The opinion
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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA
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11 SMILEY MARTIN, No. 2: 18-cv-1658 KJN P
12 Plaintiff,
13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
14 J. HER,
15 Defendant.
16
17 I. Introduction
18 Plaintiff is a state prisoner, proceeding without counsel, with a civil rights action pursuant
19 to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the court is defendant Her’s summary judgment motion.
20 (ECF No. 33.) For the reason stated herein, the undersigned recommends that defendant’s motion
21 be granted in part and denied in part.
22 On October 3, 2019, the undersigned granted plaintiff thirty days to file his opposition to
23 defendant’s summary judgment motion. (ECF No. 36.) On October 10, 2019, plaintiff filed a
24 three pages long opposition to defendant’s summary judgment motion. (ECF No. 37.) On
25 October 17, 2019, defendant filed a reply to plaintiff’s opposition. (ECF No. 38.)
26 On October 18, 2019, plaintiff filed a response to defendant’s statement of undisputed
27 facts. (ECF No. 39.) On October 24, 2019, defendant filed a reply to plaintiff’s response to
28 defendant’s statement of undisputed facts. (ECF No. 40.) Defendant argues, in part, that
1 plaintiff’s response should be stricken as untimely because it was filed after the summary
2 judgment motion was submitted for decision.
3 It is not clear why plaintiff failed to include his response to defendant’s statement of
4 undisputed facts with the opposition he filed on October 10, 2019. However, the undersigned
5 herein considers plaintiff’s response because it was filed within the thirty days the undersigned
6 granted plaintiff to file his opposition. In addition, consideration of the response assists the
7 undersigned in evaluating defendant’s summary judgment motion. It also does not appear that
8 consideration of plaintiff’s response prejudices defendant. For these reasons, defendant’s request
9 that the undersigned strike plaintiff’s response to defendant’s statement of undisputed facts is
10 denied.
11 II. Legal Standard for Summary Judgment
12 Summary judgment is appropriate when it is demonstrated that the standard set forth in
13 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56 is met. “The court shall grant summary judgment if the
14 movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to
15 judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
16 Under summary judgment practice, the moving party always bears
the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis
17 for its motion, and identifying those portions of “the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
18 together with the affidavits, if any,” which it believes demonstrate
the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.
19
20 Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986) (quoting then-numbered Fed. R. Civ. P.
21 56(c)). “Where the nonmoving party bears the burden of proof at trial, the moving party need
22 only prove that there is an absence of evidence to support the non-moving party’s case.” Nursing
23 Home Pension Fund, Local 144 v. Oracle Corp. (In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig.), 627 F.3d 376,
24 387 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 325); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56 advisory
25 committee’s notes to 2010 amendments (recognizing that “a party who does not have the trial
26 burden of production may rely on a showing that a party who does have the trial burden cannot
27 produce admissible evidence to carry its burden as to the fact”). Indeed, summary judgment
28 should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to
1 make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case,
2 and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 322.
3 “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case
4 necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 323.
5 Consequently, if the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to
6 the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually exists. See
7 Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986). In attempting to
8 establish the existence of such a factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the
9 allegations or denials of its pleadings, but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the
10 form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material in support of its contention that such a
11 dispute exists. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n.11. The opposing party
12 must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome
13 of the suit under the governing law, see Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248
14 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.
15 1987), and that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return
16 a verdict for the nonmoving party, see Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436
17 (9th Cir. 1987), overruled in part on other grounds, Hollinger v. Titan Capital Corp., 914 F.2d
18 1564, 1575 (9th Cir. 1990).
19 In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not
20 establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual
21 dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at
22 trial.” T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 630. Thus, the “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce
23 the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’”
24 Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e) advisory committee’s note on 1963
25 amendments).
26 In resolving a summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, depositions,
27 answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. Fed. R.
28 Civ. P. 56(c). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at
1 255. All reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be
2 drawn in favor of the opposing party. See Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587; Walls v. Central Costa
3 County Transit Authority, 653 F.3d 963, 966 (9th Cir. 2011). Nevertheless, inferences are not
4 drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party’s obligation to produce a factual predicate from
5 which the inference may be drawn. See Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F. Supp. 1224,
6 1244-45 (E.D. Cal. 1985), aff’d, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir. 1987). Finally, to demonstrate a
7 genuine issue, the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some
8 metaphysical doubt as to the material facts. . . . Where the record taken as a whole could
9 not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for
10 trial.’” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 (citation omitted).
11 By contemporaneous notice provided on July 12, 2018 (ECF No. 11), plaintiff was
12 advised of the requirements for opposing a motion brought pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal
13 Rules of Civil Procedure. See Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc);
14 Klingele v. Eikenberry, 849 F.2d 409 (9th Cir. 1988).
15 III. Plaintiff’s Claims
16 This action proceeds on plaintiff’s original verified complaint filed June 7, 2018, against
17 defendant Her, an officer at the Sacramento County Jail. (ECF No. 1.)
