Courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if 26 those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.”
How later courts described this case
- Courts “may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if 26 those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
10
11 FERNANDO CORIA, JR., 1:20-cv-01652-DAD-GSA-PC
12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS,
RECOMMENDING THAT
13 vs. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STAY BE
GRANTED
14 GARCIA, et al.,
(ECF No. 50.)
15 Defendants.
OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN
16 FOURTEEN DAYS
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20 I. BACKGROUND
21 Fernando Coria, Jr. (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner proceeding pro se and in forma
22 pauperis with this civil rights action filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This case now proceeds
23 with Plaintiff’s original Complaint filed on November 20, 2020, against defendants Garcia,
24 Navarro, Gallaway, and Avila-Becerra (“Defendants”) for use of excessive force in violation of
25 the Eighth Amendment. (ECF No. 1.)
26 On October 25, 2022, Defendants filed a motion to stay the proceedings in this case,
27 including Defendants’ obligation to file a responsive pleading, “until Plaintiff’s related pending
28 criminal proceeding and prison disciplinary matter are resolved.” (ECF No. 50.) On that same
1 day, Defendants filed a request for judicial notice.1 (ECF No. 51). Plaintiff has not filed an
2 opposition to Defendants’ motion to stay, and the time in which to do so has passed. Local Rule
3 230(l).
4 For the reasons that follow, the Court will recommend that Defendants’ motion to stay be
5 granted.
6 II. MOTION TO STAY CIVIL ACTION
7 A. Legal Standards
8 1. Stay of Civil Action Pending Outcome of Criminal Action
9 “The Constitution does not ordinarily require a stay of civil proceedings pending the
10 outcome of criminal proceedings.” Keating v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 324
11 (9th Cir. 1995). “In the absence of substantial prejudice to the rights of the parties involved,
12 [simultaneous] parallel [civil and criminal] proceedings are unobjectionable under our
13 jurisprudence.” Id. (alterations in original). “Nevertheless, a court may decide in its discretion
14 to stay civil proceedings . . . when the interests of justice seem [] to require such action.” Id.
15 (alterations in original) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted). “The decision whether
16 to stay civil proceedings in the face of a parallel criminal proceeding should be made in light of
17 the particular circumstances and competing interests involved in the case. This means the
18 decisionmaker should consider the extent to which the defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights are
19 implicated. In addition, the decisionmaker should generally consider the following factors: (1)
20 the interest of the plaintiffs in proceeding expeditiously with this litigation or any particular
21 aspect of it, and the potential prejudice to plaintiffs of a delay; (2) the burden which any particular
22
23 1 The Court grants Defendants’ unopposed request for the Court to take judicial notice of
the docket from Plaintiff’s criminal case (Exh. A), the criminal complaint against Plaintiff (Exh. B), the
24 CDCR Rules Violation Report (RVR) Log no. 6559565 against Plaintiff (Exh. C), and the Declaration of
Nicholas Hernandez authenticating Plaintiff’s prison central file records (Exh. D). (ECF No. 51.) U.S.
25 ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 971 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992) (Courts
“may take notice of proceedings in other courts, both within and without the federal judicial system, if
26 those proceedings have a direct relation to matters at issue.”) (citation and internal quotation marks
omitted). Courts may also take judicial notice of administrative records, including “records and reports
27 of administrative bodies.” Mack v. South Bay Beer Distributors, Inc., 798 F.2d 1279, 1282 (9th Cir. 1986).
Judicial notice is also appropriately taken of the official records of the California Department of
28 Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR). Brown v. Valoff, 422 F.3d 926, 931 n.7 (9th Cir. 2004).
1 aspect of the proceedings may impose on defendants; (3) the convenience of the court in the
2 management of its cases, and the efficient use of judicial resources; (4) the interests of persons
3 not parties to the civil litigation; and (5) the interest of the public in the pending civil and criminal
4 litigation.” Id. at 324-25 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).
5 2. Younger Abstention Doctrine
6 In general, federal courts are required to abstain from interfering with ongoing state
7 criminal proceedings. Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43-45 (1971). Principles of comity and
8 federalism weigh against a federal court interfering with ongoing state criminal proceedings by
9 granting injunctive or declaratory relief absent extraordinary circumstances. Id. at 43-
10 54. Abstention under Younger is required when: (1) state proceedings, judicial in nature, are
11 pending; (2) state proceedings involve important state interests; and (3) the state proceedings
12 afford adequate opportunity to raise the constitutional issue. See Middlesex County Ethics
13 Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n., 457 U.S. 423, 432 (1982); Ohio Civil Rights Comm’n v.
