“A person’s assumption of the second incompatible office thus has the effect of an automatic resignation from, or vacation of, the first office”
How later courts described this case
- “A person’s assumption of the second incompatible office thus has the effect of an automatic resignation from, or vacation of, the first office”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
TO BE PUBLISHED IN THE OFFICIAL REPORTS
OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
State of California
ROB BONTA
Attorney General
_______________
:
OPINION :
: No. 23-1101
of :
: May 1, 2024
ROB BONTA :
Attorney General :
:
HEATHER THOMAS :
Deputy Attorney General :
The HONORABLE DAVID PRENTICE, County Counsel for the County of San
Benito, has requested an opinion on a question relating to the incompatibility of two
public offices held by the same person.
QUESTION PRESENTED AND CONCLUSION
May the same individual lawfully serve as a member of both the San Benito
County Planning Commission and San Benito County Board of Education?
No. Under Government Code section 1099, which prohibits the same individual
from holding incompatible public offices, the same individual may not lawfully serve as a
member of both the San Benito County Planning Commission and the San Benito County
Board of Education.
BACKGROUND
Under California’s Planning and Zoning Law, each county must create a planning
agency to carry out designated planning and land use functions. 1 “Planning agency” “is a
1
Gov. Code, §§ 65000, 65100; California State Association of Counties, Planning,
1
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generic term that applies to whichever body performs the designated planning
functions.” 2 The planning agency in San Benito County includes the Planning
Commission, which makes recommendations “to the Board of Supervisors regarding any
proposed master or general plan for the physical development of the county,” among
other duties. 3 The general plan is “a comprehensive, long-term . . . plan for the physical
development of the county” that designates uses of land in the county for various
purposes, including for education, public buildings, and grounds. 4 The Planning
Commission prepares, reviews, and revises the general plan, and implements it through
the administration of specific plans and zoning and subdivision ordinances. 5 The
Planning Commission also reviews public works projects of other local agencies for
consistency with the general plan, and it consults with and advises public officials about
the general plan’s implementation. 6 In addition to its duties regarding the general plan,
the Planning Commission approves, modifies, or denies conditional use permits and
variances; hears and decides proposals to revoke permits; hears and decides appeals of
decisions of the Planning Director; and considers and adopts environmental
determinations on any approvals that are subject to environmental review under the
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). 7
The San Benito County Office of Education oversees “the financial, educational,
credential monitoring, and operational success of 11 independently-governed public
school districts in the county—who in turn educate more than 11,000 students in 22
schools.” 8 The Office of Education includes both the Board of Education and the County
Superintendent of Schools. 9 The Board of Education is the “policy-making body” of the
https://www.counties.org/county-office/planning (as of May 1, 2024).
2
Ibid. Further, under Government Code section 65100, the planning agency may be a
planning department, one or more planning commissions, administrative bodies or
hearing officers, the legislative body itself, or any combination thereof.
3
San Benito County Code of Ordinances, §§ 3.05.050, 3.05.051, subd. (B)(1).
4
Gov. Code, §§; 65300; 65302, subd. (a); 79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 155 (1996).
5
Gov. Code, § 65103, subds. (a), (b); San Benito County Code of Ordinances,
§ 3.05.051, subd. (B)(2).
6
Gov. Code, § 65103, subds. (c), (e).
7
San Benito County Code of Ordinances, §§ 25.01.006, subd. (C); 25.01-A.
8
San Benito County Office of Education, 2019-2024 Strategies for the Future, p. 3,
https://www.sbcoe.k12.ca.us/files/user/26/file/Strategies%20for%20Future%20-
%20Final%20Print.pdf (as of May 1, 2024) (hereafter Strategies for the Future).
