(PC) Davis v. Kings County Board of Supervisors

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6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

7 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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9 TERRENCE L. DAVIS, Case No. 1:18-cv-01667-DAD-EPG (PC)

10 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND

11 v. RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDING THAT THIS

12 KINGS COUNTY BOARD OF ACTION BE DISMISSED FOR

SUPERVISORS, et al., FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM

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Defendants.

14 (ECF No. 24)

15 OBJECTIONS, IF ANY, DUE WITHIN

TWENTY-ONE (21) DAYS

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17 Terrence L. Davis (“Plaintiff”) is a state prisoner1 proceeding pro se and in forma

18 pauperis with this civil rights action. Plaintiff filed his initial complaint on December 7, 2018.

19 (ECF No. 1). The Court screened that complaint on January 10, 2020, finding that the

20 complaint failed to state any cognizable claim and giving leave to amend. (ECF No. 21).

21 Plaintiff filed a first amended complaint on February 14, 2020, which is now before this Court

22 for screening. (ECF No. 21).

23 The Court finds that the complaint fails to state any cognizable claim. Therefore, the

24 Court recommends dismissing this action for failure to state a cognizable claim. Plaintiff has

25 twenty-one days to file objections to these findings and recommendations.

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1 Plaintiff has alleged that he was a pretrial detainee at the time of the incidents alleged in the complaint.

1 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT

2 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by inmates seeking relief against a

3 governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(a).

4 The Court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if the inmate has raised claims that are

5 legally “frivolous or malicious,” that fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, or

6 that seek monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. 28 U.S.C. §

7 1915A(b)(1), (2). As Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, the Court may also screen the

8 complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915. “Notwithstanding any filing fee, or any portion thereof,

9 that may have been paid, the court shall dismiss the case at any time if the court determines that

10 the action or appeal fails to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.” 28 U.S.C. §

11 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii).

12 A complaint is required to contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing

13 that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are

14 not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

15 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell

16 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). A plaintiff must set forth “sufficient

17 factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Id.

18 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570). The mere possibility of misconduct falls short of meeting

19 this plausibility standard. Id. at 679. While a plaintiff’s allegations are taken as true, courts

20 “are not required to indulge unwarranted inferences.” Doe I v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 572 F.3d

21 677, 681 (9th Cir. 2009) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Additionally, a plaintiff’s

22 legal conclusions are not accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678.

23 Pleadings of pro se plaintiffs “must be held to less stringent standards than formal

24 pleadings drafted by lawyers.” Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 342 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that

25 pro se complaints should continue to be liberally construed after Iqbal).

26 II. ALLEGATIONS IN THE FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT

27 Plaintiff’s first amended complaint generally alleges that the law library at Kings

28 County Jail was deficient and deprived him of his rights.

1 Plaintiff claims that Kings County Jail law library was not viable or accessible to him.

2 It only furnished a computer with no written manual in sight regarding how to use the

3 computer, and no legal assistance. The Kings County Sherriff is required to keep jail prisoners

4 and detainees safe and is answerable to those individuals for their safe keeping.

5 On or about November 5, 2014, Plaintiff, who was a detainee at the time, unknowingly

6 filed this matter with the California Victims Compensation and Government Claims Board.

7 Plaintiff then correctly filed the matter with the Board of Supervisors of Kings County

8 Government Center. Plaintiff recites when it was amended.

9 Plaintiff went to the facility’s established law library. Plaintiff observed that it was only

10 a 5x10 cell type area. When he entered the room, he saw only a single black box affixed to the

11 wall and a black book which turned out to be a vehicle code book. Plaintiff tried to figure out

12 how to operate the computer. Plaintiff has a learning disability, which he has had since

13 childhood. Plaintiff was given an allotted time of two and a half hours. However, he could not

14 gain any access to any legal information at the time. When Plaintiff spoke to various deputy

15 personnel and officers, he was told they do not have anyone to give him any assistance and he

16 was pretty much on his own. Others told him that, due to jail policy, they could not provide

17 him with any legal assistance. Plaintiff had to blunder on aimlessly. He sat in the room for two

18 and a half hours, trying to access a computer without any training.

