Cooper v. Brown

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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 MELVIN COOPER, Case No. 1:15-cv-00648-LJO-SAB

12 Plaintiff, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

RECOMMENDING GRANTING

13 v. DEFENDANTS’ MOTION TO DISMISS

14 EDMUND G. BROWN, et al., ORDER VACATING SEPTEMBER 4, 2019

HEARING

15 Defendants.

(ECF Nos. 33-34, )

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OBJECTIONS DUE WITHIN FOURTEEN

17 DAYS

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19 Currently before the Court is Defendants’ motion to dismiss the above referenced action

20 on the grounds of qualified immunity. Plaintiffs did not file an opposition to the motion to

21 dismiss.

22 The Local Rule provides that a party who fails to file a timely opposition is not entitled to

23 be heard in opposition to the motion at oral argument. L.R. 230(c). Accordingly, the Court shall

24 vacate the September 4, 2019 hearing on the motion to dismiss and the parties are not required to

25 appear on that date.

26 I.

27 PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On April 28, 2015, Melvin Cooper, individually and as successor in interest to Rodney

1 Allen Cooper filed this action against defendants Edmund G. Brown Jr., Arnold

2 Schwarzenegger, Jeffrey Beard, Matthew Cate, Carl Wofford, and James Hartley. A first

3 amended complaint was filed on August 17, 2015, adding John E. Rogers as the representative of

4 the estate and Kathy Mendoza-Powers as a defendant in the action. The matter was stayed on

5 November 30, 2015 pending the resolution of the appeals in the related cases of Smith, et al. v.

6 Schwarzenegger, et al., appeal no. 15-17155, Hines v. Youssef, appeal no. 15-16145, and

7 Jackson, et al. v. Brown, et al., appeal no. 15-17076. On February 1, 2019, the Ninth Circuit

8 issued an order affirming the district court decision in Smith, et al. v. Schwarzenegger, et al.,

9 appeal no. 15-17155, and Hines v. Youssef, appeal no. 15-16145, and affirming in part and

10 reversing in part in Jackson, et al. v. Brown, et al., appeal no. 15-17076. The stay of this matter

11 was lifted on April 5, 2019. On July 25, 2019, after being granted an extension of time to

12 respond to the complaint, the named defendants filed the instant motion to dismiss.

13 II.

14 COMPLAINT ALLEGATIONS

15 Rodney Allen Cooper was a former inmate in the custody of the California Department of

16 Corrections (“CDCR”) and was housed at Avenal State Prison (“ASP”) which is located in the

17 Central Valley of California beginning in 2007. Mr. Cooper was of African-American descent,

18 was diagnosed with Valley Fever around 2009, and died on April 27, 2013. Plaintiff Melvin

19 Cooper is Rodney’s father. Plaintiff John E. Rogers is the appointed personal representative of

20 Rodney’s estate. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Edmond Brown, Jr. are former governors of the

21 State of California. The remaining defendants are current or former prison officials.

22 Plaintiffs bring this action against the state and prison officials alleging deliberate

23 indifferent in violation of the Eighth Amendment, racial discrimination in violation of the Equal

24 Protection Clause and a substantive due process claim for violation of the Fourteenth

25 Amendment.

26 Coccidioidomycosis (“Valley Fever”) is a serious infectious disease that is contracted

27 through the inhalation of an airborne fungus. Once the spores are inhaled and have lodged in

1 parasitic spherules. They can migrate through the blood into other tissues and organs.

2 Valley Fever spores are endemic in the soil of various areas of the Southwest, but

3 nowhere is more prevalent than in the the Central Valley of California. Most people who get

4 Valley Fever have minor symptoms that resolve by themselves within weeks. Certain

5 individuals are at a particularly high risk of developing the disseminated form of Valley Fever.

6 “Disseminated Valley Fever” commonly affects soft tissues, bones, joints, and the membranes

7 surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is progressive, painful, and debilitating. If left

8 untreated, it is uniformly fatal once it progresses to meningitis.

