“an ‘amended complaint 8 supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’” (internal citation 9 omitted)
How later courts described this case
- “an ‘amended complaint 8 supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’” (internal citation 9 omitted)
- “[A] judge may dismiss [in forma pauperis] claims which are based on indisputably 17 meritless legal theories or whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 MIGUEL ANGEL NEGRON, No. 2:21-cv-0322 KJN P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 V WHITE, et al.,
15 Defendants.
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17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner, proceeding pro se. Plaintiff seeks relief pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
18 § 1983, and has requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915. This
19 proceeding was referred to this court by Local Rule 302 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
20 Plaintiff submitted a declaration that makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
21 Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis is granted.
22 Plaintiff is required to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. 28 U.S.C.
23 §§ 1914(a), 1915(b)(1). By this order, plaintiff is assessed an initial partial filing fee in
24 accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 1915(b)(1). By separate order, the court will direct
25 the appropriate agency to collect the initial partial filing fee from plaintiff’s trust account and
26 forward it to the Clerk of the Court. Thereafter, plaintiff is obligated to make monthly payments
27 of twenty percent of the preceding month’s income credited to plaintiff’s trust account. These
28 payments will be forwarded by the appropriate agency to the Clerk of the Court each time the
1 amount in plaintiff’s account exceeds $10.00, until the filing fee is paid in full. 28 U.S.C.
2 § 1915(b)(2).
3 Screening Standards
4 The court is required to screen complaints brought by prisoners seeking relief against a
5 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a). The
6 court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the prisoner has raised claims that are legally
7 “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or that seek
8 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), (2).
9 A claim is legally frivolous when it lacks an arguable basis either in law or in fact.
10 Neitzke v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325 (1989); Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1227-28 (9th
11 Cir. 1984). The court may, therefore, dismiss a claim as frivolous when it is based on an
12 indisputably meritless legal theory or where the factual contentions are clearly baseless. Neitzke,
13 490 U.S. at 327. The critical inquiry is whether a constitutional claim, however inartfully
14 pleaded, has an arguable legal and factual basis. See Jackson v. Arizona, 885 F.2d 639, 640 (9th
15 Cir. 1989), superseded by statute as stated in Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir.
16 2000) (“[A] judge may dismiss [in forma pauperis] claims which are based on indisputably
17 meritless legal theories or whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.”); Franklin, 745 F.2d at
18 1227.
19 Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure “requires only ‘a short and plain
20 statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ in order to ‘give the
21 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Bell Atlantic
22 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47 (1957)).
23 In order to survive dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “a
24 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action;” it must contain factual allegations
25 sufficient “to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555.
26 However, “[s]pecific facts are not necessary; the statement [of facts] need only ‘give the
27 defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v.
28 Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (quoting Bell Atlantic, 550 U.S. at 555, citations and internal
1 quotations marks omitted). In reviewing a complaint under this standard, the court must accept as
2 true the allegations of the complaint in question, Erickson, 551 U.S. at 93, and construe the
3 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236
4 (1974), overruled on other grounds, Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183 (1984).
5 Plaintiff’s Complaint
6 Plaintiff alleges that while housed at Solano State Prison, on October 27, 2019, defendant
7 Dr. M. Lotersztain found that plaintiff had no serious acute fracture or dislocation of his left
8 ankle. Later that same day, plaintiff complained a second time, but was only given pain
9 medication. Once transferred to Deuel Vocational Institution (“DVI”) (on an unidentified date),
10 defendant V. White found that plaintiff’s tendons were normally situated. However, on July 14,
11 2020, plaintiff had surgery to fix the bone to his tendons, diagnosed as posterior tibial tendon
12 dysfunction. Based on the denial of proper care that would have prevented the more serious
13 injury to plaintiff’s ankle, plaintiff seeks money damages for the pain and suffering.
