# 385 Ch. 890: Ch. 890: Manufactured Home Installation Standards

> Maine · Regulations · In force

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/STATE_ME_CMR_00_385_890

## Section

- **Citation:** 385 Ch. 890
- **Heading:** Ch. 890: Manufactured Home Installation Standards
- **Jurisdiction:** Maine
- **Kind:** Regulations
- **Status:** In force
- **Text as of:** August 14, 2026
- **Source:** Compiled text
- **Location:** Code of Maine Rules / -385 Department of Professional and Financial Regulation Rules / Ch. 890

## Text

SUMMARY: These rules are drafted pursuant to 10 M.R.S. §9061, 42 U.S.C. §5404(c)(2)(section 605(c)(2) to implement the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974. This chapter sets forth minimum requirements for the initial installation of new manufactured homes in accordance with federal standards.
SUBCHAPTER A– GENERAL
I.	Administration
A.	Scope
These Installation Standards provide minimum requirements for the initial installation of new manufactured homes, in accordance with Section 605 of the Act (42 U.S.C. §5404). The Installation Standards are one component of the Manufactured Home Installation Program in Part 3286, and upon effect, serve as the basis for developing the manufacturers’ installation instructions as required by Section II of this subchapter. The manufacturers’ installation instructions, including specific methods for performing a specific operation or assembly, will be deemed to comply with these Installation Standards, provided they meet or exceed the minimum requirements of these Installation Standards and do not take the home out of compliance with the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (MHCSS) (24 CFR part 3280). Work necessary to join all sections of a multi-section home specifically identified in Subchapters G, H, and I, or work associated with connecting exterior lights, chain-hung light fixtures, or ceiling-suspended fans, as specifically identified in Subchapter H, is not considered assembly or construction of the home, although design of those elements of a manufactured home must comply with the MHCSS. However, work associated with the completion of hinged roofs and eaves in Subchapter I, Section I and other work done on-site and not specifically identified in this part as close-up is considered construction and assembly and is subject to the requirements of the MHCSS and the Manufactured Home Procedural and Enforcement Regulation (MHPER) (24 CFR part 3282)
tured home must comply with the MHCSS. However, work associated with the completion of hinged roofs and eaves in Subchapter I, Section I and other work done on-site and not specifically identified in this part as close-up is considered construction and assembly and is subject to the requirements of the MHCSS and the Manufactured Home Procedural and Enforcement Regulation (MHPER) (24 CFR part 3282). This standard covers the installation of manufactured homes, wherever located.
B.	Intended Usage of Manufactured Homes Covered Under these Standards
The provisions of these standards are intended to apply to manufactured homes (single section, multiple section or expanded types) for use as a single family dwelling. The following homes are included:
Those units constructed after June 15, 1976, which the manufacturer certifies are constructed in compliance with the HUD standard, meaning structures, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode, are 8 body feet or more in width and 40 body feet or more in length or, when erected on site, are 320 or more square feet, and which are built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as dwellings, with or without permanent foundations, when connected to the required utilities, including plumbing, heating, air conditioning and electrical systems contained therein; except that such term shall include any structure which meets all the requirements of this paragraph except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification required by the Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and complies with the standards established under the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974.
Note 1:	These standards do not apply to manufactured housing used for other than dwelling purposes
ts and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification required by the Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development and complies with the standards established under the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974.
Note 1:	These standards do not apply to manufactured housing used for other than dwelling purposes.
Note 2:	These standards do not apply to recreational vehicles as defined in NFPA 1192, Standard on Recreational Vehicles, or to park trailers as defined in ANSI A119.5, Park Model Recreational Vehicle Standard.
Note 3:	These standards do not apply to the installation of used homes.
C.	Applicability
The standards set forth herein have been established to accomplish certain basic objectives and are not to be construed as relieving manufacturers, dealers, mechanics, or other parties of their responsibility for compliance with other applicable ordinances, codes, regulations, and laws. The new manufactured homes covered by these standards must comply with requirements of the MHCSS Program, as set forth in 24 CFR parts 3280 and, 3282, MHPER, as well as the Manufactured Home Installation Program, 24 CFR part 3286, and the Dispute Resolution Program, 24 CFR part 3288. The requirements of this chapter do not apply to homes installed on site-built permanent foundations when the manufacturer certifies the home in accordance with Section 3282.12.
These standards apply only to new manufactured homes as defined in Section V(AA) of this subchapter and to new manufactured housing as defined in 10 M.R.S. §9002(7)(A) and does not apply to modular or other types of manufactured dwellings. This standard is designed for the safety and health of manufactured home users.
These standards do not relieve the manufactured home owner or occupant from responsibilities for the proper use and maintenance of a manufactured home.
II.	Manufacturer Installation Instructions
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ctured housing as defined in 10 M.R.S. §9002(7)(A) and does not apply to modular or other types of manufactured dwellings. This standard is designed for the safety and health of manufactured home users.
These standards do not relieve the manufactured home owner or occupant from responsibilities for the proper use and maintenance of a manufactured home.
II.	Manufacturer Installation Instructions
A.	Instructions Required
A manufacturer must provide with each new manufactured home, installation designs and instructions that have been approved by the Secretary or Design Approval Primary Inspection Agency (DAPIA). The approved installation instructions must include all topics covered in the Model Installation Standards for the installation of manufactured homes. These installation instructions and any variations there to that are prepared to comply with Paragraph C of this section must provide protection to residents of the manufactured homes that equals or exceeds the protection provided by these installation standards and must not take the manufactured home out of compliance with the MHCSS. These instructions must insure that each home will be supported and anchored in a manner that is capable of meeting or exceeding the design loads required by the MHCSS.
Professional Engineer or Registered Architect Certification
A professional engineer or registered architect must prepare and certify that the manufacturer’s installation instructions meet or exceed the installation standards for foundation support and anchoring whenever:
The manufacturer’s installation instructions do not conform in their entirety to the minimum requirements or tables or their conditions for foundation support and anchoring of these standards; or
An alternative foundation system or anchoring system is employed, including designs for basements and perimeter support foundation systems, whether or not it is included in the installation instructions; or
Materials such as metal piers or alternatives to concrete footing materials are required by the in
ents or tables or their conditions for foundation support and anchoring of these standards; or
An alternative foundation system or anchoring system is employed, including designs for basements and perimeter support foundation systems, whether or not it is included in the installation instructions; or
Materials such as metal piers or alternatives to concrete footing materials are required by the installation instructions; or
Foundation support and anchoring systems are designed for use in areas subject to freezing or for use in areas subject to flood damage or high seismic risk; or
Foundation support and anchoring systems are designed to be used in special snow load conditions or in severe wind design areas; or
Site conditions do not allow the use of the manufacturer’s installation instructions; or
There are any other circumstances in which the manufacturer’s installation instructions would not permit the home to be installed in conformance with the installation standards or the MHCSS.
Variations to Installation Instructions
Before an installer provides support or anchorage that are different than those methods specified in the manufacturer’s installation instructions, or when the installer encounters site or other conditions (such as areas that are subject to flood damage or high seismic risk) that prevent the use of the instructions, the installer must:
a.	First attempt to obtain DAPIA-approved designs and instructions prepared by the manufacturer; or
b.	If designs and instructions are not available from the manufacturer, obtain an alternative design prepared and certified by a registered professional engineer or registered architect for the support and anchorage of the manufactured home that is consistent with the manufactured home design, conforms to the requirements of the MHCSS, and has been approved by the manufacturer and the DAPIA.
The manufacturer’s installation instructions must include an explanation of the requirement in Paragraph (C)(1) of this section
d by a registered professional engineer or registered architect for the support and anchorage of the manufactured home that is consistent with the manufactured home design, conforms to the requirements of the MHCSS, and has been approved by the manufacturer and the DAPIA.
The manufacturer’s installation instructions must include an explanation of the requirement in Paragraph (C)(1) of this section.
Installer Certification
In making the certification of the installation required under part 3286, upon effect, an installer must certify that it completed the installation in compliance with either the manufacturer’s instructions or with an alternate installation design and instructions that have been prepared by the manufacturer or prepared in compliance with Paragraph C of this section. The installer will comply with this section for new homes by affixing a completed State of Maine Installation Warranty Seal to the home.
Temporary Storage
The installation instructions must provide at least one method for temporarily supporting each transportable section of a manufactured home, to prevent structural and other damage to the home, when those section(s) are temporarily sited at the manufacturer’s facility, dealer’s lot, or the home site.
III.	Alterations during Initial Installation
Additions, modifications, replacement or removal of any equipment that affects the installation of the home made by the manufacturer, dealer or mechanic prior to completion of the installation must equal or exceed the protections and requirements of these Installation Standards, the MHCSS (24 CFR part 3280) and the MHPER (24 CFR part 3282)
he home site.
III.	Alterations during Initial Installation
Additions, modifications, replacement or removal of any equipment that affects the installation of the home made by the manufacturer, dealer or mechanic prior to completion of the installation must equal or exceed the protections and requirements of these Installation Standards, the MHCSS (24 CFR part 3280) and the MHPER (24 CFR part 3282). An alteration, as defined in 3282.7, must not affect the ability of the basic manufactured home to comply with the MHCSS, and the alteration must not impose additional loads to the manufactured home or its foundation, unless the alteration is included in the manufacturer’s DAPIA-approved designs and installation instructions, or is designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect consistent with the manufacturer’s design and that conforms to the requirements of the MHCSS.
IV.	Incorporation by Reference
A.	The materials listed in this section are incorporated by reference (“IBR”) in the corresponding sections noted. These incorporations by reference were approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. These materials are available for purchase at the corresponding addresses noted below, and all are available for inspection at the Office of Manufactured Housing Programs, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 451 Seventh Street, SW, Room 9164, Washington, DC 20410; or the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call (202) 741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.
B.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), 2800 Shirlington Road, Suite 300, Arlington, Virginia 22206:
1.	ACCA Manual J, Residential Load Calculation, 8th Edition, IBR approved for Subchapter F, Section III (A)(1)(a)(i).
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NARA, call (202) 741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.
B.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from the Air Conditioning Contractors of America (ACCA), 2800 Shirlington Road, Suite 300, Arlington, Virginia 22206:
1.	ACCA Manual J, Residential Load Calculation, 8th Edition, IBR approved for Subchapter F, Section III (A)(1)(a)(i).
C.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from APA-The Engineered Wood Association, 7011 South 19th Street, Tacoma, Washington 98411, telephone number (253) 565-6600, fax number (253) 565-7265:
1. PS1-95, Construction and Industrial Plywood (with typical APA trademarks), 1995 edition, IBR approved for Subchapter D, Section XII (A)(2)(a).
D.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30329-2305:
1. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, 1997 Inch-Pound Edition, IBR approved for Subchapter F, Section III (A)(1)(a).
E.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania 19428-2959:
1.	ASTM C 90-02a, Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units, 2002, IBR approved for Subchapter D, Section XII(A)(1)(a).
2.	ASTM D 1586-99, Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils, 1999, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C).
ASTM D 2487-00, Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), 2000, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C).
ASTM D 2488-00, Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure), 2000, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C)
pling of Soils, 1999, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C).
ASTM D 2487-00, Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), 2000, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C).
ASTM D 2488-00, Standard Practice for Description and Identification of Soils (Visual-Manual Procedure), 2000, IBR approved for Subchapter C, Section II(C).
ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals, 1997, IBR approved for Subchapter E, Section II(B)(2) and Note 10 to Table 1 to Subchapter E, Section II.
F.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from American Wood-Preservers’ Association (AWPA), PO Box 388, Selma, Alabama 36702:
1.	AWPA M4-02, Standard for the Care of Preservative-Treated Wood Products, 2002, IBR approved for Subchapter D, Section XII(A)(2)(c).
2.	AWPA U1-04, Use Category System; User Specification for Treated Wood, 2004, IBR approved for Subchapter D, Section III(B)(1), Subchapter D, Section XII(A)(2)(b), and Subchapter F, Section IV(C).
G.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from the Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA), 500 C Street, SW, Washington, DC 20472:
1.	FEMA 85/September 1985, Manufactured Home Installation in Flood Hazard Areas, 1985, IBR approved for Subchapter B, Section II(D)(3).
H.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, Massachusetts 02169-7471:
1.	NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil Burning Equipment, 2001 edition, IBR approved for Subchapter J.
2.	NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 2005 edition, IBR approved for Subchapter H, Section II (E)(1) and Subchapter J.
NFPA 501A, Standard for Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities, 2003 edition, IBR approved for
Subchapter B, Section I.
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1:
1.	NFPA 31, Standard for the Installation of Oil Burning Equipment, 2001 edition, IBR approved for Subchapter J.
2.	NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 2005 edition, IBR approved for Subchapter H, Section II (E)(1) and Subchapter J.
NFPA 501A, Standard for Fire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, Sites, and Communities, 2003 edition, IBR approved for
Subchapter B, Section I.
I.	The materials listed below are available for purchase from the Structural Engineering Institute/American Society of Civil Engineers (SEI/ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, Virginia 20191:
1.	SEI/ASCE 32-01, Design and Construction of Frost Protected Shallow Foundations, 2001, IBR approved for Subchapter D, Section XII(B)(2)(b) and Subchapter D, Section XII(B)(3)(b).
V.	Definitions
The definitions contained in this section apply to the terms used in these installation standards. Where terms are not included, common usage of the terms applies. The definitions are as follows:
“Act” means the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974, 42 U.S.C. 5401-5426.
“Alteration” means the replacement, addition, and modification, or removal of any equipment or installation after sale by a manufacturer to a dealer but prior to sale by a dealer to a purchaser which may affect the construction, fire safety, occupancy, plumbing, heat-producing or electrical system. It includes any modification made in the manufactured home which may affect the compliance of the home with the standards, but it does not include the repair or replacement of a component or appliance requiring plug-in to an electrical receptacle where the replaced item is of the same configuration and rating as the one being replaced. It also does not include the addition of an appliance requiring plug-in to an electrical receptacle, which appliance was not provided with the manufactured home by the manufacturer, if the rating of the appliance does not exceed the rating of the receptacle to which it is connected.
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n electrical receptacle where the replaced item is of the same configuration and rating as the one being replaced. It also does not include the addition of an appliance requiring plug-in to an electrical receptacle, which appliance was not provided with the manufactured home by the manufacturer, if the rating of the appliance does not exceed the rating of the receptacle to which it is connected.
C.	“Anchor assembly” means any device or other means designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground.
D.	“Anchoring equipment” means ties, straps, cables, turnbuckles, chains, and other approved components, including tensioning devices that are used to secure a manufactured home to anchor assemblies.
E.	“Anchoring system” means a combination of anchoring equipment and anchor assemblies that will, when properly designed and installed, resist the uplift, overturning, and lateral forces on the manufactured home and on its support and foundation system.
F.	“Approved” means complying with the requirements of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (when used in connection with any material, appliance or construction).
G.	“Arid region” means an area subject to 15 inches or less of annual rainfall.
H.	“Base flood” means the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year.
I.	“Base flood elevation (BFE)” means the elevation of the base flood, including wave height, relative to the datum specified on a LAHJ’s flood hazard map.
J.	“Comfort cooling certificate” means a certificate permanently affixed to an interior surface of the home specifying the factory design and preparations for air conditioning the manufactured home.
K.	“Crossovers” means the utility interconnections in multi-section homes that are located where the sections are joined. Crossover connections include heating and cooling ducts, electrical circuits, water pipes, drain plumbing, and gas lines.
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tificate permanently affixed to an interior surface of the home specifying the factory design and preparations for air conditioning the manufactured home.
K.	“Crossovers” means the utility interconnections in multi-section homes that are located where the sections are joined. Crossover connections include heating and cooling ducts, electrical circuits, water pipes, drain plumbing, and gas lines.
L.	“Design Approval Primary Inspection Agency (DAPIA)” means a state or private organization that has been accepted by the Secretary in accordance with the requirements of Part 3282, Subchapter H, which evaluates and approves or disapproves manufactured home designs and quality control procedures.
M.	“Diagonal tie” means a tie intended to resist horizontal or shear forces, but which may resist vertical, uplift, and overturning forces.
N. “Flood hazard area” means the greater of either: The special flood hazard area shown on the flood insurance rate map; or the area subject to flooding during the design flood and shown on a LAHJ’s flood hazard map, or otherwise legally designated.
O.	“Flood hazard map” means a map delineating the flood hazard area and adopted by a LAHJ.
P.	“Footing” means that portion of the support system that transmits loads directly to the soil.
Q.	“Foundation” means a site-built or site assembled system of stabilizing devices which are capable of transferring design dead loads and live loads required by Federal Regulations and other design loads unique to local home sites due to wind and water conditions, that are imposed by or upon the structure into the underlying soil bedrock without failure.
R.	“Ground anchor” means a specific anchoring assembly device designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground
devices which are capable of transferring design dead loads and live loads required by Federal Regulations and other design loads unique to local home sites due to wind and water conditions, that are imposed by or upon the structure into the underlying soil bedrock without failure.
R.	“Ground anchor” means a specific anchoring assembly device designed to transfer home anchoring loads to the ground.
“Installation” means the placing of manufactured housing on a foundation or supports at a building site and the assembly and fastening of structural components of manufactured housing, including the completed roof system, as specified by the manufacturer’s installation instructions and in accordance with the rules of the Board. Installation also includes the connection to existing services, including but not limited to electrical, oil, water, sewage and similar systems that are necessary for the use of the manufactured housing for dwelling purposes.
“Installation instructions” means DAPIA–approved instructions provided by the home manufacturer that accompany each new manufactured home and detail the home manufacturer requirements for support and anchoring systems, and other work completed at the installation site to comply with these Model Installation Standards and the MHCSS in 24 CFR Part 3280.
“Installation standards” means reasonable specifications for the installation of a new manufactured home, at the place of occupancy, to ensure proper siting, the joining of all sections of the home, and the installation of stabilization, support or anchoring systems.
“Installer” means any licensed manufacturer or dealer or an employee of a licensed manufacturer or dealer, or a person licensed as a mechanic, who engages in the process of affixing, assembling or setting up of manufactured housing on foundations or supports at a building site
oper siting, the joining of all sections of the home, and the installation of stabilization, support or anchoring systems.
“Installer” means any licensed manufacturer or dealer or an employee of a licensed manufacturer or dealer, or a person licensed as a mechanic, who engages in the process of affixing, assembling or setting up of manufactured housing on foundations or supports at a building site.
“Labeled” means a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose labeling is indicated compliance with nationally recognized standards or tests to determine suitable usage in a specified manner.
“Listed or certified” means included in a list published by a nationally recognized testing laboratory, inspection agency, or other organization concerned with product evaluation that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials, and by whose listing states either that the equipment or material meets nationally recognized standards or has been tested and found suitable for use in a specified manner.
“Local authority having jurisdiction (LAHJ)” means the municipality that has local responsibilities that must be complied with during the installation of a manufactured home and those local responsibilities are outside the jurisdiction of the Maine Manufactured Housing Board.
“Lowest floor” means the floor of the lowest enclosed area of a manufactured home. An unfinished or flood resistant enclosure, used solely for vehicle parking, home access, or limited storage, must not be considered the lowest floor, provided the enclosed area is not constructed so as to render the home in violation of the flood-related provision of this Standard
Maine Manufactured Housing Board.
“Lowest floor” means the floor of the lowest enclosed area of a manufactured home. An unfinished or flood resistant enclosure, used solely for vehicle parking, home access, or limited storage, must not be considered the lowest floor, provided the enclosed area is not constructed so as to render the home in violation of the flood-related provision of this Standard.
“Manufactured home” means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which in the traveling mode, is 8 body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained in the structure. The term includes all structures that meet the above requirements, except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification pursuant to part 3282.13 and complies with the MHCSS set forth in part 3280. This term does not include any self-propelled recreational vehicle. Calculations used to determine the number of square feet in a structure will include the total of square feet for each transportable section comprising the completed structure and will be based on the structure’s exterior dimensions measured at the largest horizontal projections when erected on-site. These dimensions will include all expandable rooms, cabinets, and other projections containing interior space, but do not include bay windows. Nothing in this definition should be interpreted to mean that a manufactured home necessarily meets the requirements of HUD’s Minimum Property Standards (HUD Handbook 4900.1) or that it is automatically eligible for financing under 12 U.S.C. 1709(b) certification
dimensions will include all expandable rooms, cabinets, and other projections containing interior space, but do not include bay windows. Nothing in this definition should be interpreted to mean that a manufactured home necessarily meets the requirements of HUD’s Minimum Property Standards (HUD Handbook 4900.1) or that it is automatically eligible for financing under 12 U.S.C. 1709(b) certification.
MHCSS or “part 3280” means the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards established in part 3280, pursuant to section 604 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. §5403.
“Manufactured Home Installation Program or “part 3286” means the Manufactured Home Installation Program established in 24 CFR part 3286.
MHPER or “part 3282” means the Manufactured Home Procedural and Enforcement Regulations established in 24 CFR part 3282.
“Manufactured home gas supply connector” means a listed connector designed for connecting the manufactured home to the gas supply source.
“Manufactured home site” means a designated parcel of land designed for the installation of one manufactured home for the exclusive use of the occupants of the home.
“Board” means the State of Maine Manufactured Housing Board.
“Manufactured Housing Consensus Committee or MHCC” means the consensus committee established pursuant to section 604(a)(3) of the Act, 42 U.S.C. §5403(a)(3).
“Model Installation Standards” means the installation standards established pursuant to section 605 of the Act, 42 U.S.C. § 5404.
“Pad” means that area which has been established for the placement of a home.
“Penetrometer” means an instrument for determining the consistency or hardness of a substance by measuring the depth or rate of penetration of a rod or needle driven into it by a known force.
LL.	“Pier” means that portion of the support system between the footing and the manufactured home, exclusive of caps and shims.
MM.	“Ramada” means any freestanding roof or shade structure, installed or erected above a manufactured home or any portion thereof.
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consistency or hardness of a substance by measuring the depth or rate of penetration of a rod or needle driven into it by a known force.
LL.	“Pier” means that portion of the support system between the footing and the manufactured home, exclusive of caps and shims.
MM.	“Ramada” means any freestanding roof or shade structure, installed or erected above a manufactured home or any portion thereof.
NN.	“Secretary” means the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, or an official of HUD delegated the authority of the Secretary with respect to the Act.
OO.	“Set-up” means the work performed and operations involved in the placement and securing of a manufactured home or any portion thereof and includes the connection of existing electrical, oil, gas, water, sewage, and similar systems.
