court must 19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff
How later courts described this case
- court must 19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff
- court 18 must accept the allegations as true
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
8 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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10 SYDNEY BROOKE ROBERTS, No. 2:22-cv-01699 TLN AC PS
11 Plaintiff,
12 v. ORDER
13 SACRAMENTO HOUSING AND
REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY, et al.,
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Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff is proceeding in this action pro se. This matter was accordingly referred to the
18 undersigned by E.D. Cal. 302(c)(21). Plaintiff has filed a request for leave to proceed in forma
19 pauperis (“IFP”) and has submitted the affidavit required by that statute. See 28 U.S.C.
20 § 1915(a)(1). The motion to proceed IFP will therefore be granted.
21 I. SCREENING
22 The federal IFP statute requires federal courts to dismiss a case if the action is legally
23 “frivolous or malicious,” fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seeks
24 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2).
25 Plaintiff must assist the court in determining whether the complaint is frivolous, by drafting the
26 complaint so that it complies with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Fed. R. Civ. P.”). The
27 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure are available online at www.uscourts.gov/rules-policies/current-
28 rules-practice-procedure/federal-rules-civil-procedure.
1 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the complaint must contain (1) a “short and
2 plain statement” of the basis for federal jurisdiction (that is, the reason the case is filed in this
3 court, rather than in a state court), (2) a short and plain statement showing that plaintiff is entitled
4 to relief (that is, who harmed the plaintiff, and in what way), and (3) a demand for the relief
5 sought. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a). Plaintiff’s claims must be set forth simply, concisely and directly.
6 Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(d)(1). Forms are available to help pro se plaintiffs organize their complaint in
7 the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor (Rm. 4-200),
8 Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.
9 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
10 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the
11 court will (1) accept as true all of the factual allegations contained in the complaint, unless they
12 are clearly baseless or fanciful, (2) construe those allegations in the light most favorable to the
13 plaintiff, and (3) resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor. See Neitzke, 490 U.S. at 327; Von
14 Saher v. Norton Simon Museum of Art at Pasadena, 592 F.3d 954, 960 (9th Cir. 2010), cert.
15 denied, 564 U.S. 1037 (2011).
16 The court applies the same rules of construction in determining whether the complaint
17 states a claim on which relief can be granted. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (court
18 must accept the allegations as true); Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974) (court must
19 construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff). Pro se pleadings are held to a
20 less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520
21 (1972). However, the court need not accept as true conclusory allegations, unreasonable
22 inferences, or unwarranted deductions of fact. Western Mining Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618,
23 624 (9th Cir. 1981). A formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action does not suffice
24 to state a claim. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007); Ashcroft v. Iqbal,
25 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009).
26 To state a claim on which relief may be granted, the plaintiff must allege enough facts “to
27 state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim has
28 facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the
1 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at
2 678. A pro se litigant is entitled to notice of the deficiencies in the complaint and an opportunity
3 to amend, unless the complaint’s deficiencies could not be cured by amendment. See Noll v.
4 Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other grounds by statute as stated in
5 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122 (9th Cir.2000)) (en banc).
6 II. THE COMPLAINT
7 Plaintiff sues on behalf of herself and two others, David Tyrone Samuel and A.I.M.S., a
8 minor. ECF No. 1 at 4. Plaintiff asserts jurisdiction based on the presence of a federal question
9 and cites four federal laws: the Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 1301-19) (“FHA”), the
10 Rehabilitation Act (29 U.S.C. §701), the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. §§ 12101)
11 (“ADA”), and the Administrative Procedures Act (5 U.S.C. §§ 551-559). Id. at 6. Plaintiff
12 alleges that defendants “denied reasonable accommodation for change in room allocation on
13 housing choice voucher despite acknowledging request was reasonable on grounds they were
14 legally required to apply standards and practices ‘consistently for all families of like size and
15 composition.’” Id. at 7. Plaintiff alleges that defendants sent a denial letter that proposed
16 “alternate sleeping arrangements,” or that family members sleep in the living room, which does
17 not meet the family’s needs. Id. at 8.
18 Plaintiff alleges that defendants failed to make changes to their communications policies
19 and failed to make services accessible by providing a phone number that did not allow for
20 messages and an e-mail address that “did not respond.” Id. Plaintiff further alleges that
21 defendants failed to provide a timely hearing regarding denial of her reasonable accommodations
22 requests but did, after more than 60 days, offer an informal hearing attended by plaintiff and
23 defendant SHRA. Id. Plaintiff was informed that the officer was unable to decide the case and a
24 new hearing date would be scheduled. Id. At the second hearing, evidence was not allowed
25 regarding reasonable accommodations, and the hearing officer required plaintiff to provide an
26 explanation as to why sleeping in the living room would not satisfy the family’s needs. Id.