9
San Benito County Office of Education Board Policies, BP 000 – Purpose, Board
2
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office, and its duties include certain oversight functions over the County Superintendent,
such as adopting the rules that govern the administration of the office.10 The San Benito
County superintendent of schools “is an elected official who administers the operation of
the County Office of Education as an intermediate service unit for all elementary and
secondary school districts” within the county. 11 A county board of education, or a county
superintendent with the approval of the county board of education, may establish and
maintain direct educational services such as community schools and emergency
schools. 12
Our requestor, the San Benito County Counsel, has asked us to opine whether the
two county offices described above are incompatible public offices, such that the same
individual may not lawfully hold both under Government Code section 1099. 13 The
request was accompanied by a memorandum that concluded the offices were
incompatible. 14 The memorandum cited numerous potentially conflicting planning
commission duties concerning the approval, investigation, review or evaluation of school
sites or real property for school purposes. 15 We did not receive any further comment.
In a 1996 opinion published before the Legislature codified the prohibition against
holding incompatible public offices, we concluded, albeit for a different county, that the
offices of county planning commission and county board of education were incompatible
under the pre-existing common law doctrine regarding incompatible offices. 16 For the
reasons that follow, we reaffirm that earlier conclusion.
Policy | SBCOE BP (iescentral.com) (as of May 1, 2024).
10
Ed. Code, §§ 1042, subds. (a), (b); 1040, subds. (c), (d), (e); 41020; San Benito County
Office of Education, San Benito County Office of Education Meetings,
https://www.sbcoe.k12.ca.us/District/1273-Board-of-Education.html (as of May 1, 2024).
11
San Benito County Office of Education, County Superintendent,
https://www.sbcoe.k12.ca.us/District/1116-Untitled.html (as of May 1, 2024).
12
Ed. Code, §§ 1980; 1986, subd. (b); 1920.
13
David Prentice, County Counsel, Office of the [San Benito] County Counsel, letter to
Marc J. Nolan, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Office of the Attorney General, Nov.
7, 2023.
14
Ekram Brar, Deputy County Counsel, Office of the [San Benito] County Counsel,
Memorandum Opinion to Planning Commissioners Gibson, Scagliotti, Bianchi, Way and
Toledo-Bocanegra, Sept. 13, 2023.
15
Id. at pp. 2-3
16
79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 155.
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ANALYSIS
Government Code Section 1099
For many years, the doctrine of incompatible offices was developed and analyzed
under the common law. In 2005, the Legislature codified the common law rule by
enacting Government Code section 1099. 17 Subdivision (a) of that section states:
(a) A public officer, including, but not limited to, an appointed or elected
member of a governmental board, commission, committee, or other body,
shall not simultaneously hold two public offices that are incompatible.
Offices are incompatible when any of the following circumstances are
present, unless simultaneous holding of the particular offices is compelled
or expressly authorized by law:
(1) Either of the offices may audit, overrule, remove members of, dismiss
employees of, or exercise supervisory powers over the other office or body.
(2) Based on the powers and jurisdiction of the offices, there is a possibility
of a significant clash of duties or loyalties between the offices.
(3) Public policy considerations make it improper for one person to hold
both offices. 18
In an uncodified section of the bill that enacted Government Code section 1099,
the Legislature declared that the statute was not intended to expand or contract the
common law prohibition against holding incompatible public offices, and that
interpretation of the statute “shall be guided by judicial and administrative precedent
concerning incompatible public offices developed under the common law.” 19 We thus
look both to Government Code section 1099 and to precedent established under the
common law in conducting our analysis.
Public Offices
We first observe that the prohibition against holding incompatible offices applies
only to “public offices,” and not to positions of employment. 20 Under Government Code
17
Added by Stats. 2005, ch. 254, § 1, eff. Jan. 1, 2006.
18
Gov. Code, § 1099, subd. (a).
19
Stats. 2005, ch. 254, § 2.