PP.	“Shall” indicates a mandatory requirement.
QQ.	“Should” indicates a recommendation which is advised but not required.
RR.	“Skirting” means weather-resistant material used to enclose the perimeter, under the living area of the home, from the bottom of the manufactured home to grade.
SS.	“Stabilizing devices” means all components of the anchoring and support systems, such as piers, footings, ties, anchoring equipment, anchoring assemblies, or any other equipment, materials and methods of construction, that support and secure the manufactured home to the ground.
TT.	“State” means each of the several States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands and American Samoa.
UU.	“Support system” means pilings, columns, footings, piers, foundation walls, shims, and any combination thereof that, when properly installed, support the manufactured home.
VV.	“Tie” means straps, cable, or securing devices used to connect the manufactured home to anchoring assemblies.
WW.	“Ultimate load” means the absolute maximum magnitude of load that a component or system can sustain, limited only by failure.
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ans pilings, columns, footings, piers, foundation walls, shims, and any combination thereof that, when properly installed, support the manufactured home.
VV.	“Tie” means straps, cable, or securing devices used to connect the manufactured home to anchoring assemblies.
WW.	“Ultimate load” means the absolute maximum magnitude of load that a component or system can sustain, limited only by failure.
XX.	“Uncontrolled fill” means fill materials that are placed without control of the content of the fill materials or without adequate compaction to assure a bearing capacity without undue settlement. For purposes of these standards, uncontrolled fill shall mean fill materials containing organic matter or fills which are placed without compaction necessary to provide a uniform bearing capacity of 1000 lbs./ft.
YY.	“Utility connection” means the connection of the manufactured home to utilities that include, but are not limited to, electricity, water, sewer, gas, or fuel oil.
ZZ.	“Vertical tie” means a tie intended to resist uplifting and overturning forces.
AAA.	“Wind zone” means the areas designated on the Basic Wind Zone Map, as further defined in Appendix A to this chapter.
BBB.	“Working load” means the maximum recommended load that may be exerted on a component or system determined by dividing the ultimate load of a component or system by an appropriate factor of safety.
VI.	Final Leveling of Manufactured Home
Refer to Subchapter J.
VII.	Preoccupancy Inspections
Generally
Board staff will conduct pre-occupancy inspections of 30% of all new manufactured homes installed in Maine. The 30% will be selected randomly from locations throughout the state. For homes that pass inspection, a seal will be affixed in the kitchen sink cabinet certifying compliance with these manufactured home installation standards
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Refer to Subchapter J.
VII.	Preoccupancy Inspections
Generally
Board staff will conduct pre-occupancy inspections of 30% of all new manufactured homes installed in Maine. The 30% will be selected randomly from locations throughout the state. For homes that pass inspection, a seal will be affixed in the kitchen sink cabinet certifying compliance with these manufactured home installation standards. For homes that do not pass inspection, a notice of violation and order of correction will be issued to the manufacturer, dealer or mechanic who performed the installation in the manner described in Chapter 370, Section 5(A) of the Board’s rules. The licensee shall respond to the notice of violation and order of correction as set forth in Chapter 370, and the provisions of Chapter 370 shall apply to any further proceedings arising from the notice of violation and order of correction. For purposes of this chapter, model homes are considered new homes if they have never been occupied.
B.	Emailing Purchase Information to Board
A dealer shall email the following information to the executive director of the Board immediately after receiving an order for manufactured housing from a purchaser:
1.	The name and address of the dealer;
2.	The manufacturer of the home;
3.	The serial number of the home;
4.	The estimated date of delivery;
5.	The name of the purchaser; and
6.	The anticipated physical address of the home.
NOTE: The current email address of the executive director is — robert.v.leclair@maine.gov.
C.	Response from Board
The Board will respond by email to the dealer. The response will state whether or not the home reported by the dealer has been selected for pre-occupancy inspection.
D.	Inspection
If the home has been selected for pre-occupancy inspection, the dealer shall notify the executive director of the Board by email when the home is installed and ready for occupancy, but prior to actual occupancy. The Board will then coordinate a date and time for the pre-occupancy inspection with the dealer
he home reported by the dealer has been selected for pre-occupancy inspection.
D.	Inspection
If the home has been selected for pre-occupancy inspection, the dealer shall notify the executive director of the Board by email when the home is installed and ready for occupancy, but prior to actual occupancy. The Board will then coordinate a date and time for the pre-occupancy inspection with the dealer. The Board will use its best efforts to perform the pre-occupancy inspection within 5 business days after receipt of notice from the dealer. The dealer shall be present at the pre-occupancy inspection. If the home passes inspection, the seal will be affixed by the inspector at the conclusion of the inspection and a copy of the inspection report will be mailed to the dealer.
E.	Fee
The fee for the pre-occupancy inspection is established by the Director of the Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation and appears in Chapter 10, Section 5(24) of the rules of the Office of Professional and Occupational Regulation, entitled “Establishment of License Fees.” The Board will bill the dealer for the fee. The dealer shall pay the fee within 30 days of receipt. Failure to timely pay the fee will result in disciplinary action against the dealer.
SUBCHAPTER B–PRE-INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS
I.	Fire Separation
No portion of a manufactured home, excluding the hitch, shall be located closer than 10 feet (3 meters) side to side, 8 feet (2.4 meters) end to side, or 6 feet (1.8 meters) end to end horizontally from any other manufactured home or community building unless the exposed composite walls and roof of either structure are without openings and constructed of materials that will provide a 1 hour fire-resistance rating or the structures are separated by a 1 hour fire-rated barrier.
II.	Installation of Manufactured Homes in Flood Hazard Areas
Definitions
Except to the extent otherwise in Subchapter A, the terms used in this subchapter are as defined in 44 CFR 59.1 of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations
hout openings and constructed of materials that will provide a 1 hour fire-resistance rating or the structures are separated by a 1 hour fire-rated barrier.
II.	Installation of Manufactured Homes in Flood Hazard Areas
Definitions
Except to the extent otherwise in Subchapter A, the terms used in this subchapter are as defined in 44 CFR 59.1 of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) regulations.
Applicability
The provisions of this section apply to the initial installation of new manufactured homes located wholly or partly within the flood hazard area.
Pre-Installation Considerations
Prior to the initial installation of a new manufactured home, the installer is responsible for determining whether the manufactured home site lies wholly or partly within a special flood hazard area as shown on the LAHJ’s Flood Insurance Rate Map, Flood Boundary and Floodway Map, or Flood Hazard Boundary Map, or if no LAHJ, in accordance with NFIP regulations. If so located, and before an installation method is agreed upon, the map and supporting studies adopted by the LAHJ must be used to determine the flood hazard zone and base flood elevation at the site.
D.	General Elevation and Foundation Requirements
Methods and Practices
Manufactured homes located wholly or partly within special flood hazard areas must be installed on foundations engineered to incorporate methods and practices that minimize flood damage during the base flood, in accordance with the LAHJ, 44 CFR 60.3(a) through (e) and other provisions of 44 CFR referenced by those paragraphs.
Outside Appliances
a.	Appliances installed on the manufactured home site in flood hazard areas must be anchored and elevated to or above the same elevation as the lowest elevation of the lowest floor of the home.
b.	Appliance air inlets and exhausts in flood hazard areas must be located at or above the same elevation as the lowest elevation of the lowest floor of the home
nced by those paragraphs.
Outside Appliances
a.	Appliances installed on the manufactured home site in flood hazard areas must be anchored and elevated to or above the same elevation as the lowest elevation of the lowest floor of the home.
b.	Appliance air inlets and exhausts in flood hazard areas must be located at or above the same elevation as the lowest elevation of the lowest floor of the home.
Related guidance
Refer to FEMA 85/September 1985, Manufactured Home and Installation in Flood Hazard Areas (incorporated by reference).
III.	Site Suitability with Design Zone Maps
Prior to the initial installation of a new manufactured home and as part of making the certification of the installation required under part 3286 of the Federal standards, upon effect, the installer is to verify that the design and construction of the manufactured home, as indicated on the design zone maps provided with the home, are suitable for the site location where the home is to be installed. The design zone maps are those identified in part 3280 of the Federal standards.
Wind Zone
Manufactured homes must not be installed in a wind zone that exceeds the design wind loads for which the home has been designed, as evidenced by the wind zone indicated on the home’s data plate. Maine wind zones are described in Appendix A to this chapter.
Roof Load Zone
Manufactured homes must not be located in a roof load zone that exceeds the design roof load for which the home has been designed as evidenced by the roof load zone indicated on the home’s data plate. Maine roof load zones are described in Appendix A to this chapter.
Thermal Zone
Manufactured Homes must not be installed in a thermal zone that exceeds the thermal zone for which the home has been designed as evidenced by the thermal zone indicated on the heating/cooling certificate and insulation zone map. The manufacturer may provide the heating/cooling information and insulation zone map on the home’s data plate.
IV
are described in Appendix A to this chapter.
Thermal Zone
Manufactured Homes must not be installed in a thermal zone that exceeds the thermal zone for which the home has been designed as evidenced by the thermal zone indicated on the heating/cooling certificate and insulation zone map. The manufacturer may provide the heating/cooling information and insulation zone map on the home’s data plate.
IV.	Alterations and On-Site Structures
Refer to Subchapter J for considerations related alterations and on-site structures.
SUBCHAPTER C – SITE PREPARATION
I.	Soil Conditions
To help prevent settling or sagging, the foundation must be constructed on firm, undisturbed soil or fill compacted to at least 90 percent of its maximum relative density. All organic material such as grass, roots, twigs, and wood scraps must be removed in areas where footings are to be placed. After removal of organic material, the home site must be graded or otherwise prepared to ensure adequate drainage, in accordance with Subchapter C, Section III. Homes shall not be installed on uncontrolled fill.
II.	Soil Classifications and Bearing Capacity
The soil classification and bearing capacity of the soil must be determined before the foundation is constructed and anchored. The soil classification and bearing capacity must be determined by one or more of the following methods, unless the soil bearing capacity is established as permitted in Paragraph F of this section:
Soil tests that are in accordance with generally accepted engineering practice; or
Soil records of the applicable LAHJ; or
If the soil class or bearing capacity cannot be determined by test or soil records, but its type can be identified, the soil classification, allowable pressures, and torque values shown in the table to this section may be used
ished as permitted in Paragraph F of this section:
Soil tests that are in accordance with generally accepted engineering practice; or
Soil records of the applicable LAHJ; or
If the soil class or bearing capacity cannot be determined by test or soil records, but its type can be identified, the soil classification, allowable pressures, and torque values shown in the table to this section may be used.
A pocket penetrometer; or
In lieu of determining the soil bearing capacity by use of the methods shown in the table, an allowable pressure of 1,500 psf may be used, unless the site-specific information requires the use of lower values based on soil classification and type.
If the soil appears to be composed of peat, organic clays or uncompacted fill, or appears to have unusual conditions, a registered professional geologist, registered professional engineer, or registered architect must determine the soil classification and maximum allowable soil bearing capacity.
Table to Subchapter C, Section II – Soil Classifications and Bearing Capacity
ASTM D 2487–00 or D 2488–00, (incorporated by reference)
Notes to Table
1.	The values provided in this table have not been adjusted for overburden pressure, embedment depth, water table height, or settlement problems.
2.	For Soils classified as CH or MH, without either torque probe values or blow count test results, selected anchors must be rated for a 4B soil.
