The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 | Judy Wong and William Wong, No. 2:21-cv-01553-KJM-KJIN
12 Plaintiffs, ORDER
13 v.
Las Vegas Sands Corp., et al.,
1S Defendants.
16
17 Judy and William Wong booked a room in a Nevada hotel from their home in California.
18 | During her stay, Mrs. Wong suffered severe injuries as the result of the hotel’s alleged
19 | negligence. They filed an action in this court. As explained in more detail below, this court lacks
20 | personal jurisdiction because the defendants do not have the constitutionally mandatory minimum
21 | contacts with California. Their motion to dismiss is thus granted.
22 | I. BACKGROUND
23 The Wongs live in Placer County, California. Compl. J 2., ECF No. 1. In 2019, they
24 | were browsing Hotels.com, where they found a page about the Palazzo Hotel in Las Vegas,
25 | Nevada. See W. Wong Decl. {fj 7-8, ECF No. 16-1. After looking at the pictures and
26 | information about the hotel on that site, they booked a one-night stay. Compl. at 2; J. Wong Decl.
27 | 4§§ 7-8, ECF No. 13-1. The hotel then sent them promotional emails and invited them to join a
28 | loyalty program. Compl. at 2-3.
1 The morning after their stay, Mrs. Wong slipped and fell on a wet floor in the hotel,
2 injuring her neck and back. See J. Wong. Decl. ¶ 9. Years after the accident, her injuries still
3 cause extreme pain despite medical treatment and physical therapy. Id. ¶¶ 10–11. Her condition
4 is worsening. Id. ¶ 11. She cannot exercise, play golf, travel, dance, or paint as she did before
5 the fall. Id. ¶ 12. Her doctors have recommended a risky surgery. See id. ¶ 11.
6 Mr. and Mrs. Wong filed this lawsuit against three Nevada corporations with connections
7 to the Palazzo Hotel. See Compl. at 3–5. None has its principal place of business in California.
8 They each now move to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction or, in the alternative, to transfer
9 the action to the United States District Court for the District of Nevada. See generally Mot., ECF
10 No. 8; Mem., ECF No. 8-1. Mr. and Mrs. Wong both oppose that motion—Mrs. Wong with
11 counsel, Mr. Wong without. See generally J. Wong Opp’n, ECF No. 13; W. Wong Opp’n, ECF
12 No. 16. The defendants replied, see generally Reply, ECF No. 19, and the court submitted the
13 matter without hearing oral arguments, Min. Order, ECF No. 18.
14 II. DISCUSISON
15 No federal statute governs the personal jurisdiction questions in this case, so this court
16 must determine whether California courts could exercise jurisdiction over these defendants. See
17 Glob. Commodities Trading Grp., Inc. v. Beneficio de Arroz Choloma, S.A., 972 F.3d 1101, 1106
18 (9th Cir. 2020). California authorizes its courts to exercise jurisdiction “to the full extent
19 permissible under the U.S. Constitution.” Picot v. Weston, 780 F.3d 1206, 1211 (9th Cir. 2015)
20 (quoting Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 125 (2014)); see also Cal. Civ. Proc. Code
21 § 410.10. As a result, this court’s personal jurisdiction turns on the limits of the Fourteenth
22 Amendment’s Due Process Clause. See Goodyear Dunlop Tires Operations, S.A. v. Brown,
23 564 U.S. 915, 923 (2011). It is the plaintiffs’ burden to show the court can exercise jurisdiction
24 without depriving the defendants of due process. Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co.,
25 374 F.3d 797, 800 (9th Cir. 2004). The court assumes the complaint’s uncontroverted allegations
26 are true and resolves any factual disputes in the plaintiffs’ favor, Glob. Commodities, 972 F.3d at
27 1106.
1 The “canonical opinion” on due process and personal jurisdiction is the Supreme Court’s
2 decision in International Shoe Co. v. Washington. Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 923 (citing 326 U.S.
3 310 (1945)). In that case, the Court held “that a State may authorize its courts to exercise
4 personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant if the defendant has ‘certain minimum
5 contacts with the State such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of
6 fair play and substantial justice.’” Id. (quoting Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316) (alterations omitted).
