The opinion
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4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
6 EUREKA DIVISION
7
8 YUROK TRIBE, Case No. 16-cv-02471-RMI
9 Plaintiff,
ORDER RE: DEFENDANT’S MOTION
10 v. TO DISMISS
11 GARY DOWD, et al., Re: Dkt. No. 100
12 Defendants.
13
14 Now pending before the court is a Motion to Dismiss (dkt. 100) filed by Defendant Gary
15 Dowd urging dismissal for lack of jurisdiction. The motion is fully briefed and ripe for
16 adjudication (see dkts. 100, 103, 104, 105). For the reasons explained herein, Defendant’s motion
17 is denied.
18 BACKGROUND
19 In May of 2016, the Yurok Tribe (hereafter “the Yurok”) filed suit on behalf of itself and
20 its members against the Resighini Rancheria (hereafter “the Rancheria”) and its members, and also
21 against Gary Mitch Dowd (hereafter “Dowd”) individually and as a member of the Rancheria. See
22 Compl. (dkt. 1) at 1-16. The Yurok sought a declaratory judgment to the following effect: (1) that
23 the Rancheria and its members, by declining to merge with the Yurok pursuant to the Hoopa-
24 Yurok Settlement Act (25 U.S.C. § 1300i et seq.) (“HYSA”) waived and relinquished any and all
25 rights and interest they may have had in the lands and resources within the Yurok Reservation,
26 including in the Klamath River Indian Fishery, within the Yurok Reservation, without the consent
27 or authorization of the Yurok Tribe or without a license issued by the State of California; and, (2)
1 electing to be paid a cash sum in return for extinguishing any and all rights and interest in the land
2 and resources of the Yurok Tribe, including in the Klamath River Indian Fishery within the Yurok
3 Reservation, has no right to fish within the Yurok Reservation without the consent of the Yurok
4 Tribe, or without a license issued by the State of California. Id. at 15-16.
5 In October of 2017, Defendants filed a motion to dismiss (dkt. 47), which the court granted
6 in full on the following grounds: (1) the Rancheria was dismissed as a party on sovereign
7 immunity grounds; and (2) the Yurok’s individual capacity claim against Dowd was dismissed
8 under Fed. R. Civ. P. 19 for failure of joinder as to a necessary party – to wit, the Rancheria. See
9 Order of January 25, 2018 (dkt. 55) at 1-13. Judgment (dkt. 56) was entered the same day.
10 Following a successful appeal by the Yurok, the case was remanded for further proceedings as to
11 the Yurok’s individual capacity claim against Dowd – that is, whether Dowd’s fishing activities
12 violated the HYSA. See Mem. Op. (dkt. 60) at 4-5.
13 This saga has been ongoing for quite some time and the instant case represents only the
14 latest manifestation of this dispute. See e.g., Resighini Rancheria v. Bonham, 872 F. Supp. 2d 964,
15 966 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (wherein the Rancheria and Frank and Gary Dowd sued the California
16 Department of Fish and Game in pursuit of a declaration that they are entitled to fish on the
17 Klamath River within the old Klamath River Reservation/Extension, and an injunction barring the
18 state department of fish and game from citing Rancheria members for fishing in that area). At this
19 point, there remains no reason to doubt that Dowd “want[s] to be able to fish on the Klamath River
20 within the old Klamath River Reservation/Extension without being cited . . . [given that this area
21 is] not within the Resighini Reservation but rather within the reservation of another Indian tribe,
22 i.e., the Yurok Tribe.” Id. About twelve years ago, Dowd was cited for fishing in that area by
23 Yurok police officers who were also cross-deputized as Del Norte County sheriffs; [m]ore
24 specifically, on August 29, 2010, the Yurok Police Department seized fishing equipment owned
25 by Gary Dowd . . . [on grounds that by fishing in those waters without a state permit or Yurok
26 consent] Gary Dowd had violated both tribal ordinances (the Yurok Harvest Management Plan)
27 and the California Fish & Game Code.” Id. Following some back-and-forth between Dowd’s
1 Rancheria filed suit against the DF&G seeking a declaration that they are entitled to fish on the
2 Klamath River within the old Klamath River Reservation/Extension, as well as an injunction
3 barring the DF&G from citing members of the Rancheria for fishing in that area. Id. As part of the
4 back and forth between the parties’ counsel, counsel for DF&G specifically informed Dowd and
5 the Rancheria to the following effect:
6
The 1988 Hoopa-Yurok Settlement Act (Settlement Act), which
7 partitioned the former joint reservation into the Yurok Reservation
and the Hoopa Valley Reservation, expressly excluded the Resighini
8 Reservation from the new Yurok Reservation unless the Rancheria
voted to extinguish their tribe and their reservation and become part
9 of the Yurok Reservation. The Resighini Rancheria declined to merge
with the Yurok Tribe under section 11(b) of the Settlement Act, and
10 instead opted to accept section 6(d) individual lump sum payments.
