(PC) Clemente v. Stinson

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 MARCELINO CLEMENTE, Case No. 2:19-cv-00789-MCE-JDP (PC)

12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

THAT DEFENDANT’S MOTION FOR

13 v. SUMMARY JUDGMENT BE DENIED

14 STINSON, ECF No. 21

15 Defendant. OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN 14 DAYS

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17 Plaintiff Marcelino Clemente, a state prisoner proceeding without counsel under 42 U.S.C.

18 § 1983, alleges that defendant Stinson, a correctional officer, threatened him and filed a false

19 report against him in retaliation for his filing of grievances and lawsuits. Defendant has filed a

20 motion for summary judgment, arguing primarily that the report—a California Department of

21 Rehabilitation and Corrections (“CDCR”) 128-B chrono—is informational rather than

22 disciplinary, and that it therefore does not implicate the First Amendment. I recommend that

23 defendant’s motion be denied.

24 Background

25 Plaintiff is a seventy-year-old prisoner at Mule Creek State Prison (“MCSP”) who, due to

26 medical conditions that have accreted in recent years—a herniated disk, deterioration in his

27 cervical spine, surgery for prostate tumors, and a pair of hernias—has prescriptions for daily pain

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1 medication, a neck brace, a cane, a green “mobility-impaired” vest, lower tier (floor) status, lower

2 bunk status, and limits on his use of stairs. ECF No. 1 at 3; see also ECF No. 21-4 at 6-14. In

3 2017, plaintiff filed an excessive force lawsuit against several prison officials not named in this

4 action. See ECF No. 23 at 18 (citing Clemente v. Beasly, et al., No. 2:17-CV-00948). He alleges

5 that, because of that lawsuit and several grievances, defendant Stinson engaged in a “campaign of

6 harassment and retaliation” against him that included a threat to make his life miserable and an

7 allegedly false chrono about his need for medical accommodations. ECF No. 1 at 4.

8 The alleged campaign began in February 2018, when defendant authored a 128-B chrono

9 accusing plaintiff of “manipulating medical staff in an effort to accommodate his self-proclaimed

10 mobility and single-cell status.”1 ECF No. 23 at 35; see also ECF No. 1 at 4-6. The chrono

11 alleged instances in which plaintiff had walked without his cane or neck brace, used stairs, carried

12 water and laundry, and engaged in other activities in a manner indicating, according to defendant,

13 “that [plaintiff] can highly function without the use of his medical appliances.” ECF No. 23 at

14 27-29, 35-37. At some point before April 2018, plaintiff submitted a request for single-cell

15 status, claiming that his age and medical problems left him vulnerable to attacks from cellmates—

16 an issue he had encountered at least once before. Id. at 27. In April, the classification committee

17 denied his request, and, in June, he received a second-level response to his appeal that justified

18 the denial in part by referencing defendant’s chrono: “a CDCR 128-B was discovered outlining

19 the appellant’s attempt at manipulating medical staff.” Id. at 29. Shortly after receiving the

20 second-level response, plaintiff asked defendant why he was “documenting false allegations,”

21 allegedly prompting defendant to respond, “since you like to file 602’s and lawsuits, I’m going to

22 make your stay here in A-facility Building 5 as miserable and uncomfortable as possible.” ECF

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1 An excerpted page of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation

24 Operations Manual lists “CDC Form 128-B, General Chrono” as one of at least ten forms used to

report or document matters relating to inmates, such as “CDC Form 115, Rule Violation Report”

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and “CDC Form 128-C, Medical/Psychiatric/Dental/Chrono.” ECF No. 21-4 at 81. The Manual

explains that a 128-B form “shall be used by staff when the subject matter to be reported involves

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matters of classification, parole, or social service.” Id. It then provides a list of possible uses,

27 such as “to report such information as the inmate’s relationships with fellow inmates, behavior,

personal cleanliness, general attitude, and personality,” and “when an adverse classification may

28 occur or a major program change is anticipated.” Id.

1 No. 1 at 6.2 Plaintiff claims that thereafter he suffered severe depression and anxiety at the

2 prospect of further retaliation. Id.