18 Plaintiff alleges that on January 28, 2018, defendant Her allowed inmates in a rival gang
19 to attack plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that when defendant Her served the morning meal, he was
20 supposed to release half a tier at one time. On the morning of January 28, 2018, plaintiff alleges
21 that defendant Her released the entire top tier. When plaintiff came out, plaintiff was surrounded
22 by other inmates who attacked plaintiff. Plaintiff alleges that he had hot water thrown on him and
23 received a second degree burn on his right hip. Plaintiff alleges that after the fight, the
24 loudspeaker came on and defendant Her told the inmates to go back to their cells and stop acting
25 like it’s a jungle. Plaintiff alleges that he returned to his cell. Plaintiff alleges that “the police”
26 did not report the incident or check to see if “we were injured or if the situation was going to
27 escalate and possibly be another riot. I was hurt and he left me in a dangerous predicament.”
28 ////
1 Plaintiff alleges that after the incident, he filed a complaint on defendant Her for
2 neglecting the inmates. Officer Jackson signed the grievance. When defendant Her saw the
3 grievance, he came to plaintiff’s cell, woke plaintiff up, and argued with plaintiff about the
4 grievance. After defendant Her left plaintiff’s cell, defendant Her told another inmate to tell
5 plaintiff that if he (plaintiff) did not throw out the grievance, defendant Her would make sure that
6 all the inmates get gang enhancements and another strike.
7 Plaintiff told the nurse who treated plaintiff’s second degree burn about the incident.
8 After that, defendant Her told the inmates to tell plaintiff that he already wrote a report and if
9 plaintiff kept talking about it, plaintiff would get extra charges. Plaintiff kept getting threats from
10 other inmates who were scared they would get extra charges.
11 Plaintiff alleges that defendant Her violated his Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment rights
12 by failing to protect him from harm by other inmates. The undersigned finds that plaintiff alleges
13 three different Eighth Amendment claims. First, plaintiff alleges that defendant Her wrongly
14 allowed rival inmate gang members to retrieve their breakfasts at the same time as plaintiff.
15 Second, plaintiff alleges that defendant Her failed to enter the pod to deescalate the fight. Third,
16 plaintiff alleges that defendant Her failed to report the fight after he was made aware of it.
17 Plaintiff also alleges that defendant retaliated against him for filing a grievance.
18 IV. Discussion-Plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment Claims
19 As discussed herein, it is undisputed that at the time of the alleged incident, plaintiff was a
20 sentenced prisoner waiting to be transferred to state prison. Therefore, plaintiff’s failure to
21 protect claims are analyzed under the Eighth Amendment.
22 A. Legal Standard
23 The Eighth Amendment protects prisoners from inhumane methods of punishment and
24 from inhumane conditions of confinement. Morgan v. Morgensen, 465 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.
25 2006). Prison officials have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect inmates from physical
26 abuse. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833 (1994); Hearns v. Terhune, 413 F.3d 1036, 1040
27 (9th Cir. 2005). The failure of prison officials to protect inmates from attacks by other inmates
28 may rise to the level of an Eighth Amendment violation where prison officials know of and
1 disregard a substantial risk of serious harm to the plaintiff. E.g., Farmer, 511 U.S. at 847; Hearns,
2 413 F.3d at 1040.
3 To establish a violation of this duty, the prisoner must establish that prison officials were
4 “deliberately indifferent to a serious threat to the inmate’s safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834. The
5 question under the Eighth Amendment is whether prison officials, acting with deliberate
6 indifference, exposed a prisoner to a sufficiently “substantial risk of serious harm” to his future
7 health. Id. at 843 (citing Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 35 (1993)). The Supreme Court has
8 explained that “deliberate indifference entails something more than mere negligence...[but]
9 something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with the knowledge
10 that harm will result.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 835. The Court defined this “deliberate indifference”
11 standard as equal to “recklessness,” in which “a person disregards a risk of harm of which he is
12 aware.” Id. at 836-37.
13 The deliberate indifference standard involves both an objective and a subjective prong.
14 First, the alleged deprivation must be, in objective terms, “sufficiently serious.” Id. at 834.
15 Second, subjectively, the prison official must “know of and disregard an excessive risk to inmate
16 health or safety.” Id. at 837. To prove knowledge of the risk, however, the prisoner may rely on
17 circumstantial evidence; in fact, the very obviousness of the risk may be sufficient to establish
18 knowledge. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842; Wallis v. Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir. 1995).
19 B. Did Defendant Her Act With Deliberate Indifference When He Released Plaintiff To
20 Breakfast?
21 Undisputed Facts
22 Undisputed Fact No. 1: Inmates in the Sacramento County Jail (hereinafter “Jail”) are
23 housed according to their classification. (ECF No. 39 at 3.)
24 Undisputed Fact No. 2: The term “classification” refers to the Jail’s procedure of
25 documenting certain inmate characteristics for use in the Housing Plan. (Id.) These
26 characteristics include physical characteristics, including gender, age, mental and medical
27 conditions; criminal history, including gang affiliation; legal status; gravely disabled status;
28 notoriety; and criminal sophistication. (Id.)