9 There is no cure for Disseminated Valley Fever and and surgical excision of tissue and

10 bone is the only medical response for some extrapulmonary infections. There are some drugs

11 that have been found to be effective in treating Disseminated Valley Fever, but they must be

12 taken daily for the remainder of the individual’s life. Seventy-five percent of the individuals

13 who stop taking the drugs will relapse into life-threatening disease within one year.

14 Plaintiffs contend that the named defendants were aware of the prevalence of Valley

15 Fever and located ASP, California Correctional Institution, California State Prison-Corcoran,

16 Wasco State Prison, North Kern State Prison, Pleasant Valley State Prison (“PVSP”), California

17 Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, and Kern Valley State Prison in the hyper-

18 endemic region of the San Joaquin Valley. Plaintiffs contend that the defendants knew that the

19 prisons were located in an area which host the Valley Fever spores; that certain inmates, such as

20 Asians, Hispanics, African-Americans, Filipinos, and American-Indians, and immune-

21 compromised individuals were at the highest risk of disseminated disease; and failed to

22 implement remedial measures to reduce inmate exposure to Valley Fever. A 2006 memo

23 described the infection rates within CDCR showing an increase from 2001 to 2006 with a

24 dramatic increase of incidents in 2006. Infection rates were as high as 7 % during 2006-2010.

25 The rate of Valley Fever is significantly higher at PVSP and ASP than the surrounding county.

26 Between 2006 and 2011, approximately 36 inmates died from Valley Fever. In November 2007,

27 CDCR implemented a policy that protected persons with certain medical conditions but did not

1 Fever.

2 Generally, the plaintiffs allege that each of the named defendants was aware of the

3 elevated risk of inmates in the hyper-endemic areas of contracting Valley Fever and that failure

4 to control inmate exposure to the soil in the areas increased the risk. Despite this knowledge, no

5 efforts were taken to remediate the inmates’ exposure to Valley Fever spores. Plaintiffs bring

6 this action seeking monetary damages.

7 III.

8 MOTION TO DISMISS LEGAL STANDARD

9 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), a party may file a motion to dismiss on

10 the grounds that a complaint “fail[s] to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.” A

11 motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro

12 v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). In deciding a motion to dismiss, “[a]ll allegations

13 of material fact are taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving

14 party.” Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337–38 (9th Cir. 1996). The pleading

15 standard under Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure does not require “ ‘detailed factual

16 allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully harmed-me

17 accusation.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v.

18 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). In assessing the sufficiency of a complaint, all well-

19 pleaded factual allegations must be accepted as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678-79. However,

20 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory

21 statements, do not suffice.” Id. at 678. To avoid a dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint

22 must plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550

23 U.S. at 570.

24 In deciding whether a complaint states a claim, the Ninth Circuit has found that two

25 principles apply. First, to be entitled to the presumption of truth the allegations in the complaint

26 “may not simply recite the elements of a cause of action, but must contain sufficient allegations

27 of underlying facts to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself

1 to require the defendant to be subjected to the expenses associated with discovery and continued

2 litigation, the factual allegations of the complaint, which are taken as true, must plausibly

3 suggest an entitlement to relief. Starr, 652 F.3d at 1216. “Dismissal is proper only where there

4 is no cognizable legal theory or an absence of sufficient facts alleged to support a cognizable

5 legal theory.” Navarro, 250 F.3d at 732 (citing Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696,

6 699 (9th Cir.1988)).

7 IV.

8 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

9 Defendants move to dismiss this action based upon the Ninth Circuit’ recent holding in

10 Hines v. Youseff, 914 F.3d 1218 (9th Cir. 2019). Defendants contend that Hines is controlling

11 and they are entitled to qualified immunity for housing inmates in prisons in which they were

12 exposed to Valley Fever. Further, Defendants state that Hines also found that inmates did not

13 have a clearly established right not to be segregated from certain prisons based on their race.

14 Finally, Defendants contend that a claim for loss of familial relationship is cognizable as a due

15 process violation where it shocks the conscious and the claim is subject to the same deliberate

16 indifference analysis as the Eighth Amendment claims. Defendants assert they are therefore

17 entitled to qualified immunity on all claims.

