a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, 18 participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the 19 alleged deprivation
How later courts described this case
- a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, 18 participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the 19 alleged deprivation
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
9
10 DeWAYNE THOMPSON, No. 2:23-cv-00463-DJC-EFB (PC)
11 Plaintiff,
12 v. ORDER
13 P. KUPPINGER, et al.,
14 Defendants.
15
16 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel in an action brought under 42
17 U.S.C. § 1983. His complaint is before the court for screening. He has paid the filing fee for this
18 action.
19 Screening Standards
20 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek
21 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C.
22 § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion
23 of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which
24 relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such
25 relief.” Id. § 1915A(b).
26 A pro se plaintiff, like other litigants, must satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a)
27 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) “requires a complaint to include a short and
28 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the
1 defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v.
2 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)).
3 While the complaint must comply with the “short and plaint statement” requirements of Rule 8,
4 its allegations must also include the specificity required by Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556
5 U.S. 662, 679 (2009).
6 To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim a complaint must contain more than “naked
7 assertions,” “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of
8 action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555-557. In other words, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of
9 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
10 678.
11 Furthermore, a claim upon which the court can grant relief must have facial plausibility.
12 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual
13 content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the
14 misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. When considering whether a complaint states a
15 claim upon which relief can be granted, the court must accept the allegations as true, Erickson v.
16 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the
17 plaintiff, see Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974).
18 Screening Order
19 Plaintiff’s claims arise from his confinement at California State Prison, Sacramento. He
20 groups his allegations into eight claims.
21 1. Claim One
22 a. Cell 209
23 In the first claim, plaintiff alleges he was housed in a cell containing “substantial brown
24 contaminated leakage and flooding.” ECF No. 1 at 4. Plaintiff was confined to this cell (cell
25 209) from either December 23 or 24 until December 25, 2022. Id. While confined to this cell,
26 plaintiff asked defendants Banish, Udhe, and Best to move him “to no avail.” Id. at 4. The
27 conditions of the cell deprived plaintiff of sleep, exercise, and daily activities. Id. After one or
28 /////
1 two days in the cell, plaintiff intentionally committed an infraction so that he would be moved to
2 administrative segregation. Id. As discussed below, these allegations cannot survive screening.
3 Certainly, the “subjection of a prisoner to lack of sanitation that is severe or prolonged can
4 constitute an infliction of pain within the meaning of the Eighth Amendment.” Anderson v. Cnty.
5 of Kern, 45 F.3d 1310, 1314 (9th Cir. 1995). Plaintiff’s confinement to cell 209 was neither
6 severe nor prolonged. The conditions are not described in any detail and at most, lasted one to
7 two days. Moreover, to show a violation of the Eighth Amendment, plaintiff must allege facts
8 sufficient to support a claim that prison officials knew of and disregarded a substantial risk of
9 serious harm to him. That is, a prison official must have a “sufficiently culpable state of mind,”
10 and act with “deliberate indifference to inmate health or safety . . . .” Farmer v. Brennan, 511
11 U.S. 825, 834, 847 (1994); Frost v. Agnos, 152 F.3d 1124, 1128 (9th Cir. 1998). “[D]eliberate
12 indifference describes a state of mind more blameworthy than negligence.” Id. at 835. Here,
13 plaintiff merely alleges that his complaints to defendants were “to no avail.” ECF No. 1 at 4.
14 Even assuming the conditions in cell 209 exposed plaintiff to a substantial risk of serious harm,
15 there is no showing that any defendant responded to that risk with deliberate indifference. For
16 these reasons, the portion of Claim One relating to cell 209 are not sufficient to survive screening.
17 b. Cell 208
18 On January 7, 2023,1 plaintiff was released from administrative segregation and confined
19 to cell 208, which also had “substantial leakage and flooding.” ECF No. 1 at 5. Defendant
20 Struve told plaintiff he would put in a work order and move plaintiff to another cell. Id. at 5. On
21 January 8, 2023, the fluid in plaintiff’s cell began to burn his eyes, nose, and throat. Id. The leak
22 was “throughout the cell, including over Plaintiff’s bunk where he slept,” thus, depriving plaintiff
23 of sleep. Id. On January 10, 2023, plaintiff asked defendant Struve about the status of his cell
24 move. Id. at 6. Struve responded sarcastically, “I’m on the job.” Id. In response, plaintiff stated
25 he would file a grievance and a lawsuit. Id. Struve stated that if plaintiff intended to go that
26 route, he could find someone else to move him. Id.
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1 The complaint provides the date as “June 7, 2023,” but this is clearly a typographical
28 error. See ECF No. 1 at 5.
1 On January 12, 2023, defendant Heinkel refused to move plaintiff to another cell even
2 though one was available. Id. When plaintiff said he would file a grievance, Heinkel responded
3 that the more plaintiff complained, the longer Heinkel would take to move plaintiff. Id.
4 Plaintiff was confined to cell 208 from January 7 to January 14, 2023. Id. at 5-6. During
5 this time, plaintiff “underwent significant mental anguish.” Id. at 6. Defendants Udhe, Best,
6 Banish, Heinkel, Struve, and Haynie (as well as several non-defendants), all knew of the
7 conditions in plaintiff’s cell. Id.
8 Liberally construed, plaintiff has alleged that the conditions in cell 208 placed him at risk
9 of substantial harm. He has also pleaded facts suggesting that defendants Struve and Heinkel
10 acted with deliberate indifference to that risk in violation of the Eighth Amendment. Plaintiff has
11 not pleaded facts suggesting that any other defendant had a sufficiently culpable state of mind for
12 purposes of an Eighth Amendment claim. In addition to pleading potentially cognizable Eighth
13 Amendment claims against Struve and Heinkel, plaintiff has pleaded potentially cognizable First
14 Amendment retaliation claims against defendants Struve and Heinkel.
15 2. Claim Two
16 In the second claim, plaintiff alleges that on January 8, 2023, he was denied medical care
17 after slipping on a wet floor and injuring his back and right ankle. Id. at 5, 7. Plaintiff was in
18 pain after the fall, but defendant Pohovich “intimidate[ed]” and “influenc[ed]” medical personnel
19 to not treat plaintiff for his injuries. Id. at 7. One of the medical officials, defendant Rosales,
20 “side[d] with custody” and denied plaintiff medical treatment despite his complaints of pain and
21 his inability to walk. Id. at 8. When plaintiff was seen by a doctor four days later, an x-ray
22 revealed osteoarthritis and a sprain causing swelling. Id. The doctor ordered ice and a topical
23 medicine, as well as orthotic shoes, compression socks, and an ankle brace. Id. Plaintiff alleges
24 the defendants forced him to endure pain longer than he should have by delaying and denying
25 him medical treatment. Id. Liberally construed, these allegations are sufficient to state a claim
26 against defendants Pohovich and Rosales for deliberate indifference to medical needs in violation
27 of the Eighth Amendment.
28 /////
1 3. Claim Three
2 In the third claim, plaintiff alleges that defendant Rosales retaliated against him when she
3 denied plaintiff medical care on January 8, 2023. Id. at 5, 8. Plaintiff claims that during their
4 encounter, Rosales was “feisty” and “hostile,” “appearing ready to deny Plaintiff medical
5 treatment . . . .” Id. at 8. Plaintiff asked for her name and she refused. Id. at 8-9. In response,
6 plaintiff stated he would be “writing her up for being unprofessional.” Id. Plaintiff claims
7 Rosales chose not to provide plaintiff with medical care in retaliation for his statement regarding
8 filing a grievance. Id.
9 To state a claim for retaliation in violation of the First Amendment, a prisoner must allege
10 facts showing five elements: (1) that a state actor took some adverse action against him (2)
11 because of (3) his protected conduct, (4) that such action chilled his exercise of his First
12 Amendment rights, and (5) that the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional
13 goal. Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005). Plaintiff alleges that Rosales
14 was prepared to deny him medical treatment before he expressed his intention to file a grievance.
15 Thus, the complaint does not show that Rosales denied plaintiff medical treatment because of
16 plaintiff’s protected conduct. For this reason, this claim cannot survive screening.
17 4. Claim Four
18 In the fourth claim, plaintiff alleges that defendants Pohovich and Lujan applied excessive
19 force on January 8, 2023. ECF No. 1 at 5, 11. Specifically, plaintiff claims that after being
20 cleared by medical, defendants Pohovich and Lujan (as well as other non-defendants),
21 “aggressively loaded Plaintiff onto a gurney and carried him to his assigned cell . . . . “ Id. at 11.