As a result, only current members of the Yurok Tribe are beneficiaries
11 of the reserved fishing rights that attach to the present day Yurok
Reservation.
12 While the [DF&G] generally does not have authority to enforce state
fishing regulations against Indians on their own reservations, the
13 [DF&G] may criminally enforce the Fish and Game Code against
Resighini members on the Yurok Reservation in the same manner as
14 it regulates non-Indian fishing on the reservation.
15 Id. at 967 (emphasis added).
16
17 Following the receipt of that correspondence, Dowd and the Rancheria instituted the case against
18 the DF&G which was styled, Resighini Rancheria v. Bonham. Id. Judge Chen dismissed that
19 particular iteration of that action on grounds that the Rancheria and Dowd had failed to make a
20 prima facie showing that there was any case or controversy under Article III. Id. at 973-74.
21 As mentioned above, following remand, only one question remains involved in this case –
22 that is, whether Dowd’s continued fishing in the waters in question violates the HYSA in light of
23 the assertion that by electing to be paid a cash sum in return for relinguishing any and all rights
24 and interest in the land and resources of the Yurok Tribe, including in those portions of the
25 Klamath River Indian Fishery within the Yurok Reservation, Dowd has no right to fish within the
26 Yurok Reservation without the consent of the Yurok Tribe, or without a license issued by the State
27 of California. See Compl. (dkt. 1) at 15-16.
1 LEGAL STANDARD
2 Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(2) govern, respectively, motions to dismiss for lack of subject
3 matter and personal jurisdiction. “A jurisdictional challenge under Rule 12(b)(1) may be made
4 either on the face of the pleadings or by presenting extrinsic evidence.” Warren v. Fox Family
5 Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1139 (9th Cir. 2003); see also Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer,
6 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). Where a factual motion to dismiss is made and only written
7 materials are submitted for the court’s consideration (i.e., no evidentiary hearing is held), a
8 plaintiff need only establish a prima facie case of jurisdiction. See e.g., Societe de
9 Conditionnement en Aluminum v. Hunter Eng’g Co., 655 F.2d 938, 942 (9th Cir. 1985). Once a
10 court’s jurisdiction is challenged, the party asserting jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing
11 it. Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir. 2009) (subject matter jurisdiction);
12 Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1154 (9th Cir. 2006) (personal jurisdiction). It should
13 be noted that while the proponent must “make a prima facie showing of jurisdictional facts” to
14 withstand a motion to dismiss, any disputed facts are resolved in the proponent’s favor. See id.
15 (internal citations omitted).
16 In resolving a factual dispute as to the existence of subject matter jurisdiction, courts may
17 review extrinsic evidence beyond the complaint without converting a motion to dismiss into one
18 for summary judgment. Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039. Once the moving party has made a factual
19 challenge by offering affidavits or other evidence to dispute the allegations in the complaint, the
20 party opposing the motion must present affidavits or any other evidence necessary to satisfy its
21 burden of establishing that the court, in fact, possesses subject matter jurisdiction. St. Clair v. City
22 of Chico, 880 F.2d 199, 201 (9th Cir. 1989); see also Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch. Dist.
23 No. 205, 343 F.3d 1036, 1040 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003).
24 It should not go without mention that dismissal for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is
25 rare in federal question cases and is warranted only “where the alleged claim under the
26 constitution or federal statutes clearly appears to be immaterial and made solely for the purpose of
27 obtaining federal jurisdiction or where such claim is wholly insubstantial and frivolous.” Safe Air,
1 dismissal “is inappropriate when the jurisdictional issue and substantive issues are so intertwined
2 that the question of jurisdiction is dependent on the resolution of factual issues going to the merits
3 of an action.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). In short, “[t]he question of
4 jurisdiction and the merits of an action are intertwined where a statute provides the basis for both
5 the subject matter jurisdiction of the federal court and the plaintiff’s substantive claim for relief.”