7 “In giving content to that formulation, the Court has long focused on the nature and extent of ‘the
8 defendant’s relationship to the forum State.’” Ford Motor Co. v. Montana Eighth Jud. Dist. Ct.,
9 141 S. Ct. 1017, 1024 (2021) (quoting Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Superior Court of Cal., San
10 Francisco Cty., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1779 (2017)).
11 Over the years, the Supreme Court has recognized “two kinds of personal jurisdiction:
12 general (sometimes called all-purpose) jurisdiction and specific (sometimes called case-linked)
13 jurisdiction.” Id.1 Mr. and Mrs. Wong rely on both of these jurisdictional doctrines. The court
14 considers each in the two subsections below.
15 A. General Jurisdiction
16 To support a claim of general jurisdiction, a defendant’s operations in a given state must
17 be “so substantial and of such a nature as to justify suit against it on all causes of action arising
18 from dealings entirely distinct from those activities.” Goodyear, 564 U.S. at 924 (quoting Int’l
19 Shoe, 326 U.S. at 318). “For an individual, the paradigm forum for the exercise of general
20 jurisdiction is the individual’s domicile; for a corporation, it is an equivalent place, one in which
21 the corporation is fairly regarded as at home.” Id. The Supreme Court has identified two places a
22 corporation is at home: its “place of incorporation and its principal place of business.” Ford,
23 141 S. Ct. at 1024 (citing Daimler, 571 U.S. at 139).
1 Federal courts use the phrases “general jurisdiction” and “general personal jurisdiction”
interchangeably. Compare, e.g., Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024, with, e.g., BNSF Ry. Co. v. Tyrrell,
137 S. Ct. 1549, 1554 (2017). The same is true of the phrases “specific jurisdiction” and
“specific personal jurisdiction.” Compare, e.g., Ford, 141 S. Ct. at 1024, with, e.g., BNSF,
137 U.S. at 1059.
1 The defendants’ contacts with California do not give this court general jurisdiction over
2 them. No defendant is incorporated in California. See Molinari Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 8-3; Ki Decl.
3 ¶ 4, ECF No. 8-4; Bain Decl. ¶ 4, ECF No. 8-5. None has its principal place of business in
4 California. See Molinari Decl. ¶¶ 4–6; Ki Decl. ¶¶ 5–6; Bain ¶¶ 5–6. None has any California
5 offices, addresses, or phone numbers. See Molinari Decl. ¶¶ 8–9; Ki Decl. ¶¶ 5–7; Bain Decl. ¶ 7.
6 The plaintiffs do not offer allegations or evidence to show otherwise. They argue instead
7 that the defendants must be at home in California because they do business with California
8 residents, compete for business with California casinos, and operate in Las Vegas, which is “very
9 close” to California. See J. Wong Opp’n at 6–8; W. Wong Opp’n at 11–14. They cite no
10 authority to support that theory of general jurisdiction. The Supreme Court also rejected a nearly
11 identical theory in Daimler. See 571 U.S. at 139. As the Supreme Court wrote in that case, “If
12 [these defendants’] California activities sufficed to allow adjudication of this [Nevada]-rooted
13 case in California, the same global reach would presumably be available in every other State in
14 which [the defendants’] sales are sizable.” Id. This court does not have general jurisdiction over
15 these defendants.
16 B. Specific Jurisdiction
17 “In contrast to general jurisdiction, specific jurisdiction covers defendants that are less
18 intimately connected with a state, but that have sufficient minimum contacts with the state that
19 are relevant to the lawsuit.” LNS Enters. LLC v. Cont’l Motors, Inc., 22 F.4th 852, 859 (9th Cir.
20 2022). Courts in the Ninth Circuits use a three-part test to decide “whether a party’s minimum
21 contacts meet the due process standard for exercise of specific personal jurisdiction.” Id. (quoting
22 In re W. States Wholesale Nat. Gas Antitrust Litig., 715 F.3d 716, 741 (9th Cir. 2013)). First, the
23 plaintiff must show the out-of-state defendant purposefully directed activities to the forum state,
24 “consummate[d] some transaction with the forum” or its residents, or otherwise “purposefully
25 avail[ed]” itself “of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum,” thus “invoking the
26 benefits and protections of its laws.” Glob. Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1107 (quoting
27 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802). Second, the plaintiff must show its claims “arise out of or
28 relate to the defendant’s forum-related activities.” Id. Third, if the plaintiff satisfies these first
1 two parts of the test, the defendant may show that exercising personal jurisdiction would be
2 unreasonable. Id.
