The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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AGUSTIN CACCURI,
10 Case No. 21-cv-03361-RS
Plaintiff,
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v. ORDER DENYING MOTION TO
12 DISMISS
SONY INTERACTIVE
13 ENTERTAINMENT LLC,
14 Defendant.
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16 Defendant Sony Interactive Entertainment LLC (“Sony”) moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’
17 consolidated amended class action complaint (“CACAC”), which avers violations of federal
18 antitrust law, the California Unfair Competition Law, CAL. BUS. & PROF. CODE §§ 17200 et seq.,
19 and unjust enrichment. While the factual background is more fully described in the prior order
20 granting Sony’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ initial complaint, see Dkt. 60 (“Order”), at 2–4,
21 Plaintiffs, in short, allege that Sony has engaged in anticompetitive conduct by halting the sale of
22 digital PlayStation game download cards to third-party retailers. Plaintiffs’ antitrust theory arises
23 under Aspen Skiing Co. v. Aspen Highlands Skiing Corp., 472 U.S. 585 (1985), which establishes
24 that a company engages in “prohibited, anticompetitive conduct” when (1) it unilaterally
25 terminates a voluntary and profitable course of dealing; (2) “the only conceivable rationale or
26 purpose is to sacrifice short-term benefits in order to obtain higher profits in the long run from the
27 exclusion of competition”; and (3) “the refusal to deal involves products that the defendant already
1 F.3d 974, 993–994 (9th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting MetroNet Servs.
2 Corp. v. Qwest Corp., 383 F.3d 1124, 1132–33 (9th Cir. 2004); and Aerotec Int’l, Inc. v.
3 Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 836 F.3d 1171, 1184 (9th Cir. 2016)).
4 Plaintiffs’ initial complaint was dismissed on July 15, 2022. The order concluded that,
5 although Plaintiffs had “adequately alleged a cognizable aftermarket,” Order, at 6, and had
6 demonstrated antitrust injury, see id. at 10, Plaintiffs had not adequately pleaded any of the three
7 Qualcomm elements. Because Plaintiffs had failed to explain “how Sony generated a revenue
8 stream from the sale of download codes by third party retailers,” it would be “difficult to analogize
9 to Aspen Skiing.” Id. at 8–9. The motion to dismiss was therefore granted, with leave to amend,
10 and Plaintiffs subsequently filed the CACAC.
11 Having reviewed the amendments in the CACAC, the motion is denied. Accepting
12 Plaintiffs’ averments as true and construing the pleadings in their favor, as is required, see Knievel
13 v. ESPN, 393 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005), the CACAC adequately describes the process under
14 which Sony profited from the previous course of dealing. Specifically, Plaintiffs allege Sony sold
15 digital game cards to retailers both “on consignment, with the retailer taking a commission on each
16 sale and remitting the remainder of the retail price to Sony,” and by selling download codes “back
17 to the [games’] publisher[s] in bulk and allow[ing] the publishers to deal with retailers directly.”
18 Dkt. 61 (“CACAC”) ¶ 43. While Plaintiffs do not identify how lucrative this practice was, the
19 averments provide enough detail to support the conclusion that Sony’s conduct was, in any event,
20 profitable. The CACAC similarly alleges that Sony sacrificed short-term profits for long-term
21 gain, as demonstrated by the dip in FY 2019 sales following Sony’s decision to halt the sale of
22 digital game cards to retailers. See id. ¶¶ 47–48 & tbl. Further, the CACAC demonstrates Sony’s
23 unilateral refusal to deal with retailers in offering digital game downloads, satisfying the third
24 Qualcomm requirement. See id. ¶¶ 45–46.
25 Sony and Plaintiffs disagree as to whether Plaintiffs are required to plead that the “only
26 conceivable rationale or purpose” of Sony’s conduct was to harm competition. Plaintiff argues
27 that, to the extent this is in fact an element of Aspen Skiing antitrust liability, it need not be shown
1 at the pleading stage. See Dkt. 76, at 11. Sony bluntly replies that this “makes no sense,” as a
2 || plaintiff must plead each element of his or her claim, and that Plaintiffs here have fallen short.
3 Dkt. 77, at 8. Both parties are partly right and partly wrong. Qualcomm does require a plaintiff
4 || ultimately to prove that the defendant’s “only conceivable rationale or purpose” was to exclude
5 competition, and as such the pleadings must allege facts supporting this element. See, e.g., Lentz v.
6 || Sanderson Farms, Inc., No. 19-cv-06570-RS, 2020 WL 12656231, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10,
7 2020). However, the CACAC does so, if just barely, by alleging that Sony’s “financial
8 || performance with retail partners was not the impetus for Sony’s decision to refrain from selling
9 digital games through retailers,’ CACAC 4] 46, and by refuting the notion that Sony sought to save
10 || costs by claiming that Sony continued selling gift cards through these retailers — products that
11 would seem to incur similar types of overhead as the digital game cards. See id. That Sony’s
12 || motion identifies other potential rationales behind its conduct (such as the desire to shift away
13 from game-specific cards to more flexible, general-purpose gift cards, see Dkt. 67, at 16) presents
v 14 an affirmative defense and a question of fact, both of which are better left for a later stage of
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15 litigation.! The CACAC therefore states a claim, and Sony’s motion is denied.
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17 || ITISSO ORDERED.
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19 Dated: February 7, 2023
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RICHARD SEEBORG
21 Chief United States District Judge
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5 ' Sony also argues that Plaintiffs are required to plead adequately that Sony’s conduct was
“irrational but for its anticompetitive effects,” Dkt. 67, at 13 (quoting Novell, Inc. v. Microsoft
6 Corp., 731 F.3d 1064, 1075 (10th Cir. 2013)), and that an Aspen Skiing claim will “not lie for
termination of a ‘dual distribution’ offering,” id. at 21. Neither proposed requirement stems from
27 controlling authority, and thus neither is addressed or required of Plaintiffs here.
28 ORDER DENYING MOTION TO DISMISS
CASE No. 21-cv-03361-RS