1 Undisputed Fact No. 3: One of the purposes of the classification system is to try and
2 house “like” gang affiliated individuals in the same pod in an attempt to minimize potential gang
3 violence in the jail. (Id.)
4 Undisputed Fact No. 4: Defendant Her is not a classification officer and therefore he is
5 unaware of the specific inmate classifications within the pods he supervises. (Id.)
6 Undisputed Fact No. 5: At the time of the underlying facts of the instant matter, plaintiff
7 was a sentenced prisoner awaiting transfer to a California correctional facility to serve his
8 criminal sentence. (Id.)
9 Undisputed Fact No. 6: Plaintiff was housed in the 6 West 300 Pod of the Jail. (Id.)
10 Undisputed Fact No. 7: The deputy assigned to the control booth on the west side of the
11 sixth floor is responsible for opening the cell doors for the 6 West 100, 6 West 200 and 6 West
12 300 pods so that inmates can retrieve their food for breakfast from the common area. (Id. at 3-4.)
13 Undisputed Fact No. 8: Once released into the common area, inmates are supposed to
14 retrieve their food and return to their cells to eat.1 (Id. at 4.)
15 Undisputed Fact No. 9: There is no rule regarding the maximum or minimum number of
16 inmates that can be released into the common area at a time during breakfast. (Id.) This decision
17 is left to the discretion of the control booth deputy. (Id.)
18 Undisputed Fact No. 10: Typically, the control booth deputy will release a portion of the
19 first pod, verify that everything appears to be running smoothly, and then will continue on to the
20 next pod until all inmates in all three pods have received their morning meal.2 (Id.)
21 Undisputed Fact No. 11: On January 28, 2018, defendant Her was assigned to the control
22 booth for the 6 West 100, 6 West 200 and 6 West 300 pods. (Id.)
23 Undisputed Fact No. 12: Defendant Her served breakfast according to the Jail’s Meal
24
1 In response to defendant’s undisputed fact no. 8, plaintiff allege that on the morning of the
25
incident, the inmates did not return to their cells. (Id.) Plaintiff does not dispute that inmates are
supposed to return to their cells after retrieving their food.
26
27 2 In response to defendant’s undisputed fact no. 10, plaintiff alleges that on the morning of the
incident, the inmates did not return to their cells. (Id.) Plaintiff does not dispute the statement
28 contained in defendant’s undisputed fact no. 10.
1 Counts and Service Operations Order and his normal procedure on January 28, 2018. (Id.)
2 Undisputed Fact No. 13: There is a video camera in the 6 West 300 common area that
3 recorded events that occurred during breakfast on January 28, 2018. (Id.)
4 Undisputed Fact No. 14: On January 28, 2018, defendant Her first opened the cell doors
5 for the two housemen in 6 West 300 pod to prepare to serve the morning meal to the other
6 inmates. (Id. at 4-5.)
7 Undisputed Fact No. 15: After releasing the housemen defendant Her released the
8 inmates from the bottom tier of 6 West 300 pod to retrieve their morning meal from the common
9 area. (Id. at 5.)
10 Undisputed Fact No. 16: Once the majority of inmates from the bottom tier had grabbed
11 their breakfast defendant Her released the top tier inmates to retrieve their food from the common
12 area.3 (Id.)
13 Undisputed Fact No. 17: Plaintiff was among the top tier inmates released to retrieve
14 food. (Id.)
15 Undisputed Fact No. 18: After receiving his food, plaintiff stopped at the foot of the stairs
16 to talk to an inmate named “Malik.” (Id.)
17 Undisputed Fact No. 19: While plaintiff was speaking to Malik a third inmate approached
18 Malik from behind and began to punch Malik in the head. (Id.)
19 Undisputed Fact No. 20: Plaintiff set down his breakfast tray and began to punch inmates
20 that were surrounding him. (Id. 5-6.)
21 Undisputed Fact No. 21: During the fight an unknown inmate threw an insulated
22 beverage dispenser at plaintiff. (Id. at 6.)
23 Undisputed Fact No. 22: The dispenser contained hot water that burned plaintiff’s right
24 hip. (Id.)
25
3 Plaintiff disputes defendant’s undisputed fact no. 16 by stating that defendant Her knows that
26
inmates use items to jam doors open to sneak out of their cell. (Id.) Plaintiff states that defendant
27 Her should ensure that all inmates are locked down after getting their trays and be alert if he
knows inmates are sneaking out of their cells. (Id.) Plaintiff’s response to defendant’s
28 undisputed fact no. 16 does not dispute the fact alleged in this undisputed fact.
1 Undisputed Fact No. 23: As recorded on the pod surveillance video, the fight was
2 approximately one minute long. (Id.)
3 Undisputed Fact No. 25: Defendant Her turned on the overhead lights in the pod when
4 Malik pushed the emergency button. (Id.)
5 Undisputed Fact No. 26: Defendant Her turned on the overhead lights in the pod after the
6 insulated beverage container was thrown at plaintiff. (Id.)
