(PC) Leon v. Weiss

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 CRAIG LEON, No. 2: 22-cv-2170 TLN KJN P

12 Plaintiff,

13 v. ORDER

14 RICHARD WEISS, et al.,

15 Defendants.

16

17 Introduction

18 Plaintiff is a state prisoner, proceeding without counsel, with a civil rights action pursuant

19 to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the court is defendants’ motion to dismiss for failure to state

20 a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). (ECF No. 21.) Also pending is

21 plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel. (ECF No. 23.)

22 For the reasons stated herein, the undersigned grants defendants’ motion to dismiss with

23 leave to amend and denies plaintiff’s motion for appointment of counsel.

24 Legal Standards Governing Motion to Dismiss

25 Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedures provides for motions to dismiss for

26 “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). In

27 considering a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), the court

28 must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89

1 (2007), and construe the pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Jenkins v.

2 McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969); Meek v. County of Riverside, 183 F.3d 962, 965 (9th Cir.

3 1999). Still, to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a pro se complaint must contain more

4 than “naked assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a

5 cause of action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words,

6 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

7 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, a claim

8 upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570.

9 “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to

10 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556

11 U.S. at 678.

12 “As a general rule, a district court may not consider any material beyond the pleadings in

13 ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion.” Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 2001)

14 (internal quotes and citation omitted), overruled on other grounds by Galbraith v. County of Santa

15 Clara, 307 F.3d 1119 (9th Cir. 2002). Otherwise, the motion is treated as one for summary

16 judgment. Id. There are exceptions for material which is properly submitted as part of the

17 complaint and “matters of public record” which may be judicially noticed. Id. at 688-89. “If the

18 documents are not physically attached to the complaint, they may be considered if the documents’

19 ‘authenticity . . . is not contested’ and ‘the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies’ on them.” Id.

20 at 688 (quoting Parrino v. FHD, Inc., 146 F.3d 699, 705-06 (9th Cir. 1998).

21 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim should not be granted unless it appears

22 beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claims which would

23 entitle him to relief. Hishon v. King & Spaulding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984). In general, pro se

24 pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner,

25 404 U.S. 519, 520 (1972). The court has an obligation to construe such pleadings liberally. Bretz

26 v. Kelman, 773 F.2d 1026, 1027 n.1 (9th Cir. 1985) (en banc). However, the court’s liberal

27 interpretation of a pro se complaint may not supply essential elements of the claim that were not

28 pled. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Alaska, 673 F.2d 266, 268 (9th Cir. 1982).

1 Plaintiff’s Claims

2 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original complaint as to defendants Dr. Weiss, Dr.

3 Ullery and Gates. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Weiss was his primary care physician at Mule

4 Creek State Prison (“MCSP”). Plaintiff alleges that defendant Ullery is the Chief Medical

5 Physician at MCSP. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Gates is the Chief of the Health Care Appeals

6 Branch at MCSP.

7 Plaintiff alleges that for three years, defendant Weiss observed plaintiff having severe

8 tremors on many occasions that continued to get worse. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Weiss did

9 not refer plaintiff to a neurologist for diagnosis of the cause of his tremors. Plaintiff alleges that

10 defendant Weiss instead accused plaintiff of lying and stated that it was all in plaintiff’s head.

11 Plaintiff claims that defendant Weiss referred plaintiff to a psychiatrist for the tremors, and that

12 plaintiff refused to see the psychiatrist. Plaintiff also alleges that defendant Weiss mocked

13 plaintiff’s racial identity as a Native American by stating, “Why don’t you pray to your gods for

14 help.”

15 Plaintiff alleges that after three years, he found another doctor who treated his tremors as a

16 medical condition.1 Plaintiff alleges that as a result of the delay in treatment, his health

17 deteriorated and he suffered depression.

18 Plaintiff alleges that defendant Ullery was made aware of defendant Weiss’s failure to

19 treat plaintiff’s tremors. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Ullery refused to override defendant

20 Weiss’s failure to treat plaintiff’s tremors or remove defendant Weiss as plaintiff’s primary care

21 physician. Plaintiff alleges that defendant Gates failed to provide plaintiff with treatment for his

22 tremors after plaintiff requested treatment in a grievance reviewed by defendant Gates.