14 Dayton Christian Schs., Inc., 477 U.S. 619, 627 (1986). Criminal proceedings, by their very
15 nature, involve important state interests. See Koerner v. Grigas, 328 F.3d 1039, 1046 (9th Cir.
16 2003) (citing Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365 (1995) (per curium)) (stating that a state has
17 an important interest in passing upon and correcting violations of a defendant’s rights in criminal
18 proceedings). Where all three criteria for abstention are met, the Younger doctrine requires the
19 federal court to dismiss the action. See Beltran v. State of Cal., 871 F.2d 777, 782 (9th Cir.
20 1988) (“Where Younger abstention is appropriate, a district court cannot refuse to abstain, retain
21 jurisdiction over the action, and render a decision on the merits after the state proceedings have
22 ended. To the contrary, Younger abstention requires dismissal of the federal action.” (emphasis
23 in original) (citations omitted)).
24 III. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO STAY
25 A. The Current Civil Action
26 According to Defendants, “Plaintiff alleges that on February 25, 2019, while he was
27 incarcerated at SATF, Officers Garcia, Avila-Becerra, Navarro, and Gallaway battered him with
28 their closed fists and work boots without provocation. (ECF No. 1 at 3.) As a result, Plaintiff
1 alleges he sustained abrasions, scratches, a chipped tooth, a broken nose, facial discoloration and
2 swelling, and pain in his elbow. (Id.)
3 B. The Criminal Case
4 Plaintiff is currently being criminally prosecuted for battery on Officer Garcia and
5 resisting Officers Avila-Becerra and Gallaway on February 25, 2019, while confined in a state
6 prison in People of the State of California v. Fernando Coria, Jr., Kings County Superior Court
7 Case No. 19CM-4180. (ECF No. 51 at 4, (Exh. A.))
8 C. The Rules Violation Report
9 Plaintiff received a Rules Violation Report (RVR) on February 25, 2019, for the incident
10 alleged in this case. (RJN Ex. C (RVR Log No. 6559565)). According to the RVR and attached
11 incident report, Officer Hendrix noticed that Plaintiff was wearing a hat in the dining hall. (Id.
12 at 33.) Officer Hendrix ordered Plaintiff three times to remove his hat while he was in the dining
13 hall. (Id.) Plaintiff refused. (Id.) Plaintiff appeared agitated, questioned Officer Hendrix’s
14 authority, and refused Officer Hendrix’s orders to give her the hat. (Id.) Officer Hendrix ordered
15 Plaintiff to exit the dining hall. (Id.) Once outside, Plaintiff was uncooperative and not receptive
16 to Officer Hendrix counseling him. (Id.) Officer Garcia heard Plaintiff’s loud voice and
17 responded to Officer Hendrix’s location. (Id. at 31.) Officer Garcia ordered Plaintiff to submit
18 to a clothed body search. (Id. at 33.) Officer Hendrix returned to the dining hall. (Id.)
19 Officer Garcia ordered Plaintiff to face the wall to conduct the search. (Id. at 31.) Officers
20 Avila-Becerra and Gallaway observed the search. (Id. at 21, 28.) During the search, Plaintiff
21 spun around and attempted to strike Officer Garcia in the upper chest. (Id. at 21, 28, 31.) Plaintiff
22 grabbed Officer Garcia’s shirt and attempted to pull Officer Garcia to the ground. (Id.) Officer
23 Garcia defended himself, striking Plaintiff several times. (Id.) Officer Avila-Becerra gave
24 several orders to Plaintiff to stop resisting, which Plaintiff ignored. (Id. at 21, 28.) Officer Avila-
25 Becerra attempted to force Plaintiff to the ground with his body weight. (Id.) Plaintiff lunged at
26 Officer Garcia, and Officer Garcia again struck Plaintiff. (Id. at 31.) At that time, Officer
27 Navarro was in the dining hall and heard a commotion outside. (Id. at 35.) Officer Navarro went
28 outside and observed Plaintiff being combative and resisting Officer Avila-Becerra as Officer
1 Avila-Becerra was attempting to control Plaintiff. (Id.) Officer Avila-Becerra grabbed Plaintiff
2 and used his body weight to take Plaintiff to the ground. (Id. at 21.) Plaintiff landed on his face
3 and stomach, with Officer Avila-Becerra falling on top of Plaintiff’s low back. (Id. at 21-22.)
