applying § 1983 cases to analysis of Bivens claim that 19 officers used excessive force under Fourth Amendment, and of qualified immunity defense 20 to same claim
How later courts described this case
- applying § 1983 cases to analysis of Bivens claim that 19 officers used excessive force under Fourth Amendment, and of qualified immunity defense 20 to same claim
- recognizing a private right of action for damages for 10 constitutional violations by federal employees or their agents
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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MARK PHILIP FA’AITA,
11 Case No. 23-cv-03649 BLF (PR)
Plaintiff,
12 ORDER OF DISMISSAL WITH
v. LEAVE TO AMEND
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FEDERAL BUREAU OF PRISONS, et
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al.,
15 Defendants.
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18 Plaintiff, who appears to be a former federal prisoner, filed the instant pro se civil
19 rights action against the Federal Bureau of Prisons Lompoc (“BOP Lompoc”) and several
20 individuals at the prison. Dkt. No. 1 at 1-2.1 Plaintiff’s motion for leave to proceed in
21 forma pauperis will be addressed in a separate order. Dkt. No. 2.
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23 DISCUSSION
24 A. Standard of Review
25 A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a
26 prisoner seeks redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a
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1 governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). In its review, the court must identify any
2 cognizable claims and dismiss any claims that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim
3 upon which relief may be granted or seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune
4 from such relief. See id. § 1915A(b)(1), (2). Pro se pleadings must, however, be liberally
5 construed. See Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988);
6 Jackson v. Carey, 535 F.3d 750, 757 (9th Cir. 2003).
7 Because Plaintiff challenges the actions of federal employees at BOP Lompoc, his
8 action must be construed as one under Bivens v. Six Unknown Federal Narcotics Agents,
9 403 U.S. 388, 392–97 (1971) (recognizing a private right of action for damages for
10 constitutional violations by federal employees or their agents). To state a Bivens claim, a
11 plaintiff must allege that the defendant violated a federal constitutional right while acting
12 under color of federal law. See Martin v. Sias, 88 F.3d 774, 775 (9th Cir. 1996) (citing Van
13 Strum v. Lawn, 940 F.2d 406, 409 (9th Cir. 1991)). Except for the replacement of a state
14 actor by a federal actor, actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens are identical. Id.; see
15 also Wilson v. Layne, 526 U. S. 603, 609 (1999) (qualified immunity analysis same under
16 Bivens and § 1983). Accordingly, when reviewing a Bivens action for which there is no
17 case on point, § 1983 cases may be applied by analogy. See, e.g., Tekle v. United States,
18 511 F.3d 839, 844 (9th Cir. 2007) (applying § 1983 cases to analysis of Bivens claim that
19 officers used excessive force under Fourth Amendment, and of qualified immunity defense
20 to same claim).
21 A “complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a
22 claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009)
23 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim has facial
24 plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
25 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. (quoting
26 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). Furthermore, a court “is not required to accept legal
1 be drawn from the facts alleged.” Clegg v. Cult Awareness Network, 18 F.3d 752, 754–55
2 (9th Cir. 1994).
3 B. Plaintiff’s Claims
4 Plaintiff names four defendants: BOP Lompoc, Warden Felipe Martinez, Ms.
5 Corlone (Camp Administrator), and Mr. Espinoza (SHU Lieutenant). Dkt. No. 1 at 1-2.
6 Plaintiff claims that he was held in the SHU (solitary housing unit) for over 400 days and
7 has now developed mental and psychological issues. Id. at 3. He claims Defendants
8 violated his rights under the Eighth Amendment because Mr. Martinez “put me in the
9 SHU,” Ms. Corlone “kept me in the SHU,” and Mr. Espinoza “did not do enough to get me
10 discharged from the SHU.” Id. at 5. Plaintiff seeks damages for his pain and suffering and
11 permanent psychological issues, his “wife/kids pain and suffering,” as well as for future
12 treatment and medicine. Id. at 7. There are several problems with this complaint.