19 This situation played out in the months that followed. Kings County Jail personnel

20 continued to refuse to provide any legal or computer assistance. Plaintiff filed a grievance, but

21 nothing was done.

22 Plaintiff alleges that he “had filed various ‘Legal/Confidential/Privileged, and Regular

23 Mail… But however, due to Kings County Jail-Mail Rm. Waxed (Non-existent) policy’s [sic],

24 practices, sloppy negligence, gross negligence, negligence per se,’ deliberate indifferences,

25 dereliction of duty;’ Acts and Violation inconjunction [sic] with ‘the Board of Supervisors,’

26 and Kings County Sheriff’s egregious and punitive Mail Rm. Co. Jail policy’s [sic], practices,

27 procedures, mandates … confidential correspondence were not received by there [sic]

28 respective agencies….” (ECF No. 24, at p. 12) (first alteration in original).

1 As a case in point, in the case of Terrence W. Davis v. High Desert State Prison, et al.,

2 Case No. 2:14-cv-00404-EFB, was wrongfully dismissed on November 7, 2014, due to Kings

3 County’s grossly negligent mail room policies.

4 Due to these ongoing acts, Plaintiff became very apprehensive about his mail. Agencies

5 and people were claiming that they failed to receive his mail. Plaintiff made inquiries into the

6 policies and learned that there were no incoming/outgoing legal policies and procedures

7 established to avoid the issues with lost, destroyed, or misplaced legal mail.

8 Plaintiff contends that he was not receiving all of his mail from about December 16,

9 2014, until January 9, 2015.

10 Plaintiff alleges that various defendants, including the Kings County Jail and Kings

11 County Board of Supervisors, violated his rights, including his rights under the Americans with

12 Disabilities Act and the Rehabilitation Act. He alleges that he is an individual with a disability

13 and was denied a program or activity due to his disabilities.

14 Plaintiff claims that he suffered great distress because he was unable to adequately

15 litigate his civil and criminal cases.

16 III. ANALYSIS OF POTENTIAL CLAIMS

17 A. Section 1983

18 The Civil Rights Act provides:

19 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom,

or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or

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causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within

21 the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or

immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party

22 injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for

redress....

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24 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely

25 provides ‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor,

26 490 U.S. 386, 393-94 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)); see

27 also Chapman v. Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 618 (1979); Hall v. City of Los

28 Angeles, 697 F.3d 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012); Crowley v. Nevada, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir.

1 2012); Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006).

2 To state a claim under section 1983, a plaintiff must allege that (1) the defendant acted

3 under color of state law, and (2) the defendant deprived him of rights secured by the

4 Constitution or federal law. Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir.

5 2006); see also Marsh v. Cnty. of San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing

6 “under color of state law”). A person deprives another of a constitutional right, “within the

7 meaning of § 1983, ‘if he does an affirmative act, participates in another's affirmative act, or

8 omits to perform an act which he is legally required to do that causes the deprivation of which

9 complaint is made.’” Preschooler II v. Clark Cnty. Sch. Bd. of Trs., 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th

10 Cir. 2007) (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978)). “The requisite causal

11 connection may be established when an official sets in motion a ‘series of acts by others which

12 the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to inflict’ constitutional harms.”

13 Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1183 (quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). This standard of

14 causation “closely resembles the standard ‘foreseeability’ formulation of proximate cause.”

15 Arnold v. Int'l Bus. Mach. Corp., 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981); see also Harper v. City

16 of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1026 (9th Cir. 2008).

17 A plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally participated in the

18 deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must be an actual

19 connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have

20 been suffered by the plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep't of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658,

21 691, 695 (1978).