3 The plaintiffs allege their decision to stay in the Palazzo arose out of the defendants’
4 efforts to market that hotel to California residents on websites like Hotels.com; they did not know
5 about the Palazzo until they saw it on Hotels.com. See, e.g., W. Wong Decl. ¶ 7; J. Wong Decl.
6 ¶¶ 7–8. No evidence or allegations suggest the defendants have any control over who can see or
7 book rooms in the Palazzo on Hotels.com, so it is doubtful Mr. and Mrs. Wong could prove these
8 defendants took any “purposeful” action by citing the Palazzo’s page on Hotels.com. That
9 question, however, is not one this court must answer. The court may assume for purposes of this
10 order that the defendants controlled Hotels.com absolutely. Even if they did, the plaintiffs would
11 not have established this court’s personal jurisdiction under the first two parts of the specific
12 jurisdiction test.
13 A plaintiff can rely on a variety of theories to show a defendant has sufficient contacts
14 with the forum state at the first step of the test. At first glance, one of these theories seems to be a
15 good match for this case: a defendant is subject to suit in a foreign jurisdiction if it purposefully
16 directs some action toward that jurisdiction. Glob. Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1107. The
17 foundation of that theory is Calder v. Jones, a case in which the Supreme Court held that “a
18 foreign act that is both aimed at and has effect in the forum satisfies the first prong of the specific
19 jurisdiction analysis.” Pebble Beach Co. v. Caddy, 453 F.3d 1151, 1156 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing
20 465 U.S. 783 (1984)). The test for a defendant’s purposeful direction is thus often described as
21 the “Calder effects test.” Id. It has three parts: (1) the defendant “committed an intentional act,”
22 (2) the act was “expressly aimed at the forum state,” and (3) as a result, the plaintiff suffered a
23 harm “the brunt of which is suffered and which the defendant knows is likely to be suffered in the
24 forum state.” See Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 803 (quoting Dole Food Co., Inc. v. Watts,
25 303 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2002)). The plaintiffs have not satisfied these requirements. The
26 defendants could not have known someone could slip and fall “in the forum state”—that is,
27 California—rather than in Nevada, in the Palazzo Hotel.
1 Alternatively, the plaintiffs’ jurisdictional claims could be evaluated under a contract
2 theory. A plaintiff can satisfy the first step of the specific jurisdiction test by showing the
3 defendant “consummate[d] some transaction with the forum” or its residents. Global
4 Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1107 (quoting Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 802). But the result is the
5 same when the case is viewed through this lens. The plaintiffs did not expect to begin a
6 “substantial” and “long-term” interstate business relationship with the defendants, as was true in
7 Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, for example. See 471 U.S. 462, 479–80 (1985). They did not
8 have a “lengthy and ongoing course of dealing” with the Palazzo. Glob. Commodities, 972 F.3d
9 at 1108. Instead, this case fits the mold of many similar claims about short-term transactions that
10 do not support personal jurisdiction. Examples from this category include Boschetto v. Hansing,
11 in which the Ninth Circuit held that California courts could not exercise jurisdiction over a
12 dispute that arose out of a one-time eBay sale from an out-of-state defendant, see 539 F.3d 1011,
13 1017–19 (9th Cir. 2008), and Peterson v. Kennedy, which predates the internet age, but which
14 makes clear that equivalent communications at a distance—letters and phone calls, for example—
15 “do not qualify as purposeful activity invoking the benefits and protections of the forum state,”
16 771 F.2d 1244, 1262 (9th Cir. 1985) (alterations omitted) (quoting Thos. P. Gonzalez Corp. v.