18 A. Qualified Immunity

19 The doctrine of qualified immunity protects government officials from civil liability

20 where “their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of

21 which a reasonable person would have known.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 231 (2009)

22 (quoting Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800, 818 (1982)). “ ‘Qualified immunity gives

23 government officials breathing room to make reasonable but mistaken judgments,’ and ‘protects

24 all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.’ ” Stanton v. Sims, 134

25 S.Ct. 3, 5 (2013) (citations omitted).

26 To determine if an official is entitled to qualified immunity the court uses a two part

27 inquiry. Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 200 (2001). The court determines if the facts as alleged

1 official would have known that his conduct was unlawful. Saucier, 533 U.S. at 200. A district

2 court is “permitted to exercise their sound discretion in deciding which of the two prongs of the

3 qualified immunity analysis should be addressed first in light of the circumstances in the

4 particular case at hand.” Pearson, 555 U.S. at 236. The inquiry as to whether the right was

5 clearly established is “solely a question of law for the judge.” Dunn v. Castro, 621 F.3d 1196,

6 1199 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Tortu v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t. 556 F.3d 1075, 1085 (9th

7 Cir. 2009)).

8 It is not required that there be a case directly on point before concluding that the law is

9 clearly established, “but existing precedent must have placed the statutory or constitutional

10 question beyond debate.” Stanton, 134 S.Ct. at 5 (quoting Ashcroft v. al–Kidd, 131 S.Ct. 2074,

11 2085 (2011). A right is clearly established where it is “sufficiently clear that every reasonable

12 official would [have understood] that what he is doing violates that right.” Hines, 914 F.3d at

13 1229 (quoting Reichle v. Howards, 566 U.S. 658, 664 (2012)).

14 In determining if the right is clearly established, the court must consider the law, “in light

15 of the specific context of the case, not as a broad general proposition.” Hines, 914 F.3d at 1229

16 (Mullenix v. Luna, 136 S.Ct. 305, 308 (2015)).

17 1. Eighth Amendment Claims

18 Defendants move for dismissal of the Eighth Amendment claim based on the Ninth

19 Circuit’s finding that it was not clearly established that to expose individuals to the risk of Valley

20 Fever would violate the Eighth Amendment.

21 In Hines, the Ninth Circuit did not consider whether exposing inmates to heightened

22 exposure of Valley Fever spores violated the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and

23 unusual punishment, but addressed whether the law was clearly established at the time the

24 defendants acted. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1229. While the court did not require a case on all fours,

25 the court found that in order for the law to be clearly established there would need to be

26 controlling authority or a robust of consensus of cases of persuasive authority that had previously

27 held that it would be cruel and unusual punishment to expose prisoners to a heightened exposure

1 findings, see Smith v. Schwarzenegger, 137 F.Supp.3d 1233, 1242-1251 (E.D. Cal. 2015), aff’d

2 sub nom. Hines, 914 F.3d 1218; the Ninth Circuit found that no such precedent exits, Hines, 914

3 F.3d at 1230. The court also found that the risk was not so clear or obvious that exposing

4 inmates to Valley Fever would violate the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 1230. More specifically,

5 the Court found it was not obvious so that no reasonable prison official would have thought that

6 free society would not have tolerated the risk. Id. at 1231. The plaintiffs failed to meet their

7 burden because “a federal court supervised the officials’ actions, and there is no evidence that

8 ‘society’s attitude had evolved to the point that involuntary exposure” to such a risk ‘violated

9 current standards of decency,’ especially given that millions of free individuals tolerate a

10 heightened risk of Valley Fever by voluntarily living in California’s Central Valley and

11 elsewhere. Those two facts mean that a reasonable official could have thought that he or she was

12 complying with the Constitution.” Id.

13 The Hines court held that the officials were entitled to qualified immunity against the

14 Eighth Amendment claims. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1232. The Ninth Circuit’s decision in Hines is

15 controlling in this action, and the Court finds that the defendants are entitled to qualified

16 immunity on Plaintiffs’ claims that housing inmates in an area where they were exposed to

17 heightened exposure to Valley Fever spores violated the Eighth Amendment.