3 Pointing to plaintiff’s deposition, defendant claims that the chrono was undisputedly

4 accurate: “[plaintiff] acknowledges that he can walk to areas within the housing unit without the

5 use of his cane, including up and down stairs”; “[p]laintiff also concedes that he frequently did

6 not wear his neck brace or use his cane while walking in February 2018.” ECF No. 21-2 at 3.

7 Defendant notes that the chrono included several photographs of plaintiff walking without his

8 cane and carrying a laundry bucket. Id. Plaintiff contends that “defendant’s account is not a true

9 and accurate account of the events during [that] time,” explaining that he “rarely walked around

10 without his cane.” ECF No. 23 at 2. In plaintiff’s deposition, he acknowledged that there had

11 been instances in which he had moved about without his cane or neck brace: “I’m not [an]

12 invalid. I’m not on crutches. I’m able to function at a certain level.” ECF No. 21-4 at 15. But

13 he maintained that defendant’s description was exaggerated and that the attached photographs had

14 been taken selectively. Id. at 15-22. He added that, other than the vest, his accommodations were

15 generally permissive, rather than mandatory. Id. at 10-11. He also stated that he was instructed

16 to use the cane on an as-needed basis and to walk without it whenever possible to avoid becoming

17 over-dependent on it. Id.

18 In addition to defendant’s threat, plaintiff claims that two other statements show both

19 defendant’s retaliatory motive and his knowledge of plaintiff’s protected conduct. ECF No. 23 at

20 3-7. Plaintiff first recounts an episode that occurred in approximately late January 2018 at an

21 outpatient mental health program: when plaintiff took the podium, an officer named Gossett told

22 him, “you better not mess up our program[,] you know what happen (sic) to you last time,” at

23 which point defendant Stinson stated, “I know how to deal with inmates like you.” Id. at 7.

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2 Plaintiff has filed sworn declarations from three other inmates who corroborate this

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conversation, though with slight variations in wording. See, e.g., ECF No. 23 at 24 (declaration

of C. Juarez) (attesting that defendant said to plaintiff, in an agitated manner, “since you like to

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file 602’s and complaints, I am going to make you as miserable as I possibly can”); id. at 25

27 (declaration of X. J’Weial) (adding that, after plaintiff responded by threatening to file a

complaint, defendant stated “go ahead you snibbling (sic) bitch”); see also id. at 23 (declaration

28 of E. Joy) (similar).

1 Plaintiff claims that Gossett was “referring to the harassment and retaliation” that had led plaintiff

2 to file grievances and his 2017 lawsuit against Gossett and other officers. Id. at 7, 14. On another

3 occasion, after defendant searched his cell and confiscated a hot pot, defendant allegedly

4 dismissed plaintiff’s objections by saying, “file a 602 like [you] always do.” Id. at 7.

5 Defendant does not expressly deny these statements but attests that he did not author the

6 chrono out of any retaliatory motive and that he “was not aware of with (sic) any of Clemente’s

7 other lawsuits or complaints . . . at the time [he] authored the 128-B chrono.” ECF No. 21-5 at 4.

8 Defendant adds that he had no “power or control over the decision to issue or rescind medical

9 assistive devices or to grant or deny requests for reasonable accommodations,” and that “it was

10 [his] job responsibility to document [his] observations.” Id. Plaintiff contends that “defendant

11 Stinson was well aware that the language in the 128-B chrono that he authored would [have] and

12 had a negative and significant impact . . . in denying plaintiff’s request for accommodation,”

13 adding that defendant knew that “the term ‘manipulator’ . . . has a particular meaning in the

14 prison context.” ECF No. 23 at 4.

15 Legal Standard

16 A motion for summary judgment will be granted only when “the pleadings, depositions,

17 answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that

18 there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

19 judgment as a matter of law.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986); see Fed. R.