22 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under section 1983 for the actions of

23 their employees under a theory of respondeat superior and, therefore, when a named defendant

24 holds a supervisory position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional

25 violation must be specifically alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77; Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d

26 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). To state a

27 claim for relief under section 1983 based on a theory of supervisory liability, Plaintiff must

28 allege some facts that would support a claim that the supervisory defendants either: personally

1 participated in the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights; knew of the violations and failed

2 to act to prevent them; or promulgated or “implemented a policy so deficient that the policy

3 ‘itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights' and is ‘the moving force of the constitutional

4 violation.’” Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989) (internal citations

5 omitted); Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). For instance, a supervisor may

6 be liable for his “own culpable action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his

7 subordinates,” “his acquiescence in the constitutional deprivations of which the complaint is

8 made,” or “conduct that showed a reckless or callous indifference to the rights of

9 others.” Larez v. City of Los Angeles, 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th Cir. 1991) (internal citations,

10 quotation marks, and alterations omitted).

11 “Local governing bodies … can be sued directly under § 1983 for monetary,

12 declaratory, or injunctive relief where … the action that is alleged to be unconstitutional

13 implements or executes a policy statement, ordinance, regulation, or decision officially adopted

14 and promulgated by that body's officers.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 690 (footnote omitted).

15 “Plaintiffs who seek to impose liability on local governments under § 1983 must prove that

16 action pursuant to official municipal policy caused their injury. Official municipal policy

17 includes the decisions of a government's lawmakers, the acts of its policymaking officials, and

18 practices so persistent and widespread as to practically have the force of law. These are

19 action[s] for which the municipality is actually responsible.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S.

20 51, 60–61 (2011) (internal citations and quotations omitted) (alteration in original).

21 B. Requirement to Allege Personal Participation

22 As discussed above, Plaintiff must demonstrate that each named defendant personally

23 participated in the deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there

24 must be an actual connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation

25 alleged to have been suffered by Plaintiff. See Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 695.

26 However, as to the individual defendants, Plaintiff has not provided any allegations

27 regarding how their actions or inactions caused the alleged constitutional deprivations

28 described in the complaint. In order to allow a claim to go forward against an individual,

1 Plaintiff must allege what his or her involvement was in the constitutional violation.

2 Plaintiff does list a number of individuals as defendants in the introduction to the

3 complaint, but Plaintiff again failed to tie any specific defendant to any action in the

4 complaint.2

5 C. Claims Regarding Access to Courts

6 a. Legal Standards

7 As the alleged actions apparently took place while Plaintiff was a pretrial detainee, his

8 conditions of confinement claim is brought under the Fourteenth as opposed to the Eighth

9 Amendment. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 (1979) (pretrial detainees may raise conditions

10 of confinement claims under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment rather than

11 the protections against cruel and unusual punishment afforded by the Eighth Amendment as to

12 post-conviction inmates).

13 Prisoners have a constitutional right of access to the courts. See Lewis v. Casey, 518

14 U.S. 343, 350 (1996); Bounds v. Smith, 430 U.S. 817, 821 (1977). The right is limited to the

15 filing of direct criminal appeals, habeas petitions, and civil rights actions. Id. at 354. Claims

16 for denial of access to the courts may arise from the frustration or hindrance of “a litigating

17 opportunity yet to be gained” (forward-looking access claim) or from the loss of a suit that

18 cannot now be tried (backward-looking claim). Christopher v. Harbury, 536 U.S. 403, 412-15

19 (2002); see also Silva v. Di Vittorio, 658 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2011), overruled on other

20 grounds by Coleman v. Tollefson, 575 U.S. 532 (2015) (differentiating “between two types of

21 access to court claims: those involving prisoners’ right to affirmative assistance and those

22 involving prisoners’ rights to litigate without active interference.”).