4 Once on the ground Officer Gallaway ordered Plaintiff to stop resisting, Plaintiff refused. (Id. at
5 28.) Officers Gallaway, Avila-Becerra, Navarro, and Garcia used their weight to keep Plaintiff
6 on the ground. (Id. at 21, 28, 31, 35.) Then, Officer Avila-Becerra was able to handcuff Plaintiff.
7 (Id.)
8 The RVR reflects that Plaintiff elected to postpone the RVR disciplinary proceedings
9 pending the outcome of his criminal case. (Id. at 44.)
10 D. Defendants’ Arguments
11 This Action Should be Stayed Because Plaintiff’s Criminal Prosecution and
Prison Disciplinary Proceeding Involve the Same Nucleus of Facts as this
12 Case.
13 Defendants are concerned that if this case proceeds while the criminal case is pending,
14 Plaintiff will invoke his Fifth Amendment rights which will frustrate any attempts at discovery.
15 Because the excessive force facts in this case and Plaintiff’s criminal prosecution substantially
16 overlap, there is a risk of prejudice to Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment rights, and any attempt by
17 Plaintiff to invoke those rights in this action could frustrate Defendants’ discovery.
18 Defendants also argue that “[t]here is little risk of prejudice to Plaintiff in a stay of this
19 action because both of Plaintiff’s proceedings involve similar facts and witnesses and it is
20 unlikely that evidence will be lost or memories will fade with the passage of time.” (ECF No.
21 50 at 6:11-14.) Defendants similarly argue that the “public interest weighs in favor of a stay
22 because the public has an interest in ensuring that the criminal process is not subverted by
23 ongoing civil cases.” (Id. at 6:14-16.)
24 On the other hand, Defendants argue that proceeding in this case without a stay may cause
25 prejudice to Defendants and “improperly limit the defenses available.” (emphasis added) (Id. at
26 6:18-19.) First, “Plaintiff may use the criminal proceeding to frustrate attempts at discovery.”
27 (Id. at 6:19-20.) Second, “any factual findings in the criminal proceeding could be binding in
28 this action.” (Id. at 6:20-21.) Also, until the criminal proceedings and prison disciplinary
1 proceedings are completed, “it is unclear whether Defendants are entitled to” certain defenses,
2 such as the Heck bar and issue preclusion, and [e]ven filing an answer to the Complaint could
3 impact this issue.” (Id. at 6:27-7:1.) Finally, Defendants argue that “judicial efficiency supports
4 the imposition of a stay because Plaintiff’s criminal and prison disciplinary actions involve the
5 same facts,” (Id. at 7:3-4), and evidence in either the criminal proceedings or the prison
6 disciplinary hearing “may streamline issues in the civil case, making factual disputes in the civil
7 case less likely.” (Id. at 7:5-6.) Thus, Defendants argue that the Court should stay this action
8 until Plaintiff’s criminal and prison disciplinary charges arising out of the same events are
9 resolved.
10 The Court Should Abstain from Adjudicating this Case While Plaintiff’s
Criminal Action is Pending Under the Younger Abstention Doctrine.
11
Defendants argue that under the Younger2 abstention doctrine, the federal court should
12
refrain from interfering in pending state criminal proceedings absent extraordinary
13
circumstances, and “the court may decline to exercise jurisdiction in a case where it may be
14
forced to decide constitutional issues that are likely to be raised in an ongoing state case.” (ECF
15
No. 50 at 7:11-19.). Defendants argue that “principles of judicial comity authorize the Court to
16
stay this action until Plaintiff’s criminal proceedings conclude.” (Id. at 8:9-10.)
17
E. Analysis
18
After weighing the Keating factors, the Court recommends that this civil case be stayed
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pending resolution of the criminal case and the prison disciplinary proceeding.
