“courts . . . have 9 recognized that many inmates can simultaneously be endangered by a single policy”
How later courts described this case
- “courts . . . have 9 recognized that many inmates can simultaneously be endangered by a single policy”
- prison official is 10 deliberately indifferent if he or she knows that prisoner faces substantial risk of serious harm and 11 disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable steps to abate it
- summary judgment not appropriate where a rational jury could 25 determine that the prosecutor’s conduct in filing charges was not an independent intervening cause 26 to shield police officers from liability for false arrest
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
1
2
3
4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6
7 In re CIM-SQ Transfer Cases Case No. 22-mc-80066-WHO
______________________________
8
ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE IN PRO SE
9 Re Case Nos.: 20-cv-09475-EJD, 20-cv- CASES;
09479-JSW, 21-cv-00406-WHO, 21-cv-
10 00827-EMC, 21-cv-00828-EMC, 21-cv- FINDING DEFENDANT KELSO IS
04974-EJD, 21-cv-04976-JSW, 21-cv- ENTITLED TO QUASI-JUDICIAL
11 06722-JD, 21-cv-07158-EJD. IMMUNITY AND THAT FAILURE TO
STATE A CLAIM ARGUMENTS
12 LACK MERIT
13
14 I. INTRODUCTION
15 The pro se cases identified above have been assigned to me by the Chief Judge of the
16 Northern District of California for the following limited purpose:
17 1. Determining whether Clark Kelso has quasi-judicial immunity, and if not, some
18 other defenses he has raised such as whether he is a state actor who can be sued under
19 section 1983;
20 2. Determining whether the defendants have immunity under the Public Readiness
21 And Emergency Preparedness (PREP) Act;
22 3. Determining whether the defendants are entitled to qualified immunity as a matter
23 of law at the motion to dismiss stage;
24 4. Determining whether the complaints filed by unrepresented plaintiffs allege
25 adequate detail to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.
26 See Dkt. Nos. 1 (Order of Limited Assignment), 7, 51 (“Assigned Issues”).
27
II. ASSIGNED ISSUES 2 AND 3: PREP ACT IMMUNITY AND QUALIFIED
1 IMMUNITY
2 In an Order dated July 15, 2022 (Dkt. No. 59), I resolved Assigned Issues 2 and 3 in
3 certain cases where plaintiffs were represented by counsel (“Represented Cases”) and where the
4 defendants had a full opportunity to file motions to dismiss and argue grounds for immunity and
5 the plaintiffs had a full opportunity to respond. In that Order, I explained why – based on
6 materially consistent pleadings and judicially noticeable facts – plaintiffs had adequately pleaded
7 facts showing that neither PREP Act immunity nor qualified immunity precluded their claims at
8 the motion to dismiss stage.1
9 Defendants in the Pro Se Cases identified above are HEREBY ORDERED TO SHOW
10 CAUSE why the same conclusion should not be reached in the Pro Se Cases with respect to
11 Assigned Issues 2 and 3.
12 Defendants may respond to this Order to Show Cause by filing a response on or before
13 August 5, 2022, that simply incorporates their prior arguments on Assigned Issues 2 and 3, or that
14 raises wholly new arguments on Assigned Issues 2 or 3 based on unique factual allegations made
15 by a plaintiff in one of the cases identified above. It is not necessary for defendants to reassert the
16 arguments they made in their prior motions to dismiss regarding Assigned Issues 2 and 3. I will
17 consider those argument raised with respect to all Pro Se Cases.
18 If defendants file a substantive response on or before August 5, 2022, Pro Se Plaintiffs
19 may file a response on or before August 25, 2022 addressing only the issues raised by defendants.
20 The matter will then be taken under submission and I will issue an order that is intended to resolve
21 Assigned Issues 2 and 3 with respect to these pro se cases and to preserve the parties’ ability to
22 appeal the resolution of the Assigned Issues.