3.	The torque test probe is a device for measuring the torque value of soils to assist in evaluating the holding capacity of the soil in which the ground anchor is placed. The shaft must be of suitable length for the full depth of the ground anchor.
4.	The torque value is a measure of the load resistance provided by the soil when subject to the turning or twisting force of the probe.
III
4B soil.
3.	The torque test probe is a device for measuring the torque value of soils to assist in evaluating the holding capacity of the soil in which the ground anchor is placed. The shaft must be of suitable length for the full depth of the ground anchor.
4.	The torque value is a measure of the load resistance provided by the soil when subject to the turning or twisting force of the probe.
III.	Site Drainage
Purpose
Drainage must be provided to direct surface water away from the home to protect against erosion of foundation supports and to prevent water build-up under the home, as shown in the Figure to Subchapter C, Section III – Site Drainage.
The home site must be graded as shown in the Figure to Subchapter C, Section III - Site Drainage, or other methods, such as a drain tile and automatic sump pump system, must be provided to remove any water that may collect under the home.
All drainage must be diverted away from the home and must slope a minimum of one-half inch per foot away from the foundation for the first ten feet. Where property lines, walls, slopes, or other physical conditions prohibit this slope, the site must be provided with drains or swales or otherwise graded to drain water away from the structure as shown in the Figure to Subchapter C, Section III – Site Drainage.
Sloped Site Considerations
The home, where sited, must be protected from surface runoff from the surrounding area.
E.	Gutters and Downspouts
Manufacturers must specify in their installation instructions whether the home is suitable for the installation of gutters and downspouts. If suitable, the installation instructions must indicate that when gutters and downspouts are installed, the runoff must be directed away from the home.
Figure to Subchapter C, Section III – Site Drainage
IV.	Ground Moisture Control
Vapor Retarder
If the space under the home is to be enclosed with skirting or other materials, a vapor retarder must be installed to cover the ground under the home
s. If suitable, the installation instructions must indicate that when gutters and downspouts are installed, the runoff must be directed away from the home.
Figure to Subchapter C, Section III – Site Drainage
IV.	Ground Moisture Control
Vapor Retarder
If the space under the home is to be enclosed with skirting or other materials, a vapor retarder must be installed to cover the ground under the home.
Vapor Retarder Material
A minimum of six mil polyethylene sheeting or its equivalent must be used.
Proper Installation
The entire area under the home must be covered with the vapor retarder as noted in Paragraph A of this section, except for areas under open porches, decks, and recessed entries. Joints in the vapor retarder must be overlapped at least 12 inches.
The vapor retarder may be placed directly beneath footings, or otherwise installed around or over footings placed at grade, and around anchors or other obstructions.
Any voids or tears in the vapor retarder must be repaired. At least one repair method must be provided in the manufacturer’s installation instructions.
SUBCHAPTER D– FOUNDATIONS
I.	General
A.	Foundations for manufactured home installations must be designed and constructed in accordance with this subchapter and must be based on site conditions, home design features, and the loads the home was designed to withstand, as shown on the home’s data plate.
B.	Foundation systems that are not pier and footing type configurations may be used when verified by engineering data and designed in accordance with Subchapter D, Section I(D), consistent with the design loads of the MHCSS. Pier and footing specifications that are different than those provided in this subchapter, such as block size, metal piers, section width, loads, and spacing, may be used when verified by engineering data and comply with Subchapter D, Section I(C) and (D) and are capable of resisting all design loads of the MHCSS.
C
e with Subchapter D, Section I(D), consistent with the design loads of the MHCSS. Pier and footing specifications that are different than those provided in this subchapter, such as block size, metal piers, section width, loads, and spacing, may be used when verified by engineering data and comply with Subchapter D, Section I(C) and (D) and are capable of resisting all design loads of the MHCSS.
C.	All foundation details, plans, and test data must be designed and certified by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, and must not take the home out of compliance with the MHCSS.
D.	Alternative foundation systems or designs are permitted in accordance with either of the following:
1.	Systems or designs must be manufactured and installed in accordance with their listings by a nationally recognized testing agency based on a nationally recognized testing protocol; or
2.	System designs must be prepared by a registered professional engineer or a registered architect in accordance with acceptable engineering practice and must be installed so as not to take the home out of compliance with the MHCSS (part 3280).
II.	Flood Hazard Areas
In flood hazard areas, foundations, anchorings, and support systems must be capable of resisting loads associated with design flood and wind events, or combined wind and flood events, and homes must be installed on foundation supports that are designed and anchored to prevent flotation, collapse, or lateral movement of the structure. Manufacturer’s installation instructions must indicate whether:
A.	The foundation specifications have been designed for flood-resistant considerations, and, if so, the conditions of applicability for velocities, depths, or wave action; or
The foundation specifications are not designed to address flood loads.
III.	Piers
A.	General
The piers used must be capable of transmitting the vertical live and dead loads to the footings or foundation.
B
ndicate whether:
A.	The foundation specifications have been designed for flood-resistant considerations, and, if so, the conditions of applicability for velocities, depths, or wave action; or
The foundation specifications are not designed to address flood loads.
III.	Piers
A.	General
The piers used must be capable of transmitting the vertical live and dead loads to the footings or foundation.
B.	Acceptable Piers – Materials Specification
Piers are permitted to be concrete blocks, pressure-treated wood with a water borne preservative, in accordance with AWPA Standard U1-04 (incorporated by reference) for Use Category 4B ground contact applications; or adjustable metal or concrete piers.
Manufactured piers must be listed or labeled for the required vertical load capacity, and, where required by design, for the appropriate horizontal load capacity.
C.	Design Requirements
Load-bearing capacity
The load-bearing capacity for each pier must be designed to include consideration for the dimensions of the home, the design dead and live loads, the spacing of the piers, and the way the piers are used to support the home.
Center beam/mating wall support must be required for multi-section homes and designs must be consistent with Tables 2 and 3 of this section and Figures A, B, and C to Subchapter D, Section X.
Pier Loads
Design support layout configurations for the pier loads, pier spacing, and roof live loads must be in accordance with Tables 1, 2 and 3 of this section and the MHCSS.
Other pier designs are permitted in accordance with this subchapter.
Manufactured piers must be rated at least to the loads required to safely support the dead and live loads, as required by Subchapter D, Section I, and the installation instructions for those piers must be consistent with Tables 1, 2, and 3 of this section
must be in accordance with Tables 1, 2 and 3 of this section and the MHCSS.
Other pier designs are permitted in accordance with this subchapter.
Manufactured piers must be rated at least to the loads required to safely support the dead and live loads, as required by Subchapter D, Section I, and the installation instructions for those piers must be consistent with Tables 1, 2, and 3 of this section.
Table 1 to Subchapter D, Section III – Piers
Frame Blocking Only – Perimeter Support not Required Except at Openings
Notes to Table 1:
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for cast-in-place footing design by using the noted loads.
Table 1 is based on the following design assumptions: maximum 16 ft. nominal section width (15 ft. actual width), 12” eave, 10”
I-beam size, 300 lbs. pier dead load, 10 psf roof dead load, 6 psf floor dead load, 35 plf wall dead load, and 10 plf chassis dead load.
Interpolation for other pier spacing is permitted.
The pier spacing and loads shown in the above table do not consider floor or seismic loads, and are not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the foundation support system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for sizing of footings.
Table 2 to Subchapter D, Section III – Piers
Frame Plus Perimeter Blocking/Perimeter Blocking Required
Notes to Table 2:
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for cast-in-place footing design by using the noted loads.
Mating wall perimeter piers and footings only required under full height mating walls supporting roof loads. Refer to Figures 1A and 2B to Subchapter D, Section X.
Table 2 is based on the following design assumptions: maximum 16 ft. nominal section width (15 ft. actual width), 12” eave, 10” I-beam size, 300 lbs. pier dead load, 10 psf roof dead load, 6 psf floor dead load, 35 plf wall dead load, and 10 plf chassis dead load.
Interpolation for other pier spacing is permitted
g walls supporting roof loads. Refer to Figures 1A and 2B to Subchapter D, Section X.
Table 2 is based on the following design assumptions: maximum 16 ft. nominal section width (15 ft. actual width), 12” eave, 10” I-beam size, 300 lbs. pier dead load, 10 psf roof dead load, 6 psf floor dead load, 35 plf wall dead load, and 10 plf chassis dead load.
Interpolation for other pier spacing is permitted.
The pier spacing and loads shown in the above table do not consider floor or seismic loads and are not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the foundation support system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for sizing of footings.
Table 3 to Subchapter D, Section III – Piers
Ridge Beam Span Footing Capacity
Notes to Table 3:
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for cast-in-place footing design by using the noted loads.
Table 3 is based on the following design assumptions: maximum 16 ft. nominal section width (15 ft. actual width), 12” eave, 10” I-beam size, 300 lbs. pier dead load, 10 psf roof dead load, 6 psf floor dead load, 35 plf wall dead load, and 10 plf chassis dead load.
Loads listed are maximum column loads for each section of the manufactured home.
Interpolation for maximum allowable pier and column loads is permitted for mate-line openings between those shown in the table.
The pier spacing and loads shown in the above table do not consider flood or seismic loads, and are not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the foundation support system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for sizing of footings.
Pier Configuration
A.	Concrete Blocks
Installation instructions for concrete block piers must be developed in accordance with the following provisions and must be consistent with Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section VI:
1
. In those areas, the foundation support system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
See the Table to Subchapter D, Section XII for sizing of footings.
Pier Configuration
A.	Concrete Blocks
Installation instructions for concrete block piers must be developed in accordance with the following provisions and must be consistent with Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section VI:
1.	Load-bearing (not decorative) concrete blocks must have nominal dimensions of at least 8 inches x 8 inches x 16 inches;
2.	The concrete blocks must be stacked with their hollow cells aligned vertically; and
3.	When piers are constructed of blocks stacked side by side, each layer must be at right angles to the preceding one, as shown in Figure B to Subchapter D, Section VI.
B.	Caps
1.	Structural loads must be evenly distributed across capped-hollow block piers, as shown in Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section VI.
2.	Caps must be solid concrete or masonry of at least 4 inches nominal in thickness, or hardboard lumber at least 2 inches nominal in thickness, or be of corrosion-protected minimum one-half inch thick steel, or be of other listed materials.
3.	All caps must be of the same length and width as the piers on which they rest.
4.	When split caps are used on double stacked blocks, the caps must be installed with the long dimension across the joint in the blocks below.
C.	Gaps
Any gaps that occur during installation between the bottom of the main chassis beam and foundation support system must be filled by:
Nominal 4 inch x 6 inch x 1 inch shims to level the home and fill any gaps between the base of the main chassis beam and the top of the pier cap;
Shims must be used in pairs as shown in Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section VI, and must be driven in tightly so that they do not occupy more than one inch of vertical height; and
Hardwood plates no thicker than 2 inches nominal in thickness or 2 inch or 4 inch nominal concrete block must be used to fill in remaining vertical gaps.
D
base of the main chassis beam and the top of the pier cap;
Shims must be used in pairs as shown in Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section VI, and must be driven in tightly so that they do not occupy more than one inch of vertical height; and
Hardwood plates no thicker than 2 inches nominal in thickness or 2 inch or 4 inch nominal concrete block must be used to fill in remaining vertical gaps.
D.	Manufactured Pier Heights
Manufactured pier heights must be selected so that the adjustable risers do not extend more than 2 inches when finally positioned.
