The opinion
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
WESTERN DISTRICT OF ARKANSAS
FAYETTEVILLE DIVISION
KORTNEY R. CLINE PLAINTIFF
V. CASE NO. 5:14-CV-5090
BOSTON SCIENTIFIC CORPORATION DEFENDANT
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
This case was transferred to this Court from the District Court for the Southern
District of West Virginia, where the Honorable Joseph R. Goodwin was presiding over
seven separate multi-district litigations (“MDL”) concerning products sold by Defendant
Boston Scientific Corporation (“BSC”). The instant matter was related to one of the seven
MDLs. See Transfer Order, Doc. 30. Though Judge Goodwin ruled on most of the pre-
trial issues concerning expert testimony, the parties represent that he did not fully rule on
five such motions: BSC’s Motion to Exclude Testimony of Jimmy W. Mays, M.D. (Doc.
52); BSC’s Motion to Exclude Testimony of Dr. Bruce Rosenzweig, M.D. (Doc. 57);
Plaintiff Kortney R. Cline’s First Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H. Spiegelberg,
Ph.D. (Doc. 62); Ms. Cline’s Second Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H.
Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 64); and Ms. Cline’s Third Motion to Exclude Testimony of
Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 68).1 The parties have directed the Clerk of Court
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1 The Court notes that these Motions were filed at various times during the course of the
MDL, and it appears that some of the briefing is quite stale. For example, BSC’s two
Motions were filed on November 4, 2019 (Doc. 52) and May 13, 2019 (Doc. 57), while
Ms. Cline’s three Motions were filed October 18, 2018 (Doc. 62), January 11, 2018 (Doc.
64), and August 1, 2014 (Doc. 68). Still, the parties represent that all of these Motions
require a ruling, so the Court has endeavored to treat each one as live—even though it is
obvious that the MDL court issued opinions on most, if not all, issues referenced in the
Motions. See Docs. 55, 60, 67, 70.
to attach all the relevant briefing for the Motions, as well as any prior orders entered by
Judge Goodwin with respect to the expert testimony of the witnesses identified in the
Motions.
The MDL record is composed of multiple cases, and within those cases over the
course of several years, Judge Goodwin has issued many orders concerning expert
testimony. The Court has therefore relied primarily on the parties to identify the pertinent
briefing and MDL orders related to the five Motions identified above. In the discussion
that follows, the Court will review the relevant law governing the exclusion of proposed
expert testimony and then address each Motion in turn.
I. LEGAL STANDARD
Whether to exclude expert testimony from trial is a decision committed to a district
court’s discretion, subject to the Federal Rules of Evidence, including Rule 702. Johnson
v. Mead Johnson & Co., LLC, 754 F.3d 557, 561 (8th Cir. 2014). Rule 702 states that:
A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience,
training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if:
(a) the expert’s scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will help
the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue;
(b) the testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (c) the testimony is the
product of reliable principles and methods; and (d) the expert has reliably
applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
The Eighth Circuit has “boiled down” these requirements into a three-part test:
First, evidence based on scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge must be useful to the finder of fact in deciding the ultimate issue
of fact. This is the basic rule of relevancy. Second, the proposed witness
must be qualified to assist the finder of fact. Third, the proposed evidence
must be reliable or trustworthy in an evidentiary sense, so that, if the finder
of fact accepts it as true, it provides the assistance the finder of fact requires.
Johnson, 754 F.3d at 561 (quoting Polski v. Quigley Corp., 538 F.3d 836, 839 (8th Cir.
2008)).
It follows that the proponent of expert testimony bears the burden of showing by a
preponderance of the evidence that the above requirements are satisfied; however,
“[c]ourts should resolve doubts regarding the usefulness of an expert’s testimony in favor
of admissibility.” See Marmo v. Tyson Fresh Meats, Inc., 457 F.3d 748, 757–58 (8th Cir.
2006). When assessing the validity of scientific information in particular, the trial court
may consider one or more of the following non-exclusive factors: “(1) whether the theory
or technique can be (and has been) tested; (2) whether the theory or technique has been
subjected to peer review and publication; (3) the known or potential rate of error; and (4)
whether the theory has been generally accepted [in the relevant scientific community].”