7 Undisputed Fact No. 27: Defendant Her released Malik from the pod common area after
8 he pushed the emergency call button. (Id.)
9 Undisputed Fact No. 28: Inmate Malik did not inform defendant Her that there had been a
10 fight or that plaintiff had been injured in a fight.4 (Id. at 6-7.)
11 Undisputed Fact No. 29: At his deposition, plaintiff testified that inmate Malik never told
12 him that he told defendant Her that there had been a fight or that plaintiff may have been injured.
13 (Id. at 7.)
14 Undisputed Fact No. 30: Defendant Her was unaware of any issues, classification or
15 otherwise, which could have indicated that a fight would occur if he let the top tier inmates out of
16 their cells while some bottom tier inmates still had access to the common area. (Id.)
17 Undisputed Fact No. 31: Defendant Her had not received any threats from inmates or
18 staff involving plaintiff or any other information which would have indicated that there were rival
19 gang members in the pod which caused an increased risk of a fight in the pod on January 28,
20 2018. (Id.)
21 Disputed Facts
22 For the following reasons, the undersigned finds that whether defendant Her witnessed the
23 January 28, 2018 fight is a materially disputed fact.5
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4 While plaintiff does not dispute that inmate Malik did not tell defendant Her that there had been
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a fight or that plaintiff had been injured in a fight, plaintiff argues that inmate Malik’s activation
of the emergency call button put defendant Malik on notice that an emergency existed.
26
27 5 Defendant’s undisputed fact no. 24 erroneously states that defendant did see the fight occur.
(ECF No. 39 at 6.) In his declaration, defendant Her states that he did not see the fight occur.
28 ECF No. 33-4 at 3.)
1 In his declaration submitted in support of the summary judgment motion, defendant Her
2 states that he did not see the fight break out in the 6 West 300 pod and he did not see an insulated
3 beverage dispenser get thrown at plaintiff. (ECF No. 33-4 at 3.) In his declaration, defendant Her
4 states that he did not become aware of the fight until he received plaintiff’s grievance on January
5 29, 2018. (Id.)
6 In his verified complaint, plaintiff alleges that after the fight, defendant Her came on the
7 loudspeaker and told the inmates to go back to their cells and stop acting like it’s a jungle. (Id. at
8 6.) While defendant Her allegedly made this statement after the fight, it is not unreasonable to
9 infer from this statement that defendant Her witnessed the fight.6 Accordingly, the undersigned
10 finds that whether defendant Her witnessed the fight is a materially disputed fact.
11 Analysis
12 Defendant argues that he did not act with deliberate indifference when he released
13 plaintiff to breakfast because he did not know of any heightened risk to plaintiff when he released
14 plaintiff and the other inmates into the common area for breakfast. For the reasons stated herein,
15 the undersigned finds that defendant Her is entitled to summary judgment as to this claim.
16 As discussed above, it is undisputed that defendant Her was unaware of any issues which
17 could have indicated that a fight would occur if he let the top tier inmates out of their cells while
18 some bottom tier inmates still had access to the common area. It is also undisputed that defendant
19 Her had received no threats from inmates or staff involving plaintiff or any other information
20 which would have indicated there were rival gang members in the pod which caused an increased
21 risk of fight in the pod on January 28, 2018.
22 At his deposition, plaintiff did not identify any specific threat of harm to his safety from
23 rival gang inmates on January 28, 2018. Plaintiff testified that just before the incident, inmate
24 Malik told plaintiff “they following me.” (Plaintiff’s deposition at 14.)
25 Q: And why –did you have any idea why these individuals were
following him?
26
27
6 The undersigned has viewed the DVD of the fight submitted by defendant in support of the
28 summary judgment motion. The DVD does not contain audio.
1 A: No, I just know there’s always tension in there.
2 Q: Okay. When you say “there’s always tension in there,” for any
particular reason?
3
A: For thousands of reasons. Just they’re mixing –they’re mixing
4 different gangs. They’ve got everybody in there.
5 Q: Okay. So you belief was that the tension was because they had
different gang members, rival gang members in the same pod?
6
A: Yeah.
7
Q: With Malik—but you don’t know of anything that had happened
8 prior to the incident that would have made him a target; like he was
talking to the deputies about stuff or people—
9
A: No, besides me? I mean just don’t get along. I don’t what he did
10 personally to where they don’t like him.
11 Q: Um-hum.
12 A: But they knew that we were friends and we Crips, you feel me.
And they’re on the—their—their—they outnumber us. That’s all I –
13 that’s all I see.
14
15 (Id. at 16-17.)
16 At his deposition, plaintiff also testified that he did not personally know the inmates who
17 attacked him and inmate Malik but he recognized their faces. (Id. at 19.)