V.	Clearance under Homes
A minimum clearance of 12 inches must be maintained between the lowest member of the main frame (I-beam or channel beam) and the grade under all areas of the home.
VI.	Design Procedures for Concrete Block Piers
Frame piers less than 36 inches high
Frame piers less than 36 inches high are permitted to be constructed of single, open or closed-cell concrete blocks 8 inches x 8 inches x 16 inches, when the design capacity of the block is not exceeded.
The frame piers must be installed so that the long sides are at right angles to the supported I-beam, as shown in Figure A of this section.
The concrete blocks must be stacked with their hollow cells aligned vertically and must be positioned at right angles to the footings.
Horizontal offsets from the top to the bottom of the pier must not exceed one-half inch.
Mortar is not required, unless specified in the installation instructions or required by a registered professional engineer or registered architect.
Frame Piers 36 inches to 67 inches high and Corner Piers
All frame piers between 36 inches and 67 inches high and all corner piers over three blocks high must be constructed out of double, interlocked concrete blocks, as shown in Figure B to this section, when the design capacity of the block is not exceeded
on instructions or required by a registered professional engineer or registered architect.
Frame Piers 36 inches to 67 inches high and Corner Piers
All frame piers between 36 inches and 67 inches high and all corner piers over three blocks high must be constructed out of double, interlocked concrete blocks, as shown in Figure B to this section, when the design capacity of the block is not exceeded. Mortar is not required for concrete piers, unless otherwise specified in the manufacturer installation instructions or required by a registered professional engineer or registered architect.
2.	Horizontal offsets from the top to the bottom of the pier must not exceed one inch.
All Piers over 67 inches High
Piers over 67 inches high must be designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice. Mortar is not required for concrete block piers unless otherwise specified in the manufacturer installation instructions or by the design.
Figure A to Subchapter D, Section VI – Design Procedures for Concrete Block Piers:
Typical Footing and Pier Design, Single Concrete Block
Figure B to Subchapter D, Section VI – Design Procedures for Concrete Block Piers:
Typical Footing and Pier Installation, Double Concrete Block
Main I-beam frame
36 inches to
max 67 inches
in height
In freezing climates, the footing must extend Typical footing. Solid concrete or other product
below the frost line or be otherwise protected	listed for the purpose. Footing is placed on firm,
from the effects of frost heave as permitted undisturbed soil or controlled fill, free of grass
herein. and organic matter.
VII
I-beam frame
36 inches to
max 67 inches
in height
In freezing climates, the footing must extend Typical footing. Solid concrete or other product
below the frost line or be otherwise protected	listed for the purpose. Footing is placed on firm,
from the effects of frost heave as permitted undisturbed soil or controlled fill, free of grass
herein. and organic matter.
VII.	Perimeter Support Piers
Piers required at mate-line supports, perimeter piers, and piers at exterior wall openings are permitted to be constructed of single open-cell or closed-cell concrete blocks, with nominal dimensions of 8 inches x 8 inches x 16 inches, to a maximum height of 54 inches as shown in Figure A to this section, when the design capacity of the block is not exceeded.
Piers used for perimeter support must be installed with the long dimension parallel to the perimeter rail.
VIII.	Manufactured Piers
A.	Manufactured piers must be listed and labeled and installed to the pier manufacturer’s installation instructions. See Subchapter D, Section III(D)(2) for additional requirements.
B.	Metal or other manufactured piers must be provided with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of .30 oz./ft2 of surface coated.
IX.	[Reserved]
X.	Pier Location and Spacing
A.	The location and spacing of piers depends upon the dimensions of the home, the live and dead loads, the type of construction (single-or multi-section), I-beam size, soil bearing capacity, footing size, and such other factors as the location of doors or other openings.
B.	Mate-line and column pier supports must be in accordance with this subchapter and consistent with Figures A through C of this section unless the pier support and footing configuration is designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect.
Piers supporting the frame must be no more than 24 inches from both ends and not more than 120 inches center to center under the main rails.
D
te-line and column pier supports must be in accordance with this subchapter and consistent with Figures A through C of this section unless the pier support and footing configuration is designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect.
Piers supporting the frame must be no more than 24 inches from both ends and not more than 120 inches center to center under the main rails.
D.	Pier support locations and spacing must be presented to be consistent with Figures A and B to Subchapter D, Section XII, as applicable, unless alternative designs are provided by a registered professional engineer or registered architect in accordance with acceptable engineering practice.
Figure A to Subchapter D, Section X – Pier Location and Spacing:
Typical Mate-Line Column Pier and Mating Wall Support
When Frame Only Blocking is Required
Notes to Figure A:
Bottom of footings must extend below frost line depth, unless designed for placement above the frost lines. (See Subchapter D, Section XII(B)).
Piers may be offset up to 6 inches in either direction along the supported members to allow for plumbing, electrical, mechanical, equipment, crawlspace, or other devices.
Single-stack concrete block pier loads must not exceed 8,000 lbs.
Prefabricated piers must not exceed their approved or listed maximum vertical or horizontal design loads.
When a full-height mating wall does not support the ridge beam, this area is considered an unsupported span – Span B.
Piers are not required at openings in the mating wall that are less than 48 inches in width. Place piers on both sides of mating wall openings that are 48 inches or greater in width. For roof loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional engineer or registered architect must determine the maximum mating wall opening permitted without pier or other supports
is considered an unsupported span – Span B.
Piers are not required at openings in the mating wall that are less than 48 inches in width. Place piers on both sides of mating wall openings that are 48 inches or greater in width. For roof loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional engineer or registered architect must determine the maximum mating wall opening permitted without pier or other supports.
Figure B to Subchapter D, Section X – Pier Location & Spacing:
Typical Mate-Line Column Pier and Mating Wall Support
When Perimeter Blocking is Required
Notes to Figure B:
Bottom of footings must be below the frost line depth, unless designed for placement above the frost line. (See Subchapter D,
Section XII(B)).
Piers may be offset 6 inches in either direction along supported members to allow for plumbing, electrical, mechanical equipment, crawlspace, or other devices.
Single stack concrete blocks pier loads must not exceed 8,000 lbs.
Piers are not required at openings in the mating wall that are less than 48 inches in width. Place piers on both sides of mating wall openings that are 48 inches or greater in width. For roof loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional engineer or registered architect must determine the maximum mating wall opening permitted without pier or other supports.
When a full-height mating wall does not support the ridge beam, this area is considered an unsupported span – Span B.
In areas where the open span is greater than 10 ft., intermediate piers and footings must be placed at maximum 10 ft. on center.
Prefabricated piers must not exceed their approved or listed maximum horizontal or vertical design loads.
Column piers are in addition to piers required under full-height mating walls.
Figure C to Subchapter D, Section X – Pier Location & Spacing:
Typical Mate-Line Column and Piers
Notes to Figure C:
Mate-line column supports piers are installed with the long dimension
of the concrete block perpendicular to the rim joists.
Pier and footing designed to support both floor sections
vertical design loads.
Column piers are in addition to piers required under full-height mating walls.
Figure C to Subchapter D, Section X – Pier Location & Spacing:
Typical Mate-Line Column and Piers
Notes to Figure C:
Mate-line column supports piers are installed with the long dimension
of the concrete block perpendicular to the rim joists.
Pier and footing designed to support both floor sections. Loads as listed in
Table 3 to Subchapter D, Section III are total column loads for both sections.
XI.	Required Perimeter Supports
A.	Perimeter pier or other supports must be located as follows:
1.	On both sides of side wall exterior doors (such as entry, patio, and sliding glass doors) and any other side wall openings of 48 inches or greater in width, and under load-bearing porch posts, factory installed fireplaces, and fireplace stoves.)
Other perimeter supports must be:
a.	Located in accordance with Table 2 to Subchapter D, Section III; or
b.	Provided by other means such as additional outriggers or floor joists. When this alternative is used, the design required by Subchapter D, Section I must consider the additional loads in sizing the pier and footing supports under the main chassis beam.
B.	For roof live loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional registered engineer or professional architect must determine the maximum sidewall opening permitted without perimeter pier or other supports.
C.	The location and installation of any perimeter pier support must not take the home out of compliance with the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (part 3280).
XII.	Footings
A.	Materials approved for footings must provide equal load-bearing capacity and resistance to decay, as required by this section. Footings must be placed on undisturbed soil or fill compacted to 90 percent of maximum relative density. A footing must support every pier
t must not take the home out of compliance with the Manufactured Home Construction and Safety Standards (part 3280).
XII.	Footings
A.	Materials approved for footings must provide equal load-bearing capacity and resistance to decay, as required by this section. Footings must be placed on undisturbed soil or fill compacted to 90 percent of maximum relative density. A footing must support every pier. Footings are to be either:
Concrete
Four inch nominal precast concrete pads meeting or exceeding ASTM C 90-02a, Standard Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units (incorporated by reference), without reinforcement, with at least a 28-day compressive strength of 1,200 pounds per square inch (psi); or
Six inch nominal poured-in-place concrete pads, slabs, or ribbons with at least a 28-day compressive strength of 3,000 pounds per square inch (psi). Site-specific soil conditions or design load requirements may also require the use of reinforcing steel in cast-in-place concrete footings.
Pressure-treated permanent wood
Pressure-treated wood footings must consist of a minimum of two layers of nominal 2-inch thick pressure treated wood, a single layer of nominal ¾-inch thick, pressure-treated plywood with a maximum size of 16 inches by 16 inches, or at least two layers of ¾-inch thick, pressure-treated plywood for sizes greater than 16 inches by 16 inches. Plywood used for this purpose is to be rated exposure 1 or exterior sheathing, in accordance with PS1-95, Construction and Industrial Plywood (incorporated by reference).
Pressure-treated lumber is to be treated with a water-borne adhesive, in accordance with AWPA Standard U1-04 (incorporated by reference) for Use Category 4B ground contact applications.
Cut ends of pressure treated lumber must be field-treated, in accordance with AWPA Standard M4-02 (incorporated by reference)
accordance with PS1-95, Construction and Industrial Plywood (incorporated by reference).
Pressure-treated lumber is to be treated with a water-borne adhesive, in accordance with AWPA Standard U1-04 (incorporated by reference) for Use Category 4B ground contact applications.
Cut ends of pressure treated lumber must be field-treated, in accordance with AWPA Standard M4-02 (incorporated by reference).
ABS footing pads
ABS footing pads are permitted provided they are installed in accordance with the pad manufacturer installation instructions and certified for use in the soil classification at the site.
ABS footing pads must be listed or labeled for the required load capacity.
4.	Other materials
Footings may be of other materials than those identified in this section, provided they are listed for such use and meet all other applicable requirements of this subchapter.
B.	Placement in Freezing Climates
Footings placed in freezing climates must be designed using methods and practices that prevent the effects of frost heave by one of the following methods:
Conventional footings
Conventional footings must be placed below the frost line depth for the site unless an insulated foundation or monolithic slab is used (refer to Subchapter D, Section XII(B)(2) and Subchapter D, Section XII(B)(3)). When the frost line depth is not available from the LAHJ, a registered professional engineer, registered architect, or registered geologist must be consulted to determine the required frost line depth for the manufactured home site. This is not subject to the provisions in Subchapter A, Section II(C) that also require review by the manufacturer and approval by its DAPIA for any variations to the manufacturer’s installation instructions for support and anchoring.