20 Civ. P. 56. The moving party bears the burden of establishing that there is no genuine issue of

21 material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23. If the moving party meets that burden by

22 “presenting evidence which, if uncontradicted, would entitle it to a directed verdict at trial,

23 [Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(e)(2)] shifts to [the nonmoving party] the burden of

24 presenting specific facts showing that such contradiction is possible.” British Airways Bd. v.

25 Boeing Co., 585 F.2d 946, 950-52 (9th Cir. 1978).

26 Each party’s position must be supported by (1) citations to particular portions of materials

27 in the record, including but not limited to depositions, documents, declarations, or discovery; or

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1 (2) argument showing that the materials cited do not establish the presence or absence of a

2 genuine factual dispute or that the opposing party cannot produce admissible evidence to support

3 its position. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). The court can consider other materials in the record not

4 cited by the parties, but it is not required to do so. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(3); Carmen v. San

5 Francisco Unified School Dist., 237 F.3d 1026, 1031 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Simmons v. Navajo

6 County, Ariz., 609 F.3d 1011, 1017 (9th Cir. 2010).

7 The court must apply standards consistent with Rule 56 to determine whether the moving

8 party has demonstrated there to be no genuine issue of material fact and that judgment is

9 appropriate as a matter of law. See Henry v. Gill Indus., Inc., 983 F.2d 943, 950 (9th Cir. 1993).

10 “[A] court ruling on a motion for summary judgment may not engage in credibility

11 determinations or the weighing of evidence.” Manley v. Rowley, 847 F.3d 705, 711 (9th Cir.

12 2017) (citation omitted). The evidence must be viewed “in the light most favorable to the

13 nonmoving party” and “all justifiable inferences” must be drawn in favor of the nonmoving party.

14 Orr v. Bank of America, NT & SA, 285 F.3d 764, 772 (9th Cir. 2002); Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc.,

15 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000).

16 Discussion

17 A. First Amendment Retaliation

18 “It is well-established that, among the rights they retain, prisoners have a First

19 Amendment right to file prison grievances . . . [, and r]etaliation against prisoners for their

20 exercise of this right is itself a constitutional violation.” Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1269

21 (9th Cir. 2009) (citations omitted). A claim of retaliation under the First Amendment has five

22 elements: “(1) An assertion that a state actor took some adverse action against an inmate (2)

23 because of (3) that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the inmate’s

24 exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action did not reasonably advance a legitimate

25 correctional goal.” Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567-68 (9th Cir. 2005).

26 As an initial matter, plaintiff’s evidence is sufficient to create a genuine factual dispute as

27 to the second and third elements: protected conduct and causation. The record at least reflects a

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1 genuine issue of material fact as to whether plaintiff’s earlier grievances and lawsuit—both of

2 which are protected conduct under the First Amendment—were a “substantial or motivating

3 factor behind the defendant’s conduct.” Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1266, 1271 (holding that

4 defendant’s warning “to be careful what you write, req[u]est on this form,” in response to a

5 grievance filing, met the causation and protected conduct elements). Plaintiff includes sworn

6 declarations from four inmates, including himself, that defendant said to him, in substance, “since

7 you like to file 602’s and lawsuits, I’m going to make your stay here in A-facility Building 5 as

8 miserable and uncomfortable as possible.” ECF No. 1 at 6; see also supra, note 2. In response,

9 defendant offers only conclusory statements that he did not act in retaliation for plaintiff’s

10 protected conduct.

11 Defendant argues primarily that plaintiff has failed to demonstrate sufficiently that he

12 suffered an adverse action, see ECF Nos. 21 & 24, meaning a harm or threat of harm that would

13 deter a person of ordinary firmness from protected activities. See Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 568-69.3

14 Courts have held that a person of ordinary firmness would be so deterred by a false charge in a

15 rules violation report, Hines v. Gomez, 108 F.3d 265, 169 (9th Cir. 1997), by being transferred or

16 double-celled, Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 807 (9th Cir. 1995), or by “the mere threat of

17 . . . discipline or transfer,” Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1270 (emphasis in original). If a threat is

18 alleged, the plaintiff need not show an “explicit, specific threat”; it is enough to produce

19 statements “that a reasonable factfinder could . . . interpret as intimating that some form of

20 punishment or adverse regulatory action would follow.” Id. (holding that the statement, “I’d also

21 like to warn you to be careful what you write, req[u]est on this form,” was an adverse action).