18 At his deposition, plaintiff testified that prior to the incident, he had been in “a lot of
19 fights” at the jail but he had not been booked for them. (Id. at 21.) Plaintiff had never filed a
20 grievance before the one he filed against defendant Her. (Id.) Plaintiff testified that while housed
21 in 6 West 300 pod, where the incident occurred, he had been involved in at least ten fights with
22 other inmates. (Id. at 22.) Plaintiff testified that none of these fights had “deputy responses.”
23 (Id.) This testimony suggests that jail officials were unaware of plaintiff’s previous ten fights
24 while housed in 6 West 300 pod.
25 Plaintiff also testified that prior to the incident, he made no “clear complaints” about
26 feeling unsafe in the pod. (Id. at 38.) Plaintiff testified that at some time, he spoke with someone
27 to the gang unit and he was moved to the eighth floor. (Id. at 38-39.) It is unclear where plaintiff
28 was housed when this occurred. However, plaintiff testified that he was later housed on the sixth
1 floor, where the incident occurred. (Id. at 40.)
2 Q: So as far as when you were on 6, did anyone come and talk to
you in that –prior to the fight, did anyone come and talk to you and
3 ask do you want to be reclassed or moved?
4 A: No.
5 Q: Did you ever talk to anyone about feeling uncomfortable on 6?
6 A: No. Nobody—I never been on the 6th floor prior to that so I
don’t even know how it was going to be. I just know on every floor
7 in every side of the jail, it’s the same shit, so it doesn’t matter where
they house me.
8
9 (Id.)
10 The Ninth Circuit has held that inmates of opposite gangs placed in a cell with each other,
11 with nothing more, fails to satisfy the Eighth Amendment’s standard that prison officials must be
12 aware of a specific risk to an inmate. Labatad v. Corrections Corp. of America, 714 F.3d 1155,
13 1160 (9th Cir. 2013). In the instant case, the undisputed evidence demonstrates that defendant
14 Her did not know of a specific risk of harm to plaintiff from the alleged rival gang members who
15 he fought with.
16 Assuming that the ten previous fights plaintiff had allegedly been in while housed in 6
17 West 300 pod were with rival gang members, there is no evidence that defendant Her knew of
18 these fights. As discussed above, plaintiff testified that no deputies responded to these fights and
19 that he did not file grievances regarding these fights. At most, plaintiff’s deposition testimony
20 establishes a generalized fear of harm. Plaintiff’s generalized fear of harm does not demonstrate
21 an Eighth Amendment violation by defendant Her. See Thompson v. Lee, 1:07-cv-1299 LJO
22 GSA P, 2015 WL 769683 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2015), findings and recommendations adopted July
23 16, 2015 (recommending that defendants be granted summary judgment as to plaintiff’s Eighth
24 Amendment fail to protect claim on the grounds that the evidence demonstrated that plaintiff had
25 a generalized fear of harm); Fosselman v. Dimmer, 1: 12-cv-1302 DAD SAB P, 2017 WL
26 1254685, *19 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 17, 2017), findings and recommendation adopted March 23, 2017
27 (recommending that defendants be granted summary judgment as to plaintiff’s fail to protect
28 claim on the grounds that the record contained no evidence that defendant knew that plaintiff
1 faced a specific or actual threat of harm from gang member); Labatad v. Corrections Corp. of
2 America, 714 F.3d at 1160-61 (even though a prison official was aware that inmates of opposite
3 gangs were placed in a cell with each other, such knowledge, without more, fails to satisfy the
4 Eighth Amendment’s requirement that an official be aware of a specific risk to an inmate).
5 For the reasons discussed above, defendant Her should be granted summary judgment as
6 to plaintiff’s claim that he violated plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights when he released plaintiff
7 to breakfast.
8 C. Did Defendant Her Act With Deliberate Indifference When He Allegedly Failed to
9 Enter the Pod To Deescalate The Fight ?
10 Plaintiff alleges that defendant Her violated his Eighth Amendment right to be free from
11 harm by other inmates by failing to enter the pod to deescalate the fight. Defendant Her moves
12 for summary judgment as to this claim on the grounds that he did not see the fight.
13 As discussed above, whether defendant Her witnessed the fight is a materially disputed
14 fact. Based on the current record, the undersigned cannot find that defendant Her did not violate
15 the Eighth Amendment if he witnessed the fight and failed to take adequate and prompt steps to
16 deescalate the fight.7 Accordingly, defendant Her should be denied summary judgment as to this
17 claim.
18 D. Did Defendant Her Act With Deliberate Indifference When He Allegedly Failed To
19 Report The Fight?
20 Defendant Her argues that he is entitled to summary judgment as to plaintiff’s claim that
21 he acted with deliberate indifference by failing to report the fight on the grounds that he did not
22 see the fight.8 Defendant Her moves for summary judgment as to this claim on the grounds that
23
7 The record contains no evidence regarding how defendant Her could have intervened in the
24 fight that had such a short duration. The undersigned presumes that defendant Her could have, at
the very least, sounded an alarm. However, the undersigned need not reach the issue of how or
25
whether defendant Her could have responded to the fight because this issue is not addressed in
defendant’s summary judgment motion.