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professional engineer, registered architect, or registered geologist must be consulted to determine the required frost line depth for the manufactured home site. This is not subject to the provisions in Subchapter A, Section II(C) that also require review by the manufacturer and approval by its DAPIA for any variations to the manufacturer’s installation instructions for support and anchoring.
2.	Monolithic slab systems
A monolithic slab is permitted above the frost line when all relevant site-specific conditions, including soil characteristics, site preparation, ventilation, and insulative properties of the under floor enclosure are considered and anchorage requirements are accommodated as set out in Subchapter E, Section I. The monolithic slab system must be designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect:
a.	In accordance with acceptable engineering practice to prevent the effects of frost heave; or
In accordance with SEI/ASCE 32-01 (incorporated by reference).
Insulated foundations
An insulated foundation is permitted above the frost line, when all relevant site-specific conditions, including soil characteristics, site preparation, ventilation, and insulative properties of the under the floor enclosure, are considered, and the foundation is designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect:
a.	In accordance with acceptable engineering practice to prevent the effects of frost heave; or
b.	In accordance with SEI/ASCE 32-01 (incorporated by reference).
C.	Sizing of footings
The sizing and layout of footings depends on the load-bearing capacity of the soil, footings, and the piers. -See Subchapter C, Sections II and III, and Table to Subchapter D, Section XII.
Figure A to Subchapter D, Section XII – Footings
Typical Blocking Diagram for Single Section Homes
Notes to Figure A:
Refer to Table 1 to Subchapter D, Section III for pier and footing requirements when frame blocking only is used
ut of footings depends on the load-bearing capacity of the soil, footings, and the piers. -See Subchapter C, Sections II and III, and Table to Subchapter D, Section XII.
Figure A to Subchapter D, Section XII – Footings
Typical Blocking Diagram for Single Section Homes
Notes to Figure A:
Refer to Table 1 to Subchapter D, Section III for pier and footing requirements when frame blocking only is used.
In addition to blocking required by Subchapter D, Section XI, see Table 2 to Subchapter D, Section III for maximum perimeter blocking loads.
End piers under main I-beams may be set back a maximum of 24 inches, as measure from the outside edge of the floor to the center of the pier.
Place piers on both sides of sidewall exterior doors, patio doors, and sliding glass doors; under porch posts, factory-installed fireplaces, and fireplace stoves; under jamb studs at multiple window openings; and at any other sidewall openings 48 inches or greater in width. For roof loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional engineer or registered architect must determine the maximum sidewall opening permitted without perimeter supports. See Subchapter D, Section VII and Subchapter D, Section XI for additional requirements for locating perimeter supports.
Figure B to Subchapter D, Section XII – Footings
Typical Blocking Diagram for Multi-section Homes
Notes to Figure B:
Refer to Table 1 to Subchapter D, Section III for pier and footing requirements when frame blocking only is used.
In addition to blocking required by Subchapter D, Section XI, see Tables 2 and 3 to Subchapter D, Section III for maximum perimeter blocking loads.
End piers under main I-beams may be set back a maximum of 24 inches, as measured from the outside edge of the floor to center of the pier.
Place piers on both sides of sidewall exterior doors, patio doors, and sliding glass doors; under porch posts, factory-installed fireplaces, and fireplace stoves; under jamb studs at multiple window openings; and at any other sidewall openings 48 inches or greater in width
der main I-beams may be set back a maximum of 24 inches, as measured from the outside edge of the floor to center of the pier.
Place piers on both sides of sidewall exterior doors, patio doors, and sliding glass doors; under porch posts, factory-installed fireplaces, and fireplace stoves; under jamb studs at multiple window openings; and at any other sidewall openings 48 inches or greater in width. For roof loads of 40 psf or greater, a professional engineer or registered architect must determine the maximum sidewall opening permitted without perimeter supports or mating wall opening permitted without pier or other supports. See Subchapter D, Section VII and Subchapter D, Section XI for additional requirements for locating perimeter supports.
When an end pier under the mate-line also serves as a column pier, it may be set back a maximum of 6 inches, as measured from the inside edge of the exterior wall to the center of the pier.
Table to Subchapter D, Section XII – Footings
The Size & Capacity for Unreinforced Cast-in-Place Footings
Notes to Table:
The footing sizes shown are for square pads and are based on the area (in.2), shear and bending required for the loads shown. Other configurations, such as rectangular or circular configurations, can be used, provided the area and depth is equal to or greater than the area and depth of the square footing shown in the table, and the distance from the edge of the pier to the edge of the footing is not less than the thickness of the footing.
The 6 inch cast-in-place values can be used for 4 inch unreinforced precast concrete footings.
The capacity values listed have been reduced by the dead load of the concrete footing.
Concrete block piers must not exceed their design capacity of 8,000 lbs for 8” x 16” single stack block and 16,000 lbs for 16” x 16” double stack block.
A registered professional engineer or registered architect must prepare the design, if the design loads exceed the capacity for single or double stack concrete block piers shown in footnote 4.
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reduced by the dead load of the concrete footing.
Concrete block piers must not exceed their design capacity of 8,000 lbs for 8” x 16” single stack block and 16,000 lbs for 16” x 16” double stack block.
A registered professional engineer or registered architect must prepare the design, if the design loads exceed the capacity for single or double stack concrete block piers shown in footnote 4.
XIII.	Combination Systems
Support systems that combine both load-bearing capacity and uplift resistance must also be sized and designed for all applicable design loads.
XIV.	[Reserved]
XV.	Special Snow Load Conditions
A.	General
Foundations for homes designed for and located in areas with roof live loads greater than 40 psf must be designed by the manufacturer for the special snow load conditions in accordance with acceptable engineering practice. Where site or other conditions, final determination to be made by the Manufactured Housing Board, prohibit the use of the manufacturer’s instructions, a registered professional engineer or registered architect must design the foundation for the special snow load conditions.
B.	Ramadas
Ramadas may be used in areas with roof live loads greater than 40 psf. Ramadas shall be self-supporting, except any connection to the home shall be for weatherproofing only.
SUBCHAPTER E – ANCHORAGE AGAINST WIND
I.	Anchoring Instructions
A.	After blocking and leveling, the manufactured home shall be secured against the wind by use of anchor assembly type installations or by connecting the home to an alternative foundation system. See Subchapter D, Section I.
B.	For anchor assembly type installations, the installation instructions must require the home to be secured against the wind as described in this section. The installation instructions and design for anchor type assemblies must be prepared by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice, the design loads of the MHCSS, and Subchapter D, Section I
assembly type installations, the installation instructions must require the home to be secured against the wind as described in this section. The installation instructions and design for anchor type assemblies must be prepared by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice, the design loads of the MHCSS, and Subchapter D, Section I.
All anchoring and foundation systems must be capable of meeting the loads that the home was designed to withstand required by part 3280 and Subchapter D, as shown on the home’s data plate.
Exception: Manufactured homes that are installed in less restrictive roof load zone and wind zone areas may have foundation or anchorage systems that are capable of meeting the lower design load provision of the Standards, if the design for the lower requirements is either provided in the installation instructions or the foundation and anchorage system is designed by a professional registered engineer or registered architect.
D.	The installation instructions are to include at least the following information and details for anchor assembly-type installation:
1.	The maximum spacing for installing diagonal ties and any required vertical ties or straps to ground anchors;
2.	The minimum and maximum angles or dimensions for installing diagonal ties or straps to ground anchors and the main chassis members of the manufactured home;
3.	Requirements for connecting the diagonal ties to the main chassis members of the manufactured home
y-type installation:
1.	The maximum spacing for installing diagonal ties and any required vertical ties or straps to ground anchors;
2.	The minimum and maximum angles or dimensions for installing diagonal ties or straps to ground anchors and the main chassis members of the manufactured home;
3.	Requirements for connecting the diagonal ties to the main chassis members of the manufactured home. If the diagonal ties are attached to the bottom flange of the main chassis beam, the frame must be designed to prevent rotation of the beam;
Requirements for longitudinal and mating wall tie-downs and anchorage;
The method of strap attachment to the main chassis member and ground anchor, including provisions for swivel-type connections;
The methods for protecting vertical and diagonal strapping at sharp corners by use of radius clips or other means; and
As applicable, the requirements for sizing and installation of stabilizer plates.
II.	Ground Anchor Installations
Ground Anchor Certification and Testing
Each ground anchor must be manufactured and provided with installation instructions, in accordance with its listing or certification. A nationally recognized testing agency must list, or a registered professional engineer or registered architect must certify, the ground anchor for use in a classified soil (refer to Subchapter C, Section II), based on a nationally recognized testing protocol, or a registered professional engineer or registered architect must certify that the ground anchor is capable of resisting all loads in Paragraph B of this section for the soil type or classification
stered professional engineer or registered architect must certify, the ground anchor for use in a classified soil (refer to Subchapter C, Section II), based on a nationally recognized testing protocol, or a registered professional engineer or registered architect must certify that the ground anchor is capable of resisting all loads in Paragraph B of this section for the soil type or classification.
Specification for Tie-down Straps and Ground Anchors
Ground Anchors
Ground anchors must be installed in accordance with their listing or certification, be installed to their full depth, be provided with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft2 of surface coated, and be capable of resisting a minimum ultimate load of 4,725 lbs, and a working load of 3,150 lbs, as installed, unless reduced capacities are noted in accordance with Note 11 of Table 1 to this section or Note 12 of Tables 2 and 3 to this section. The ultimate load and working load of ground anchors and anchoring equipment must be determined by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, or tested by a nationally recognized third-party testing agency in accordance with a nationally recognized testing protocol.
2.	Tie-Down Straps
A 1 ¼ inch x 0.035 inch or larger steel strapping conforming to ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference), Type 1, Grade 1, Finish B, with a minimum total capacity of 4,725 lbs and a working capacity of 3,150 lbs must be used. The tie-down straps must be provided with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft2 of surface coated. Slit or cut edges of coating strapping need not be zinc coated.
Number and Location of Ground Anchors
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nimum total capacity of 4,725 lbs and a working capacity of 3,150 lbs must be used. The tie-down straps must be provided with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft2 of surface coated. Slit or cut edges of coating strapping need not be zinc coated.
Number and Location of Ground Anchors
1.	Ground anchor and anchor strap spacing must be:
No greater than the spacing shown in Tables 1 through 3 to this section and Figures A and B to this section; or
Designed by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, in accordance with accepting engineering practice and the requirements of the MHCSS for any conditions that are outside the parameters and applicability of the Tables 1 through 3 to this section.
2.	The requirements in Paragraph C of this section must be used to determine the maximum spacing of ground anchors and their accompanying anchor straps, based on the soil classification determined in accordance with Subchapter C, Section II:
a.	The installed ground anchor type and size (length) must be listed for use in the soil class at the site and for the minimum and maximum angle permitted between the diagonal strap and the ground; and
b.	All ground anchors must be installed in accordance with their listing or certification and the ground anchor manufacturer installation instructions; and
c.	If required by the ground anchor listing or certification, the correct size and type of stabilizer plate is installed. If metal stabilizer plates are used, they must be provided with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft2 of surface coated. Alternatively, ABS stabilizer plates may be used when listed and certified for such use.
3.	Longitudinal Anchoring
Manufactured homes must also be stabilized against wind in the longitudinal direction in all Wind Zones
ded with protection against weather deterioration and corrosion at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft2 of surface coated. Alternatively, ABS stabilizer plates may be used when listed and certified for such use.