22 Citing several district court opinions, defendant argues that, as a matter of law, a 128-B

23 chrono cannot be an adverse action because it is informational, rather than disciplinary. See ECF

24 No. 21 at 5-7 (citing, e.g., Jenkins v. Caplan, No. C 02-5603 RMW PR, 2010 WL 3742659, at *2

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3 Because adverse action is defined in terms of whether it satisfies the fourth element, it is

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unnecessary to conduct separate analyses of both elements. See Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 568, n.11

27 (explaining that “since harm that is more than minimal will almost always have a chilling effect[,

a]lleging harm and alleging the chilling effect would seem under the circumstances to be no more

28 than a nicety”) (italics in original).

1 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2010) (stating that because a 128-B chrono is an “informational custodial

2 counseling memoranda that . . . has no disciplinary consequences to the inmate,” it does not

3 ordinarily rise to the level of an adverse action)).4 Although the cited cases may suggest a general

4 rule that a 128-B chrono “does not, by itself, constitute an adverse action for purposes of

5 retaliation,” Davis v. Molina, No. 1:14-cv-1554-LJO-BAM, 2018 WL 1157484, at *4-5 (E.D.

6 Cal. Mar. 5, 2018), they do not decide this case for at least two reasons.

7 First, although in some cases a chrono might be merely informational, here it caused

8 concrete harm: denial of plaintiff’s application for single-cell status.5 An otherwise harmless act

9 can constitute an adverse action if the plaintiff shows that it caused, or could foreseeably cause,

10 concrete harm. See Valandingham v. Bojorquez, 866 F.2d 1135, 1138 (9th Cir. 1989) (holding

11 that calling the plaintiff a “snitch” was an adverse action because it foreseeably subjected him to

12 attacks by other inmates). Defendant’s cases are consistent with this principle.6 In Masterson,

13 for example, the court held that the plaintiff “presented no evidence that [the allegedly false]

14 chronos were tied to any adverse action.” 2017 WL 928710 at *12. There, the plaintiff had

15 argued that an officer was attempting to have him placed in administrative segregation by using

16 the term “overfamiliar”—a term that the plaintiff claimed had a “particular meaning in the prison

17 context that would require his placement in Ad-Seg.” Id. The court found this argument to be

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4 See also Masterson v. Killen, No. 1:11-cv-01179, 2017 WL 928710 at *11-12 (E.D. Cal.

19 2017); Davis v. Molina, No. 1:14-cv-1554-LJO-BAM, 2018 WL 1157484, at *4-5 (E.D. Cal.

Mar. 5, 2018); Williams v. Woddford, No. 1:06-cv-01535-DLB (PC), 2009 WL 3823916, at *3

20 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 13, 2009); Samano v. Copeland, 1:07-00394-OWW-GSA, 2008 WL 2168884, *2

(E.D. Cal. May 23, 2008); Jenkins v. Caplan, No. C 02–5603 RMW PR, 2010 WL 3742659, at *2

21 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 16, 2010); Reed v. Paramo, No. 18-cv-361 JLS (LL), 2019 WL 398339, at *8

(S.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2019).

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5 Defendant disputes the claim that the chrono was false or inaccurate. For reasons

23 discussed infra, I find that there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to whether the chrono was

accurate.

24 6 In the cases identified by defendant, the plaintiffs either identified a purely speculative

future harm resulting from the 128-B, claimed without evidence that a subsequent harm was the

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result of the earlier chrono, or failed to identify any subsequent harm whatsoever. See Jenkins,

2010 WL 3742659, at *2 (speculation about future adverse parole decision not adverse action);

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Davis, 2018 WL 1157484, at *4-5 (plaintiff’s claim that 128-B contributed to adverse parole

27 decision was refuted by evidence that the parole board did not consider the 128-B in reaching

their decision); Samano, 2008 WL 2168884, *2 (no concrete harm identified); Williams, 2009