26
27 8 Plaintiff does not allege that defendant Her violated his Eighth Amendment right to adequate
medical care by failing to look into his injuries after the fight. Plaintiff’s complaint alleges only
28 Eighth Amendment claims based on fail-to-protect theories. (See ECF No. 1 at 3.)
1 that he was not aware that there was a fight in the pod until he received plaintiff’s grievance the
2 following day.
3 As discussed above, whether defendant Her witnessed the fight is a materially disputed
4 fact. Based on the current record, if defendant Her witnessed the fight, the undersigned cannot
5 find that he did not act with deliberate indifference by failing to report it. Accordingly, defendant
6 Her should be denied summary judgment as to this claim.9
7 E. Qualified Immunity
8 Legal Standard
9 “The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials ‘from liability for civil
10 damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional
11 rights of which a reasonable person would have known.’” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223,
12 231 (2009) (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). In determining whether a
13 defendant is entitled to qualified immunity, the Court must decide (1) whether the facts shown by
14 plaintiff make out a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) whether that right was clearly
15 established at the time of the officer's alleged misconduct. Pearson, 555 U.S. at 232. To be
16 clearly established, a right must be sufficiently clear “that every ‘reasonable official would [have
17 understood] that what he is doing violates that right.’” Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664
18 (2012) (quoting Ashcroft v. al-Kidd, 563 U.S. 731, 741 (2011)).
19 ////
20 ////
21 9 The undersigned also observes that it is undisputed that defendant Her released inmate Malik
from the pod common area after the fight when inmate Malik pushed the emergency call button.
22
At his deposition, plaintiff testified regarding the circumstances under which inmates are allowed
23 to leave the pod when they press the emergency button: “So the only way you’re going to be able
to leave like that is you telling him. He might not have said – I don’t know what he said exactly
24 but he had to say he feared for his safety in some type of way for him to leave.” (Plaintiff’s
deposition at 26.)
25
According to plaintiff’s deposition testimony, inmates are allowed to leave the pod after
pushing the emergency button only if they can demonstrate a fear for their safety or some other
26
type of emergency. Defendant Her does not address the circumstances under which inmates may
27 leave the pod after pushing the emergency button. Plaintiff’s deposition testimony suggests that
inmate Malik’s use of the emergency button may be further evidence of defendant Her’s
28 knowledge of the fight on the morning it occurred.
1 Discussion
2 Defendant Her moves for qualified immunity as to plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims.
3 As discussed above, the undersigned finds that defendant Her should be granted summary
4 judgment as to plaintiff’s claim alleging that defendant Her violated his Eighth Amendment rights
5 when he released plaintiff to breakfast. Accordingly, the undersigned need not address the issue
6 of qualified immunity any further as to this claim.
7 The undersigned recommended that defendant’s motion for summary judgment be denied
8 as to plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment claims alleging that defendant Her failed to intervene after the
9 fight broke out and failed to report the fight. Accordingly, the undersigned herein considers
10 whether defendant Her is entitled to qualified immunity as to these claims.
11 In determining whether the facts shown by plaintiff make out a violation of a
12 constitutional right, the court must take the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff. See
13 Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 201 (2001). Taking the facts in the light most favorable to
14 plaintiff, the undersigned finds that defendant Her allegedly witnessed the fight and violated
15 plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights when he failed to intervene.
16 As discussed above, defendant does not address how he could have intervened in a fight
17 that lasted less than one minute. Nevertheless, the undersigned finds that a reasonable officer
18 would know that failing to take any steps to intervene in the fight violated the Eighth
19 Amendment. Accordingly, defendant Her is not entitled to qualified immunity as to this claim.
20 Taking the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiff, the undersigned finds that
21 defendant Her allegedly witnessed the fight and violated plaintiff’s Eighth Amendment rights by
22 failing to report the fight. The undersigned also finds that a reasonable officer would know that
23 failing to report the fight violated the Eighth Amendment. Accordingly, defendant Her is not
24 entitled to qualified immunity as to this claim.
25 V. Retaliation Claim
26 A. Legal Standard
27 To prevail on a retaliation claim, a plaintiff must allege and prove the defendants
28 retaliated against him for exercising a constitutional right and the retaliatory action did not
1 advance legitimate penological goals or was not narrowly tailored to achieve such goals. Hines v.
2 Gomez, 108 F.3d 265, 267 (9th Cir. 1997). A prisoner suing a prison official under § 1983 for
3 retaliation for engaging in protected speech must allege “the type of activity he engaged in was
4 protected under the first amendment and that the state impermissibly infringed on his right to
5 engage in the protected activity.” Rizzo v. Dawson, 778 F.2d 527 (9th Cir. 1983).
6 Within the prison context, a viable claim of First Amendment
retaliation entails five basic elements: (1) An assertion that a state
7 actor took some adverse action against an inmate (2) because of (3)
that prisoner’s protected conduct, and that such action (4) chilled the
8 inmate’s exercise of his First Amendment rights, and (5) the action
did not reasonably advance a legitimate correctional goal.
