holding defendant 15 engaged in viewpoint discrimination by banning plaintiff from Facebook page for making 16 comments that were “critical of the School Board members’ official actions and fitness for 17 office.”
How later courts described this case
- holding defendant 15 engaged in viewpoint discrimination by banning plaintiff from Facebook page for making 16 comments that were “critical of the School Board members’ official actions and fitness for 17 office.”
Written by the judges who cited it.
The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 MOTECUZOMA P. SANCHEZ, No. 2:19-cv-326-JAM-EFB PS
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER
14 MICHAEL TUBBS, individually and as
Mayor of the City of Stockton,
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Defendant.
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18 Plaintiff seeks leave to proceed in forma pauperis pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 1915.1 His
19 declaration makes the showing required by 28 U.S.C. §1915(a)(1) and (2). See ECF No. 2.
20 Accordingly, the request to proceed in forma pauperis is granted. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(a).
21 Determining that plaintiff may proceed in forma pauperis does not complete the required
22 inquiry. Pursuant to § 1915(e)(2), the court must dismiss the case at any time if it determines the
23 allegation of poverty is untrue, or if the action is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim on
24 which relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief against an immune defendant. As discussed
25 below, plaintiff’s complaint alleges a potentially cognizable First Amendment claim based on
26 viewpoint discrimination, but his remaining claims must be dismissed for failure to state a claim.
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1 This case, in which plaintiff is proceeding in propria persona, was referred to the
28 undersigned under Local Rule 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).
1 Although pro se pleadings are liberally construed, see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519,
2 520-21 (1972), a complaint, or portion thereof, should be dismissed for failure to state a claim if it
3 fails to set forth “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl.
4 Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41
5 (1957)); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). “[A] plaintiff’s obligation to provide the ‘grounds’ of
6 his ‘entitlement to relief’ requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of
7 a cause of action’s elements will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to
8 relief above the speculative level on the assumption that all of the complaint’s allegations are
9 true.” Id. (citations omitted). Dismissal is appropriate based either on the lack of cognizable
10 legal theories or the lack of pleading sufficient facts to support cognizable legal theories.
11 Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990).
12 Under this standard, the court must accept as true the allegations of the complaint in
13 question, Hospital Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 (1976), construe the
14 pleading in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, and resolve all doubts in the plaintiff’s favor,
15 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). A pro se plaintiff must satisfy the pleading
16 requirements of Rule 8(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) requires a
17 complaint to include “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled
18 to relief, in order to give the defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon
19 which it rests.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)).
20 Plaintiff brings this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging defendant Michael Tubbs, the
21 Mayor of the City of Stockton, violated his First Amendment rights. ECF No. 1. Liberally
22 construed, the complaint alleges that defendant established Facebook and Twitter accounts for the
23 purpose of expressing views and opinions concerning his public office. Id. at 3. Defendant
24 allegedly maintains his accounts under the name “Mayor Tubbs,” and his account pages contain a
25 “Public Figure” designation. Id. Plaintiff claims he is a community activist leader who has
26 repeatedly criticized defendant on social media. Id. at 1. The complaint alleges that in response
27 to this criticism, defendant blocked plaintiff on his Facebook page and Twitter account. As a
28 result, plaintiff can no longer comment on any matters posted on defendant’s accounts. Plaintiff
1 purports to allege three claims under the First Amendment, which he styles as: (1) “Censorship in
2 a Public Forum,” (2) “Viewpoint Discrimination,” and (3) and “Speaker-based Discrimination”
3 The complaint alleges a potentially cognizable First Amendment claim based on
4 viewpoint discrimination. “‘[V]iewpoint discrimination’ occurs when the government prohibits
5 ‘speech by particular speakers,’ thereby suppressing a particular view about a subject.” Giebel v.
6 Sylvester, 244 F.3d 1182 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Perry Educ. Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’
7 Ass’n, 460 U.S. 37, 59 (1983) (Brennan, J. dissenting)). “A restriction on speech is viewpoint-
8 based if (1) on its face, it distinguishes between types of speech or speakers based on the
9 viewpoint expressed; or (2) though neutral on its face, the regulation is motivated by the desire to
10 suppress a particular viewpoint.” Moss II, 675 F.3d at 1224. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges that the
11 defendant deleted plaintiff’s comments and banned him from his social media accounts because
12 he expressed views critical of defendant’s job performance. ECF No. 1 at 1, 10. This is
13 sufficient to allege a § 1983 claim for viewpoint discrimination in violation of the Frist
14 Amendment. See Davison v. Randall, 912 F.3d 666, 688 (4th Cir. 2019) (holding defendant
15 engaged in viewpoint discrimination by banning plaintiff from Facebook page for making
16 comments that were “critical of the School Board members’ official actions and fitness for
17 office.”); Knight First Amend. Inst. At Columbus Univ. v. Trump, 928 F.3d 226, 238 (2d. Cir.