20
Gov. Code, § 1099, subds. (a), (c); People ex rel. Chapman v. Rapsey (1940) 16 Cal.2d
636, 639-640 (Rapsey); Eldridge v. Sierra View Local Hospital District (1990) 224
4
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section 1099(a), “public office” expressly includes membership on a governmental board,
commission, or other body, which would include the two positions at issue here. 21
Section 1099(a)’s inclusion of such positions in its definition of “public officer”
squares with our previous determinations that the positions of county planning
commission member and county board of education member meet the common-law
standard for determining whether a given governmental position is a public office. 22 That
standard characterizes a public office as “a position in government (1) which is created or
authorized by the Constitution or some law; (2) the tenure of which is continuing and
permanent, not occasional or temporary; (3) in which the incumbent performs a public
function for the public benefit and exercises some of the sovereign powers of the state.” 23
Cal.App.3d 311, 319 (doctrine does not apply where one position is a public office and
the other an employment). Whether a particular position is an office or one of
employment depends not on its formal designation, but rather on its powers, duties, and
functions. (See Rapsey, supra, 16 Cal.2d at pp. 639-640; 76 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 244, 246,
247 (1993); 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 337, 340 (1985).) A position may be a public office
for some purposes but not for others. (Neigel v. Sup. Ct. (1977) 72 Cal.App.3d 373, 378;
87 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 54, 57 (2004).)
21
See also 68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 344 (citing cases decided under the
common law doctrine declaring that members of governing boards of public districts or
entities are public officers).
22
79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 157 (finding both positions to be public offices);
104 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 47, 50-51 (2021) (county board of education member);
104 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 66, 69 (2021) (same); 104 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 58, 61 (2021);
Indexed Letter, No. IL 13-302 (June 11, 2013) (same); 64 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 288 (1981)
(county planning commissioner); 63 Ops. Cal.Atty.Gen. 607, 608 (1980) (same).
23
68 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 342; accord, 95 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 77, 78 (2012);
93 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 144, 148 (2010); 93 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 104, 105 (2010);
82 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 83, 84 (1999); 74 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 116, 118 (1991); see also
Moore v. Panish (1982) 32 Cal.3d 535, 545 (public office is not transient, and requires
delegation to the office of some portion of the sovereign functions of government). The
state’s sovereign powers include police powers, acquiring and disposing of public
property, incurring financial obligations on behalf of the public agency, and acting on
behalf of the public agency in business or political matters. (Schaefer v. Super. Ct.
(1952) 113 Cal.App.2d 428, 432-433.) Further, although an office must have some
permanence and continuity, “these terms do not refer to the tenure of the appointed
officer, but apply to the permanency and continuity of the office itself.” (Cerini v. City of
Cloverdale (1987) 191 Cal.App.3d 1471, 1478.)
5
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The authority to make policy or to exercise independent judgment and discretion is also
the hallmark of an officer, as opposed to an employee. 24
A county planning commissioner is a governmental position created by statute. 25
Each member of the San Benito County Planning Commission serves a continuing and
permanent tenure. 26 As noted above, planning commissioners perform a public function
and exercise some sovereign powers by approving, modifying, or denying conditional use
permits and variances; hearing and deciding proposals to revoke permits; hearing and
deciding appeals of decisions of the Planning Director; and considering and adopting
environmental determinations on any approvals that are subject to environmental review
under CEQA. 27
Similarly, county boards of education are established by the California
Constitution and by statute. 28 The San Benito County Board of Education consists of five
members elected to four-year terms apiece, serving terms of a permanent and continuing
nature. 29 And a county board of education performs public functions and exercises
sovereign powers by engaging in oversight duties over the office of the county
superintendent; establishing rules under which school districts may purchase school
supplies and equipment, as specified; and, when operating community or emergency
schools, directly educating students. 30
Having established that both positions are public offices, we now turn to whether
they are incompatible within the meaning of Government Code section 1099, such that
the same person may not lawfully hold both at once.
Incompatibility
Under section 1099 and established precedent, a person may not simultaneously
hold two public offices if either one exercises a supervisory, auditing, or removal power
over the other; if there is a potential for a significant clash of duties or loyalties between
24
94 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 1, 2-3, fn. 10 (2011); 87 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 142, 145 (2004).
