Ray v. Google North America Inc.

1

2

3

4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

6

7 ROBERT JAMES RAY, Case No. 23-cv-04222-TSH

8 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO

9 v. DISMISS

10 GOOGLE LLC, Re: Dkt. No. 30

11 Defendant.

12

13 I. INTRODUCTION

14 Plaintiff Robert James Ray, a YouTube user proceeding pro se, alleges Defendant Google

15 LLC failed to pay him up to $22 per view of content on his YouTube channel. Pending before the

16 Court is Google’s Motion to Dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). ECF

17 No. 30. Ray filed an Opposition (ECF No. 33) and Google filed a Reply (ECF No. 34). The

18 Court finds this matter suitable for disposition without oral argument and VACATES the

19 November 9 hearing. See Civ. L.R. 7-1(b). For the reasons stated below, the Court GRANTS the

20 motion.1

21 II. BACKGROUND

22 A. Ray’s Participation in YouTube’s Partner Program

23 Google operates YouTube, an online service for sharing and watching videos and related

24 content. First Am. Compl. (“FAC”) ¶ 6, ECF No. 6. YouTube users who upload videos to

25 YouTube and earn sufficient viewership may be eligible for the YouTube Partner Program

26 (“YPP”), through which participants can earn a share of the revenue from third party

27

1 advertisements shown in connection with videos they post to the service. Id. ¶ 7; Hawkins Decl. ¶

2 4, ECF No. 8-1.2 To participate in the YPP, participants must consent to three agreements: the

3 YouTube Terms of Service (“YouTube TOS”), the YouTube Partner Program Terms (“YPP

4 Terms”), and the Google AdSense Online Terms of Service (“AdSense TOS”). FAC ¶¶ 6-7;

5 Hawkins Decl. ¶¶ 3-5.

6 Ray, a resident of Mississippi, is a YouTube user named Robert J. Ray “doing business as

7 ‘The Organism Chapter 4.’” FAC ¶ 4. Ray “contracted” with YouTube in December 2020 “to

8 become an authorized ‘content creator,’” “with the goal to become a YouTube Partner and having

9 my channel monetized to earn income.” Id. ¶ 7; Opp’n at 2. He began posting videos in

10 December 2020 and, after about eight months, had posted “some 50 videos on YouTube”

11 garnering “over 317,000 views.” FAC ¶ 7.

12 YouTube users who wish to upload videos to YouTube must agree to the YouTube TOS.

13 Id. ¶¶ 6-7 (“Nobody is allowed by Google to have its video creations on YouTube, except ones

14 who signs [sic] a contract with Google”); Hawkins Decl. ¶¶ 2-3 & Ex. 1 at 2-3. Prospective YPP

15 participants who seek to earn revenue from their videos must also agree to be bound by the YPP

16 Terms, a separate agreement which incorporates the YouTube TOS and governs participation in

17 the program. FAC ¶ 7 (“[D]etails of . . . the contract relationship” can be found at

18

2 The Court refers to the Declaration of Brian Hawkins and attached exhibits 1-3 filed with

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Google’s original Motion to Transfer or, in the Alternative, to Dismiss in the Southern District of

Mississippi. ECF Nos. 8-1 through 8-4. A district court generally may not consider any material

20

beyond the pleadings in ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. Swartz v. KPMG LLP, 476 F.3d 756,

763 (9th Cir. 2007) (per curiam); Lee v. City of L.A., 250 F.3d 668, 688-89 (9th Cir. 2001). If

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“matters outside the pleading are presented to and not excluded by the court,” the court must treat

the motion as a Rule 56 motion for summary judgment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(d). “A court may,

22

however, consider certain materials—documents attached to the complaint, documents

incorporated by reference in the complaint, or matters of judicial notice—without converting the

23

motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903,

908 (9th Cir. 2003). Ray refers extensively to these documents in his complaint, and they form

24

the basis for his breach of contract claim. See FAC ¶ 6 (“Nobody is allowed by Google to have its

video creations on YouTube, except ones who signs [sic] a contract with Google”) (appearing to

25

refer to the YouTube Terms of Service), id. ¶ 7 (describing the “contract relationship” between

Ray and Google under the YouTube Partner Program) (appearing to refer to the YPP Terms), id. ¶

26

8 (describing a contract related to AdSense) (appearing to refer to the AdSense Terms of Service).