Lauzon v. Senco Prods., Inc., 270 F.3d 681, 687 (8th Cir. 2001) (citing Daubert v. Merrell
Dow Pharms., Inc., 509 U.S. 579, 593–94 (1993)). A district court possesses broad
discretion in making its reliability determination. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael, 526 U.S.
137, 142 (1999).
II. MOTIONS
A. BSC’s Motion to Exclude Testimony of Jimmy W. Mays, M.D.
BSC’s first Motion asks the Court to exclude certain expected testimony of Dr.
Jimmy W. Mays, a chemist. First, BSC observes that Dr. Mays “bases some of his
opinions [in his expert report] on testing that he and Dr. [Samuel P.] Gido conducted” on
the oxidative degradation of polypropylene pelvic mesh. (Doc. 52, p. 5). Dr. Mays’s report
references a study that was published in the scientific journal Biomaterials in December
of 2015. The article was titled “In Vivo Oxidative Degradation of Polypropylene Pelvic
Mesh,” and it was authored by Dr. Mays, Dr. Gido, and three other scientists. BSC’s
rationale for excluding any reference to this article—or to the experiments and data
discussed in the article—stems from previous Daubert rulings issued by the MDL court in
related cases. BSC contends that the studies conducted by Dr. Mays and Dr. Gido are
too scientifically unreliable to be the subject of expert testimony.
From the Court’s review of the docket, it appears that more than a year before the
Biomaterials article was published, the experiment that was the subject of the article was
discussed in a 2013 expert report written by Drs. Mays and Gido for the MDL case of
Tyree v. Boston Scientific Corporation, Civil Case No. 2:12-CV-08633 (S.D. W.Va.). In
the Tyree case, BSC raised a Daubert challenge to the Mays/Gido experiments, and
Judge Goodwin issued an order on October 17, 2014, finding that the testing described
in that report was too unreliable to be presented to the jury at trial. At the time, Judge
Goodwin was persuaded that Drs. Mays and Gido had failed to control for error or bias
and did not establish or adhere to testing protocols. See Tyree v. Bos. Sci. Corp., 54 F.
Supp. 3d 501, 535–37 (S.D. W.Va. 2014). Despite this adverse ruling, however, Judge
Goodwin found Dr. Mays competent to testify “generally that polypropylene is susceptible
to oxidation and degrades, without specifically referencing the unreliable testing he
conducted with Dr. Gido.” Id. at 539. Importantly, more than a year after Judge
Goodwin’s ruling, Drs. Mays and Gido partnered with other scientists to write an article
about the tests they conducted. That article was then published in 2015 in Biomaterials,
a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
In comparing the Daubert inquiry that was before the MDL court in 2014 to the
inquiry that is before this Court today, there are several material differences. First, the
instant Daubert challenge references an expert report written by Dr. Mays in 2018, not
2013. Second, the experiments Dr. Mays conducted with Dr. Gido have now been subject
to peer review and published in a scientific journal—which was not the case when the
MDL court was considering the reliability of the underlying experiments. Third, Dr. Mays’s
report from 2018 does not simply discuss his now-published experiments with Dr. Gido;
in addition, the report broadly reviews the literature concerning oxidation and degradation
of polypropylene under certain conditions and offers Dr. Mays’s opinions as an expert in
this field.
In deciding whether expert testimony should be excluded before trial, the Court
may reasonably consider whether the scientific theory at issue has been subjected to
peer review and publication. See Lauzon, 270 F.3d at 687. It strikes the Court that the
main difference between the Daubert inquiry now and the one that was before Judge
Goodwin in Tyree is that the experiments that were previously considered too unreliable
have now been subjected to peer review and publication in a scientific journal. In addition,
other scientists besides Drs. Mays and Gido co-authored the article, thus endorsing the
scientific reliability of the underlying experiments. Under the circumstances, the Court
finds the article sufficiently trustworthy in the evidentiary sense to warrant presentation to
the jury. Accordingly, Dr. Mays will be permitted to refer to the Biomaterials article and
discuss its contents, including his own participation in the testing referenced in the article
and his opinions concerning the results of that testing. The first request for exclusion is
therefore DENIED.
The next issue raised by BSC has to do with a component product of the mesh
devices, which is known as Marlex polypropylene. The companies that manufacture
Marlex propylene—Phillips Sumika and Chevron Phillips—issued a Material Data Safety
Sheet (“MSDS”) in 2004 that cautioned against the product’s use in human subjects. BSC
now argues that if Dr. Mays is permitted at trial “to opine about the potential reasons
behind Phillips Sumika and Chevron Phillips’ addition of the MSDS [Material Safety Data
Sheet] Medical Application Caution in 2004,” that testimony will not assist the jury, as it
goes to the manufacturers’ state of mind, which Dr. Mays could not possibly know. (Doc.