28 WL 3823916, at *3 (no concrete harm identified).

1 too speculative, both because the plaintiff was ultimately not placed in administrative segregation

2 and because he provided no evidence, beyond his own claim that it was “common sense,” that the

3 term “overfamiliar” would lead to placement in administrative segregation. Id.; see also Garcia

4 v. Blahnik, No. 14-CV-875-LAB-BGS, 2017 WL 1226863, at *13 (S.D. Cal. Feb. 3, 2017)

5 (holding that because “[p]laintiff has not stated any facts to suggest that these chronos did, in fact,

6 negatively impact his housing . . . there is no genuine issue of material fact that [the] 128-B was

7 not an adverse action”).

8 Here, in contrast, there is evidence that the chrono had a direct and harmful consequence:

9 plaintiff was denied single-cell status in part because, according to the second-level review, “a

10 CDCR 128-B was discovered outlining the appellant’s attempt at manipulating medical staff.”

11 ECF No. 23 at 29. Indeed, this outcome appears to have been intended by defendant, since he

12 concluded the chrono by stating that “[t]he purpose of this CDCR-128b is to divulge information

13 about CLEMENTE manipulating medical staff in an effort to accommodate his self-proclaimed

14 mobility and single cell status.” ECF No. 21-5 at 10. And it is well-established that cell and bed

15 assignments can implicate the First Amendment. See Pratt, 65 F.3d at 804 (holding that

16 transferring a plaintiff from a single cell to a double cell was an adverse action); Dragasits v. Jin

17 Yu, No. 16-CV-01998-BAS-JLB, 2019 WL 192759, at *7 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 15, 2019) (holding that

18 a doctor’s decision not to renew a plaintiff’s lower bunk chrono was an adverse action “because

19 [his] decision affected Plaintiff’s housing accommodations”).

20 Second, even assuming that the chrono is not an independent adverse action, plaintiff has

21 introduced evidence beyond that of the chrono—namely, evidence that defendant threatened to

22 make him “as miserable and uncomfortable as possible.” ECF No. 1 at 6. A reasonable

23 factfinder could “interpret [defendant’s statement] as intimating that some form of punishment or

24 adverse regulatory action would follow.” Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1270 (internal quotation marks

25 omitted). This is especially so when the threat is considered in conjunction with the chrono,

26 which a reasonable factfinder could interpret as evidence that defendant’s threat was sincere. See

27 id. at 1266, 1270-71 (explaining that a memo recommending that the plaintiff be transferred was

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1 “circumstantial evidence” that an earlier warning “to be careful what you write” would be

2 interpreted as a threat of discipline or transfer, even though the memo was written after the

3 commencement of the plaintiff’s suit). The record therefore reflects a genuine dispute of material

4 fact as to whether plaintiff suffered an adverse action that would chill the actions of a person of

5 ordinary firmness.

6 Finally, plaintiff has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether defendant’s

7 retaliatory actions “did not advance legitimate goals of the correctional institution or [were] not

8 tailored narrowly enough to achieve such goals.” Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527, 532 (9th Cir.

9 1985). Defendant does not offer—and probably could not reasonably offer—a legitimate

10 penological goal to justify his threat to make plaintiff miserable. See Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1274

11 (Bea, J., concurring) (explaining that the majority’s discussion of other legitimate penological

12 interests was superfluous because “there is no legitimate penological interest in warning prisoners

13 not to file grievances”). As for his completion of the chrono, defendant does argue that

14 accurately documenting plaintiff’s behavior advanced the legitimate goal of appropriately

15 allocating limited medical accommodations. ECF No. 21-2 at 8. Although this may be a

16 legitimate correctional goal in the abstract, when a defendant prison official rebuts a retaliation

17 claim “by articulating a general justification for a neutral process,” a plaintiff will prevail if he

18 raises a genuine dispute of fact that the defendant “abused the . . . procedure as a cover or ruse to

19 silence and punish.” Bruce v. Ylst, 351 F.3d 1283, 1289 (9th Cir. 2003). Plaintiff contends that

20 the chrono selectively documented rare instances of movement without his cane or neck brace to

21 suggest, falsely, that he was seeking to “manipulate medical staff.” ECF No. 23 at 6-10. Plaintiff

22 adds that his medical accommodations permitted—but did not require—him to use a cane and

23 neck brace on an as-needed basis. On this record, a reasonable factfinder could find that

24 defendant omitted salient information and reached unsubstantiated conclusions and, in so doing,

25 abused a neutral process for retaliatory ends.