20
First, given the factual overlap between the criminal case, the disciplinary proceedings,
21
and the civil case, it appears that Plaintiff’s Fifth Amendment rights are implicated in this case
22
and that the Fifth Amendment could be used to resist discovery. Accordingly, this factor weighs
23
in favor of a stay.
24
25
26 2 Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 45-46 (1971). “This principle, called Younger
abstention, is intended to preserve respect for state functions such that the national government protects
27 federal rights and interests in a way that will not unduly interfere with the legitimate activities of the
States.” Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2004) (internal citation and quotation marks
28 omitted). (ECF No. 50 at 7:14-17.)
1 As to the first Keating factor, while Plaintiff has an interest in the expeditious resolution
2 of this action, Plaintiff has not opposed Defendants’ motion to stay or pointed to any prejudice
3 that he will suffer as a result of the stay. Moreover, any prejudice to Plaintiff is minimal given
4 that all of the proceedings involve similar (if not identical) facts and witnesses, and it is unlikely
5 that evidence will be lost or memories will fade with passage of time. See, e.g., McCormick v.
6 Rexroth, 2010 WL 934242, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 15, 2010) (“the fact that the witnesses for the
7 two proceedings are likely to include many of the same people providing much of the same
8 testimony should reduce the danger that any testimony will be lost as a result of the stay.”).
9 Overall, the Court finds that this factor slightly weighs in favor of allowing this case to proceed.
10 As to the second factor, the burden on Defendants, Defendants may otherwise have to
11 litigate a case that could be subject to a Heck bar defense. If the court in the criminal action
12 considers Plaintiff’s factual allegations regarding the alleged excessive force incidents, such
13 findings may be binding in this Court. See Wallace v. Kato, 549 U.S. 384, 394, (2007)) (“If the
14 plaintiff is ultimately convicted, and if the stayed civil suit would impugn that conviction, Heck
15 will require dismissal; otherwise, the civil action will proceed, absent some other bar to suit.”).
16 Thus, this factor weighs in favor of staying this case.
17 As to the third factor, judicial efficiency, this factor also favors imposition of a stay
18 because Plaintiff’s criminal action involves many, if not all of the same facts and some of the
19 same issues. Thus, it serves the interest of judicial economy for the Court to stay this case and
20 not duplicate the work of the court considering Plaintiff’s criminal case.
21 As to the fourth and fifth factors, the interests of persons not parties to the civil litigation
22 and the interest of the public in the pending civil and criminal litigation, these factors are not
23 implicated in any significant way. Thus, the Court finds that these factors are neutral.
24 After weighing the factors, the Court recommends staying this case pending resolution of
25 the criminal case and the prison disciplinary proceeding. See also Wallace, 549 U.S. at 393-94
26 (2007) (“If a plaintiff files a false arrest claim before he has been convicted (or files any other
27 claim related to rulings that will likely be made in a pending or anticipated criminal trial), it is
28 within the power of the district court, and in accord with common practice, to stay the civil action
1 until the criminal case or the likelihood of a criminal case is ended.”); Peyton v. Burdick, 358 F.
2 App’x 961, 962 (9th Cir. 2009) (“Because Peyton’s claims implicate rulings that are likely to be
3 made in the pending state court criminal proceeding, the district court should have stayed the
4 section 1983 action until the criminal case . . . is ended.”) (alteration in original) (citations and
5 internal quotation marks omitted).
6 IV. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
7 Based on the foregoing, IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that:
8 1. Defendants’ motion to stay, filed on October 25, 2022, be GRANTED;
9 2. This case be STAYED, including Defendants’ obligation to file a responsive
10 pleading, until Plaintiff’s related pending criminal proceeding and prison
11 disciplinary matter are resolved, and until further order of the Court; and
12 3. Defendants be required to file a status report within fourteen days after the
13 criminal case is resolved, or one year after the date of the stay, whichever is
14 earlier.
15 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States district judge
16 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of Title 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen
17 (14) days from the date of service of these findings and recommendations, any party may file
18 written objections with the court. Such a document should be captioned “Objections to
19 Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the objections shall be
20 served and filed within ten (10) days after the objections are filed The parties are advised that
21 failure to file objections within the specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal.
22 Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d
23 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).
24
IT IS SO ORDERED.
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26 Dated: December 16, 2022 /s/ Gary S. Austin
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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