52, p. 7). In response, Ms. Cline observes that no such state-of-mind opinions appear in
Dr. Mays’s 2018 expert report. Instead, on a single page of the report, Dr. Mays quotes
from the MSDS for Marlex polypropylene and then claims the MSDS “cautions against
using the material in the human body . . . .” (Doc. 52, p. 96). Dr. Mays offers his own
opinion that the “[a]ddition of anti-oxidants to a polymer cannot permanently prevent its
oxidation” and that degradation or deterioration of the polymer is inevitable “as long as
the implant remains in the body.” Id. The Court agrees with Ms. Cline that Dr. Mays’s
report does not contain impermissible state-of-mind opinions about the makers of Marlex
polypropylene. He has merely paraphrased the MSDS warning and explained how his
own scientific opinion about the product reinforces the validity of the warning. For these
reasons, the second request for exclusion is DENIED.
Finally, BSC contends that “Dr. Mays attempts to opine on matters that go to the
state or mind or corporate intent of BSC,” when he states in his report that “BSC did not
take into account polypropylene’s propensity for oxidation during design of its seven
pelvic repair meshes.” Id. at pp. 7–8. BSC is correct that this testimony attempts to guess
at BSC’s corporate state of mind—and Ms. Cline concedes the point. See Doc. 53, pp.
9–10. The MDL court previously excluded this testimony in a related MDL case. See
Sanchez v. Bos. Sci. Corp., 2014 WL 4851989, at *30 (S.D. W. Va. June 13, 2016).
Accordingly, Dr. Mays’s opinion regarding what BSC did or did not take into account when
designing the device in question will be excluded under Federal Rule of Evidence 702,
and the third request in the Motion is GRANTED.
In sum, the Motion to Exclude Testimony of Jimmy W. Mays, M.D. (Doc. 52) is
GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The Motion is GRANTED as to Dr. Mays’s
state-of-mind opinion on what BSC “took into account” when designing the device but
DENIED in all other respects.
B. Motion to Exclude Testimony of Dr. Bruce Rosenzweig, M.D.
In BSC’s next Motion, it asks this Court to adopt the prior rulings made by the MDL
court on May 29, 2018, (Doc. 60), with respect to Dr. Rosenzweig’s causation testimony.
BSC contends that Dr. Rosenzweig, a licensed urogynecologist, offers the following
improper opinions in his expert report: (1) corporate state-of-mind opinions using BSC’s
internal documents; (2) opinions on the testing of mesh products; (3) opinions asserting
an association between mesh products and cancer; and (4) opinions about whether mesh
products should be used in the human body based on Dr. Rosenzweig’s review of the
MSDS warning for Marlex polypropylene. See Doc. 57, p. 2. Ms. Cline takes issue with
BSC’s first, second, and fourth arguments but claims the third one—concerning opinions
about a link between mesh and cancer—is moot because Dr. Rosenzweig has agreed
not to testify about alleged cancer risks associated with mesh products. The Court will
therefore confine its discussion to BSC’s first, second, and fourth arguments.
BSC first argues that Dr. Rosenzweig “spends a significant portion of his general
report regurgitating Boston Scientific’s internal documents, which were provided to him
by Plaintiffs’ counsel,” id. at p. 6, and does so only to insinuate BSC’s culpable corporate
state of mind. In the MDL, Judge Goodwin issued an order finding that Dr. Rosenzweig
was prohibited from offering state-of-mind testimony about BSC. See Doc. 60. Judge
Goodwin explained that “experts may not testify about what other parties did or did not
know,” as such testimony would not be based on the expert’s personal knowledge or
expertise, but would instead be rank speculation, which is unreliable in the evidentiary
sense. Id. at p. 4. In Dr. Rosenzweig’s expert report, see Doc. 57, pp. 115–17, he does,
in fact, explain the contents of several of BSC’s internal documents. While he claims to
do so only “for the purpose of explaining the basis for [his] opinions,” id. at p. 115, the
Court is skeptical for the reasons explained below.