17 Consejo Nacional de Produccion de Costa Rica, 614 F.2d 1247, 1254 (9th Cir. 1980)).
18 More recent decisions by district courts within this circuit are similar, including Eguiarte
19 v. Golden Nugget, LLC, which concerns strikingly similar allegations as those made here. See
20 No. 18-1990, 2018 WL 11338191 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2018). The plaintiff, a California resident,
21 had slipped and fallen on a wet floor inside a Nevada casino. See id. at *1. Before her visit, the
22 casino had emailed her several times to offer deals and rooms. See id. at *2. The district court
23 concluded that it lacked specific jurisdiction. See id. at *5. “[S]pecific jurisdiction does not exist
24 in California just because one of the parties to the contract happens to reside in California where
25 the contract does not contemplate performance in California or otherwise have any connection to
26 California.” Id.5. That reasoning is persuasive. The plaintiffs have not satisfied the first step of
27 the specific jurisdiction test.
1 The plaintiffs’ allegations and evidence also fall short at the second step of that test, i.e.,
2 showing their claims “arise out of or relate to the defendant’s forum-related activities.” Glob.
3 Commodities, 972 F.3d at 1107. The Central District court’s decision in Black v. The Ritz-
4 Carlton Hotel Co., LLC is persuasive on this point. See generally 977 F. Supp. 2d 996 (C.D. Cal.
5 2013), aff’d, 639 F. App’x 423 (9th Cir. 2016) (unpublished). The plaintiff in that case, a
6 California resident, booked a hotel room in a Dubai hotel using a website. See id. at 1002. She
7 fell during her stay in the hotel and sued in California, asserting claims based on the hotel’s
8 negligence and premises liability. See id. at 1002–03. She argued one of the defendants was
9 subject to suit in California because it operated a website that California residents could use to
10 book rooms. See id. at 1006–07. The district court disagreed. It held that the plaintiff could not
11 show her injuries arose out of or related to the website. See id. at 1007. The defendants’
12 allegedly wrongful actions all occurred in Dubai, not in California. See id. The Wongs’ case
13 shares this fault. The defendants’ alleged wrongdoing—a wet, slippery, and unsafe lobby floor
14 without warnings—is unconnected to Hotels.com and unconnected to California, so they cannot
15 satisfy the second part of the three-part specific jurisdiction test.
16 For these reasons, the Wongs have not carried their burden to establish the court’s
17 personal jurisdiction.
18 C. Discovery Request
19 Anticipating the court’s conclusion above, the Wongs request leave to conduct discovery
20 to substantiate their jurisdictional claims. See J. Wong Opp’n at 12–14; W. Wong Opp’n at 14–
21 19. District courts ordinarily authorize jurisdictional discovery only when “pertinent facts
22 bearing on the question of jurisdiction are controverted” or if “a more satisfactory showing of the
23 facts is necessary.” LNS Enters., 22 F.4th at 864 (quoting Laub v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior,
24 342 F.3d 1080, 1093 (9th Cir. 2003)). “[H]unch[es] that discovery might yield jurisdictionally
25 relevant facts” do not suffice. Id. (other alterations omitted) (quoting Boschetto, 539 F.3d at
26 2010).
27 The Wongs ask to investigate the extent of the defendants’ business with other California
28 residents, the defendants’ efforts to lure Californians to Las Vegas, and the defendants’
1 | relationships and control over third-party booking websites like Hotels.com. See J. Wong Opp’n
2 | at 12-14; W. Wong Opp’n at 14-19. It is unnecessary to investigate the defendants’ relationships
3 | with third-party websites. The court has assumed in this order that the defendants controlled
4 | Hotels.com and all other similar websites. The plaintiffs’ other requests are based on hopes about
5 | what discovery might reveal about the defendants’ sales, which are not enough to justify
6 | jurisdictional discovery. See, e.g., LNS Enters., 22 F.4th at 864 (affirming rejection of discovery
7 | requests to “confirm the extent of [the defendants’] sales, advertisements, and affiliations ... in
8 | the forum state”). It is likely that no volume of discovery could permit this case to proceed in
9 | California: the defendants are incorporated in Nevada, their principal place of business is in
10 | Nevada, their hotel is in Nevada, Mrs. Wong alleges she was injured in that hotel in Nevada, and
11 | the negligence that allegedly caused her injury occurred in Nevada.
12 | Ill. CONCLUSION
13 The motion to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction (ECF No. 8) is granted. This
14 | action is dismissed without prejudice to refiling in a court with jurisdiction, and the case is
15 | closed.
16 IT IS SO ORDERED.
17 | DATED: March 28, 2022. [ (]
18 l tied { q_/
CHIEF NT] ED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE