The opinion
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2
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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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7 UNLOCKD MEDIA, INC. LIQUIDATION Case No. 21-cv-07250-HSG
TRUST,
8 ORDER GRANTING MOTIONS TO
Plaintiff, SEAL
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v. Re: Dkt. Nos. 2, 54
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GOOGLE LLC, et al.,
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Defendants.
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13 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff Unlockd Media, Inc Liquidation Trust’s
14 administrative motions to file under seal portions of the original complaint and the First Amended
15 Complaint (“FAC”). See Dkt. Nos. 2, 54. For the reasons detailed below, the Court GRANTS the
16 motion to seal the original complaint, and GRANTS the motion to seal the FAC.
17 I. LEGAL STANDARD
18 Courts generally apply a “compelling reasons” standard when considering motions to seal
19 documents. Pintos v. Pac. Creditors Ass’n, 605 F.3d 665, 678 (9th Cir. 2010). “This standard
20 derives from the common law right ‘to inspect and copy public records and documents, including
21 judicial records and documents.’” Id. (quoting Kamakana v. City & Cnty. of Honolulu, 447 F.3d
22 1172, 1178 (9th Cir. 2006)). “[A] strong presumption in favor of access is the starting point.”
23 Kamakana, 447 F.3d at 1178 (quotations omitted). To overcome this strong presumption, the
24 party seeking to seal a document attached to a dispositive motion must “articulate compelling
25 reasons supported by specific factual findings that outweigh the general history of access and the
26 public policies favoring disclosure, such as the public interest in understanding the judicial
27 process” and “significant public events.” Id. at 1178–79 (quotations omitted). “In general,
1 court records exist when such ‘court files might have become a vehicle for improper purposes,’
2 such as the use of records to gratify private spite, promote public scandal, circulate libelous
3 statements, or release trade secrets.” Id. at 1179 (quoting Nixon v. Warner Commc’ns, Inc., 435
4 U.S. 589, 598 (1978)).
5 However, documents attached to non-dispositive motions are not subject to the same
6 strong presumption of access. See id. at 1179. Because such records “are often unrelated, or only
7 tangentially related, to the underlying cause of action,” parties moving to seal must meet the lower
8 “good cause” standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(c). Id. at 1179–80 (quotations
9 omitted). This requires only a “particularized showing” that “specific prejudice or harm will
10 result” if the information is disclosed. Phillips ex rel. Estates of Byrd v. Gen. Motors Corp., 307
11 F.3d 1206, 1210–11 (9th Cir. 2002); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). “Broad allegations of harm,
12 unsubstantiated by specific examples of articulated reasoning” will not suffice. Beckman Indus.,
13 Inc. v. Int’l Ins. Co., 966 F.2d 470, 476 (9th Cir. 1992) (quotations omitted).
14 II. DISCUSSION
15 Plaintiff seeks to seal portions of the initial complaint and the FAC. See Dkt. Nos. 2, 54.
16 Because the complaint is the pleading on which this action is based, the Court applies the
17 “compelling reasons” standard to these motions. See, e.g., Space Data Corp. v. Alphabet Inc., No.
18 16-CV-03260-BLF, 2018 WL 10454862, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 31, 2018) (finding compelling
19 reasons standard governed motion to seal portions of the complaint); In re NVIDIA Corp.
20 Derivative Litig., No. C 06-06110 SBA, 2008 WL 1859067, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 23, 2008)
21 (“While a complaint is not, per se, the actual pleading by which a suit may be disposed of, it is the
22 root, the foundation, the basis by which a suit arises and must be disposed of.”).
23 As to Plaintiff’s motion to seal portions of the initial complaint, Dkt. No. 2, the Court did
24 not rely on that pleading because Plaintiff filed an amended complaint before Defendant Google
25 LLC answered. Thus, the initial complaint is unrelated to the public’s understanding of the
26 judicial proceedings in this case, and the public’s interest in disclosure of these documents is
27 minimal. See In re iPhone Application Litig., No. 11-MD-02250-LHK, 2013 WL 12335013, at *2
1 diminished in light of the fact that the Court will not have occasion to rule on Plaintiffs’ Motion
2 || for Class Certification.”). In any event, the reasons that Plaintiff seeks to seal the initial complaint
3 are the same as its reasons for sealing the FAC. Compare Dkt. No. 2, with Dkt. No. 54. The
4 || Court therefore addresses those arguments below.
5 Plaintiff alleges that prior to its bankruptcy it was a technology startup, which allowed
6 || smartphone users to receive advertisements when they unlocked their phones in exchange for
7 reward points. Plaintiff seeks to seal excerpts from the complaint that contain confidential
8 || business and financial information relating to the click-through rates that Plaintiff obtained from
9 its advertising partners, the average revenue per smartphone user that Plaintiff received from its
10 || partners, the dollar value(s) of the rewards that smartphone users received for seeing
11 advertisements, user attrition rates, and prospective partners that Plaintiff sought to work with in
12 || the future. In short, Plaintiff seeks to seal discrete information related to the company’s business
5 13 model. Such terms, if public, could be used by both Plaintiff's and its partners’ competitors to
14 || give them an unfair advantage in the development and negotiations of rival products. See Dkt. No.
3 15 54 at 3. The Court finds that such confidential business information satisfies the compelling
16 reasons standard. See In re Qualcomm Litig., No. 3:17-cv-0108-GPC-MDD, 2017 WL 5176922,
3 17 at *2 (S.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2017) (observing that sealing such information “prevent[ed] competitors
18 || from gaining insight into the parties’ business model and strategy”); Finisar Corp. v. Nistica, Inc.,
19 || No. 13-cv-03345-BLF (JSC), 2015 WL 3988132, at *5 (N.D. Cal. June 30, 2015).
20 || Il. CONCLUSION
21 The Court therefore GRANTS Plaintiff’s motions to seal. Dkt. Nos. 2,54. Pursuant to
22 Civil Local Rule 79-5(f)(1), documents filed under seal as to which the administrative motions are
23 granted will remain under seal.
24 IT IS SO ORDERED.
25 || Dated: 9/30/2022
26 Alepurel 5 Mb □□□
7 HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR.
United States District Judge
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