Dr. Rosenzweig’s report at Section IV.A.7. is titled, “BSC Internal Documents
Concerning Mesh’s Defective Properties Are Consistent With and Support My Opinions
Expressed Herein.” See id. at pp. 115–17. As previously stated, this portion of the report
contains a summary of internal BSC documents, including Power Point presentations
presented to BSC by consultants and notes on medical presentations made to BSC by
outside clinicians. Despite how he characterizes these documents in this section of his
report, Dr. Rosenzweig does not actually rely on them to arrive at his own opinions on the
safety or efficacy of BSC’s product. Instead, he cites to the documents in an attempt to
illustrate BSC’s knowledge of its own wrongdoing. Clearly, Dr. Rosenzweig believes
BSC’s product is dangerous and poorly designed, so in a sense, BSC’s internal
documents can be read to support his opinion in this regard. However, as Judge Goodwin
explained in the Sanchez case, “[a]lthough an expert may testify about his or her review
of internal corporate documents solely for the purpose of explaining the basis for his or
her opinions—assuming the opinions are otherwise admissible—a party’s knowledge,
state of mind, or other matters related to corporate conduct and ethics are not appropriate
subjects of expert testimony because opinions on these matters will not assist the jury.”
2014 WL 4851989, at *4. This Court agrees. Accordingly, if Dr. Rosenzweig references
BSC’s internal documents at trial, as he did in Section IV.A.7. of this report, he may not
use the documents to illustrate what he believes to be BSC’s state of mind. He may, of
course, refer to any documents that he relied on in arriving at his own opinions.
Next, Section IV.C. of Dr. Rosenzweig’s report is titled, “BSC Disregarded Prior
Experience With The Protegen Device When Manufacturing the Advantage, Advantage
Fit, Lynx, Obtryx, Solyx, Prefyx, Pinnacle, and Uphold Products.” (Doc. 57 at pp. 127–
29). BSC contends that this section of the report also contains Dr. Rosenzweig’s opinions
on BSC’s corporate state of mind and should be excluded. Section IV.C. is, for the most
part, Dr. Rosenzweig’s review and critique of certain public-facing documents authored
by BSC. He concludes that the company made representations to the public regarding
the safety and effectiveness of its mesh products without having factual, clinical, medical,
and scientific support for those representations. To the extent Section IV.C. is a
straightforward critique of the product information that BSC presented to the public, there
is no argument by BSC that Dr. Rosenzweig lacks the experience and qualifications to
offer such a critique in light of his personal experience with patients who have been
implanted with the products. However, to the extent this section of the report speculates
as to why BSC discontinued the sale of any mesh products or failed to perform clinical
trials, see id. at p. 128, such speculation will be excluded as improper state-of-mind
opinion testimony. Accordingly, BSC’s first argument in favor of exclusion of certain
testimony is GRANTED as set forth above.
BSC’s second argument is that the Court should exclude Dr. Rosenzweig’s
opinions on the testing of mesh products, as his professional experience in product
development only involved the creation of a catheter in the late 1980s, and he did not
conduct any of his own testing on the product at issue here. Judge Goodwin opined in
the related MDL case of Griffin v. Boston Scientific, 2016 WL 3031700, at *11 (S.D. W.Va.
2016), that Dr. Rosenzweig was “unqualified to testify on the adequacy or inadequacy of
BSC’s product testing,” since he lacked experience, education, or knowledge about such
matters. BSC refers to certain pages of Dr. Rosenzweig’s report to highlight examples of
his improper opinions about BSC’s testing methods.
In reviewing Dr. Rosenzweig’s qualifications as an expert, the Court notes that he
is Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Rush University Medical Center
in Chicago, Illinois. (Doc. 57, p. 86). He has written articles and delivered lectures on
such topics as pelvic organ prolapse, urinary incontinence, and repair of pelvic organ
relapse. Id. at p. 87. He has also performed “over a thousand pelvic floor surgical
procedures” and has used “numerous synthetic pelvic mesh products” in these surgeries.
Id. The Court finds that Dr. Rosenzweig is qualified to opine on the nature and
characteristics of mesh products, including the Obtryx Transobturator Mid-Urethral Sling
System (“Obtryx”) that Ms. Cline had implanted in her body. He is also qualified to opine
about how such products are implanted in the body and the positive and negative
outcomes patients experience, given his surgical practice and research in those areas.