26 B. Qualified Immunity

27 Defendant argues in the alternative that he is entitled to qualified immunity. To assess

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1 whether qualified immunity attaches, a court asks “two questions: (1) whether the facts, taken in

2 the light most favorable to the non-moving party, show that the official’s conduct violated a

3 constitutional right, and (2) whether the law at the time of the challenged conduct clearly

4 established that the conduct was unlawful.” Felarca v. Birgeneau, 891 F.3d 809, 815 (9th Cir.

5 2018).

6 Having established that plaintiff has raised a genuine issue of material fact as to whether

7 the first question might be answered in his favor, I turn to whether the law was clearly established

8 at the time. “To be clearly established, a legal principle must have a sufficiently clear foundation

9 in then-existing precedent . . . , which means it is dictated by controlling authority or a robust

10 consensus of cases of persuasive authority.” D.C. v. Wesby, 138 S. Ct. 577, 589-90 (2018)

11 (citations omitted). It was clearly established in 2018 that retaliating against a prisoner for filing

12 lawsuits or grievances violates the First Amendment, Rhodes, 408 F.3d at 568, and that an

13 adverse action can be constituted by threats of discipline, false charges, and adverse classification

14 decisions. See Brodheim, 584 F.3d at 1269-70 (discussed, supra, Part A); see also Klein v.

15 Williams, 714 F. App’x 631, 635-36 n.2 (holding that an officer violated the First Amendment by

16 threatening to fire plaintiff from a prison job in retaliation for filing a grievance). Viewing the

17 evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the record indicates that, in retaliation for

18 plaintiff’s prior grievance and lawsuit filings, defendant issued a verbal threat to make plaintiff’s

19 life “as miserable as possible” and filed a substantially-false 128-B chrono that was designed to

20 cause—and did cause—an adverse housing classification. Under then-existing precedent, a

21 reasonable officer would have understood that this conduct violated the First Amendment.

22 Defendant argues that “[t]here is no clearly established First Amendment right to a

23 truthful 128-B chrono.” ECF No. 21-2 at 10. But this argument frames the right too narrowly.

24 See Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 1218, 1230 (9th Cir. 2019). The specific form used by defendant

25 to retaliate is of little constitutional import; what matters is that binding precedent clearly

26 established that a person of ordinary firmness would be chilled from further protected activity by

27 direct threats of retaliation and administrative actions that adversely affect housing

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1 | accommodations. Cf. Entler v. Gregoire, 872 F.3d 1031, 1041 (9th Cir. 2017) (overturning a

2 | grant of qualified immunity to defendants who retaliated against a prisoner who only threatened

3 | to sue, explaining that “the constitutional right to redress of grievances does not hinge on the label

4 | the prison places on a particular complaint”) (internal marks omitted). I therefore find that

5 | defendant is not entitled to qualified immunity.

6 Based on the foregoing, it is RECOMMENDED that defendant’s motion for summary

7 | judgment, ECF No. 21, be denied.

8 I submit these findings and recommendations to the district judge under 28 U.S.C.

9 | § 636(b)(1)(B) and Rule 304 of the Local Rules of Practice for the United States District Court,

10 | Eastern District of California. Within 14 days of the service of the findings and

11 || recommendations, the parties may file written objections to the findings and recommendations

12 | with the court and serve a copy on all parties. That document should be captioned “Objections to

13 | Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The district judge will review the findings

14 | and recommendations under 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C).

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16 IT IS SO ORDERED.

17 ( —

Dated: _ February 25, 2022 Q_-———

18 wute D. PETERSON

19 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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