18 2. Equal Protection Claims

19 Defendants similarly move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ equal protection claims based on the

20 Ninth Circuit’s finding that it was not clearly established that inmates had a right to be

21 segregated from certain Central Valley prisons based on their race.

22 Hines also held that prison officials were entitled to qualified immunity on claims that

23 they racially discriminated against African-American inmates by housing them where they were

24 exposed to Valley Fever. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1228. The Ninth Circuit recognized that the

25 plaintiff’s claim was an unusual equal protection claim, that it was a denial of equal protection

26 not to segregate prisoners by race. Id. at 1232. The Court found that to violate the Equal

27 Protection Clause it would have to be clearly established that treating people of all races the

1 was not clearly established.

2 First, from 2006 onward, the federal receiver supervised the prisons with multiple experts

3 providing recommendations. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1233. The exclusion policy went into effect in

4 2007, but it was not until April 2012 that experts proposed excluding African-American’s from

5 the affected prisons. Id. The receiver did not formally recommend a policy to exclude African-

6 Americans until November 2012. Id.

7 Second, the Constitution generally demands race neutrality and the Supreme Court has

8 unambiguously held that “ ‘all racial classifications’ are invalid unless they pass strict

9 scrutiny[;]” and therefore an express racial classification such as the inmates are proposing is

10 presumptively unconstitutional Hines, 914 F.3d at 1234.

11 Third, the Court held that a reasonable prison official could have thought that not

12 excluding African-Americans from the prison was consistent with the scientific data and pre-

13 2012 recommendations from experts. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1235. According to the expert reports

14 summarized in the January 2007 report, while 47 % of African-American inmates risk was due to

15 race alone, removing them from the prison would only reduce the number of Valley Fever cases

16 by 16 percent at the most and being African-American was not associated with more severe

17 disease. Id. The two largest risk factors were having a chronic medical condition and being

18 housed in a facility with more outdoor exposure. Id. Therefore, the recommendation was to

19 remove the persons at highest risk, which were those with chronic medical conditions, especially

20 pulmonary conditions. Id. It was reasonable to exclude inmates based on medical conditions

21 rather than based on race. Id.

22 Ultimately, the Ninth Circuit found that inmates did not have a clearly established right to

23 be segregated from certain Central Valley prisons based on their race. Hines, 914 F.3d at 1235.

24 The Court finds that Hines is controlling in this action, Defendants are entitled to qualified

25 immunity based on Plaintiffs’ allegations that African-American inmates were housed where

26 they were exposed to a heightened risk of Valley Fever. Id. The Court recommends that

27 Defendants’ motion to dismiss the equal protection claims on the basis of qualified immunity be

1 3. Substantive Due Process Claim

2 Defendants contend that they are also entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’

3 substantive due process claim for loss of familial relationship that arise out of the decedent’s

4 death. Defendants argue that the substantive due process claim is based on the same deliberate

5 indifference analysis as the decedent’s Eighth Amendment claims.

6 The Fourteenth Amendment Due Process Clause “protects persons against deprivations

7 of life, liberty, or property.” Wilkinson v. Austin, 545 U.S. 209, 221 (2005). The due process

8 clause protects two distinct but related rights: procedural due process and substantive due

9 process. Albright v. Oliver, 510 U.S. 266, 272 (1994). The substantive protections of the due

10 process clause bar certain governmental actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures that

11 are used to implement them. Cty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 840 (1998). Therefore,

12 the substantive protections of the due process clause are intended to prevent government officials

13 from abusing their power or employing it as an instrument of oppression. Lewis, 523 U.S. at

14 846. But “the due process guarantee does not entail a body of constitutional law imposing

15 liability whenever someone cloaked with state authority causes harm.” Id. at 848.