Finally, he may discuss the medical literature he has reviewed concerning the structure
and performance of mesh products in the human body. What he may not testify about is
whether BSC should have undertaken further and more extensive testing of the Obtryx
before offering it for sale. In this regard, the Court adopts Judge Goodwin’s opinion in
Griffin that there is insufficient evidence that Dr. Rosenzweig is qualified to opine on
BSC’s product testing. Accordingly, BSC’s second argument in favor of exclusion is
GRANTED.
Lastly, the Court examines BSC’s fourth argument in favor of exclusion, which
claims Dr. Rosenzweig should be precluded from opining that BSC’s mesh devices
should not be used in the body because a component product, Marlex polypropylene,
carries with it a warning about the risks of permanent human implantation. BSC
references Judge Goodwin’s earlier opinion in Griffin that Dr. Rosenzweig “lacks the
experience and knowledge necessary to opine on what testing a manufacturer should
perform on his products” and should not be permitted to testify “that BSC did not perform
the necessary testing that it should have to investigate the MSDS warning” concerning
Marlex polypropylene. 2016 WL 3031700, at *12. The Court adopts Judge Goodwin’s
reasoning in Griffin and finds that Dr. Rosenzweig is not qualified to provide expert
testimony on the quality and quantity of testing that BSC “should have done” in view of
the product warning associated with Marlex polypropylene. The testimony to be excluded
appears in the expert report at Document 57, pages 107 to 109. Accordingly, the fourth
argument in favor of exclusion is GRANTED.
To sum up, the Court resolves the Motion to Exclude Testimony of Dr. Bruce
Rosenzweig, M.D. (Doc. 57) as follows: The Motion is GRANTED IN PART as to
testimony regarding BSC’s state of mind, whether BSC should have conducted further
testing of its mesh products before offering them for sale, and whether BSC should have
conducted testing in view of the product warning associated with Marlex polypropylene.
The Motion is MOOT IN PART as to testimony concerning an alleged link between mesh
products and cancer.
C. First Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D.
Ms. Cline’s First Motion regarding Dr. Spiegelberg concerns testimony he offered
in a supplemental expert report dated April 11, 2018. (Doc. 62, pp. 15–18).2 Initially, she
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asserts that Dr. Spiegelberg does not have the qualifications to claim that “Boston
Scientific followed regulatory and industry standards in the design and manufacture of its
polypropylene mesh devices, including its failure analysis and testing of its devices.” Id.
at p. 18. According to Ms. Cline, Dr. Spiegelberg is not qualified to opine on the design
or manufacture of any of the mesh products that were at issue in the MDL because his
“expertise lies within the field of chemical engineering, like Dr. Mays—not medical device
regulatory compliance . . . .” Id. at p. 7. She further characterizes his testimony on
regulatory and industry standards as ipse dixit. In response, BSC admits Dr. Spiegelberg
is not qualified to opine about the Food and Drug Administration’s (“FDA”) certification
process—and will not do so at trial—but is well qualified to testify about International
Organization for Standardization (“ISO”) standards and American Society for Testing and
Materials (“ASTM”) standards for medical devices. The Court agrees with BSC on this
point.
Dr. Spiegelberg holds a Ph.D. in chemical engineering and specializes in the area
of polymer characterization, including assisting clients in product analysis and
modification. Id. at pp. 44–45. At the time he authored the expert report in question, he
2 The Court understands that nearly every expert, including Dr. Spiegelberg, produced
multiple expert reports during the course of the years-long MDL. The discussion in this
section of the Opinion is limited to statements Dr. Spiegelberg made in a report authored
in April of 2018, as that is the only report referenced in this particular Motion.
was the task force chairman for ASTM standards “involving the cleanliness of biomedical
devices and characterization methods for polymers” and “co-chair on standards for
characterization techniques for polyolefins.” Id. at p. 46. In addition, he is “president and
co-founder of Cambridge Polymer Group, Inc.” and in that capacity “direct[s] a team of
scientists who perform contract research, analytical testing, and device development for
the biomedical and polymer communities, as well as other fields.” Id. at p. 44. The Court
finds Dr. Spiegelberg experienced, educated, and qualified to provide reliable expert
testimony in accordance with Rule 702 on the regulatory and industry standards for the
design or manufacture of mesh products, including the Obtryx that was implanted in Ms.