23 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s claims alleging that defendant Weiss denied plaintiff

24 adequate medical care in violation of the Eighth Amendment and discriminated against plaintiff

25 based on his race in violation of the Equal Protection Clause. This action also proceeds on

26 plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims against defendants Ullery and Gates based on plaintiff’s

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1 In his opposition to the motion to dismiss, plaintiff clarifies that he was later diagnosed with

28 Parkinson’s disease.

1 claim that these defendants ignored plaintiff’s complaints regarding defendant Weiss.

2 Discussion: Eighth Amendment

3 Legal Standard

4 The Eighth Amendment imposes a duty upon prison officials to provide humane

5 conditions of confinement. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 831 (1994). This duty includes

6 ensuring that inmates receive adequate food, clothing, shelter, and medical care, and taking

7 reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of inmates. Id. To establish an Eighth Amendment

8 violation for inadequate medical care, a plaintiff must demonstrate that he had a serious medical

9 need, and that defendants’ response to that need was deliberately indifferent. Jett v. Penner, 439

10 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059 (9th Cir. 1991),

11 overruled on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997 (en

12 banc)). The Eighth Amendment’s deliberate indifference standard is a “high legal standard.” See

13 Toguchi v. Chung, 391 F.3d 1051, 1060 (9th Cir. 2004).

14 The Eighth Amendment is violated only when a prison official acts with deliberate

15 indifference to an inmate’s serious medical needs. Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 985 (9th

16 Cir. 2012), overruled in part on other grounds, Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 1082-83 (9th

17 Cir. 2014); Wilhelm v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1122 (9th Cir. 2012). A prison official is

18 deliberately indifferent to a serious medical need if he “knows of and disregards an excessive risk

19 to inmate health.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837. To be found liable under the Eighth Amendment,

20 “the official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a

21 substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Id. “If a [prison

22 official] should have been aware of the risk, but was not then the [official] has not violated the

23 Eighth Amendment, no matter how severe the risk.” Gibson v. Cty of Washoe, 290 F.3d 1175,

24 1188 (9th Cir. 2002), overruled on other grounds by Castro v. County of Los Angeles, 833 F.3d

25 1060, 1076 (9th Cir. 2016).

26 “A showing of medical malpractice or negligence is insufficient to establish a

27 constitutional deprivation under the Eighth Amendment.” Toguchi, 391 F.3d at 1060; see also

28 Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1334 (9th Cir. 1990) (“While poor medical treatment will

1 at a certain point rise to the level of a constitutional violation, mere malpractice, or even gross

2 negligence, does not suffice.”). To establish deliberate indifference, plaintiff “must show that the

3 course of treatment the doctors chose was medically unacceptable under the circumstances” and

4 that the doctors “chose this course in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to plaintiff's

5 health.” Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996), overruled in part on other

6 grounds by Peralta, 744 F.3d at 1076; see also Snow, 681 F.3d at 987).

7 “Typically, a difference of opinion between a physician and the prisoner –– or between

8 medical professionals –– concerning what medical care is appropriate does not amount to

9 deliberate indifference.” Edmo v. Corizon, Inc., 935 F.3d 757, 786 (9th Cir. 2019) (citations,

10 quotations and brackets omitted); Jackson, 90 F.3d at 332. “But that is true only if the dueling

11 opinions are medically acceptable under the circumstances.” Edmo, 935 F.3d at 786 (citation

12 omitted). To determine whether the treatment was medically acceptable, courts must consider

13 “the record, the judgments of prison medical officials, and the views of prudent professionals in

14 the field....” Id. “Accepted standards of care and practice within the medical community are

15 highly relevant in determining what care is medically acceptable and unacceptable.” Id.

16 A complete denial of medical care is not required to show deliberate indifference. Lopez

17 v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1132 (9th Cir. 2000). Deliberate indifference may be found where

18 prison officials “intentionally interfere with treatment once prescribed.” Wakefield v. Thompson,

19 177 F.3d 1160, 1165 (9th Cir. 1999) (internal citation and quotation omitted). Deliberate

20 indifference may be found if defendants “deny, delay, or intentionally interfere with [a prisoner’s

21 serious need for] medical treatment.” Hallet v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 734 (9th Cir. 2002). The

22 requisite state of mind is one of subjective recklessness, which entails more than ordinary lack of

23 due care. Snow, 681 F.3d at 985 (citation and quotation marks omitted); Wilhelm, 680 F.3d at

24 1122.