These documents are therefore incorporated by reference in the FAC, and the Court may consider

27

them in ruling on this motion. See Knievel v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1076 (9th Cir. 2005); Daniels

1 “‘support.google.com’ under the section entitled ‘YouTube Partner Program overview and

2 eligibility-Google.’”); Hawkins Decl. ¶ 4. Section 1 of the YPP Terms describes how YouTube

3 shares advertising revenue with YPP participants: “YouTube will pay [the participant] 55% of net

4 revenues recognized by YouTube from ads displayed . . . in conjunction with the streaming of [the

5 participant’s] Content” and “YouTube will pay [the participant] 55% of the total net revenues

6 recognized by YouTube from subscription fees.” Hawkins Decl., Ex. 2; see also FAC ¶ 7

7 (“compensation was to be exclusively based [on] a percentage of the fees paid”). The YPP Terms

8 state as follows: “These Terms replace all previous or current agreements between you and

9 YouTube relating to the YouTube Partner Program, including any prior monetization agreements

10 that are in effect between you and YouTube.” Hawkins Decl., Ex. 2 § 6. Ray alleges he joined

11 the YPP “after about eight months of posting videos.” FAC ¶ 7.

12 YPP participants must create an AdSense account to receive payment through Google’s

13 AdSense program. That is, participants must accept the AdSense TOS. Hawkins Decl. ¶ 5, Ex. 2

14 § 2, and Ex. 3 § 1. Section 5 of the AdSense TOS describes how users “will receive a payment

15 related to the number of valid clicks on Ads displayed on your Properties [e.g., mobile content],

16 the number of valid impressions [e.g., views] of Ads displayed on your Properties, or other valid

17 events performed in connection with the display of Ads on your Properties,” but the AdSense TOS

18 does not provide for payment of a specific fixed dollar amount per view or per ad. Id., Ex. 3 § 5.

19 Ray alleges he created an AdSense account. FAC ¶ 8 (“contract with Defendant through

20 Defendant’s ‘Adsense’ division for placement of advertisements to be embedded in each of

21 Plaintiffs videos”).

22 B. Ray’s Claim Against Google and Procedural Background

23 On January 25, 2023, Ray filed his original complaint in the U.S. District Court for the

24 Southern District of Mississippi. ECF No. 1. On March 13, 2023, he filed the operative FAC,

25 alleging breach of contract. Ray alleges he had a contract with Google that “provided that

26 Plaintiff would be paid the sum of up to $22.00 per public view . . . occurring during the

27 monetization period.” FAC ¶ 7. He alleges Google breached the agreement by not paying “a per-

1 amount of revenue Google owed to him: “Defendant sent Plaintiff an email letter informing him of

2 the dollar amount of his accumulated revenue under the contractual relationship, informing

3 Plaintiff that the amount owed to him was $7.5 Million.” Id. ¶ 10. According to Ray, by virtue of

4 breaching the contract, Google owes him “$15,000,000.00 at least.” Id. ¶ 11. He also alleges that

5 by virtue of the alleged breach he has suffered “great mental pain and suffering in the amount of

6 $3,000,000.00,” and that “he is entitled to punitive damages, in the amount of $20,000,000.00.”

7 Id. ¶¶ 12-13. In total, Ray seeks $38,000,000, and though he is pro se, he also requests attorney’s

8 fees. Id. ¶¶ 12-14.

9 On March 27, 2023, Google moved to transfer the case to this District pursuant to the

10 forum selection clauses in the YouTube TOS and AdSense TOS. ECF No. 8. On August 18,

11 2023, Judge Johnson of the Southern District of Mississippi granted Google’s motion to transfer.

12 ECF No. 19.

13 Google filed the present motion on October 4, 2023, arguing: (1) the only agreement

14 between Google and Ray that provides the payment terms under which Google would compensate

15 him does not promise any payment on a per-view basis, much less $22 per view; (2) Ray waived

16 any right to recover under two separate clauses of the governing agreements: a Limitation on

17 Legal Action clause, which requires he bring his claim within one year of accrual, and a payment

18 dispute clause, requiring he attempt to resolve this dispute through Google’s appeal process before

19 filing suit; and (3) even if he could bring his claim, Ray is not entitled to recover punitive

20 damages, damages for pain and suffering, or attorney’s fees as a matter of law.