14 Discussion
15 The government is obligated to “provide medical care for those whom it is punishing by
16 incarceration,” and failure to meet this obligation can result in an Eighth Amendment violation
17 cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103 (1976). Prison officials
18 may violate the Eighth Amendment’s proscription against cruel and unusual punishment when
19 their actions demonstrate “deliberate indifference to serious medical needs.” Id. at 104. A
20 plaintiff must establish: (1) a serious medical need; and (2) deliberate indifference to that need by
21 prison officials. See McGuckin v. Smith, 974 F.2d 1050, 1059-60 (9th Cir. 1992), overruled in
22 part on other grounds by WMX Techs., Inc. v. Miller, 104 F.3d 1133 (9th Cir. 1997) (en banc).
23 A “serious medical need” exists if the failure to treat the injury or condition “could result
24 in further significant injury or the ‘unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.’” Jett v. Penner,
25 439 F.3d 1091, 1096 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1059).
26 An official acts with deliberate indifference if he “knows of and disregards an excessive
27 risk to inmate health or safety; to satisfy the knowledge component, the official must both be
28 aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm
1 exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994).
2 Also, “[p]rison officials are deliberately indifferent to a prisoner’s serious medical needs when
3 they deny, delay, or intentionally interfere with medical treatment,” Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d
4 732, 744 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted), or when they fail to
5 respond to a prisoner’s pain or possible medical need. Jett, 439 F.3d at 1096.
6 Deliberate indifference is a higher standard than negligence or lack of ordinary due care
7 for the prisoner’s safety. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835. Medical malpractice or negligence does not
8 support a cause of action under the Eighth Amendment. Broughton v. Cutter Labs., 622 F.2d
9 458, 460 (9th Cir. 1980) (per curiam). Moreover, a delay in medical treatment does not violate
10 the Eighth Amendment unless that delay causes further harm. McGuckin, 974 F.2d at 1060.
11 Furthermore, “Eighth Amendment doctrine makes clear that “[a] difference of opinion
12 between a physician and the prisoner -- or between medical professionals -- concerning what
13 medical care is appropriate does not amount to deliberate indifference.” Hamby v. Hammond,
14 821 F.3d 1085, 1092 (9th Cir. 2016) (internal quotations and citations omitted) (evaluating merits
15 of Eighth Amendment claim in context of qualified immunity). Difference in opinion amounts to
16 deliberate indifference only when the course of treatment chosen is “medically unacceptable
17 under the circumstances” and was chosen “in conscious disregard of an excessive risk to
18 plaintiff’s health.” Jackson v. McIntosh, 90 F.3d 330, 332 (9th Cir. 1996). Only conduct
19 characterized by “obduracy and wantonness” amounts to deliberate indifference under the Eighth
20 Amendment. Whitley v. Albers, 475 U.S. 312, 319 (1986). The action must rise to a level of
21 “unnecessary and wanton infliction of pain.” Estelle, 429 U.S. at 105.
22 Here, plaintiff’s allegations fail to demonstrate that either defendant was deliberately
23 indifferent to plaintiff’s serious medical needs. Rather, it appears that defendant Lotersztain
24 initially misdiagnosed plaintiff’s ankle injury, perhaps as a sprained ankle, and then, later, at
25 some unidentified time, defendant White failed to properly diagnose plaintiff as having posterior
26 tibial tendon dysfunction. While plaintiff’s ankle injury was unfortunate, plaintiff must set forth
27 facts that demonstrate each defendant was deliberately indifferent to plaintiff’s ankle injury.
28 Specifically, plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that each defendant knew of yet
1 disregarded an excessive risk to plaintiff’s ankle injury; to satisfy the knowledge component, the
2 defendant must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial
3 risk of serious harm existed, and the defendant must also draw the inference. As set forth above,
4 the misdiagnosis of his injury, without more, fails to state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim.
5 Plaintiff provided various medical records as exhibits to his complaint. Plaintiff is
6 advised that exhibits are not required at the pleading stage.1 Moreover, the court is not required
7 to review plaintiff’s exhibits to ascertain potential causes of action or factual allegations. Rather,
8 plaintiff must set forth the specific facts he contends demonstrate that a particular defendant was
9 deliberately indifferent to his serious medical needs.