3.	Longitudinal Anchoring
Manufactured homes must also be stabilized against wind in the longitudinal direction in all Wind Zones. Manufactured homes located in Wind Zones II and III must have longitudinal ground anchors installed on the ends of the manufactured home transportable section(s) or be provided with alternative systems that are capable of resisting wind forces in the longitudinal direction. See Figure C to Subchapter E, Section II for an example of one method that may be used to provide longitudinal anchoring. A registered professional engineer or registered architect must certify the longitudinal anchoring method or any alternative system used as adequate to provide the required stabilization, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice.
Figure A to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installations
Ground Anchor Locations and Spacing (Plan View)
Notes to Figure A:
Refer to Tables 1, 2, and 3 to this section for maximum ground anchor spacing.
Longitudinal anchors not shown for clarity; refer to Subchapter E, Section II(B)(2) for longitudinal anchoring requirements.
Figure B to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Anchor Strap and Pier Relationship
Notes to Figure B:
Vertical straps are not required in Wind Zone 1.
The frame must be designed to prevent rotation of the main chassis beam when the diagonal ties are not attached to the top flange of the beam. See Subchapter E, Section I(D)(3).
Figure C to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Longitudinal Anchoring
Table 1 to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Maximum Diagonal Tie-down Strap Spacing
Wind Zone I
Notes to Table 1:
Table is based on maximum 90 in. sidewall height.
Table is based on maximum 4 in
iagonal ties are not attached to the top flange of the beam. See Subchapter E, Section I(D)(3).
Figure C to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Longitudinal Anchoring
Table 1 to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Maximum Diagonal Tie-down Strap Spacing
Wind Zone I
Notes to Table 1:
Table is based on maximum 90 in. sidewall height.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. inset for ground anchor head from edge of floor or wall.
Table is based on main rail (I-beam) spacing per given column.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. eave width for single-section homes and maximum 12 in. for multi-section homes.
Table is based on maximum 20-degree roof pitch (4.3/12).
Table is based upon the minimum height between the ground and the bottom of the floor joist being 18 inches. Interpolation may be required for other heights from ground to strap attachment.
Additional tie-downs may be required per the home manufacturer instructions.
Ground anchors must be certified for these conditions by a professional engineer, architect, or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
Ground anchors must be installed to their full depth, and stabilizer plates, if required by the ground anchor listing or certification, must also be installed in accordance with the listing or certification and in accordance with the ground anchor and home manufacturer instructions.
Strapping and anchoring equipment must be certified by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, or listed by a nationally recognized testing agency to resist these specified forces, in accordance with testing in ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference).
A reduced ground anchor or strap working load capacity will require reduced tie-down strap and anchor spacing.
Ground anchors must not be spaced closer than the minimum spacing permitted by the listing or certification.
Table is based on a 3,150 lbs. working load capacity, and straps must be placed within 2 ft
Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference).
A reduced ground anchor or strap working load capacity will require reduced tie-down strap and anchor spacing.
Ground anchors must not be spaced closer than the minimum spacing permitted by the listing or certification.
Table is based on a 3,150 lbs. working load capacity, and straps must be placed within 2 ft. of the ends of the home.
Table is based on a minimum angle of 30 degrees and a maximum angle of 60 degrees between the diagonal strap and the ground.
Table does not consider flood or seismic loads and is not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the anchorage system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
Table 2 to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Maximum Diagonal Tie-down Strap Spacing
Wind Zone II
Notes to Table 2:
Table is based on maximum 90 in. sidewall height.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. inset for ground anchor head from edge of floor or wall.
Tables are based on main rail (I-beam) spacing per given column.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. eave width for single-section homes and maximum 12 in. for multi-section homes.
Table is based on maximum 20-degree roof pitch (4.3⁄12).
All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zone II must have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location.
Table is based upon the minimum height between the ground and the bottom of the floor joist being 18 inches. Interpolation may be required for other heights from ground to strap attachment.
Additional tie-downs may be required per the home manufacturer instructions.
Ground anchors must be certified by a professional engineer, or registered architect, or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory
based upon the minimum height between the ground and the bottom of the floor joist being 18 inches. Interpolation may be required for other heights from ground to strap attachment.
Additional tie-downs may be required per the home manufacturer instructions.
Ground anchors must be certified by a professional engineer, or registered architect, or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
Ground anchors must be installed to their full depth, and stabilizer plates, if required by the ground anchor listing or certification, must also be installed in accordance with the listing or certification and in accordance with the ground anchor and home manufacturer instructions.
Strapping and anchoring equipment must be certified by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, or must be listed by a nationally recognized testing agency to resist these specified forces, in accordance with testing procedures in ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see §3285.4).
A reduced ground anchor or strap working load capacity will require reduced tie-down strap and anchor spacing.
Ground anchors must not be spaced closer than the minimum spacing permitted by the listing or certification.
Table is based on a 3,150 lbs. working load capacity, and straps must be placed within 2 ft. of the ends of the home.
Table is based on a minimum angle of 30 degrees and a maximum angle of 60 degrees between the diagonal strap and the ground.
Table does not consider flood or seismic loads and is not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the anchorage system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
Table 3 to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Maximum Diagonal Tie-down Strap Spacing
Wind Zone III
Notes to Table 3:
Table is based on maximum 90 in. sidewall height.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. inset for ground anchor head from edge of floor or wall
lood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the anchorage system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
Table 3 to Subchapter E, Section II – Ground Anchor Installation
Maximum Diagonal Tie-down Strap Spacing
Wind Zone III
Notes to Table 3:
Table is based on maximum 90 in. sidewall height.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. inset for ground anchor head from edge of floor or wall.
Tables are based on main rail (I-beam) spacing per given column.
Table is based on maximum 4 in. eave width for single-section homes and maximum 12 in. for multi-section homes.
Table is based on maximum 20-degree roof pitch (4.3⁄12).
All manufactured homes designed to be located in Wind Zone III must have a vertical tie installed at each diagonal tie location.
Table is based upon the minimum height between the ground and the bottom of the floor joist being 18 inches. Interpolation may be required for other heights from ground to strap attachment.
Additional tie-downs may be required per the home manufacturer instructions.
Ground anchors must be certified by a professional engineer or registered architect, or listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory.
Ground anchors must be installed to their full depth, and stabilizer plates, if required by the ground anchor listing or certification, must also be installed in accordance with the listing or certification and in accordance with the ground anchor and home manufacturer instructions.
Strapping and anchoring equipment must be certified by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, or must be listed by a nationally recognized testing agency to resist these specified forces, in accordance with testing in ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see §3285.4).
A reduced ground anchor or strap working load capacity will require reduced tie-down strap and anchor spacing.
Ground anchors must not be spaced closer than the minimum spacing permitted by the listing or certification
to resist these specified forces, in accordance with testing in ASTM D 3953-97, Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals (incorporated by reference, see §3285.4).
A reduced ground anchor or strap working load capacity will require reduced tie-down strap and anchor spacing.
Ground anchors must not be spaced closer than the minimum spacing permitted by the listing or certification.
Table is based on a 3,150 lbs. working load capacity, and straps must be placed within 2 ft. of the ends of the home.
Table is based on a minimum angle of 30 degrees and a maximum of 60 degrees between the diagonal strap and the ground.
Table does not consider flood or seismic loads and is not intended for use in flood or seismic hazard areas. In those areas, the anchorage system is to be designed by a professional engineer or architect.
III.	Sidewall, Over-the-roof, Mate-line, and Shear Wall Straps
If sidewall, over-the-roof, mate-line, or shear wall straps are installed on the home, they must be connected to an anchoring assembly.
IV.	Severe Climatic Conditions
In frost-susceptible soil locations, ground anchor augers must be installed below the frost line, unless the foundation system is frost-protected to prevent the effects of frost heave, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice, part 3280.306, and Subchapter D, Section XII.
V.	Severe Wind Zones
When any part of a home is installed within 1,500 feet of a coastline in Wind Zones II or III, the manufactured home must be designed for the increased requirements as specified on the home’s data plate (refer to part 3280.5(f)) in accordance with acceptable engineering practice. Where site or other conditions prohibit the use of the manufacturer’s instructions, a registered professional engineer or registered architect in accordance with acceptable engineering practice, must design anchorage for the special wind conditions.
VI.	Flood Hazard Areas
Refer to Subchapter D, Section II for anchoring requirements in flood hazard areas
dance with acceptable engineering practice. Where site or other conditions prohibit the use of the manufacturer’s instructions, a registered professional engineer or registered architect in accordance with acceptable engineering practice, must design anchorage for the special wind conditions.
VI.	Flood Hazard Areas
Refer to Subchapter D, Section II for anchoring requirements in flood hazard areas.
SUBCHAPTER F – OPTIONAL FEATURES
I.	Home Installation Manual Supplements
Supplemental instructions for optional equipment or features must be approved by the DAPIA as not taking the home out of conformance with the requirements of this subchapter or part 3280, and included with the manufacturer installation instructions.
II.	Expanding Rooms
The support and anchoring systems for expanding rooms must be installed in accordance with designs provided by the home manufacturer or prepared by a registered professional engineer or registered architect, in accordance with acceptable engineering practice.
III.	Optional Appliances
A.	Comfort cooling systems
When not provided and installed by the home manufacturer, any comfort cooling systems that are installed must be installed according to the appliance manufacturer’s installation instructions.
1.	Air conditioners
Air conditioning equipment must be listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for the application for which the unit is intended and installed in accordance with the terms of its listing or certification (see part 3280.714):
a.	Energy efficiency
ems that are installed must be installed according to the appliance manufacturer’s installation instructions.
1.	Air conditioners
Air conditioning equipment must be listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for the application for which the unit is intended and installed in accordance with the terms of its listing or certification (see part 3280.714):
a.	Energy efficiency
(i)	Site-installed central air conditioning equipment must be sized to meet the home’s heat gain requirement in Chapter 28 of the 1997 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (incorporated by reference) or ACCA Manual J, Residential Cooling Load, 8th edition (incorporated by reference). Information necessary to calculate the home’s heat gain can be found on the home’s comfort cooling certificate.
(ii)	The BTU/hr. rated capacity of the site-installed air conditioning equipment must not exceed the air distribution system’s rated BTU/hr. capacity as shown on the home’s compliance certificate.
b.	Circuit rating
If a manufactured home is factory provided with an exterior outlet to energize heating and/or air conditioning equipment, the branch circuit rating on the tag adjacent to this outlet must be equal to or greater than the minimum circuit amperage identified on the equipment rating plate.
c.	A-coil units
(i)	A-coil air conditioning units must be compatible and listed for use with the furnace in the home and installed in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s instructions.
(ii)	The air conditioner manufacturer instructions must be followed.
the tag adjacent to this outlet must be equal to or greater than the minimum circuit amperage identified on the equipment rating plate.
c.	A-coil units
(i)	A-coil air conditioning units must be compatible and listed for use with the furnace in the home and installed in accordance with the appliance manufacturer’s instructions.
(ii)	The air conditioner manufacturer instructions must be followed.
(iii)	All condensation must be directed beyond the perimeter of the home by means specified by the equipment manufacturer.
2.	Heat Pumps
Heat pumps must be listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for the application for which the unit is intended and installed in accordance with the terms of its listing or certification (See part 3280.714).