22 When they arrived at plaintiff’s cell, Pohovich bent plaintiff’s “fingers in [an] effort to break
23 them and twisted[ed] [plaintiff’s] handcuffs to cause pain, maliciously and sadistically.” Id. In
24 addition, Lujan “subtly hit Plaintiff in his left rib maliciously and sadistically to cause pain” while
25 stating, “Nigger, swing,” in an attempt to provoke plaintiff into fighting. Id. Lujan also warned,
26 “It’s best you behave Nigger.” Id. Liberally construed, these allegations are sufficient to state a
27 potentially cognizable Eighth Amendment excessive force claim against defendants Pohovich and
28 Lujan.
1 5. Claim Five
2 In the fifth claim, plaintiff alleges that on January 12, 2023, he was placed in a holding
3 cage in restraints and a smock, per standard procedure, while awaiting suicidal evaluation. Id. at
4 12. Plaintiff informed defendants Henry and Elders and non-defendant Benso, that he needed to
5 urinate. Id. They informed plaintiff that because he was under suicide watch, they could not
6 remove his restraints. Id. Plaintiff was forced to urinate on himself and his smock. Id.
7 Afterward, the officials took no efforts to move plaintiff to one of several nearby holding cages.
8 Id. Plaintiff does not allege how much time passed before he was allowed to properly clean
9 himself.
10 These allegations do not rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment claim for cruel and
11 unusual punishment. First, plaintiff has not alleged that any defendant forced plaintiff to urinate
12 on himself out of deliberate indifference to plaintiff’s health and safety. Rather, plaintiff alleges
13 he was restrained for his own safety after alerting staff that he felt suicidal. See Bowers v.
14 Pollard, 602 F. Supp. 2d 977, 988-92 (E.D. Wis. 2009), aff’d, 345 F. App’x 191 (7th Cir. 2009)
15 (granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment on Eighth Amendment claim where inmate
16 urinated and defected on himself as a result of being strapped down for up to twelve hours at a
17 time, because the restraints were a non-punitive measure to prevent the inmate from harming
18 himself and others). Second, plaintiff does not allege how long it was before he was allowed to
19 clean up. Without such allegations the court cannot determine whether plaintiff was subjected to
20 a substantial risk of serious harm.
21 6. Claim Six
22 In the sixth claim, plaintiff alleges that on or around January 16, 2023, defendant
23 Kuppinger retaliated against plaintiff by withholding and damaging plaintiff’s personal and legal
24 property because plaintiff complained about the flooding in his cell. See ECF No. 1 at 13
25 (alleging that when plaintiff inquired about the state of his property, Kuppinger said to plaintiff,
26 “We got work to do” and “you want to make all this noise about your housing . . . and make
27 threats about grievances and lawsuits with all the suicidal bullshit . . . .”). Liberally construed,
28 /////
1 these allegations are sufficient to state a potentially cognizable First Amendment retaliation claim
2 against defendant Kuppinger.
3 7. Claim Seven
4 In the seventh claim, plaintiff alleges that defendants Haynie, Heinkel, and Struve issued a
5 false rules violation report against plaintiff because of grievances plaintiff filed against them and
6 defendant Kuppinger. Id. at 15. Plaintiff alleges that the rules violation report was retaliatory
7 because of the “chronology of events, facts and evidence . . . .” Id. Plaintiff points out that the
8 rules violation report was issued without a thorough investigation or interview of plaintiff, and
9 that defendants Haynie, Heinkel, and Struve “are in the same circle and support one another and
10 inferior officers[’] immoral conduct.” Id. at 16. Plaintiff was ultimately found not guilty of the
11 rules violation. Id. Liberally construed, plaintiff states a potential retaliation claim against
12 defendants Haynie, Heinkel, and Struve.
13 8. Claim Eight
14 In the eighth claim, plaintiff alleges that on February 24, 2023, defendant Ehlers sexually
15 assaulted him while he was being held for suicidal evaluation. Id. at 17. This claim appears to be
16 improperly joined because unrelated claims involving different defendants must be brought in
17 separate lawsuits.2 Here, there appears to be no basis for litigating the February 24, 2023 sexual
18 assault claim against defendant Ehlers in the same action as the claims arising from the conditions
19 in plaintiff’s cell in January of 2023. These two sets of claims, standing alone, seemingly
20 encompass discrete events and separate defendants, rendering them ill-suited to proceed in a
21 single suit.