10 Leave to Amend
11 Because plaintiff’s complaint fails to state a cognizable Eighth Amendment claim, the
12 complaint must be dismissed. The court will, however, grant leave to file an amended complaint.
13 If plaintiff chooses to amend the complaint, plaintiff must demonstrate how the conditions
14 about which he complains resulted in a deprivation of plaintiff’s constitutional rights. See, e.g.,
15 West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). Also, the complaint must allege in specific terms how
16 each named defendant is involved. Rizzo v. Goode, 423 U.S. 362, 371 (1976). There can be no
17 liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 unless there is some affirmative link or connection between a
18 defendant’s actions and the claimed deprivation. Rizzo, 423 U.S. at 371; May v. Enomoto, 633
19 F.2d 164, 167 (9th Cir. 1980). Furthermore, vague and conclusory allegations of official
20 participation in civil rights violations are not sufficient. Ivey v. Bd. of Regents, 673 F.2d 266,
21 268 (9th Cir. 1982).
22 Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging new, unrelated claims.2 See
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1 Thus, plaintiff is not required to re-append his exhibits to any amended complaint. However, if
24 he wishes the exhibits to be attached to his amended complaint, he may request that the court do
so.
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2 A plaintiff may properly assert multiple claims against a single defendant. Fed. Rule Civ. P. 18.
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In addition, a plaintiff may join multiple defendants in one action where “any right to relief is
27 asserted against them jointly, severally, or in the alternative with respect to or arising out of the
same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions and occurrences” and “any question of law
28 or fact common to all defendants will arise in the action.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). Unrelated
1 Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2). Plaintiff is cautioned that his continued violation of court orders may
2 result in the involuntary dismissal of this action. Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b).
3 In addition, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior pleading in order to
4 make plaintiff’s amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended
5 complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. This requirement exists
6 because, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint. See Ramirez
7 v. County of San Bernardino, 806 F.3d 1002, 1008 (9th Cir. 2015) (“an ‘amended complaint
8 supersedes the original, the latter being treated thereafter as non-existent.’” (internal citation
9 omitted)). Once plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original pleading no longer serves any
10 function in the case. Therefore, in an amended complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim
11 and the involvement of each defendant must be sufficiently alleged.
12 In accordance with the above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that:
13 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis is granted.
14 2. Plaintiff is obligated to pay the statutory filing fee of $350.00 for this action. Plaintiff
15 is assessed an initial partial filing fee in accordance with the provisions of 28 U.S.C.
16 § 1915(b)(1). All fees shall be collected and paid in accordance with this court’s order to the
17 Director of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation filed concurrently
18 herewith.
19 3. Plaintiff’s complaint is dismissed.
20 4. Within thirty days from the date of this order, plaintiff shall complete the attached
21 Notice of Amendment and submit the following documents to the court:
22 a. The completed Notice of Amendment; and
23 b. An original of the Amended Complaint.
24 Plaintiff’s amended complaint shall comply with the requirements of the Civil Rights Act, the
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claims against different defendants must be pursued in separate lawsuits. See George v. Smith,
507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). This rule is intended “not only to prevent the sort of morass [a
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multiple claim, multiple defendant] suit produce[s], but also to ensure that prisoners pay the
27 required filing fees -- for the Prison Litigation Reform Act limits to 3 the number of frivolous
suits or appeals that any prisoner may file without prepayment of the required fees. 28 U.S.C.
28 § 1915(g).” George, 507 F.3d at 607.
1 | Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, and the Local Rules of Practice. The amended complaint must
2 | also bear the docket number assigned to this case and must be labeled “Amended Complaint.”
3 Failure to file an amended complaint in accordance with this order may result in the
4 | dismissal of this action.
5 | Dated: March 1, 2021
Fens Arn
7 KENDALL J. NE
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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MIGUEL ANGEL NEGRON, No. 2:21-cv-0322 KJN P
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Plaintiff,
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v. NOTICE OF AMENDMENT
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V. WHITE, et al.,
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Defendants.
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Plaintiff hereby submits the following document in compliance with the court's order
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filed______________.
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_____________ Amended Complaint
19 DATED:
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21 Plaintiff
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