21 III. LEGAL STANDARD

22 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) “tests the legal

23 sufficiency of a claim. A claim may be dismissed only if it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff

24 can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Cook v.

25 Brewer, 637 F.3d 1002, 1004 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Rule 8

26 provides that a complaint must contain a “short and plain statement of the claim showing that the

27 pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Thus, a complaint must plead “enough facts

1 570 (2007). Plausibility does not mean probability, but it requires “more than a sheer possibility

2 that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 687 (2009). A complaint

3 must therefore provide a defendant with “fair notice” of the claims against it and the grounds for

4 relief. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (quotations and citation omitted).

5 In considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts factual allegations in the complaint as

6 true and construes the pleadings in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Manzarek v.

7 St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008); Erickson v. Pardus, 551

8 U.S. 89, 93–94 (2007). However, “the tenet that a court must accept a complaint’s allegations as

9 true is inapplicable to threadbare recitals of a cause of action’s elements, supported by mere

10 conclusory statements.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

11 If a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is granted, the “court should grant leave to amend even if no

12 request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading could not possibly

13 be cured by the allegation of other facts.” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en

14 banc) (citations and quotations omitted). A court “may exercise its discretion to deny leave to

15 amend due to ‘undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on part of the movant, repeated failure to

16 cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party . . .,

17 [and] futility of amendment.’” Carvalho v. Equifax Info. Servs., LLC, 629 F.3d 876, 892–93 (9th

18 Cir. 2010) (alterations in original) (quoting Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)).

19 IV. DISCUSSION

20 A. Choice of Law

21 In determining the controlling substantive law, a federal court sitting in diversity must look

22 to the forum state’s choice of law rules. Patton v. Cox, 276 F.3d 493, 495 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing

23 Klaxon Co. v. Stentor Electric Mfg. Co., Inc., 313 U.S. 487, 496 (1941)). Under California law, a

24 choice of law provision will be enforced when: (1) the chosen state has a substantial relationship

25 to the parties or their transaction, or there is any other reasonable basis for the parties’ choice of

26 law; and (2) the chosen state’s law is not contrary to a fundamental policy of California. Nedlloyd

27 Lines B.V. v. Superior Court of San Mateo, 3 Cal. 4th 459, 464-66 (1992); Windsor Mills, Inc., v.

1 what law shall govern their contract).

2 Under the choice of law provisions in the parties’ agreements, California law applies to

3 this dispute. Hawkins Decl., Ex. 1 at 16 (“All claims arising out of or relating to these terms or

4 the Service will be governed by California law”); id., Ex. 2 at 1 (YPP Terms incorporating by

5 reference the YouTube TOS and thus its California choice of law provision); id., Ex. 3 at 6

6 (AdSense TOS choice of law provision requiring California law to govern disputes arising from its

7 terms). Applying the California law approach, the Court concludes that California bears a

8 substantial relationship to the parties’ transaction because Google is a resident of the State and

9 enforcing the parties’ choice of law provision is not contrary to any fundamental policy of

10 California. See Nedlloyd Lines B.V., 3 Cal. 4th at 467 (A substantial relationship is present when

11 “one of the parties is domiciled” in the chosen state.); MDOF Wells, LLC v. Total Prop. Sols., Inc.,

12 2022 WL 18456822, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 12, 2022), report and recommendation adopted, 2023

13 WL 375345 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2023) (finding California bore substantial relationship to the

14 parties’ transaction where defendants were residents of the state and enforcing the parties’ choice

15 of law provision was not contrary to any fundamental policy of the state of California).