Cline. With that said, Dr. Spiegelberg may not specifically opine on the FDA’s particular
testing and certification processes and standards, as he admittedly has no FDA-related
training or experience.
Lastly, Ms. Cline maintains that Dr. Spiegelberg failed to consider contrary
literature when he criticized certain aspects of the Mays/Gido study published in
Biomaterials. According to Ms. Cline, “[i]n reaching [his] opinion, Dr. Spiegelberg failed
to consider the Thompson (2017) study that criticized the cleaning methodology in the
Thames study.” Id. at p. 10. Ms. Cline concludes that Dr. Spiegelberg’s entire critique
must be deemed “unreliable” because the scientific literature refutes his ultimate
conclusions. Id. BSC responds that the Thompson study is more of an “editorial” than a
scientific paper and was written “by a mesh plaintiffs’ attorney and plaintiffs’ experts,” so
Dr. Spiegelberg’s failure to cite to it is of little consequence. (Doc. 63, pp. 4–5).
The Court finds that Ms. Cline’s criticism of Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinions on the
Mays/Gido study go to the weight and credibility of his findings rather than to their
admissibility. Ms. Cline’s counsel is free to cross-examine Dr. Spiegelberg regarding the
bases for his scientific opinions and may suggest that the scientific literature is in conflict
with his views and/or that he failed to consider all relevant studies. Regardless, given Dr.
Spiegelberg’s training and qualifications, it cannot be said that his opinions will not
possibly offer any assistance to the jury. “As a general rule, the factual basis of an expert
opinion goes to the credibility of the testimony, not the admissibility, and it is up to the
opposing party to examine the factual basis for the opinion in cross-examination.”
Loudermill v. Dow Chem. Co., 863 F.2d 566, 570 (8th Cir. 1988). Moreover, Dr.
Spiegelberg’s critique of Ms. Cline’s experts, see Doc. 62, pp. 17–18, is simply that—a
critique—and not, as Ms. Cline suggests, an attempt to suggest a legal opinion.
Accordingly, Ms. Cline’s First Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H.
Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 62) is DENIED.
D. Second Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D.
In this Motion, Ms. Cline takes issue with the cleansing/preparation protocol Dr.
Spiegelberg employed during his physical examination of explanted mesh and with the
techniques he used to analyze the mesh. She contends his methods are unreliable and
should not be presented to the jury. First, Ms. Cline points out that Dr. Spiegelberg’s
earlier expert reports referenced and relied on so-called “position statements” published
by medical organizations. Ms. Cline admits Dr. Spiegelberg “did not include opinions
relating to any positions statements . . . in his current report” but nonetheless asks the
Court to “find any opinions or testimony regarding position statements improper.” (Doc.
64, p. 4). Ms. Cline does not cite the Court to any of Dr. Spiegelberg’s prior opinions that
contain the problematic position statements. Further, she agrees his report from 2018
does not contain those references. It is not the Court’s job to read through the entire
record searching for expert reports in order to find testimony that one side or the other
might find problematic. That is counsel’s job. Therefore, Ms. Cline’s first request to
exclude Dr. Spiegelberg’s testimony is DENIED AS MOOT.
Second, Ms. Cline urges the Court to exclude Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinions regarding
Chevron Phillips’s “state of mind” when it issued a product warning in its MSDS for Marlex
polypropylene. Ms. Cline argues that Dr. Spiegelberg “should not be permitted to
speculate regarding the scientific validity of this [MSDS product] warning” because the
reasons why Chevron Phillips placed the warning on its product are not known to Dr.
Spiegelberg, and any speculation he might offer in that regard will not assist the jury.
(Doc. 64, p. 5). BSC responds that Dr. Spiegelberg “is not offering opinions regarding
Chevron Phillips’ state of mind or intent regarding the Medical Application Caution.” (Doc.
65, p. 4). Instead, Dr. Spiegelberg intends to testify about “whether there is scientific
evidence that polypropylene should or should not be permanently implanted in the human
body,” based on his review of the literature and personal observations about the product.
Id. at p. 5. The Court finds that Ms. Cline’s second objection seeking to exclude testimony
is DENIED. Dr. Spiegelberg, a chemical engineer with experience evaluating the
chemical composition of biomedical devices, is qualified to offer an expert opinion on
whether Marlex polypropylene is dangerous when implanted in the human body, and
relatedly, whether the MSDS warning the manufacturer placed on the product is justified
or appropriate in view of the medical data he reviewed and studies he conducted. This
sort of expert testimony is not improper and would assist the factfinder in understanding
the product at issue in the lawsuit. In addition, BSC avers that Dr. Spiegelberg is aware
that he is not permitted to offer state-of-mind opinions concerning the corporate
motivations behind Chevron Phillips’s decision to include certain information in the MSDS.