23 III. ASSIGNED ISSUE 1: J. CLARK KELSO’S IMMUNITY
24 With respect to Assigned Issue 1, I find that federal Receiver J. Clark Kelso has quasi-
25
26
1 I explicitly noted that any other issues that were raised or could have been raised in defendants’
motion to dismiss with respect to individual plaintiffs were preserved and could be reasserted once
27
the cases were returned to each underlying judge for further proceedings. July 15, 2022 Order at 3
1 judicial immunity from suit and I intend to dismiss Kelso from the assigned cases with prejudice.
2 As background, on February 14, 2006, the Hon. Thelton E. Henderson appointed a receiver
3 for the California prison medical care system in Plata, et al. v. Schwarzenegger, et al., Case No.
4 01-1391 TEH (N.D. Cal.) (Plata). The receivership was later recognized by the Ninth Circuit as
5 the “least intrusive means” to address the “constitutional deficiencies in prisoners’ health care.”
6 Plata v. Schwarzenegger, 603 F.3d 1088, 1097 (9th Cir. 2010). In appointing the receiver, Judge
7 Henderson ordered:
8 The Receiver and his staff shall have the status of officers and agents
of this Court, and as such shall be vested with the same immunities as
9 vest with this Court.
10 Additionally, Defendants shall indemnify the Receiver and members
of his staff to the same extent as Defendants are obligated to
11 indemnify the Secretary of the CDCR.
12 Plata, Docket No. 473 at 5-6.
13 On January 23, 2008, Judge Henderson appointed Kelso as the new receiver, conferring
14 upon him “[a]ll powers, privileges, and responsibilities of the Receiver, as set forth in the Court’s
15 February 14, 2006 Order Appointing Receiver.” Id. Docket No. 1063 at 5. The Ninth Circuit and
16 district courts within it have consistently concluded that Kelso has quasi-judicial immunity and on
17 that basis have dismissed or affirmed dismissal of claims against him based on the medical care
18 plaintiffs received from CDCR. See Patterson v. Kelso, 698 F. App’x 393, 394 (9th Cir. 2017)
19 (“Kelso is entitled to quasi-judicial immunity” with respect to negligence claim); Casto v.
20 Newsom, No. 2:19-CV-2209-EFB, 2020 WL 3640474, at *3 (E.D. Cal. July 6, 2020) (finding
21 Kelso immune because “receivers are court officers who share the immunity awarded to judges”);
22 Mwasi v. Corcoran State Prison, No. 113CV00695DADJLTPC, 2016 WL 5210588, at *5 (E.D.
23 Cal. May 20, 2016), report and recommendation adopted sub nom. Mwasi v. Prison, No.
24 113CV00695DADJLT, 2016 WL 5109461 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 19, 2016) (finding Kelso immune
25 where no allegation that he acted outside of his “appointed judicial capacity” or “in the complete
26 absence of all jurisdiction”); Griffin v. Kelso, No. 2:10-CV-2525 MCE JFM, 2011 WL 3583457,
27 at *4 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 15, 2011), subsequently aff’d on other grounds sub nom. Griffin v. Bal, 609
1 plaintiff received adequate medical care”). Of particular relevance is a recent decision by the Hon.
2 Charles R. Breyer in this District, where Kelso was dismissed from a case raising materially
3 similar allegations as those made in these Pro Se Cases: there, plaintiff’s estate brought federal
4 and state claims based on the plaintiff’s exposure to COVID-19 due to the transfer of prisoners
5 from CIM to SQSP, and Kelso was dismissed based on quasi-judicial immunity. Harris v. Allison,
6 No. 20-CV-09393-CRB, 2022 WL 2232526, at *1 (N.D. Cal. June 7, 2022).
7 This immunity is well-established. The specific decisions concerning Kelso’s immunity
8 follow others, arising in different contexts, that hold that judicially-appointed receivers are
9 protected by quasi-judicial immunity. See, e.g., Mullis v. U.S. Bankr. Ct. for Dist. of Nevada, 828
10 F.2d 1385, 1390 (9th Cir. 1987) (Mullis) (bankruptcy “trustee or receiver derives his immunity
11 from the judge who appointed him” with respect to constitutional claims); New Alaska Dev. Corp.
12 v. Guetschow, 869 F.2d 1298, 1303 (9th Cir. 1989) (state court-appointed receivers entitled to
13 absolute immunity).