16 “[T]he substantive component of the Due Process Clause is violated by executive action

17 only when it ‘can properly be characterized as arbitrary, or conscience shocking, in a

18 constitutional sense.’ ” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 847; see also Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d 1131, 1137

19 (9th Cir. 2008) (“only official conduct that ‘shocks the conscience’ is cognizable as a due

20 process violation”). “[O]nly the most egregious official conduct can be said to be arbitrary in a

21 constitutional sense.” Brittain v. Hansen, 451 F.3d 982, 990 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Lewis, 523

22 U.S. at 846). The Ninth Circuit has recognized that parents have a constitutionally protected

23 liberty interest in the companionship and society of their children. Wheeler v. City of Santa

24 Clara, 894 F.3d 1046, 1057 (9th Cir. 2018); Chaudhry v. City of Los Angeles, 751 F.3d 1096,

25 1106 (9th Cir. 2014); Porter, 546 F.3d at 1136. Parents and children can assert a Fourteenth

26 Amendment claim if they are deprived of the companionship and society of their child or parent

27 though official conduct. Lemire v. California Dep’t of Corr. & Rehab., 726 F.3d 1062, 1075 (9th

1 To succeed on their substantive due process claim, Plaintiffs must show that the official’s

2 conduct shocks the conscious, Tatum v. Moody, 768 F.3d 806, 820 (9th Cir. 2014), which can be

3 demonstrated by 1) an official acting with deliberate indifference to the risk of harm; or 2) a

4 more demanding showing that the official acted with the purpose to harm the decedent for

5 reasons unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives, Porter, 546 F.3d at 1137. Which test

6 to apply depends on whether the circumstances are such that “actual deliberation is practical.”

7 Id. In the circumstances here, where the officials have the opportunity for actual deliberation, id.

8 at 1138, the deliberate indifference standard would apply. Lemire, 726 F.3d at 1075.

9 In evaluating the claims of interference with familial relations, it is that same allegation

10 of violations the decedent’s rights that provide the basis of the substantive due process claim.

11 Smith v. City of Fontana, 818 F.2d 1411, 1420 (9th Cir. 1987), overruled on other grounds by

12 Hodgers-Durgin v. de la Vina, 199 F.3d 1037 (9th Cir. 1999); Crowe v. Cty. of San Diego, 608

13 F.3d 406, 441 (9th Cir. 2010); see also Rhyne v. Henderson Cty., 973 F.2d 386, 391 (5th Cir.

14 1992) (allowing plaintiff to recover for her own injuries caused by the state’s deprivation of her

15 son’s constitutional rights). Where a claim for interference with familial relationships that is

16 integrally predicated upon, or entwined with, other conduct that is alleged to be unconstitutional,

17 the finding that the other conduct is constitutional generally will preclude recovery for

18 interference with familial relationship. See Gausvik v. Perez, 392 F.3d 1006, 1008 (9th Cir.

19 2004); Schaefer v. Goch, 153 F.3d 793, 799 (7th Cir.1998).

20 Here, the grounds for Plaintiffs’ substantive due process claim is that the defendants

21 housed the decedent in an area where he was exposed to a heightened risk of Valley Fever.

22 However as discussed above, Defendants are entitled to qualified immunity on Plaintiffs’ claims

23 that the decedent was housed where he was exposed to a heightened risk of Valley Fever under

24 both their Eighth Amendment and Equal Protection theory of liability. Therefore, the Court

25 recommends that Defendants’ motion to dismiss the familial association claim be granted.

26 V.

27 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1 1. Defendants’ motion to dismiss on the ground of qualified immunity be

2 GRANTED; and

3 2. This action be dismissed without leave to amend.

4 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that the September 4, 2019 hearing in Courtroom 9 is

5 | VACATED.

6 This findings and recommendations is submitted to the district judge assigned to this

7 | action, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and this Court’s Local Rule 304. Within fourteen

8 | (14) days of service of this recommendation, any party may file written objections to this

9 | findings and recommendations with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document

10 | should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” The

11 | district judge will review the magistrate judge’s findings and recommendations pursuant to 28

12 | U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified

13 | time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 839 (9th

14 | Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)).

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16 IT IS SO ORDERED. OF. nf ee

17 | Dated: _August 30, 2019 _ OO

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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