Third, Ms. Cline seeks to exclude Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinions on matters related to
FDA product-approval requirements and compliance with FDA regulatory standards. As
previously discussed, see supra, Section II.C., the Court found Dr. Spiegelberg qualified
to testify about ISO and ASTM product standards but not qualified to testify about the
FDA’s certification, testing, and review process. Ms. Cline’s request therefore appears to
be MOOT in view of the fact that BSC has assured the Court that Dr. Spiegelberg will not
testify about the FDA’s compliance and approval processes or reference the FDA when
testifying on product standards.
Fourth, Ms. Cline contends the Court should exclude Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinion
about the cause of “black specks” observed on the explanted mesh product. These black
specks were noted by another scientist, Dr. Russell F. Dunn, in the explanted samples
he tested. See Doc. 64-1, p. 13. Dr. Spiegelberg believes the specks Dr. Dunn observed
are simply reflections of light and not defects or inclusions in the mesh. The Court notes
that this sort of scientific disagreement is commonplace and is an appropriate subject for
cross-examination, particularly when the dueling scientists are both qualified to assert
their expert opinions and have personally examined the product at issue. The Court
therefore declines to exclude Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinions on black specks, as it is
undisputed that he examined the explanted mesh using scientific procedures that can be
reproduced, and he formed his opinions according to his scientific training and specialized
knowledge of mesh and similar products. The fourth request to exclude testimony is
DENIED.
Fifth, Ms. Cline criticizes the methodology Dr. Spiegelberg used to examine and
test samples of explanted mesh. She claims he prepared and cleaned the mesh using a
unique protocol he developed, and she believes the chemicals he used may have
damaged the samples and “create[d] reactive species that could destroy plaintiffs’
evidence of oxidation.” (Doc. 64, p. 8). She also believes “proper care was not taken to
understand or prevent the destruction of evidence in Plaintiffs’ explanted samples,” and
therefore, “Dr. Spiegelberg could not possibly tell a jury that his protocol did not destroy
evidence of oxidation—the very thing that he claims he was looking for.” Id. at p. 9.
BSC responds by explaining that Dr. Spiegelberg’s testing protocol involved the
following steps: (1) removing biologic tissue and materials from samples, (2) conducting
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (“FTIR”) and Scanning Electron Microscopy
(“SEM”) on all samples, and (3) conducting Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (“EDS”) on
any samples containing “cracking,” as observed in the SEM. (Doc. 65, p. 8). According
to Dr. Spiegelberg, his method for cleaning explanted medical devices is in line with
standard laboratory practices as well as the ASTM’s recommended protocols. He
confirmed this in his deposition. See id. at pp. 121–23. As for Ms. Cline’s claim that his
cleaning protocols destroyed evidence that she had hoped to present about the properties
of explanted mesh, BSC responds that Ms. Cline’s “own experts had access to the same
specimen samples and could have completed testing to affirm their theory of oxidation.”
Id. at p. 10.
The Court concludes that Ms. Cline’s objections to Dr. Spiegelberg’s testing
methods do not warrant excluding his testimony as unreliable or deficient. The Court, as
gatekeeper for expert testimony, need only be persuaded that the proposed evidence is
reliable or trustworthy in an evidentiary sense and potentially helpful to the factfinder to
allow the testimony to be admitted under Rule 702. BSC has carried its burden to show
that Ms. Cline’s dispute with Dr. Spiegelberg’s cleaning protocols is nothing more than a
fair topic for vigorous cross-examination. Accordingly, the fifth request to exclude
testimony is DENIED.
The sixth and final argument in Ms. Cline’s Second Motion is that Dr. Spiegelberg
“should be prevented from making sweeping statements regarding any lack of evidence—
either in peer-reviewed literature or from his own examinations—to indicate that
polypropylene mesh oxidizes in vivo, when those opinions are based on FTIR or EDS
results, alone.” (Doc. 64, pp. 11–12). BSC responds that Dr. Spiegelberg’s opinions are
not based on FTIR or EDS alone; instead, they are based “on his experience and
knowledge working with polymers and biomaterials, his review of the scientific and
medical literature, and his own testing and analysis of polypropylene inside and outside
of litigation.” (Doc. 65, p. 12). The Court agrees with BSC. To the extent Dr. Spiegelberg
previously made certain admissions concerning the limitations of the FTIR or EDS testing
procedures, Ms. Cline’s counsel may bring up those admissions on cross-examination.