14 There is no reason to depart from that authority with respect to the Pro Se Cases that name
15 Kelso as a defendant to COVID-19 exposure claims due to the transfer of prisoners from CIM to
16 SQSP. Pro Se Plaintiffs do not allege and, based on their other allegations, cannot allege that
17 Kelso acted outside of his appointed capacity or in the complete absence of jurisdiction.
18 Pro Se Plaintiffs may file an objection to the Court’s finding that Kelso has quasi-judicial
19 immunity and must be dismissed from these cases by August 25, 2022. If no pro se plaintiff files
20 an objection by August 25, Kelso will be DISMISSED with prejudice.
21 If any pro se plaintiffs file an objection on or before August 25, Kelso may file a response
22 on or before September 25, 2022. I will then issue an order resolving the matter.
23 IV. ASSIGNED ISSUE 4: FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
24 In motions filed prior to the Order of Limited Assignment transferring these cases to me
25 for resolution of common issues, defendants argued that many of the Pro Se Plaintiffs failed to
26 state a claim because they do not allege specific facts or details linking the transfer of prisoners
27 from CIM to SQSP to their becoming ill. This Order rejects the arguments that defendants have
1 made to date.2
2 To start, a complaint must contain “a cognizable legal theory” and “sufficient facts
3 alleged” under that theory. Godecke v. Kinetic Concepts, Inc., 937 F.3d 1201, 1208 (9th Cir.
4 2019). Whether a complaint contains sufficient factual allegations depends on whether it pleads
5 enough facts to “state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S.
6 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). An Eighth
7 Amendment claim requires allegations that defendants were deliberately indifferent to plaintiffs’
8 objectively serious safety, medical needs, or prison conditions with a subjective awareness of the
9 risk of such indifference. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994) (prison official is
10 deliberately indifferent if he or she knows that prisoner faces substantial risk of serious harm and
11 disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable steps to abate it).
12 A claim is plausible “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw
13 the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678. When
14 evaluating a motion to dismiss, the Court “must presume all factual allegations of the complaint to
15 be true and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party.” Usher v. City of Los
16 Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 561 (9th Cir. 1987). Pro se pleadings must be liberally construed,
17 “particularly where civil rights claims are involved.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep't, 901 F.2d
18 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988).
19 I have identified several common arguments in defendants’ previously-filed motions to
20 dismiss based on failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Generally, the Pro Se complaints
21 covered by this Order adequately allege an Eighth Amendment claim as they alleged that, as a
22 result of the prisoner transfer, they became ill with COVID-19. Contracting COVID-19 meets the
23 objective seriousness requirement. See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33, 34 (1993) (“the
24 exposure of inmates to a serious, communicable disease,” including by the “mingling of inmates
25
26 2 My conclusion with respect to defendants’ arguments is consistent with Judge Breyer’s
decision in Hoisington v. Davis et al., 3:20-cv-07845-CRB, at Dkt. No. 56. There, a pro se complaint
27 making similar allegations as the complaints covered by this Order was found to state a claim
1 with serious contagious diseases with other prison inmates,” violates the Eighth Amendment).
2 The claims against each named defendant will suffice when Pro Se Plaintiffs allege that each
3 defendant made a decision in support of or facilitating the transfer or regarding the transfer
4 protocols, or had knowledge of the flawed protocols, as a supervisor, and failed to take actions to
5 mitigate the risk they presented.
6 Pro Se Plaintiffs need not allege facts demonstrating that defendants were aware of the risk
7 to each of them specifically; it is enough to allege that defendants were aware of the risk to all San
8 Quentin prisoners. See, e.g., Parsons v. Ryan, 754 F.3d 657, 678 (9th Cir. 2014) (“courts . . . have
9 recognized that many inmates can simultaneously be endangered by a single policy”); Graves v.
10 Arpaio, 623 F.3d 1043, 1050 (9th Cir. 2010) (defendant violated constitutional rights of jail
11 detainees housed in high temperature locations and taking psychotropic medications impacting the
12 body’s ability to regulate heat, even though defendant was not specifically aware of which
13 detainees were taking those medications).