16 Accordingly, Ray’s contractual claims are governed by California law.

17 B. Whether Ray’s Claim Is Time-Barred

18 Under the Limitation on Legal Action clause of the YouTube TOS, all claims must be

19 brought within one year after accrual of the cause of action: “YOU AND YOUTUBE AGREE

20 THAT ANY CAUSE OF ACTION ARISING OUT OF OR RELATED TO THE SERVICES

21 MUST COMMENCE WITHIN ONE (1) YEAR AFTER THE CAUSE OF ACTION ACCRUES.

22 OTHERWISE, SUCH CAUSE OF ACTION IS PERMANENTLY BARRED.” Hawkins Decl.,

23 Ex. 1 at 16. Ray does not dispute the validity of the Limitation on Legal Action clause in the

24 YouTube TOS or the payment dispute clause of the AdSense TOS. Google argues Ray’s claim

25 accrued when Google allegedly breached its promise to pay him $22 per view of his videos, on or

26 around August 2021. Mot. at 10 (citing FAC ¶ 7). Thus, because Ray brought suit nearly 17

27 months later, his claim must fail.

1 is four years.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 337; Vu v. Prudential Prop. & Cas. Ins. Co., 26 Cal. 4th

2 1142, 1148 (2001). However, “statutes of limitations provide only a default rule that permits

3 parties to choose a shorter limitations period.” Heimeshoff v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 571

4 U.S. 99, 107 (2013). “‘[I]n the absence of a controlling statute to the contrary, a provision in a

5 contract may validly limit, between the parties, the time for bringing an action on such contract to

6 a period less than that prescribed in the general statute of limitations, provided that the shorter

7 period itself shall be a reasonable period.’” Id. (quoting Order of United Com. Travelers of Am. v.

8 Wolfe, 331 U.S. 586, 608 (1947)). And, as another judge in this District has noted regarding the

9 Limitation on Legal Action clause of the YouTube TOS, “a one-year limitations period is not

10 unduly one-sided or shocking in any respect. It is reasonable for YouTube to require users to

11 accept a contract that provides it with a ‘margin of safety’ ‘for which it has a legitimate

12 commercial need’ because it provides a service to millions of users.” Schneider v. YouTube, LLC,

13 649 F. Supp. 3d 872, 888 (N.D. Cal. 2023) (dismissing plaintiff’s claims that fell outside of the

14 one-year limitations period) (quoting Sanchez v. Valencia Holding Co., LLC, 61 Cal. 4th 899, 912

15 (2015)).

16 Although Google argues his claim accrued on or around August 2021, which is when Ray

17 became eligible for the YPP, it is not clear that Ray’s claim is so limited. Construing the

18 pleadings in the light most favorable to him, he alleges an ongoing violation in that “Defendant

19 has continued to the present to generate unto itself, without any payment made to Plaintiff and

20 Plaintiff states that he is owed $15,000,000.00 at least.” FAC ¶ 11. While Google focuses on

21 August 2021, Ray’s claims are not so limited.

22 Google also argues the payment dispute clause set out in Section 6 of the AdSense TOS

23 agreement bars Ray from recovery. Mot. at 11. Under that section, Ray agreed to “notify Google

24 within 30 days” of a disputed non-payment and states that “[if] you do not, any claim related to the

25 disputed payment . . . is waived.” Hawkins Decl., Ex. 3. Google again focuses on Ray’s

26 allegation that by August 2021—roughly eight months after he joined YouTube in December

27 2020—Google owed him up to $22 per-view. Id. (citing FAC ¶ 7). Thus, because Ray does not

1 Section 6 remains an independent bar to his claims. It is possible that the 30-day notice period

2 could bar Ray’s claims. See Free Range Content, Inc. v. Google Inc., 2016 WL 2902332, at *13

3 (N.D. Cal. May 13, 2016) (enforcing a previous version of this same provision of the AdSense

4 TOS, finding reasonable the 30-day time period to notify Google and dismissing all claims that

5 plaintiffs failed to submit to Google within the 30-day time period as provided by the agreement)

6 (citing Feldman v. Google Inc., 513 F. Supp. 2d 229, 243 (E.D. Pa. 2007) (upholding and

7 enforcing 60-day claim period in Google’s AdWords Agreement)). However, because Ray alleges

8 ongoing violations in this case, the Court finds his claim is not limited to the month of August

9 2021.