9
10 Rhodes v. Robinson, 408 F.3d 559, 567–68 (9th Cir. 2005). “Mere speculation that defendants
11 acted out of retaliation is not sufficient.” Wood v. Yordy, 753 F.3d 899, 905 (9th Cir. 2014).
12 B. Undisputed Facts
13 Undisputed Fact No. 32: When defendant Her arrived for his shift on January 29, 2018,
14 he received plaintiff’s grievance. (ECF No. 39 at 7.)
15 Undisputed Fact No. 38: All alleged retaliatory or threatening statements were relayed to
16 plaintiff second-hand from prisoners. (Id. at 8.)
17 Undisputed Fact No. 39: Defendant Her does not have the authority to unilaterally impose
18 extra strikes, gang enhancements or extra charges on inmates. (Id.)
19 Undisputed Fact No. 40: Defendant Her did not conspire to have plaintiff transferred to
20 Solano Prison in retaliation for his grievance. (Id.
21 Undisputed Fact No. 41: Defendant Her has no input on when inmates are transferred to
22 correctional facilities to serve criminal sentences. (Id.
23 Undisputed Fact No. 42: Other than the alleged comments to housemen and transfer to
24 Solano Prison, plaintiff does not allege that any adverse actions were taken against him in
25 retaliation for his filing a grievance. (Id. at 8-9.)
26 C. Plaintiff’s Deposition Testimony
27 The undersigned summarizes plaintiff’s deposition testimony regarding his retaliation
28 claim herein.
1 Plaintiff testified that he initially gave his grievance to Officer Jackson on January 29,
2 2018. (Plaintiff’s deposition at 29-30.) Officer Jackson gave plaintiff back the pink copy of the
3 grievance. (Id. at 30.) Later on January 29, 2018, defendant Her came to plaintiff’s cell around
4 count time to talk to him about the grievance. (Id. at 31.) Plaintiff was sleeping when defendant
5 Her came to plaintiff’s cell. (Id. 31-32.)
6 Plaintiff testified that defendant Her asked him, “What’s up with this grievance you wrote
7 on me?” (Id. at 32.) Then defendant Her and plaintiff argued back and forth. (Id.) Plaintiff
8 testified that defendant Her told him that he had not seen anything because the lights were off.
9 (Id.)
10 Plaintiff testified that the houseman later approached him and told him that defendant Her
11 said that if plaintiff did not throw out the grievance, he (defendant Her) would make sure that
12 plaintiff and everybody in the incident got gang enhancements and extra strikes. (Id. at 51.) The
13 houseman told plaintiff that his little brother had been involved in the incident and asked plaintiff
14 to “throw out” the grievance. (Id. at 52.)
15 Plaintiff also testified that he believes that he (plaintiff) was sent to state prison faster in
16 retaliation for filing his grievance against defendant Her. (Id. at 57.)
17 D. Analysis
18 Defendant moves for summary judgment as to plaintiff’s retaliation claim on three
19 grounds: 1) plaintiff’s evidence of adverse action, i.e., defendant’s alleged threats communicated
20 to plaintiff by other inmates, is inadmissible hearsay; 2) the alleged threats did not constitute
21 adverse action because defendant was incapable of executing them; and 3) plaintiff’s First
22 Amendment rights were not chilled because he did not drop the grievance after the threats were
23 allegedly communicated to him by the other inmates.
24 Is Plaintiff’s Evidence of the Threats Inadmissible Hearsay?
25 Hearsay is a statement made out of court and offered for the truth of the matter asserted
26 therein. Fed. R. Evid. 801(c). However, “[i]f the significance of an out-of-court statement lies in
27 the fact that the statement was made and not in the truth of the matter asserted, then the statement
28 is not hearsay.” Calmat Co. v. U.S. Dep't of Labor, 364 F.3d 1117, 1124 (9th Cir. 2004). Where
1 evidence presents a hearsay within hearsay problem, “each layer of hearsay must satisfy an
2 exception to the hearsay rule.” Sana v. Hawaiian Cruises, Ltd., 181 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir.
3 1999); see also Fed. R. Evid. 805.
4 Plaintiff’s deposition testimony (and verified allegations in the complaint) regarding what
5 the houseman allegedly told him, and what defendant Her allegedly told the houseman, is not
6 hearsay because the significance of this out-of-court testimony lies in the fact the statements were
7 made and not in the truth of the matter asserted. Plaintiff’s testimony that the houseman told him
8 that defendant Her would make sure everyone got gang enhancements and extra strikes is not
9 offered for the truth of the statement, i.e., that defendant Her had the power to impose gang
10 enhancements or extra strikes. Instead, this testimony is offered as evidence of the alleged threat
11 defendant Her allegedly made against plaintiff if he pursued his grievance. Accordingly,
12 defendant’s hearsay objection is without merit.
