of similar constitutional violations by untrained employees is

19 ordinarily necessary to demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes of failure to

20 train.’” Flores v. Cnty of Los Angeles, 759 F.3d 1154, 1159 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting

21 Connick, 563 U.S. at 62. Here, Plaintiff’s FAC points to a high rate of inmate suicides in

22 support of his claim that there is a lack of training. That may or may not be true but

23 inmate suicides are not at issue in this matter. He also points to just one incident in

24 which an inmate was “wrongfully placed” with another inmate causing an assault to

25 occur. There is no allegation as to why this particular inmate was “wrongfully placed”

26 and more importantly, one incident cannot establish a “pattern” of constitutional

27 violations.

28

1 Taking true Plaintiff’s allegations as true, the Court finds that he has failed to

2 allege facts sufficient to show that there was a pattern of constitutional violations by

3 employees sufficient to state a “failure to train claim” against the County of San Diego.

4 See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679 (“Determining whether a complaint states a plausible claim for

5 relief will . . . be a context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its

6 judicial experience and common sense.”).

7 Thus, Defendant County of San Diego’s Motion to Dismiss the claims against

8 them is GRANTED for failing to state a claim upon which relief may be granted pursuant

9 to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6).

10 C. Unserved Defendants

11 Defendant also seeks to dismiss the claims against the Doe Defendants on the

12 grounds that Plaintiff “has not named, nor served any” of the Doe Defendants. (Def.’s

13 Mot. at 17.) Plaintiff must show cause no later than sixty (60) days from the date this

14 Order is filed why the claims against the Doe Defendants should not be dismissed for

15 want of prosecution pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 4(m). If Plaintiff fails to provide the Court

16 with documentation demonstrating identification and proper service on these Defendants

17 within sixty (60) days from the date this Order is filed, the claims against them in this

18 action will be dismissed without prejudice.

19 III. Conclusion and Order

20 For all the reasons discussed, the Court:

21 1) GRANTS Defendant County of San Diego’s Motion to Strike as to

22 Plaintiff’s First and Second claims pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f);

23 2) GRANTS Defendant County of San Diego’s Motion to Strike Plaintiff’s

24 Fourth claim in its entirety with prejudice pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(f);

25 3) GRANTS Defendant County of San Diego’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s

26 Fourteenth Amendment claims based on a failure to train pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.

27 12(b)(6);

28

1 4) GRANTS Plaintiff sixty (60) days leave from the date of this Order in

2 || which to file an Amended Complaint which cures all the deficiencies of pleading noted.

3 || Plaintiff's Amended Complaint must be complete by itself without reference to his

4 || original pleading.

5 It is further ordered that:

6 5) Plaintiff must show cause no later than sixty (60) days from the date this

7 || Order is filed to identify and serve the Doe Defendants. If Plaintiff fails to comply with

8 ||this Court order, he must show cause in sixty (60) days why the claims against the Doe

9 || Defendants should not be dismissed for want of prosecution pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.

10 4m). If Plaintiff fails to provide the Court with documentation demonstrating proper

11 |/identification and service on these Defendants within sixty (60 days from the date this

12 || Order is filed, the claims against them in this action will be dismissed without prejudice.

13

14 || IT ISSO ORDERED.

15 |}Date: November 20, 2019 ( Ab Af “4 Zu)

16 Hon. Larry Alan Burns

7 Chief United States District Judge

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

8