10 Accepting Ray’s factual allegations as true, the Court cannot say at this stage in the

11 proceedings that his claim is time barred in its entirety. Accordingly, the Court denies Google’s

12 motion as to its argument that Ray waived his right to bring this action under the YouTube and

13 AdSense agreements.

14 C. Breach of Contract

15 Under California law, “the elements of a cause of action for breach of contract are (1) the

16 existence of the contract, (2) plaintiff’s performance or excuse for nonperformance, (3)

17 defendant’s breach, and (4) the resulting damages to the plaintiff.” Lewis v. YouTube, LLC, 244

18 Cal. App. 4th 118, 124 (2015) (citing Oasis West Realty, LLC v. Goldman, 51 Cal. 4th 811, 821

19 (2011)).

20 1. The Language of the Contract Governs

21 Ray alleges he joined the YPP program, which requires acceptance of the YouTube TOS,

22 the YPP Terms, and the AdSense TOS. FAC ¶¶ 6-7; Hawkins Decl. ¶¶ 3-5 & Exs. 1-3. None of

23 these agreements provides that Google will pay Ray $22 per view of his videos, or any other

24 dollar amount. In fact, two of the agreements do not discuss the payment scheme at all: the

25 language of the YouTube TOS expressly states that it “does not entitle [users] to any payments,”

26 Hawkins Decl., Ex. 1 at 10, and the AdSense TOS provide for methods and rights related to

27 payment, but do not specify an amount Google owes to Ray, id., Ex. 3. The only agreement that

1 which state that “YouTube will pay [Ray] 55% of net revenues recognized by YouTube from ads

2 displayed . . . in conjunction with the streaming of your Content” and “55% of the total net

3 revenues recognized by YouTube from subscription fees.” Hawkins Decl., Ex. 2 § 1.

4 “[F]ew principles of our law are better settled, than that ‘[t]he language of a contract is to

5 govern its interpretation, if the language is clear and explicit.’” Carma Devs. (Cal.), Inc. v.

6 Marathon Dev. Cal., Inc., 2 Cal. 4th 342, 375 (1992). Here, the language of the YPP Terms is

7 clear: Google will pay Ray 55% of net revenues from advertisements run alongside his videos and

8 55% of net revenues from YouTube channel subscription fees. Hawkins Decl., Ex. 2, § 1. Ray’s

9 allegation that Google promised him $22.00 per view of his videos, or any other per-view payment

10 arrangement, is contrary to the clear and explicit meaning of the YPP Terms governing payment

11 under the program. As such, there can be no breach because Google had no obligation to provide

12 Ray with a fixed dollar amount for each view of his YouTube videos, and any allegation otherwise

13 is contrary to the terms of the parties’ agreement. See Scott v. Sec. Title Ins. & Guarantee Co., 9

14 Cal. 2d 606, 614 (1937) (“Breach of contract rests upon a failure to perform an enforceable

15 obligation, and if there is no such obligation there can be no breach.”); Murphy v. Hartford

16 Accident & Indem. Co., 177 Cal. App. 2d 539, 543 (1960) (“In order for an action to be based

17 upon an instrument in writing, the writing must express the obligation sued upon.”); In re Anthem,

18 Inc. Data Breach Litig., 162 F. Supp. 3d 953, 978 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (“With respect to . . . the need

19 to plead the contract—a plaintiff must, in actions involving breach of a written contract, ‘allege

20 the specific provisions in the contract creating the obligation the defendant is said to have

21 breached.’”) (quoting Young v. Facebook, Inc., 790 F.Supp.2d 1110, 1117 (N.D. Cal. 2011));

22 Rankin v. Glob. Tel*Link Corp., 2013 WL 3456949, at *14 (N.D. Cal. July 9, 2013) (“To state a

23 claim for breach of contract based on the terms and conditions, [a party] must identify a specific

24 contractual obligation that was breached.”)

25 In his opposition, Ray does not proffer any viable reason to depart from the express

26 language of the YPP Terms. He provides no evidence of an agreement where Google promised to

27 pay him $22.00 per view, as he alleged. He even admits he “cannot find the Google promise [to

1 Google has a “contract duty to pay the Creator per each view of his channel” pursuant to a

2 document dated February 5, 2022, and that the governing agreements are unconscionable as

3 invalid contracts of adhesion. Id. at 9-10.

4 2. Contractual Duty to Pay on a Per-View Basis

5 Ray argues Google had “a contract duty” to provide payment on a per-view basis. In

6 support of this argument, he provides a snippet of text from a 2022 document, which Ray contends

7 is correspondence from Google. Opp’n at 9 (citing Pl.’s Resp. to Moti. to Transfer or Dismiss, Ex.