13 Are Defendant’s Alleged Threats an Adverse Action?
14 Defendant argues that he should be granted summary judgment on the grounds that he was
15 incapable of carrying out the threats plaintiff alleges constituted the adverse action. Plaintiff
16 alleged in his complaint and testified at his deposition that other inmates approached him and
17 stated that defendant Her told them that he (defendant Her) would give everyone (including
18 plaintiff) gang enhancements and extra strikes if plaintiff did not drop the grievance. It is
19 undisputed that defendant Her does not have the authority to unilaterally impose extra strikes,
20 gang enhancements or extra charges on inmates
21 While defendant Her may not have the authority to unilaterally impose extra strikes, gang
22 enhancements or extra charges, he had the authority to report the fight which could have led to
23 criminal charges. The undersigned finds that defendant Her’s alleged threat to “make sure” that
24 everyone got strikes and gang enhancements was a threat to report the fight, and identify it as
25 gang related, which could have led to criminal charges as well as inmates retaliating against
26 plaintiff for pursuing his grievance. Accordingly, the undersigned finds that the alleged threats
27 were sufficient adverse action. See Brodheim v. Cry, 584 F.3d 1262, 1270 (9th Cir. 2009)
28 (“[T]he mere threat of harm can be an adverse action, regardless of whether it is carried out
1 because the threat itself can have a chilling effect.”); Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 256
2 (2006) (the First Amendment prohibits government officials from subjecting an individual to
3 retaliatory actions, including criminal prosecutions, for speaking out); White v. Lee, 227 F.3d
4 1214, 1228 (9th Cir. 2000) (citations omitted) (“Informal measures, such as ‘the threat of
5 invoking legal sanctions and other means of coercion, persuasion and intimidation,’ can violation
6 the First Amendment also.”). Accordingly, defendant’s motion for summary judgment on the
7 grounds that he was not capable of executing the alleged threat should be denied.
8 At his deposition, plaintiff claimed that he was sent to state prison sooner in retaliation for
9 filing the grievance. However, plaintiff offers no evidence in support of this claim. At his
10 deposition, plaintiff admitted that he could not prove that he was sent to prison sooner in
11 retaliation for filing his grievance. (Plaintiff’s deposition at 57.) Accordingly, defendant Her
12 should be granted summary judgment as to plaintiff’s claim that he was sent to prison sooner in
13 retaliation for pursuing his grievance because there is no evidence supporting this claim.
14 Did Defendant’s Threats Chill Plaintiff’s First Amendment Rights?
15 Defendant moves for summary judgment on the grounds that his alleged threats did not
16 chill plaintiff’s First Amendment rights because plaintiff did not drop his grievance after hearing
17 the alleged threats.
18 To succeed on his retaliation claim, plaintiff must demonstrate that defendant’s action
19 would “chill or silence a person of ordinary firmness from future [protected] activities.” Watison
20 v. Carter, 668 F.3d 1108, 1114 (9th Cir. 2012). Threats of criminal prosecution are the type of
21 threat that would chill a person of ordinary firmness from future protected activities. See Holland
22 v. Schuyler, 2018 WL 5880771, *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 8, 2018). Accordingly, the undersigned finds
23 that defendant is not entitled to summary judgment on the grounds that plaintiff did not drop his
24 grievance because defendant’s alleged threats would chill a person of ordinary firmness from
25 future protected activities.
26 VI. Plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment Retaliation Claim
27 In the complaint, plaintiff alleges that defendant Her retaliated against him in violation of
28 the Fourteenth Amendment. As discussed above, retaliation claims are analyzed under the First
wOASe 2. LOU VEY YOUING IN MUU Sir POO Ore te POY OU VI ee
1 | Amendment. Defendant argues that plaintiff’s Fourteenth Amendment claim should be dismissed
2 | because plaintiff has not alleged a violation of his Fourteenth Amendment rights.
3 The undersigned finds that plaintiff incorrectly identified his retaliation claim as alleging a
4 | violation of his Fourteenth Amendment rights. It is clear that plaintiff did not intend to allege a
5 || separate Fourteenth Amendment claim. Rather, it is clear that plaintiff intended to raise only a
6 | retaliation claim in violation of his First Amendment rights. Nevertheless, in an abundance of
7 | caution, the undersigned will recommend dismissal of the Fourteenth Amendment claim
8 | identified in the complaint in order to clarify the claims on which this action proceeds.
9 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court shall appoint a
10 | district judge to this action; and
11 IT IS HEREBY RECOMMENDED that defendant’s summary judgment motion (ECF
12 | No. 33) be granted as to plaintiff's claim alleging that defendant Her violated his Eighth
13 | Amendment rights when he released plaintiff to breakfast and as to plaintiff's claim alleging that
14 | defendant retaliated against him in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment; defendant’s summary
15 | judgment motion should be denied in all other respects.
16 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge
17 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(). Within fourteen days
18 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written
19 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned
20 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any response to the
21 | objections shall be filed and served within fourteen days after service of the objections. The
22 | parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to
23 || appeal the District Court’s order. Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991).
24 | Dated: August 20, 2020
Foci) Aharon
26 KENDALL J. NE
Mart1658.5j UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE
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