18 2019) (“Once it is established that the President is a government actor with respect to his [social
19 media a]ccount, viewpoint discrimination violates the First Amendment . . . once he opens up the
20 interactive features of his account to the public at large he is not entitled to censor selected users
21 because they express views with which he disagrees.”).
22 However, plaintiff does not sufficiently allege a claim predicated on speaker-based
23 discrimination. The complaint is devoid of any allegations showing that defendant banned a
24 certain category of speakers while not restricting others. See Reed v. Town of Gilbert, Az., 576
25 U.S. 115, 170 (“Because speech restrictions based on the identify of the speaker are all too often
26 simply a means to control content, . . . laws favoring some speakers over others demand strict
27 scrutiny when the legislature’s speaker preference reflects a content preference.”). Instead,
28 /////
1 plaintiff only alleges that defendant banned him because he made critical comments—i.e.,
2 because of the viewpoint of his comments.
3 As for plaintiff’s claim styled as “Censorship in a Public Forum,” this claim appears to be
4 redundant of plaintiff’s viewpoint discrimination claim. See ECF No. 1 at 9 (alleging that
5 banning plaintiff from “Mayor Tubbs [sic] Facebook Page, was not content-neutral, nor narrowly
6 tailored to serve important government interests.”). Consequently, this claim will be dismissed as
7 duplicative of plaintiff’s viewpoint discrimination claim.
8 Accordingly, plaintiff may either proceed only on his potentially cognizable First
9 Amendment claim for viewpoint discrimination, or he may amend his complaint to attempt to
10 cure its deficiencies. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint.
11 Should plaintiff choose to amend his complaint, he is informed that any amended
12 complaint must allege a cognizable legal theory against proper defendant and sufficient facts in
13 support of that cognizable legal theory. The amended complaint shall clearly set forth the
14 allegations against each defendant and shall specify a basis for this court’s subject matter
15 jurisdiction. Any amended complaint shall plead plaintiff’s claims in “numbered paragraphs,
16 each limited as far as practicable to a single set of circumstances,” as required by Federal Rule of
17 Civil Procedure 10(b), and shall be in double-spaced text on paper that bears line numbers in the
18 left margin, as required by Eastern District of California Local Rules 130(b) and 130(c). Any
19 amended complaint shall also use clear headings to delineate each claim alleged and against
20 which defendant or defendants the claim is alleged, as required by Rule 10(b), and must plead
21 clear facts that support each claim under each header.
22 Additionally, plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to prior pleadings in order to
23 make an amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended complaint be
24 complete in itself. This is because, as a general rule, an amended complaint supersedes the
25 original complaint. See Loux v. Rhay, 375 F.2d 55, 57 (9th Cir. 1967). Accordingly, once
26 plaintiff files an amended complaint, the original no longer serves any function in the case.
27 Therefore, “a plaintiff waives all causes of action alleged in the original complaint which are not
28 alleged in the amended complaint,” London v. Coopers & Lybrand, 644 F.2d 811, 814 (9th Cir.
wOAOe 2 LUV VEY EU VAIN ER MVC PIS VO ee POY YY
1 | 1981), and defendants not named in an amended complaint are no longer defendants. Ferdik v.
2 | Bonzelet, 963 F.2d 1258, 1262 (9th Cir. 1992). Finally, the court cautions plaintiff that failure to
3 || comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, this court’s Local Rules, or any court order
4 || may result in a recommendation that this action be dismissed. See E.D. Cal. L.R. 110.
5 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that:
6 1. Plaintiff’s request for leave to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is granted.
7 2. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges, for screening purposes, a potentially cognizable First
8 || Amendment viewpoint discrimination claim.
9 3. All other claims are dismissed with leave to amend within 30 days from the date of
10 || service of this order. Plaintiff is not obligated to amend his complaint.
11 4. Within 30 days plaintiff shall return the notice below advising the court whether he
12 || elects to proceed with the cognizable claim or file an amended complaint. If the former option is
13 || selected and returned, the court will enter an order directing service at that time.
14 5. Failure to comply with any part of this order may result in dismissal of this action.
15 || DATED: August 27, 2020.
16 tid, PDEA
7 EDMUND F. BRENNAN
UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
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FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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MOTECUZOMA P. SANCHEZ, No. 2:19-cv-326-JAM-EFB PS
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Plaintiff,
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v. NOTICE OF ELECTION
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MICHEAL TUBBS, individually and as
14 Mayor of the City of Stockton,
15 Defendant.
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17 In Accordance with the court’s Screening Order, plaintiff hereby elects to:
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19 (1) ______ proceed only with the First Amendment viewpoint discrimination claim;
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21 (2) ______ delay serving defendant and file an amended complaint.
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