25 Defendant Weiss

26 Defendants argue that plaintiff does not state an Eighth Amendment claim against

27 defendant Weiss because he does not allege that defendant Weiss acted with deliberate

28 indifference. Defendants argue that plaintiff’s claim that defendant Weiss diagnosed plaintiff as

1 suffering from a mental condition does not demonstrate that defendant Weiss ignored plaintiff’s

2 serious medical needs. Defendants argue that because plaintiff refused mental health treatment,

3 the mental health professional could not rule out a psychological cause of the tremors and so

4 inform defendant Weiss. Thus, defendants argue, defendant Weiss was unaware that his

5 assessment and diagnosis was incorrect, or that a higher level of care was required. For these

6 reasons, defendants argue that defendant Weiss did not act with deliberate indifference.

7 While plaintiff alleges that defendant Weiss accused him of lying, plaintiff does not allege

8 that defendant Weiss refused to treat his tremors. Rather, plaintiff alleges that that defendant

9 Weiss repeatedly misdiagnosed his tremors as being caused by a mental problem and referred

10 plaintiff to a psychiatrist rather than a neurologist. Plaintiff pleads no facts suggesting that

11 defendant Weiss’s misdiagnosis was intentional and done with deliberate indifference. Instead,

12 plaintiff’s allegations suggest that defendant Weiss’s failure to properly diagnosis plaintiff was, at

13 most, negligent. Negligence does not rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment claim. Wilhelm

14 v. Rotman, 680 F.3d 1113, 1123 (9th Cir. 2012) (doctor’s decision not to operate because he

15 incorrectly believed plaintiff did not have a hernia was negligent misdiagnosis or disagreement

16 with diagnosing doctor and did not constitute deliberate indifference); see also Calderon v.

17 Daniels, 2020 WL 977437 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 2020), findings and recommendations adopted, 2020

18 WL 1700357, judgment affirmed, 837 Fed.Appx. 547 (Feb. 23, 2021) (plaintiff alleged repeated

19 misdiagnosis and treatment for gout; insufficient allegations to suggest that any defendant

20 intentionally and with deliberate indifference prescribed gout medication despite knowing that

21 plaintiff did not have gout, or that any defendant purposefully failed to address his medical

22 needs).

23 Accordingly, defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim against

24 defendant Weiss is granted with leave to amend. If plaintiff files an amended complaint, plaintiff

25 shall address how defendant Weiss’s alleged misdiagnosis of plaintiff amounted to deliberate

26 indifference.

27 ////

28 ////

1 Defendants Ullery and Gates

2 Defendants move to dismiss the Eighth Amendment claims against defendants Ullery and

3 Gates on the grounds that plaintiff fails to allege that these defendants were subjectively aware of

4 the risks to plaintiff’s health.

5 Plaintiff appears to claim that defendant Ullery is liable for defendant Weiss’s alleged

6 misdiagnosis of the cause of plaintiff’s tremors because he is defendant Weiss’s supervisor.

7 Plaintiff does not state a potentially colorable Eighth Amendment claim against defendant

8 Ullery for two reasons. First, plaintiff does not state a potentially colorable Eighth Amendment

9 claim against defendant Ullery based on his supervision of defendant Weiss because plaintiff has

10 not plead sufficient facts demonstrating that defendant Weiss violated plaintiff’s Eighth

11 Amendment rights. See Samaniego v. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation,

12 2022 WL 2194588, at * 9 (E.D. Cal. June 17, 2022) (citing Corales v. Bennett, 567 F.3d 554, 570

13 (9th Cir. 2009) (supervisor liability “is not sustainable” where the plaintiff fails to support an

14 underlying constitutional violation)).

15 Second, plaintiff has not plead sufficient facts linking defendant Ullery to the alleged

16 deprivations. To state a potentially colorable claim for supervisory liability, plaintiff must allege

17 facts demonstrating that defendant Ullery “participated in or directed the violations, or knew of

18 the violations and failed to act to prevent them.” Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir.

19 1989). While plaintiff alleges that defendant Ullery was “made aware” of defendant Weiss’s

20 failure to properly treat plaintiff, plaintiff does not allege how or when defendant Ullery obtained

21 this information. Without this information, the undersigned cannot determine whether plaintiff

22 has stated a potentially colorable Eighth Amendment claim against defendant Ullery.