23 However, Plaintiff must allege “actual injury” as the threshold requirement to any

24 access to courts claim. Lewis, 518 U.S. at 351-53; Silva, 658 F.3d at 1104. An “actual injury”

25 is “actual prejudice with respect to contemplated or existing litigation, such as the inability to

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2 Plaintiff does allege that there were unconstitutional law library policies that interfered with his access

28 to the courts, and that the Sheriff was responsible for these policies. However, as described in these findings and

recommendations, Plaintiff has failed to state an access to the courts claim.

1 meet a filing deadline or to present a claim.” Lewis, 518 U.S. at 348; see also Jones v. Blanas,

2 393 F.3d 918, 936 (9th Cir. 2004) (defining actual injury as the “inability to file a complaint or

3 defend against a charge”).

4 In addition, Plaintiff must allege the loss of a “non-frivolous” or “arguable” underlying

5 claim. Harbury, 536 U.S. at 413-14. The nature and description of the underlying claim must

6 be set forth in the pleading “as if it were being independently pursued.” Id. at 417. Finally,

7 Plaintiff must specifically allege the “remedy that may be awarded as recompense but not

8 otherwise available in some suit that may yet be brought.” Id. at 415.

9 b. Application to Plaintiff’s Allegations

10 Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that his ability to access the library was so limited that

11 it was unreasonable.

12 However, Plaintiff has not sufficiently pled an actual injury. Plaintiff states that the

13 case of Terence W. Davis v. High Desert State Prison, et al., E.D. CA, Case No. 2:14-cv-

14 00404-EFB (E.D. Cal) “was wrongfully dismissed.” However, Plaintiff has not explained how

15 the lack of a law library or the policies and procedures regarding the processing of mail

16 prejudiced this case. The Court takes judicial notice3 of the entries in the case and observes

17 that the Court found that Plaintiff’s complaint failed to state a claim. Plaintiff was given leave

18 to amend, but Plaintiff failed to amend his complaint. The Court then dismissed Plaintiff’s case

19 “for failure to prosecute and for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.”

20 Davis v. High Desert State Prison, Case No. 2:14-cv-00404, ECF No. 16 at p. 2. Neither

21 Plaintiff’s allegations nor the entries in this case sufficiently show that Plaintiff was harmed by

22 the lack of a reasonable law library or the policies and procedures regarding the processing of

23 mail.

24 D. Claim Regarding Processing of Mail

25 It is not clear that Plaintiff is attempting to assert a separate claim based on the Jail’s

26 policies and procedures regarding the processing of his mail. To the extent that he is, he failed

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3 Fed. R. Evid. 201.

1 to state a claim because there are no allegations that any defendant interfered with Plaintiff’s

2 right to send or receive mail.

3 Inmates enjoy “a First Amendment right to send and receive mail.” Witherow v. Paff, 52

4 F.3d 264, 265 (9th Cir. 1995) (per curiam), and Plaintiff does allege that some of the mail he

5 sent was not received, and that he “believes” that he was not receiving all of mail sent to him

6 from about December 16, 2014, until January 9, 2015. However, Plaintiff does not provide any

7 specific examples, and does not allege how many pieces of mail were not properly processed.

8 Additionally, Plaintiff failed to connect the actions or inactions of any defendant to the

9 allegedly improperly processed mail.

10 Accordingly, to the extent Plaintiff is asserting a separate claim based on the processing

11 of his mail, Plaintiff has failed to state a claim.

12 E. Claims Regarding Disability Discrimination

13 To state a claim for violation of Title II of the ADA or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation

14 Act, a plaintiff must show that (1) he is a qualified individual with a disability; (2) he was

15 excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against with regard to a public

16 entity's services, programs, or activities; (3) such exclusion or discrimination was by reason of

17 his disability; and (4) (for the Rehabilitation Act claim) the public entity receives federal

18 financial assistance. Lovell v. Chandler, 303 F.3d 1039, 1052 (9th Cir. 2002).