8 C, ECF No. 11-3). The text Ray provides states that “estimated monetized playbacks are the

9 number of times your video was watched with ads. Advertising revenue is based on a number of

10 different factors and may not be directly correlated to video views.” Id. Even taken as true,3

11 however, this text does not support Ray’s claim and in fact contradicts his assertion that Google

12 promised to pay him each time his video was viewed. To the contrary, the document states that

13 “total revenue depends on several things, including [but not limited to] which ad format appears,

14 what the advertiser paid, and the amount of times your video was viewed.” Pl.’s Resp. to Mot. to

15 Transfer or Dismiss, Ex. C at 10, ECF No. 11-3. That is, even if taking Ray’s position as true, the

16 document does not support his contention that Google must pay him solely on the number of

17 views his videos garnered, much less $22.00 for each such view.

18 In addition to his central claim that Google owes him $22.00 per view of his videos, Ray

19 appears to assert that Google promised to pay him several fixed sums by claiming that “Ray is

20 owed the earnings that Google identified after its investigation” (Opp’n at 9) and “[t]he allegations

21

22

3 Google challenges this and all other documents on which Ray relies, arguing they have not been

properly submitted and are of unknown origin. Reply at 3. The Court agrees. Courts “regularly

23

decline to consider declarations and exhibits submitted in support of or in opposition to a motion

to dismiss . . . if they constitute evidence not referenced” in the complaint. Gerritsen v. Warner

24

Bros. Entm’t, Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1021 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (internal citation omitted). Ray

offers no basis for why the Court should consider this document or any of the other documents

25

submitted by him. For example, Ray does not explain how documents purporting to be private

communications between two parties are “generally known” or can be accurately determined from

26

credible sources, as required for judicial notice. See Fed. R. Evid. 201(b)(1)-(2). Nor does he

explain how the correspondence supports his $22.00 per-view claim as required for incorporation

27

by reference. See Coto Settlement v. Eisenberg, 593 F.3d 1031, 1038 (9th Cir. 2010). No

1 of the Amended Complaint sought recovery of all amounts owed him” (id. at 10). In support of

2 this contention, Ray inserts into his opposition portions of various purported communications with

3 Google containing dollar amounts that he alleges Google owes him. See Opp’n at 3, 5, 9-10

4 (asserting Google promised to pay Plaintiff $7.5 million); id. at 3-5, 9 ($2.5 million); id. at 5

5 ($10,758,000); id. at 3 ($400,463.63 in estimated earnings). However, the Court does not consider

6 these materials as they are improperly incorporated and of questionable authenticity.4

7 3. Unconscionability

8 Ray also argues “[t]he contracts are ‘unconscionable’ and should not for failure of

9 inclusion of the ‘up to $22.00’ per view to authorize dismissal. Ray never consented to the

10 ‘complexity’ of calculating his earnings under the Adsense advertising formula. He never allowed

11 or expedited any ‘invalid’ views.” Opp’n at 12. California statutorily recognizes

12 unconscionability as a generally applicable contract defense. See Cal. Civ. Code § 1670.5(a) (“If

13 the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been

14

15 4 For example:

• Ray appears to assert that page 4 of Exhibit C of his response to Google’s motion to

16 transfer or dismiss is a letter in which YouTube CEO Susan Wojcicki promised to pay him

$7.5 million. ECF No. 11-3 at 4; Opp’n at 3, 5, 9-10. Setting aside the question of

17 whether YouTube’s CEO would communicate with Ray about a “monthly salary” of $7.5

million, that document is littered with typographical and grammatical errors (i.e., “were

18 [sic we’re] happy,” “you’ve also reach [sic reached],” “we would be happily [sic happy] to

assist you”), it is undated, it appears to be cut off in places, and Ray provides no

19 information as to the source of the image appearing on the page.