27 Plaintiff alleges that defendants, as part of their documented policy, discriminate against
28 ////
1 individuals based on type of disability. Id. Plaintiff asks for injunctive relief, $200,000 in
2 compensatory damages, and $1,000,000 in punitive damages. Id. at 9.
3 III. FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM
4 Plaintiff’s complaint contains several problems that must be fixed before it can be served.
5 First, though plaintiff may represent herself as a pro se litigant, she may not represent other
6 people. “A pro se plaintiff can only ‘prosecute his own action in propria persona,’ and ‘has no
7 authority to prosecute an action in federal court on behalf of others.’” United States ex rel. Welch
8 v. My Left Foot Children’s Therapy, LLC, 871 F.3d 791, 800 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Stoner v.
9 Santa Clara County Office of Educ., 502 F.3d 1116, 1126 (9th Cir. 2007)).
10 Second, plaintiff fails to state a claim under any of the statutes named in the complaint.
11 Plaintiff names the Fair Housing Act, which makes it unlawful for a housing provider “[t]o
12 discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a
13 dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in connection with such dwelling, because of
14 a handicap of that person.” 42 U.S.C. § 3604(f)(2)(A). Plaintiff alleges that reasonable
15 accommodations were not provided. To properly plead a failure to accommodate claim, a
16 plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that: (1) she suffers from a handicap as defined in 42
17 U.S.C. § 3602(h); (2) the defendants knew or reasonably should have known of her handicap; (3)
18 accommodation of the handicap “may be necessary” to afford the plaintiff an equal opportunity to
19 use and enjoy the dwelling; and (4) the defendants refused to make such accommodation. United
20 States v. Cal. Mobile Home Park Mgmt., 107 F.3d 1374, 1380 (9th Cir. 1997). The FHA defines
21 a handicap as: “(1) a physical or mental impairment which substantially limits one or more of
22 such person's major life activities, (2) a record of having such an impairment, or (3) being
23 regarded as having such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 3602(h). Here, plaintiff does not provide
24 any facts about the alleged disability, nor does she provide information about the proposed
25 accommodations, the necessity of the accommodations, or the defendants’ refusal to make the
26 accommodations. From the complaint, the court cannot tell whether plaintiff can state a claim
27 under the FHA.
28 ////
1 Plaintiff’s complaint also fails to state a claim under the ADA. Title II of the ADA
2 applies to public entities, and as the named defendants are a public entity and its employees, the
3 court construes the ADA claim to be brought under Title II of the ADA. “To establish a violation
4 of Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must show that (1) she is a qualified individual with a disability;
5 (2) she was excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against with regard to a
6 public entity’s services, programs, or activities; and (3) such exclusion or discrimination was by
7 reason of her disability.” Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1052 (9th Cir. 2002). To recover
8 money damages under Title II of the ADA, a plaintiff must also prove intentional discrimination
9 on the part of any defendants. Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124, 1138 (9th Cir. 2001).
10 The standard for intentional discrimination is deliberate indifference, which requires the plaintiff
11 to show that the defendant knew “harm to a federally protected right [wa]s substantially likely”
12 and failed to act upon that likelihood. Id. at 1139. As with the FHA claim, plaintiff does not
13 allege the necessary facts in her complaint to state an ADA claim.
14 Likewise, plaintiff fails to state a claim under the Rehabilitation Act. Section 504 of the
15 Rehabilitation Act prohibits “discrimination against all handicapped individuals....in employment,
16 housing, transportation, education, health services, or any other Federally-aided programs.” 29
17 U.S.C. § 794. To state a disability discrimination claim under Section 504, a plaintiff must
18 allege: “(1) he is an ‘individual with a disability’; (2) he is ‘otherwise qualified’ to receive the
19 benefit; (3) he was denied the benefit of the program solely by reason of his disability; and (4) the
20 program receives federal financial assistance.” Weinreich v. Los Angeles County Metropolitan
21 Transp. Authority, 114 F.3d 976, 978 (9th Cir. 1997). Under the Rehabilitation Act, “disability”
22 is defined as “(A) a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the
23 major life activities of such individual, (B) a record of such an impairment, or (C) being regarded
24 as having such an impairment.” Walton v. U.S. Marshals Serv., 492 F.3d 998, 1005 (9th Cir.
25 2007). Again, plaintiff’s complaint does not contain the necessary information to demonstrate
26 that she can state a Rehabilitation Act claim.