19 Neither the ADA nor Rehabilitation Act provides a basis to sue government officials in

20 their individual capacities. See Vinson v. Thomas, 288 F.3d 1145, 1156 (9th Cir. 2002) (a

21 plaintiff cannot sue state officials in their individual capacities to vindicate rights created by

22 Title II of the ADA or section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act); Burgess v. Carmichael, 37 F.

23 App'x 288, 292 (9th Cir. 2002) (“Plaintiffs may sue only a ‘public entity’ for [ADA] violations,

24 not government officials in their individual capacities); Rines v. Riverside Cty. Jails Sheriffs,

25 2019 WL 6916005, at *11 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 7, 2019) (“a plaintiff cannot sue an official in his or

26 her individual capacity under the ADA or the [Rehabilitation Act]”).

27 In Duvall v. County of Kitsap, 260 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir. 2001), the Ninth Circuit stated

28 that “[t]o recover monetary damages under Title II of the ADA or the Rehabilitation Act, a

1 plaintiff must prove intentional discrimination on the part of the defendant.” Duvall, 260 F.3d

2 at 1138 (footnote omitted)). The Court held that deliberate indifference is the appropriate

3 standard to use in determining whether intentional discrimination occurred. Id. “Deliberate

4 indifference requires both knowledge that a harm to a federally protected right is substantially

5 likely, and a failure to act upon that likelihood.” Id. at 1139. “[I]n order to meet the second

6 element of the deliberate indifference test, a failure to act must be the result of conduct that is

7 more than negligent, and involves an element of deliberateness.” Id. at 1139.

8 Plaintiff repeatedly alleges that he was excluded from library programs on account of

9 his disability. However, he does not sufficiently describe the disability (Plaintiff simply states

10 that he has a “learning disability”). He also does not describe how he was excluded from

11 participation in a program on the basis of his learning disability.

12 F. Additional Claims

13 Under “Claim 1” in his complaint, Plaintiff lists numerous causes of action, including:

14 “Violation(s) of The Bill of Rights, 1st. 4th. 8th. 14th. Amndts, Due Process and Equal

15 Protection Stand Violations, (ADA.), 504. Rehab. Violations, Deliberate Indifference, Color of

16 Law, Color of Office, Et seq., Access to the Courts.”

17 “Rule 8(a)’s simplified pleading standard applies to all civil actions, with limited

18 exceptions.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506, 513 (2002). A complaint must

19 contain “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to

20 relief.” Fed. R. Civ. Pro. 8(a)(2). “Such a statement must simply give the defendant fair notice

21 of what the plaintiff's claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at

22 512 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Detailed factual allegations are not

23 required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere

24 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. Plaintiff must set forth

25 “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim that is plausible on its face.’” Id.

26 Plaintiff’s list of numerous potential causes of action does not satisfy Rule 8. Plaintiff

27 does not explain how the facts relate to each of these listed claims. Although the Court gave

28 leave to amend in order to allow Plaintiff to include a short and plain statement of the factual

1 || allegations that support each claim, Plaintiff's complaint is difficult to understand and does not

2 clearly state what actions relate to which claims.

3 IV. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

a The Court finds that the first amended complaint fails to state a cognizable claim upon

|| which relief may be granted. The Court does not recommend granting further leave to amend

© |! because the Court provided Plaintiff with applicable legal standards and an opportunity to

7 Il amend his complaint, yet Plaintiff's first amended complaint largely suffers from the same

|] defects as his original complaint.

° Accordingly, the Court HEREBY RECOMMENDS that:

1. This action be DISMISSED, with prejudice, based on Plaintiff's failure to state a

claim on which relief may be granted; and

2. The Clerk of Court be directed to close this case.

These findings and recommendations are submitted to the district judge assigned to the

case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within twenty-one (21) days after

16 being served with these findings and recommendations, Plaintiff may file written objections

7 with the court. Such a document should be captioned, “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s

1g || Findings and Recommendations.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the

19 || Specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d

20 || 834, 839 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).

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IT IS SO ORDERED.

23 || Dated: _ March 31, 2020 [see hey □□

DA UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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