• Ray appears to assert that page 8 of Exhibit C is an email from Google stating that Google

20 wired $2.5 million to his bank. ECF No. 11-3 at 8; Opp’n at 3-4. However, a portion of

the text of that document matches on a character-by-character basis the text that appears in

21

a purported email set forth on page 7 of Exhibit C—right down to a grammatical error (“to

22 be deposit [sic deposited] on 1/22/22”)—sent from group3revenue@gmail.com, an email

that Google states is an address of a Gmail user, not Google, see Reply at 7. Compare Ex.

23 C at 7 with Ex. C at 8, ECF No. 11-3.

• Ray appears to assert that page 13 of Exhibit C is an email from AdSense promising to

24

send him $10,758,000. ECF No. 11-3 at 13; Opp’n at 5. However, the sending email

25 addresses do not match up: the version in the opposition is from rayrobert488@gmail.com

and the version in Exhibit C is purportedly from adsense-noreply@google.com. Compare

26 Opp. at 5, ECF No. 33 with Ex. C at 13, ECF No. 11-3.

• Ray appears to assert that page 5 of Exhibit C is “a graph claiming $400,446.63 estimated

27 earnings” sent by YouTube. ECF No. 11-3; Opp’n at 3. However, the message appears to

1 unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may

2 enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the

3 application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.”). “A finding of

4 unconscionability requires ‘a procedural and a substantive element, the former focusing on

5 oppression or surprise due to unequal bargaining power, the latter on overly harsh or one-sided

6 results.’” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 340 (2011) (quoting Armendariz v.

7 Foundation Health Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000)).

8 a. Procedural Unconscionability

9 Procedural unconscionability “focus[es] on ‘oppression’ or ‘surprise’ due to unequal

10 bargaining power[.]” Id. (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 114). “Oppression results from

11 unequal bargaining power, when a contracting party has no meaningful choice but to accept

12 contract terms. Unfair surprise results from misleading bargaining conduct or other circumstances

13 indicating that party’s consent was not an informed choice.” Dotson v. Amgen, Inc., 181 Cal. App.

14 4th 975, 980 (2010). Under California law, the adhesive nature of a contract “is sufficient to

15 establish some degree of procedural unconscionability.” Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 915. However, it

16 “does not mean that a contract will not be enforced, but rather that courts will scrutinize the

17 substantive terms of the contract to ensure they are not manifestly unfair or one-sided.” Id.

18 As other courts have noted, YouTube’s TOS “involve only a marginal degree of procedural

19 unconscionability” because “YouTube offers its hosting services at no charge,” “plaintiff was free

20 to take [his] video content elsewhere,” and the terms of YouTube’s TOS are not “obscured or

21 hidden.” Darnaa, LLC v. Google, Inc., 2015 WL 7753406, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2015)

22 (applying California law to YouTube’s terms); see also Song fi, Inc. v. Google Inc., 72 F. Supp. 3d

23 53, 62 (D.D.C. 2014) (finding no procedural unconscionability in YouTube’s TOS because they

24 were not “obscured or hidden” and plaintiffs “had a clear opportunity to understand the terms” and

25 “did not lack meaningful choice); Schneider, 649 F. Supp. 3d at 887–88 (“To be sure, the TOS are

26 adhesive and Schneider had no opportunity to negotiate their terms, but that is a minor degree of

27 procedural unconscionability.”). As such, the Court finds the level of procedural

1 b. Substantive Unconscionability

2 Substantive unconscionability focuses “on ‘overly harsh’ or ‘one-sided’ results.”

3 Concepcion, 563 U.S. at 340 (quoting Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 114). The inquiry is on “the

4 fairness of the term in dispute.” Pokorny v. Quixtar, Inc., 601 F.3d 987, 997-98 (9th Cir. 2010)

5 (quoting Szetela v. Discover Bank, 97 Cal. App. 4th 1094, 1101 (2002)). If the disputed term “is

6 one-sided and will have an overly harsh effect on the disadvantaged party[,]” substantive

7 unconscionability is present. Id. (citing Harper v. Ultimo, 113 Cal. App. 4th 1402, 1407 (2003)).

8 But “[a] contract term is not substantively unconscionable when it merely gives one side a greater

9 benefit; rather, the term must be ‘so one-sided as to shock the conscience.’” Darnaa, 2015 WL

10 7753406, at *2–3 (citation and quotation omitted).