14 In their prior motions to dismiss, defendants argued that Pro Se Plaintiffs fail to state a
15 claim because there were intervening causes that break the chain of causation. This argument fails
16 at the motion to dismiss stage. “[T]raditional tort law principles of causation” apply to section
17 1983 claims, see Galen v. Cty. of Los Angeles, 477 F.3d 652, 663 (9th Cir. 2007), including that
18 intervening causes may supersede prior causes and subsume partial or total liability. See
19 Restatement (Second) of Torts § 441 (1965). Plaintiffs need only generally allege that defendants
20 caused their COVID infections. Determining the truth of the allegations as to each defendant’s
21 conduct and whether it contributed to or caused the conditions that resulted in Pro Se Plaintiffs’
22 infections is a matter for discovery and perhaps ultimately trial. Factual questions regarding
23 causation preclude granting the motion to dismiss. See, e.g., Beck v. City of Upland, 527 F.3d
24 853, 870 (9th Cir. 2008) (summary judgment not appropriate where a rational jury could
25 determine that the prosecutor’s conduct in filing charges was not an independent intervening cause
26 to shield police officers from liability for false arrest).
27 Pro Se Plaintiffs are not required to specifically allege that they were housed with or came
1 failure to state a claim. The allegations that the transfer (including the transfer protocol and
2 testing as well as the type of housing provided upon arrival) caused an outbreak at SQSP where
3 there were no COVID cases prior to the transfer and that transfer impacted plaintiffs, is adequate
4 to plausibly allege causation.
5 For example, Pro Se Plaintiff Vo alleges that each defendant participated in the decision to
6 implement the transfer, the manner of implementation and transfer protocol, or the manner of
7 housing transferred prisoners at SQSP, causing the outbreak that led to him incurring numerous
8 COVID-19 symptoms and testing positive for COVID-19 on June 29, 2020. Vo v. Allison et al.,
9 3:21-cv-06722-JD, at Dkt. Nos. 1, 1-1. Four of the other Pro Se Cases covered by this Order have
10 complaints or amended complaints containing substantially similar allegations to Mr. Vo’s. All
11 five complaints incorporate by reference or attachment the February 2021 California Office of the
12 Inspector General (OIG) report regarding the transfer of prisoners from CIM to SQSP. Another
13 complaint refers to the OIG report, although it is not attached in full. The OIG report contains
14 numerous facts which, considered not for their truth but as support for the plausibility of these Pro
15 Se Plaintiffs’ allegations, detail the purported involvement of defendants in the decisions that Pro
16 Se plaintiffs allege caused the outbreak and their resulting COVID-19 infections.
17 In light of the analysis above, and in recognition of the Pro Se Plaintiffs’ unrepresented
18 status requiring me to liberally construe their pleadings, defendants in the Pro Se Cases identified
19 above are HEREBY ORDERED TO SHOW CAUSE why my conclusion that the Pro Se Plaintiffs
20 covered by this Order have adequately stated their claims is mistaken.
21 Defendants shall file a response to this Order to Show Cause on or before August 5, 2022,
22 that (1) simply relies on and incorporates by reference their prior arguments raised in the
23 individual case dockets on Assigned Issue 4, (2) raises wholly new arguments on Assigned Issue 4
24 based on unique factual allegations made by a plaintiff in one of the cases identified above, or (3)
25 identifies a complaint, among the listed cases to which this Order is applicable, that they believe
26 fails to state a claim according to my analysis above. It is not necessary for defendants to reassert
27 the arguments they made in their prior motions to dismiss and discussed above regarding Assigned
1 If defendants file a substantive response on or before August 5, 2022, pro se plaintiffs may
2 || file a response addressing only the issues raised by defendants on or before August 25, 2022. The
3 matter will then be taken under submission and I will issue an order that is intended to resolve
4 || Assigned Issue 4 with respect to these additional pro se cases and to preserve the parties’ ability to
5 appeal the resolution of the Assigned Issues.
6 IT IS SO ORDERED.
7 Dated: July 21, 2022
Q2
9 ®
William H. Orrick
10 United States District Judge
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