The sixth request to exclude testimony is therefore DENIED.
In sum, Ms. Cline’s Second Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H.
Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 64) is DENIED IN PART AND MOOT IN PART, as specifically
set forth above.
E. Third Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D.
Ms. Cline’s Third Motion begins by raising a topic that has already been discussed
previously in this opinion: the admissibility of opinions referencing medical industry
“position statements.” The Third Motion, which was written in 2014, refers to an expert
report by Dr. Spiegelberg dated June 2, 2014. See Doc. 68, pp. 4–9. In that report, Dr.
Spiegelberg referenced a January 2014 position statement issued by the American
Urogynecologic Society and the Society of Urodynamics, Female Pelvic Medicine &
Urogenital Reconstruction that states, “Polypropylene material is safe and effective as a
surgical implant” and “has been used in most surgical specialties . . . for over five decades,
in millions of patients in the US and the world . . . .” Id. at pp. 6–7. Ms. Cline points out
that Dr. Spiegelberg is a chemical engineer, not a medical doctor, and he therefore lacks
the background and qualifications to evaluate these position statements critically; instead,
he is merely quoting them because they tend to support his own opinion that the mesh
product is safe. Though BSC responds that Dr. Spiegelberg “never offers opinions about
the correctness, or validity of these statements,” (Doc. 69, p. 4), this is not entirely true.
It is clear from context that Dr. Spiegelberg cites to the position statements in his June
2014 expert report in order to lend greater credence to his own opinion that the mesh is
safe—even though he has no background or experience similar to the doctors who crafted
and issued those statements. The Court therefore GRANTS Ms. Cline’s request to
exclude this testimony under Rule 702.
Next, Ms. Cline objects to Dr. Spiegelberg’s references in his June 2014 report to
Chevron Phillips’s MSDS warning about Marlex polypropylene. Ms. Cline contends that
Dr. Spiegelberg improperly opines that Chevron Phillips included the product warning only
to protect itself against future liability and did not have a true, scientific basis for
suggesting that Marlex polypropylene might be unsafe for human implantation. In Ms.
Cline’s view, Dr. Spiegelberg’s testimony attempts to explain Chevron Phillips’s state of
mind when it issued the warning, and Dr. Spiegelberg lacks the ability to offer such state-
of-mind testimony. Judge Goodwin already considered this exact issue in an order issued
on October 29, 2014. See Doc. 70, pp. 102–03. He reasoned that Dr. Spiegelberg’s
attempt to infer the knowledge, motivations, intent, or state of mind of Chevron Phillips is
not the subject of proper expert testimony. The Court agrees with his reasoning and
adopts his conclusions. Accordingly, Ms. Cline’s second request for exclusion regarding
Dr. Spiegelberg’s 2014 report is GRANTED.
In sum, Ms. Cline’s Third Motion to Exclude Testimony of Stephen H. Spiegelberg,
Ph.D. (Doc. 68) is GRANTED.
III. CONCLUSION
IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that BSC’s Motion to Exclude Testimony of Jimmy
W. Mays, M.D. (Doc. 52) is GRANTED IN PART AND DENIED IN PART. The Motion is
GRANTED as to Dr. Mays’s state-of-mind opinion on what BSC “took into account” when
designing the device but DENIED in all other respects.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that BSC’s Motion to Exclude Testimony of Dr. Bruce
Rosenzweig, M.D. (Doc. 57) is GRANTED IN PART AND MOOT IN PART.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Ms. Cline’s First Motion to Exclude Testimony of
Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 62) is DENIED.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Ms. Cline’s Second Motion to Exclude Testimony
of Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 64) is DENIED IN PART AND MOOT IN PART.
IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that Ms. Cline’s Third Motion to Exclude Testimony of
Stephen H. Spiegelberg, Ph.D. (Doc. 68) is GRANTED.
IT IS SO ORDERED on this 29" day of March, 2021.
wr 6 A: OOKS
UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE
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