11 Ray argues “[t]he Contracts are clearly tainted by ‘unconscionability’, i.e. fatally suffer

12 from ‘adhesion’.” Opp’n at 10. However, the Court finds YouTube’s TOS are not so one-sided as

13 to “shock the conscience.” Notably, courts have rejected similar unconscionability arguments

14 about the terms under both California law and the laws of different states. See Darnaa, 2015 WL

15 7753406, at *2–3 (finding YouTube terms’ limitations provision not unconscionable under

16 California law); Schneider, 649 F. Supp. 3d at 888 (“It is reasonable for YouTube to require users

17 to accept a contract that provides it with a ‘margin of safety’ ‘for which it has a legitimate

18 commercial need’ because it provides a service to millions of users.”); Song fi, Inc., 72 F. Supp. 3d

19 at 63–64 (citing cases and holding YouTube terms’ forum-selection clause not unconscionable

20 under District of Columbia law); Trump v. YouTube, LLC, 2021 WL 8398892, at *12 n.8 (S.D.

21 Fla. Oct. 6, 2021) (finding YouTube terms’ forum-selection clause not unconscionable under

22 Florida law). In particular, in its order transferring this case, the Southern District of Mississippi

23 analyzed the exact terms at issue here for unconscionability under California law and concluded

24 that “the terms are not unconscionable.” ECF No. 19 at 11. This Court finds the same. Even if

25 the agreements that govern this claim are adhesive, they are not unconscionable and must be

26 enforced.

27 4. Summary

1 not dispute that the YPP Terms, YouTube Terms of Service, and AdSense Online Terms of

2 Service govern his relationship with Google. The YPP Terms expressly provide that Ray is

3 entitled to 55% of net revenues, if any, from advertisements displayed alongside his videos, not

4 $22.00 per video view as he alleges.

5 D. Leave to Amend

6 Ray requests the Court allow him to amend his complaint to allege a claim of fraudulent

7 inducement because he “has already described the minuscule revenue that would have been

8 generated to him by mere 55% of net advertiser fees associated with his channel . . . .” Opp’n at

9 11. “Fraud in the inducement is a subset of the tort of fraud. It occurs when the promisor knows

10 what he is signing but his consent is induced by fraud, mutual assent is present and a contract is

11 formed, which, by reason of the fraud, is voidable.” Dhital v. Nissan N. Am., Inc., 84 Cal. App.

12 5th 828, 838 (2022) (cleaned up). “The elements of fraud are (a) a misrepresentation (false

13 representation, concealment, or nondisclosure); (b) scienter or knowledge of its falsity; (c) intent

14 to induce reliance; (d) justifiable reliance; and (e) resulting damage.” Id. “Tort damages have

15 been permitted in contract cases where . . . the contract was fraudulently induced.” Id. (quoting

16 Robinson Helicopter Co. v. Dana Corp., 34 Cal. 4th 979, 989–90 (2004)).

17 Here, Ray’s own allegations show that Google did not misrepresent or omit material

18 information about the parties’ agreement. The YPP Terms explicitly state that payment is on a

19 percentage basis (55%), not a flat $22.00-per-view as Ray alleges. Hawkins Decl., Ex. 2; see also

20 FAC ¶ 7 (“compensation was to be exclusively based [on] a percentage of the fees paid”). Ray

21 received these terms and agreed to be bound by them. FAC ¶ 6 (“Nobody is allowed by Google to

22 have its video creations on YouTube, except ones who signs [sic] a contract with Google”); id. ¶ 7

23 (“[D]etails of . . . the contract relationship” can be found at “‘support.google.com’ under the

24 section entitled ‘YouTube Partner Program overview and eligibility-Google.’”); id. ¶ 8 (“contract

25 with Defendant through Defendant’s ‘Adsense’ division for placement of advertisements to be

26 embedded in each of Plaintiffs videos”). Thus, because Ray cannot state a plausible claim for

27 fraudulent inducement, leave to amend would be futile.

1 V. CONCLUSION

2 For the reasons stated above, the Court GRANTS Google’s motion to dismiss. As leave to

3 amend would be futile, this case is DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. Judgment shall be

4 || entered accordingly.

5 IT IS SO ORDERED.

6

7 Dated: November 6, 2023

8 TAA. |

THOMAS S. HIXSON

9 United States Magistrate Judge

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