25
Gov. Code, § 65100; San Benito County Code of Ordinances, §§ 3.05.050, 3.05.051.
26
San Benito County Code of Ordinances, § 3.05.050, subds (A), (B).
27
San Benito County Code of Ordinances, §§ 25.01.006, subd. (C); 25.01-A; 3.05.051,
subd. (B)(2).
28
Cal. Const. art. 9, § 7; Educ. Code, § 1000, subd. (a).
29
Strategies for the future, supra.
30
56 Cal.Jur 3d (2024) Schools, § 41; Ed. Code, §§ 1980; 1986, subd. (b); 1920.
6
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the offices; or if the dual office holding would be improper for reasons of public policy. 31
It is well established that a “past or present conflict in the performance of the duties of
either office is not required for a finding of incompatibility; rather, it is sufficient that a
conflict may occur ‘in the regular operation of the statutory plan.’” 32 Nor is it necessary
that a potential clash of duties exists in all or in the greater part of the official functions; it
is enough when the holder of the two offices cannot in every instance discharge the duties
of each with undivided loyalties. 33 Thus, only “one potential significant clash of duties
or loyalties is necessary to make offices incompatible.” 34 Abstention does not cure the
incompatibility or obviate the effects of the prohibition. 35
While the Legislature may abrogate the rule against holding incompatible public
offices for any offices that it chooses, no express or implied abrogation exists with
respect to the offices at issue here. 36 We must therefore examine the functions and duties
of these offices to see whether they are legally incompatible. 37
31
Gov. Code, § 1099, subd. (a); Rapsey, supra, 16 Cal.2d at pp. 641-642;
90 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 24, 26 (2007).
32
87 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 145, quoting 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 176, 177 (1983);
see also 75 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 112, 116 (1992) (lack of actual disputes or
negotiations between two public entities immaterial to application of doctrine);
63 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 623 (absence of significant interactions between city and airport
district not determinative; potential interaction sufficient to render offices incompatible).
The incompatible offices prohibition “does not await the occurrence of a prohibited clash
before taking effect, but intercedes to prevent it.” (93 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at
p. 111.)
33
Rapsey, supra, 16 Cal.2d at pp. 641, 642.
34
85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 60, 61 (2002); see also 37 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 21, 22 (1961).
35
85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 239, 240 (2001); 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at pp. 177-178
(1982); see also 63 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 710, 715-716 (1980).
36
Gov. Code, § 1099, subd. (a); American Canyon Fire Protection Dist. v. County of
Napa (1983) 141 Cal.App.3d 100, 104; McClain v. County of Alameda (1962)
209 Cal.App.2d 73, 79; 95 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 130, 134 (2012).
37
As Government Code section 1099(b) provides, the consequence of holding
incompatible offices is that the person is deemed to have forfeited the first office upon
acceding to the second. A person’s assumption of the second incompatible office thus
has the effect of an automatic resignation from, or vacation of, the first office. (Rapsey,
supra, 16 Cal.2d at p. 644; 98 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 94, 96 (2015); 95 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 67,
73, fn. 29 (2012); 85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 61; 66 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at
p. 178; 38 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 121, 125 (1961).) As Government Code section 1099(b)
7
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While neither public office has auditing or supervisory powers over the other, we
do perceive a number of ways these public offices present possible significant clashes of
duties and loyalties. First, there may be occasions where an action of the county board of
education comes under review by the county planning commission. As noted above, the
San Benito County Planning Commission approves, modifies, or denies conditional use
permits and variances, and it considers and adopts environmental determinations on any
approvals that are subject to CEQA. The San Benito County Board of Education, either
alone or in conjunction with the county superintendent, may establish a school facility
such as a county community school or a county emergency school. 38 If the board of
education chooses to develop or construct such a school facility on a site that requires the
planning commission to issue a permit or consider and adopt environmental
determinations under CEQA, this would result in an action by one office that requires
review by a different office—an action that would result in divided loyalties for a dual
office holder.