6 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
7 DISCUSSION
8 Dowd’s Motion to Dismiss (dkt. 100) is attended with a declaration from the Chairperson
9 of the Rancheria stating that the Rancheria’s inherent sovereignty includes a federally reserved
10 tribal fishing right and the right to “authorize and regulate the conduct of its members to fish in
11 those portions of the Klamath River that lie within the boundaries of the original Klamath River
12 Reservation,” and that “[a]t all times relevant to the . . . Yurok Tribe’s claims as set forth in its
13 complaint in this case, the [Rancheria] authorized [] Gary Dowd[] to fish in the Klamath River,
14 both within the boundaries of the Resighini Rancheria’s Reservation and within the boundaries of
15 the Klamath River Reservation . . .” See Murphy Decl. (dkt. 100-1) at 2. Dowd’s argument hangs
16 on this declaration – in essence, while Dowd concedes that his acceptance of the $15,000 cash
17 payment under the HYSA extinguished any right he might have claimed to fish in the waters in
18 question pursuant to Yurok authority, Dowd nevertheless claims an independent right to fish in
19 those same waters pursuant to the Rancheria’s purportedly concurrent authority (delegated to him
20 as set forth in the Murphy Declaration) to fish in those same waters. See Def.’s Mot. (dkt. 100) at
21 15-18.
22 The Yurok argue that Dowd is attempting to reframe and contort the issue before the court.
23 See Pl.’s Opp. (dkt. 103) at 2. Specifically, the Yurok submit that Dowd’s current approach
24 (claiming an independent source of authority to fish in the waters in question) is untenable because
25 he entered into an agreement with the United States, pursuant to the HYSA, “in which he was paid
26 money in return for a complete release of all claimed rights, from whatever source, to fish in the
27 Klamath River.” Id. Accordingly, the Yurok argue that “[a]fter years of litigation, Dowd now
1 alternate authority, namely the Resighini Rancheria’s authority.’” Id. Thus, the Yurok couch
2 Dowd’s assertion as an argument to the effect that “this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear his
3 reframed issue.” Id. at 2-3. The Yurok suggest that Dowd’s approach is due to be rejected because
4 the appellate court’s mandate implicitly held that this court does indeed have jurisdiction to decide
5 the effect of Dowd’s HYSA election on his fishing activities without any impairment to the
6 Rancheria’s interests. Id. at 3-4. The Yurok also argue that Dowd has taken inconsistent positions
7 throughout this case, and that in any case, Dowd’s current assertions constitute factual disputes
8 that “[t]he Yurok Tribe reserves the right to contest [] if and when they are properly raised at a
9 subsequent stage of this case.” Id. at 5. Specifically, the Yurok submit that “[h]aving [previously]
10 consistently claimed that he was fishing on the Yurok Reservation, Dowd now inexplicably claims
11 he either had been fishing or in the future will fish only on the Resighini Rancheria[,] [r]esolving
12 that factual and legal issue is not appropriate on a motion to dismiss.” Id. In short, the Yurok note
13 that Dowd’s motion to dismiss, “essentially seeks a declaratory judgment that the extinguishment
14 effect of the HYSA for those who accepted the buyout payment is limited to rights derived from
15 membership in the Yurok Tribe and rights exercised pursuant to the Yurok Tribe’s sovereign
16 authority,” however, because “[t]hat question [] goes to the merits of the [Yurok] Tribe’s claims,
17 not this Court’s jurisdiction to entertain such claims [] [i]t would be premature and improper for
18 this Court to reach that question in deciding a motion to dismiss.” Id. In essence, the Yurok argue
19 that Dowd’s jurisdictional argument is inextricably intertwined with the merits of the claim at
20 issue.
21 In reply, Dowd largely reiterates the position that “effectuating the [] HYSA extinguished
22 his privilege to fish in the Klamath River pursuant to the Yurok Tribe’s authority,” which Dowd
23 contends “disposes of the only issue before the Court on remand.” See Def.’s Reply (dkt. 104) at
24 2. Of course, the essence of Dowd’s post-remand gambit seeks to take advantage of the unusual
25 posture in which this litigation finds now finds itself mired. To recapitulate: (1) the HYSA gave
26 the Rancheria’s members an opportunity to join the Yurok Tribe; (2) Dowd chose to decline that
27 invitation and to receive a cash payment which had the effect of extinguishing any interest or right
1 Tribe; (3) the Klamath River, during normal flow, comes (to a small degree) within the boundaries
2 of the Resighini Rancheria Trust on its Eastern and Northwestern sides (see RFJN (dkt. 105-1) at
3 3); (4) Dowd admittedly “sometimes fishes on portions of the River that are not within the
4 boundaries of the Rancheria,” (see Def.’s Reply (dkt. 104) at 4); (5) Dowd claims that he does so
5 pursuant to a privilege granted to him by the Rancheria; (6) this court previously dismissed the
6 Rancheria from this action due to sovereign immunity and found that the Yurok had waived any
7 official capacity claims against Dowd, leaving only an individual capacity claim against Dowd
8 (see Order of Dismissal (dkt. 55) at 1-6); (7) as to the resolution of that single individual capacity
9 claim, the undersigned previously held that the resolution of this claim has been rendered
10 impossible due to the failure to join the Rancheria, an indispensable party (see id. at 6-12); and,
11 lastly, (8) the appellate court reversed that last finding and held that this court could indeed
12 adjudicate the Yurok’s individual liability claim against Dowd without joinder of the Rancheria
13 because finding that some or all of Dowd’s fishing violated the HYSA can be effected without
14 affecting the Rancheria’s rights (see Mem. Op. (dkt. 60) at 3-5).