27 Finally, plaintiff names the Administrative Procedures Act. The Administrative
28 Procedures Act governs the procedures of federal administrative agencies. To the extent plaintiff
1 is challenging state and/or county services and benefits, this federal law does not apply. The
2 complaint does not contain any facts which would suggest a violation of 5 U.S.C. § 701 et seq.
3 has occurred. Based on the contents of the compliant, plaintiff does not state a claim under this
4 statute, and the court believes that this statute likely does not apply to plaintiff’s set of
5 circumstances. Because plaintiff fails to state any claim upon which relief could be granted, the
6 complaint will not be served. Plaintiff will be given an opportunity to submit an amended
7 complaint. General instructions for submitting an amended complaint are below.
8 IV. AMENDING THE COMPLAINT
9 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, the amended complaint must allege facts
10 establishing the existence of federal jurisdiction. In addition, it must contain a short and plain
11 statement of each of plaintiff’s claims. The allegations of the complaint must be set forth in
12 sequentially numbered paragraphs, with each paragraph number being one greater than the one
13 before, each paragraph having its own number, and no paragraph number being repeated
14 anywhere in the complaint. Each paragraph should be limited “to a single set of circumstances”
15 where possible. Rule 10(b). As noted above, forms are available to help plaintiffs organize their
16 complaint in the proper way. They are available at the Clerk’s Office, 501 I Street, 4th Floor
17 (Rm. 4-200), Sacramento, CA 95814, or online at www.uscourts.gov/forms/pro-se-forms.
18 Plaintiff must avoid excessive repetition of the same allegations. Plaintiff must avoid
19 narrative and storytelling. That is, the complaint should not include every detail of what
20 happened, nor recount the details of conversations (unless necessary to establish the claim), nor
21 give a running account of plaintiff’s hopes and thoughts. Rather, the amended complaint should
22 contain only those facts needed to show how the defendant legally wronged the plaintiff.
23 The amended complaint must not force the court and the defendants to guess at what is
24 being alleged against whom. See McHenry v. Renne, 84 F.3d 1172, 1177 (9th Cir. 1996)
25 (affirming dismissal of a complaint where the district court was “literally guessing as to what
26 facts support the legal claims being asserted against certain defendants”). The amended
27 complaint must not require the court to spend its time “preparing the ‘short and plain statement’
28 which Rule 8 obligated plaintiffs to submit.” Id. at 1180. The amended complaint must not
1 require the court and defendants to prepare lengthy outlines “to determine who is being sued for
2 what.” Id. at 1179.
3 Also, the amended complaint must not refer to a prior pleading in order to make plaintiff’s
4 amended complaint complete. An amended complaint must be complete in itself without
5 reference to any prior pleading. Local Rule 220. This is because, as a general rule, an amended
6 complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Pacific Bell Tel. Co. v. Linkline
7 Communications, Inc., 555 U.S. 438, 456 n.4 (2009) (“[n]ormally, an amended complaint
8 supersedes the original complaint”) (citing 6 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice &
9 Procedure § 1476, pp. 556-57 (2d ed. 1990)). Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an
10 original complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently
11 alleged.
12 V. PRO SE PLAINTIFF’S SUMMARY
13 It is not clear that this case can proceed in federal court. The court cannot tell from your
14 complaint what legal harm was done to you or if you can state a claim under federal law. The
15 complaint as written does not provide enough facts to state a claim under the Americans with
16 Disabilities Act, the Fair Housing Act, or the Rehabilitation Act. Based on the information you
17 have provided so far, the Administrative Procedures Act likely does not apply to your situation.
18 You also cannot bring a lawsuit on behalf of anyone but yourself. Your lawsuit cannot proceed
19 unless you fix the problems with your complaint.
20 You are being given 30 days to submit an amended complaint that fixes the problems
21 described above. If you submit an amended complaint, it needs to explain in simple terms what
22 laws or legal rights of yours were violated, by whom and how, and how those violations impacted
23 you. Without this information, the court cannot tell if you can state a claim against the
24 defendants. If you do not submit an amended complaint by the deadline, the undersigned will
25 recommend that the case be dismissed.
26 VI. CONCLUSION
27 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
28 1. Plaintiff’s request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED;
1 2. Plaintiff shall have 30 days from the date of this order to file an amended complaint that
2 names defendants who are amenable to suit, and which complies with the instructions
3 given above. If plaintiff fails to ttmely comply with this order, the undersigned may
4 recommend that this action be dismissed.
5 | DATED: October 5, 2022 -
6 Cthten— Lape
ALLISON CLAIRE
7 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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