23 Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, defendants’ motion to dismiss plaintiff’s

24 Eighth Amendment claim against defendant Ullery is granted with leave to amend.

25 Defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim against defendant Gates

26 on the grounds that the denial of a grievance cannot establish an Eighth Amendment claim. The

27 undersigned disagrees. A claim that a prison official was put on notice of unconstitutional

28 conduct by way of a grievance and failed to act may state a potentially colorable Eighth

1 Amendment claim. See Carbajal v. Food Services, 2022 WL 18911624, at *6 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 14,

2 2022) (a claim that prison officials were put on notice of plaintiff’s need for a special diet through

3 grievances, had the authority to help and failed to do so, states a potentially colorable Eighth

4 Amendment claim) (citing Colwell v. Bannister, 763 F.3d at 1060, 1070 (9th Cir. 2014) (medical

5 director could be liable for Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference by personally denying

6 inmate’s second-level grievance, which had put him on notice that an optometrist had

7 recommended surgery and that the inmate’s lower level grievances had been denied despite the

8 recommendation); Snow v. McDaniel, 681 F.3d 978, 989 (9th Cir. 2012) (warden and associate

9 warden who were aware of grievances regarding the denial of a recommended hip surgery and

10 failed to act to prevent further harm were not entitled to summary judgment), overruled on other

11 grounds in Peralta v. Dillard, 744 F.3d 1076, 1083 (9th Cir. 2014); Edwards v. Kuersten, 2022

12 WL 2119046, at *2 (E.D. Cal. June 13, 2022) (defendant could be held liable for deliberate

13 indifference based on role in reviewing appeal of RAP decision), report and recommendation

14 adopted, 2022 WL 3371799 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 16, 2022).)

15 The undersigned finds that plaintiff does not state a potentially colorable Eighth

16 Amendment claim against defendant Gates because plaintiff has not plead sufficient facts

17 demonstrating that defendant Weiss violated plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights. See

18 Samaniego v. California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, 2022 WL 2194588, at * 9

19 (E.D. Cal. June 17, 2022). In addition, plaintiff fails to allege facts demonstrating that defendant

20 Gates acted with deliberate indifference when he reviewed plaintiff’s grievance regarding

21 defendant Weiss’s alleged misdiagnosis of plaintiff’s tremor condition. Plaintiff does not allege

22 what his grievance stated that would have informed defendant Gates that defendant Weiss should

23 not have treated plaintiff’s tremors as a mental problem. Plaintiff also does not allege when

24 defendant Gates reviewed the grievance. For these reasons, defendants’ motion to dismiss

25 plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claim against defendant Gates is granted.

26 /////

27 /////

28 /////

1 Equal Protection

2 Legal Standard

3 “Prisoners are protected under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

4 from invidious discrimination based on race.” Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 556 (1974). In

5 order to state a § 1983 claim based on a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth

6 Amendment, a plaintiff must allege that defendants acted with intentional discrimination against

7 plaintiff, or against a class of inmates which included plaintiff, and that such conduct did not

8 relate to a legitimate penological purpose. See Village of Willowbrook v. Olech, 528 U.S. 562,

9 564 (2000) (holding that equal protection claims may be brought by a “class of one”); see also

10 City of Cuyahoga Falls v. Buckeye Cmty. Hope Found., 538 U.S. 188, 194 (2003) (quoting

11 Arlington Heights v. Metro. Housing Dev. Corp., 429 U.S. 252, 265 (1977)) (“‘[P]roof of racially

12 discriminatory intent or purpose is required’ to show a violation of [the equal protection

13 clause].”).

14 Discussion

15 Defendants argue that plaintiff’s complaint fails to state an Equal Protection claim against

16 defendant Weiss because plaintiff alleges mere verbal harassment.

17 Allegations of verbal harassment and abuse fail to state a claim cognizable under 42

18 U.S.C. § 1983. See Freeman v. Arpaio, 125 F.3d 732, 738 (9th Cir. 1997), overruled in part on

19 other grounds by Shakur v. Schriro, 514 F.3d 878, 884-85 (9th Cir. 2008); see, e.g., Keenan v.

20 Hall, 83 F.3d 1083, 1092 (9th Cir. 1996), amended 135 F.3d 1318 (9th Cir. 1998) (disrespectful

21 and assaultive comments by prison guard are not enough to implicate the Eighth Amendment);

22 Oltarzewski v. Ruggiero, 830 F.2d 136, 139 (9th Cir. 1987) (directing vulgar language at prisoner

23 does not state constitutional claim); Shabazz v. Cole, 69 F.Supp.2d 177, 198-201 (June 25, 1999

24 D. Mass) (citing authority to explain that racial slurs and verbal threats without more do not

25 invoke constitutional protection).