15 Seeking to take advantage of what appears to be a catch-22, Dowd has advanced the instant
16 motion to dismiss which, in essence, claims that there is no subject matter jurisdiction under the
17 HYSA because Dowd’s fishing activities were conducted pursuant to a “privilege” conferred to
18 him by the Rancheria pursuant to their federally reserved fishing “right” – hence, there is no
19 jurisdiction for the court to determine if Dowd’s fishing violated the HYSA because Dowd’s
20 attached evidence (see Murphy Decl. (dkt. 100-1) at 1-2) purports to establish that the HYSA has
21 not been violated because Dowd’s fishing was conducted pursuant to an independent source of
22 authority. In other words, Dowd’s gambit has the effect of pushing the court down an avenue that
23 has been foreclosed by the earlier developments in this case – that is, the dismissal of the
24 Rancheria as immune from suit in this instance, and the appellate court’s conclusion that the
25 Yurok’s HYSA claim against Dowd can be adjudicated in a manner where “the Resighini
26 Rancheria’s interests would not be impaired or impeded if the action against Dowd in his
27 individual capacity proceeds in the Resighini Rancheria’s absence . . . [and regardless of the
1 See Mem. Op. (dkt. 60) at 4. Thus, by filing a motion to dismiss for want of subject matter
2 jurisdiction, and by “conceding” that he possess no Yurok-derived right to “sometimes fish[] on
3 portions of the River that are not within the boundaries of the Rancheria” based on a “privilege” to
4 do so that has been conferred upon him by the Rancheria, Dowd is attempting to take advantage of
5 the Rancheria’s absence from this suit by using their rights as both a shield and a sword. While it
6 remains to be seen if this tactic can ever gain any traction, one thing is clear: Dowd’s jurisdictional
7 argument is deeply intertwined with the merits of the only surviving question in this case, to wit,
8 whether or not the HYSA has been violated on those occasions when “Dowd sometimes fishes on
9 portions of the River that are not within the boundaries of the Rancheria.” (See Def.’s Reply (dkt.
10 104) at 4).
11 In a Rule 12(b)(1) motion to dismiss, a district court may, generally speaking, “resolve
12 disputed factual issues bearing upon subject matter jurisdiction . . . unless ‘the jurisdictional issue
13 and the substantive issues are so intermeshed that the question of jurisdiction is dependent on
14 decision of the merits.’” Wilkins v. United States, 13 F.4th 791, 796 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting
15 Kingman Reef Atoll Invs., L.L.C. v. United States, 541 F.3d 1189, 1196-97 (9th Cir. 2008)).
16 “‘Such an intertwining of jurisdiction and merits may occur when a party’s right to recovery rests
17 upon the interpretation of a federal statute that provides both the basis for the court’s subject
18 matter jurisdiction and the plaintiff’s claim for relief.’” Wilkins, 13 F.4th at 796 (quoting Williston
19 Basin Interstate Pipeline Co. v. An Exclusive Gas Storage Leasehold & Easement, 524 F.3d 1090,
20 1094 (9th Cir. 2008). In cases where these questions are “so intermeshed,” dismissal is improper.
21 Wilkins, 13 F.4th 791, 796 (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Kingman, 541 F.3d at 1196-97). As mentioned
22 above, Dowd’s argument to the effect that there is no jurisdiction under the HYSA to determine
23 whether his fishing violated the HYSA because he did not violate the HYSA represents exactly
24 such an intermeshing.
25 //
26 //
27 //
1 CONCLUSION
2 Accordingly, for the reasons expounded herein, Dowd’s Motion (dkt. 100) is DENIED.
3 IT IS SO ORDERED.
4 Dated: July 5, 2022
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ROBERT M. ILLMAN
7 United States Magistrate Judge
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