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2 A plaintiff may properly assert multiple claims against a single defendant. Fed. Rule
23 Civ. P. 18. In addition, a plaintiff may join multiple defendants in one action where “any right to
relief is asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out
24 of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences” and “any question
of law or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2).
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Unrelated claims against different defendants must be pursued in separate lawsuits. See George v.
Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). This rule is intended “not only to prevent the sort of
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morass [a multiple claim, multiple defendant] suit produce[s], but also to ensure that prisoners
27 pay the required filing fees – for the Prison Litigation Reform Act limits to 3 the number of
frivolous suits or appeals that any prisoner may file without prepayment of the required fees. 28
28 U.S.C. § 1915(g).” Id.
1 Summary of Screening Order
2 In summary, plaintiff may either proceed with the potentially cognizable claims identified
3 above, including the following: (a) Claim One: an Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement
4 claim regarding cell 208 and a First Amendment retaliation claim against defendants Struve and
5 Heinkel; (b) Claim Two: an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference to medical needs claim
6 against defendants Pohovich and Rosales; (c) Claim Four: an Eighth Amendment excessive force
7 claim against defendants Pohovich and Lujan; (d) Claim Six: a First Amendment retaliation claim
8 against defendant Kuppinger; and (e) Claim Seven: a First Amendment retaliation claim against
9 defendants Haynie, Heinkel, and Struve, or plaintiff may amend his complaint in an attempt to
10 state additional claims for relief. Plaintiff may not, however, change the nature of this suit by
11 alleging new, unrelated claims. George, 507 F.3d at 607. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his
12 complaint.
13 Leave to Amend
14 If plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, he should note that any amended
15 complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a substantial
16 way in depriving him of a federal constitutional right. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th
17 Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act,
18 participates in another’s act or omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the
19 alleged deprivation).
20 Further, any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it so that it is complete in
21 itself without reference to any earlier filed complaint. E.D. Cal. L.R. 220. This is because an
22 amended complaint supersedes any earlier filed complaint, and once an amended complaint is
23 filed, the earlier filed complaint no longer serves any function in the case. See Forsyth v.
24 Humana, 114 F.3d 1467, 1474 (9th Cir. 1997) (the “‘amended complaint supersedes the original,
25 the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’”) (quoting Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th
26 Cir. 1967)).
27 /////
28 /////
] The court cautions plaintiff that failure to comply with the Federal Rules of Civil
2 || Procedure, this court’s Local Rules, or any court order may result in this action being dismissed.
3 | See Local Rule 110.
4 Conclusion
5 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that:
6 1. Plaintiff's complaint (ECF No. 1) alleges, for screening purposes, the following
7 potentially cognizable claims:
8 a. Claim One: an Eighth Amendment conditions of confinement claim regarding
9 cell 208 and a First Amendment retaliation claim against defendants Struve
10 and Heinkel;
11 b. Claim Two: an Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference to medical needs
12 claim against defendants Pohovich and Rosales;
13 c. Claim Four: an Eighth Amendment excessive force claim against defendants
14 Pohovich and Lujan;
15 d. Claim Six: a First Amendment retaliation claim against defendant Kuppinger;
16 and
17 e. Claim Seven: a First Amendment retaliation claim against defendants Haynie,
18 Heinkel, and Struve.
19 2. All other claims (including those against defendants Udhe, Banish, Best, Henry, and
20 Elders (or Elhers)) are dismissed with leave to amend within 30 days of service of this
21 order. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint.
22 3. Within thirty days plaintiff shall return the notice below advising the court whether he
23 elects to proceed with the cognizable claims or file an amended complaint. If the
24 former option is selected and returned, the court will enter an order directing service at
25 that time.
26 4. Failure to comply with any part of this this order may result in dismissal of this action.
27 || Dated: June 1, 2023.
28 EDMUND F. BRENNAN
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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5 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
6 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
7
8 DeWAYNE THOMPSON, No. 2:23-cv-00463-DJC-EFB (PC)
9 Plaintiff,
10 v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
11 P. KUPPINGER, et al.,
12 Defendants.
13
14 In accordance with the court’s Screening Order, plaintiff hereby elects to:
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16 (1) ______ proceed only with the specific claims identified in the Screening Order
17 against defendants Struve, Heinkel, Pohovich Rosales, Lujan, Kuppinger, and Haynie.
18
19 OR
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21 (2) ______ delay serving any defendant and file an amended complaint.
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23 _________________________________
24 Plaintiff
25 Dated:
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