13 First of all, Plaintiff cannot proceed against BOP Lompac. The only available relief
14 in a Bivens action is an award of money damages for any injuries caused by a defendant
15 acting in his or her individual capacity. Ministerio Roca Solida v. McKelvey, 820 F.3d
16 1090, 1093-96 (9th Cir. 2016). Because the purpose of Bivens is to deter the individual
17 officer, the Bivens remedy does not extend to damages actions against federal agencies,
18 even where individual officers are protected by qualified immunity. See FDIC v. Meyer,
19 510 U.S. 471, 484-86 (1994). Accordingly, Plaintiff has no remedy against BOP Lompoc,
20 who must be dismissed from this action.
21 Second, the allegations are insufficient to state an Eighth Amendment claim against
22 the individual Defendants, assuming such a claim is cognizable under Bivens. The
23 Constitution does not mandate comfortable prisons, but neither does it permit inhumane
24 ones. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 832 (1994). The treatment a prisoner
25 receives in prison and the conditions under which he is confined are subject to scrutiny
26 under the Eighth Amendment. See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 31 (1993). A prison
1 deprivation alleged must be, objectively, sufficiently serious, Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834
2 (citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298 (1991)), and (2) the prison official possesses a
3 sufficiently culpable state of mind, id. (citing Wilson, 501 U.S. at 297). Plaintiff’s sparse
4 allegations fail to satisfy either of these two elements.
5 With regard to the first element, Plaintiff provides no description of the conditions
6 in the SHU to establish that he suffered a deprivation (of a basic necessity) that is
7 sufficiently serious to satisfy the objective component. The more basic the need, the
8 shorter the time it can be withheld. See Johnson v. Lewis, 217 F.3d 726, 731 (9th Cir.
9 2000). For example, substantial deprivations of shelter, food, drinking water or sanitation
10 for four days are sufficiently serious to satisfy the objective component of an Eighth
11 Amendment claim. See id. at 732-733. With regard to the second element, Plaintiff fails
12 to allege each Defendant’s state of mind to establish that they acted with deliberate
13 indifference. See, e.g., Helling, 509 U.S. at 32-33 (inmate health); Wilson, 501 U.S. at
14 302-03 (general conditions of confinement). A prison official cannot be held liable under
15 the Eighth Amendment for denying an inmate humane conditions of confinement unless
16 the standard for criminal recklessness is met, i.e., the official knows of and disregards an
17 excessive risk to inmate health or safety. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. The official must
18 both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of
19 serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference. See id. An Eighth Amendment
20 claimant need not show, however, that a prison official acted or failed to act believing that
21 harm actually would befall an inmate; it is enough that the official acted or failed to act
22 despite his knowledge of a substantial risk of serious harm. See id. at 842.
23 In the interest of justice, Plaintiff shall be granted leave to file an amended
24 complaint that contains sufficient allegations to support a Bivens claim against individual
25 Defendants.
26 ///
1 CONCLUSION
2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court orders as follows:
3 1. The complaint is DISMISSED with leave to amend. Within twenty-eight
4 || (28) days of the date this order is filed, Plaintiff shall file an amended complaint using the
5 || court’s form complaint to correct the deficiencies discussed above. The amended
6 || complaint must include the caption and civil case number used in this order, Case No. C
7 || 23-cv-03649 BLF (PR), and the words “AMENDED COMPLAINT” on the first page.
g || Plaintiff must answer all the questions on the form complaint in order for the action to
9 || proceed.
10 The amended complaint supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as
11 non-existent. Ramirez v. Cty. Of San Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015).
2 Consequently, claims not included in the amended complaint are no longer claims and
5 13 || defendants not named in the amended complaint are no longer defendants. See Ferdik v.
S 14 || Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir.1992).
3 15 2. Failure to respond in accordance with this order in the time provided
A 16 || will result in the dismissal of this action with prejudice to state a claim for relief
3 17 || without further notice to Plaintiff.
18 3. The Clerk shall terminate the Federal Bureau of Prisons as a party to this
19 || action as Plaintiff cannot state a Bivens claim against this agency.
20 The Clerk shall include two copies of the court’s form complaint with a copy of this
21 || order to Plaintiff.
22 IT IS SO ORDERED.
23 || Dated: __ November 20, 2023__ fauna
54 BETH LAB SON FREEMAN
United States District Judge
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26 | A en
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