Second, these governmental bodies participate in land-use decisions in the same
county, thereby exercising jurisdiction over the same geographic area. As we noted in
1996, a county planning commission and a county board of education “both have an
interest in the location of educational facilities.” 39 This is problematic because the
planning commission must include educational facilities in its development of the general
plan, which itself is implemented through zoning and subdivision ordinances. 40 On the
other hand, because county boards of education are deemed school districts for purposes
of the maintenance and operation of community schools, and because school districts can
issue zoning exemptions, as specified, the county board of education may issue a county
zoning exemption when establishing and maintaining community schools. 41 The
further provides, the forfeiture of office is enforceable under Code of Civil Procedure
section 803. An action filed under Code of Civil Procedure section 803 is known as a
quo warranto action, and is the proper legal means for testing title to public office.
(Nicolopulos v. City of Lawndale (2001) 91 Cal.App.4th 1221, 1225-1226;
93 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 145; 81 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 207, 208 (1998).)
38
Ed. Code, §§ 1920, 1923, 1980, 1986, subd. (b).
39
79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 158.
40
Gov. Code, §§ 65302, subd. (a); 65103, subds. (a), (b).
41
79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 158; Ed. Code § 1984 (deeming county boards of
education to be school districts for the maintenance and operation of community
schools); Gov. Code 53094, subd. (b) (allowing school districts to render a county zoning
ordinance inapplicable to a proposed school district use, as specified). While section
53094 does not allow a county board of education to issue zoning exemptions for charter
schools, it does allow county boards to issue zoning exemptions for community schools.
8
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planning commission may have different priorities from the county board of education
with regard to the location of educational facilities, thus resulting in divided loyalties for
a person holding public office with both bodies.
Last, both governmental bodies review the actions of the same third party: the
county superintendent of schools. The county superintendent may establish certain
facilities—such as emergency schools, new or expanded teen pregnancy and parenting
programs, or facilities for maintaining and servicing audio-visual services on behalf of
school or community college districts—but it must obtain the county board of education’s
approval to do so. 42 As we have previously observed, “to the extent that land use
decisions regarding the placement of school facilities may be made by the county
superintendent of schools, the county board of education does have a supervisory role
regarding the superintendent’s activities.” 43 At the same time, in one example of its
power, the county planning commission would review decisions a county superintendent
might make regarding major public works or real property transactions, for conformity
with the general plan, as specified. 44 Further, the county planning commission has
powers to approve certain permits, and hear and decide appeals from decisions of the
Planning Director. A dual office holder on the county board of education and county
planning commission would need to review such land use decisions from the points of
view of each body. We conclude that these circumstances all present at least the potential
for a significant clash of duties within the meaning of Government Code section 1099.
The preceding is not an exhaustive list, but it does illustrate that holding both
offices at once would present numerous potential clashes of duties and loyalties. As
noted above, only “one potential significant clash of duties or loyalties is necessary to
make offices incompatible.” 45 Further, as a matter of public policy, “when the duties of
two offices are repugnant or overlap so that their exercise may require contradictory or
inconsistent action, to the detriment of the public interest, their discharge by one person is
incompatible with that interest.” 46
We conclude that under the prohibition against holding incompatible offices set
forth in Government Code section 1099, the same person may not lawfully serve as a
(101 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen. 56, 68, fn. 77 (2018); San Jose Unified School Dist. v. Santa
Clara County Off. of Ed. (2017) 7 Cal.App.5th 967, 970-984.)
42
Ed. Code, §§ 1920, 1250, 17293.
43
79 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 158.
44
Gov. Code, §§ 65401, 65402.
45
85 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 61; see also 37 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 22.
46
People ex rel. Bagshaw v. Thompson (1942) 55 Cal.App.2d 147, 150; see also
93 Ops.Cal.Atty.Gen., supra, at p. 109.
9
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member of both the San Benito County Board of Education and the San Benito County
Planning Commission.
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