26 Plaintiff alleges that defendant Weiss made one racially offensive statement to plaintiff.

27 These allegations, standing alone, do not state a potentially colorable Equal Protection claim.

28 Plaintiff pleads no facts alleging that defendant Weiss committed discriminatory acts or

1 omissions against him based on his identity as a Native American. For these reasons, defendants’

2 motion to dismiss plaintiff’s Equal Protection claim against defendant Weiss is granted.

3 Qualified Immunity

4 Defendants move to dismiss on the grounds that they are entitled to qualified immunity.

5 Determining whether officials receive qualified immunity involves two inquiries: (1)

6 whether, “taken in the light most favorable to the party asserting the injury,” the facts alleged

7 show the officer’s conduct violated a constitutional right; and (2) if so, whether the right was

8 “‘clearly established’ at the time of the violation.” Tolan v. Cotton, 572 U.S. 650, 655–56 (2014)

9 (per curiam) (brackets omitted) (citations omitted). To determine whether a constitutional right

10 has been clearly established, we must “survey the legal landscape and examine those cases that

11 are most like the instant case.” Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 917 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation and

12 internal quotation marks omitted). The contours of the right “must be sufficiently clear that a

13 reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Hope v. Pelzer,

14 536 U.S. 730, 739 (2002) (citation omitted).

15 Defendants argue that they are entitled to qualified immunity because plaintiff fails to

16 state potentially colorable Eighth Amendment and Equal Protection claims. Defendants also

17 argue that it is not clearly established that their conduct violated the Constitution.

18 Because defendants’ motion to dismiss is granted with leave to amend, defendants’

19 argument for qualified immunity is premature.

20 Dismissal with Leave to Amend

21 Defendants argue that the motion to dismiss should be granted without leave to amend.

22 However, the Ninth Circuit has held that a district court should grant leave to amend unless it

23 determines that the pleading could not possibly be cured by the allegations of other facts. Lopez

24 v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000). Because plaintiff may be able to cure the pleading

25 defects discussed above, dismissal is granted with leave to amend.2

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2 As discussed above, in Calderon, supra, the plaintiff alleged that defendants repeatedly

27 misdiagnosed him with gout. Taking judicial notice of the docket in Calderon, supra, pursuant to

Federal Rule of Evidence 201, the undersigned observes that the court granted plaintiff two

28 opportunities to amend his complaint before dismissing the case for failing to state a potentially

1 |} Motion for Appointment of Counsel

2 Plaintiff requests that the court appoint counsel. District courts lack authority to require

3 || counsel to represent indigent prisoners in section 1983 cases. Mallard v. United States Dist.

4 | Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 (1989). In exceptional circumstances, the court may request an attorney

5 || to voluntarily represent such a plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d

6 || 1015, 1017 (Oth Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1990).

7 || When determining whether “exceptional circumstances” exist, the court must consider plaintiffs

8 | likelihood of success on the merits as well as the ability of the plaintiff to articulate his claims pro

9 || sein light of the complexity of the legal issues involved. Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970

10 | (9th Cir. 2009) (district court did not abuse discretion in declining to appoint counsel). The

11 | burden of demonstrating exceptional circumstances is on the plaintiff. Id. Circumstances

12 || common to most prisoners, such as lack of legal education and limited law library access, do not

13 || establish exceptional circumstances that warrant a request for voluntary assistance of counsel.

14 Having considered the factors under Palmer, the court finds that plaintiff failed to meet his

15 || burden of demonstrating exceptional circumstances warranting the appointment of counsel at this

16 | time.

17 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:

18 1. Plaintiff's motion for appointment of counsel (ECF No. 23) is denied;

19 2. Defendants’ motion to dismiss (ECF No. 21) is granted;

20 3. Plaintiff □□ granted thirty days from the date of this order to file an amended

21 complaint; failure to file an amended complaint within that time will result in a

22 recommendation of dismissal of this action.

23 4. Defendants shall not respond to the amended complaint until ordered by the court.

24 | Dated: July 21, 2023

Foci) Aharon

2% KENDALL J. NE

Leon2170.mtd UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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28 | colorable Eighth Amendment claim. (See 1:19-cv-1734 DAD SAB, at ECF Nos. 6, 15, 18, 22.)

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