3.	Evaporative Coolers
a.	A roof-mounted cooler must be listed or certified by a nationally recognized testing agency for the application for which the unit is intended and installed in accordance with the terms of its listing
(See part 3280.714):
(i)	Any discharge grill must not be closer than three feet from a smoke alarm.
(ii)	Before field installing a roof mounted evaporative cooler on-site, the installer must ensure that the roof will support the weight of the cooler.
(iii)	A rigid base must be provided to distribute the cooler weight over multiple roof trusses to adequately support the weight of the evaporative cooler.
b.	An evaporative cooler that is not roof-mounted is to be installed in accordance with the requirements of its listing or the equipment manufacturer’s instructions, whichever is the more restrictive.
B.	Fireplaces and Wood-Stoves
When not provided by the home manufacturer, fireplaces and wood-stoves including chimneys and air inlets for fireplaces and wood stoves must be listed for use with manufactured homes and must be installed in accordance with their listings.
C.	Appliance Venting
1.	All fuel burning heat producing appliances of the vented type except ranges and ovens must be vented to the exterior of the home.
2
s
When not provided by the home manufacturer, fireplaces and wood-stoves including chimneys and air inlets for fireplaces and wood stoves must be listed for use with manufactured homes and must be installed in accordance with their listings.
C.	Appliance Venting
1.	All fuel burning heat producing appliances of the vented type except ranges and ovens must be vented to the exterior of the home.
2.	Upon completion, the venting system must comply with all requirements of 3280.707(b) and 3280.710 of the MHCSS.
3.	When the vent exhausts through the floor, the vent must not terminate under the home and must extend to the home’s exterior and through any skirting that may be installed.
Clothes Dryer Exhaust Duct System
A clothes dryer exhaust duct system must conform with and be completed in accordance with the appliance manufacturer instructions and part 3280.708. The vents must exhaust to the exterior of the home, beyond any perimeter skirting installed around it, as shown in the Figure to Subchapter F, Section III.
Figure to Subchapter F, Section III – Optional Appliances: Dryer Exhaust System
Notes to Figure:
Installation of the exhaust system must be in accordance with the dryer manufacturer instructions
Dryer exhaust system must not contain reverse slope or terminate under the home.
IV.	Skirting
Skirting, if used, must be of weather-resistant materials or provided with protection against weather deterioration at least equivalent to that provided by a coating of zinc on steel of not less than 0.30 oz./ft.2 of surface coated.
Skirting must not be attached in a manner that can cause water to be trapped between the siding and trim or forced up into the wall cavities trim to which it is attached.
All wood skirting within 6 inches of the ground must be pressure-treated in accordance with AWPA Standard U1 (incorporated by reference) for Use Category 4A, Ground Anchor Contact Applications, or be naturally resistant to decay and termite infestations
ached in a manner that can cause water to be trapped between the siding and trim or forced up into the wall cavities trim to which it is attached.
All wood skirting within 6 inches of the ground must be pressure-treated in accordance with AWPA Standard U1 (incorporated by reference) for Use Category 4A, Ground Anchor Contact Applications, or be naturally resistant to decay and termite infestations.
Skirting must not be attached in a manner that impedes the contraction and expansion characteristics of the home’s exterior covering.
V.	Crawlspace Ventilation
A.	A crawlspace with skirting must be provided with ventilation openings. The minimum net area of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home’s floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home’s floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene sheet material or other acceptable vapor retarder is installed according to Subchapter C, Section IV, on the ground surface beneath the entire floor area of the home.
Ventilation openings must be placed as high as practicable above the ground.
Ventilation openings must be located on at least two opposite sides to provide cross-ventilation.
Ventilation openings must be covered for their full height and width with a perforated corrosion and weather-resistant covering that is designed to prevent the entry of rodents. In areas subject to freezing, the coverings for the ventilation openings must also be of the adjustable type, permitting them to be in the open or closed position, depending on the climatic conditions.
Access opening(s) not less than 18 inches in width and 24 inches in height and not less than three square feet (ft.2) in area must be provided and must be located so that any utility connections under the home are accessible.
Dryer vents and combustion air inlets must pass through the skirting to the outside
ermitting them to be in the open or closed position, depending on the climatic conditions.
Access opening(s) not less than 18 inches in width and 24 inches in height and not less than three square feet (ft.2) in area must be provided and must be located so that any utility connections under the home are accessible.
Dryer vents and combustion air inlets must pass through the skirting to the outside. Any surface water runoff from the furnace, air conditioning, or water heater drains must be directed away from under the home or collected by other methods identified in Subchapter C, Section III.
SUBCHAPTER G – DUCTWORK AND PLUMBING AND FUEL SUPPLY SYSTEMS
I.	Field Assembly
Home manufacturers must provide specific installation instructions for the proper field assembly of manufacturer-supplied and shipped loose ducts, plumbing, and fuel supply system parts that are necessary to join all sections of the home and are designed to be located underneath the home. The installation instructions must be designed in accordance with applicable requirements of part 3280, Subchapters G and H, as specified in this subchapter.
II.	Utility Connections
Refer to Subchapter J for considerations for utility system connections.
III.	Water Supply
Crossover
Multi-section homes with plumbing in both sections require water-line crossover connections to join all sections of the home. The crossover design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with part 3280.609.
Maximum Supply Pressure and Reduction
When the local water supply pressure exceeds 80 psi to the manufactured home, a pressure-reducing valve must be installed.
Mandatory Shutoff Valve
1.	An identified and accessible shutoff valve must be installed between the water supply and the inlet.
2.	The water riser for the shutoff value connection must be located underneath the home.
3.	The shutoff valve must be a full-flow gate or ball valve, or equivalent valve.
4.	Water riser pipes shall be a minimum ¾ in. nominal diameter and extend a minimum of 6 in
nstalled.
Mandatory Shutoff Valve
1.	An identified and accessible shutoff valve must be installed between the water supply and the inlet.
2.	The water riser for the shutoff value connection must be located underneath the home.
3.	The shutoff valve must be a full-flow gate or ball valve, or equivalent valve.
4.	Water riser pipes shall be a minimum ¾ in. nominal diameter and extend a minimum of 6 in. above ground elevation. Surface water shall be diverted from the riser.
D.	Wells as a Source of Supply
A well shall not be located within the boundaries of a manufactured home pad.
Freezing Protection
Water line crossovers completed during installation must be protected from freezing. The freeze protection design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with the requirements of part 3280.603.
1.	If subject to freezing temperatures, the water connection must be wrapped with insulation or otherwise protected to prevent freezing.
2.	In areas subject to freezing or subfreezing temperatures, exposed sections of water supply piping, shutoff valves, pressure reducers, and pipes in water heater compartments must be insulated or otherwise protected from freezing.
3.	Use of pipe heating cable
Only pipe heating cable listed for manufactured home use is permitted to be used, and it must be installed in accordance with the cable manufacturer installation instructions.
Testing Procedures
1.	The water system must be inspected and tested for leaks after completion at the site. The installation instructions must provide testing requirements that are consistent with part 3280.612.
2.	The water heater must be disconnected when using an air-only test.
IV.	Drainage Systems
A.	Crossovers
Multi-section homes with plumbing in more than one section require drainage system crossover connections to join all sections of the home. The crossover design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with part 3280.610.
B
rements that are consistent with part 3280.612.
2.	The water heater must be disconnected when using an air-only test.
IV.	Drainage Systems
A.	Crossovers
Multi-section homes with plumbing in more than one section require drainage system crossover connections to join all sections of the home. The crossover design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with part 3280.610.
B.	Assembly and Support
If portions of the drainage system were shipped loose because they were necessary to join all sections of the home and designed to be located underneath the home, they must be installed and supported in accordance with 3280.608.
C.	Proper Slopes
Drains must be completed in accordance with 3280.610:
1.	Drain lines must not slope less than one-quarter inch per foot, unless otherwise noted on the schematic diagram, as shown in the figure to Subchapter G, Section IV.
2.	A slope of one-eighth inch per foot may be permitted when a clean-out is installed at the upper end of the run.
D.	Testing Procedures
The drainage system must be inspected and tested for leaks after completion at the site. The installation instructions must provide testing requirements that are consistent with 3280.612.
Figure to Subchapter G, Section IV – Drainage Systems
Drain Pipe Slope and Connections
V.	Fuel Supply System
A.	Proper Supply Pressure
The gas piping system in the home is designed for a pressure that is at least 7 inches of water column [4 oz./in.2 or 0.25 psi] and not more than 14 inches of water column [8 oz./in.2 or 0.5 psi]. If gas from any supply source exceeds, or could exceed this pressure, a regulator may be installed if required by the State of Maine Propane and Natural Gas Board.
B.	Crossovers
1.	Multi-section homes with fuel supply piping in both sections require crossover connections to join all sections of the home. The crossover design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with 3280.705.
2
m any supply source exceeds, or could exceed this pressure, a regulator may be installed if required by the State of Maine Propane and Natural Gas Board.
B.	Crossovers
1.	Multi-section homes with fuel supply piping in both sections require crossover connections to join all sections of the home. The crossover design requirements are located in, and must be designed in accordance with 3280.705.
2.	Tools must not be required to connect or remove the flexible connector quick-disconnect.
C.	Testing Procedures
The gas system must be inspected and tested for leaks after the completion at the site. The installation instructions must provide testing requirements that are consistent with 3280.705.
VI.	Ductwork Connections
A.	Multi-section homes with ductwork in more than one section require crossover connections to complete the duct system of the home. All ductwork connections, including duct collars, must be sealed to prevent air leakage. Galvanized metal straps or tape and mastics must be used around the duct collar and secured tightly to make all connections.
B.	If metal straps are used, they must be secured with galvanized sheet metal screws.
C.	Metal ducts must be fastened to the collar with a minimum of three galvanized sheet metal screws equally spaced around the collar.
D.	Air conditioning or heating ducts must be installed in accordance with applicable requirements of the duct manufacturer installation instructions.
E.	The duct must be suspended or supported above the ground by straps or other means that are spaced at a maximum distance not to exceed 4’0” or as otherwise permitted by the installation instructions. When straps are used to support a flexible type duct, the straps must be at least ½” wider than the spacing of the metal spirals encasing the duct. The ducts must be installed such that the straps cannot slip between any two spirals and arranged under the floor to prevent compression or kinking in any location, as shown in Figures A and B to this section
permitted by the installation instructions. When straps are used to support a flexible type duct, the straps must be at least ½” wider than the spacing of the metal spirals encasing the duct. The ducts must be installed such that the straps cannot slip between any two spirals and arranged under the floor to prevent compression or kinking in any location, as shown in Figures A and B to this section. In-floor crossover ducts are permitted in accordance with Subchapter G, Section VI(G).
F.	Crossover ducts outside the thermal envelope must be insulated with materials that conform to designs consistent with part 3280, Subchapter F.
In-floor or ceiling crossover duct connections must be installed and sealed to prevent air leakage.
Figure A to Subchapter G, Section VI – Ductwork Connections
Crossover Duct Installation With Two Connecting Ducts
Notes to Figure A:
This system is typically used when a crossover duct has not been built into the floor and the furnace is outside the I-Beam. With this type of installation, it is necessary for two flexible ducts to be installed.
The crossover duct must be listed for exterior use.
Figure B to Subchapter G, Section VI – Ductwork Connections
Crossover Duct Installation with One Connecting Duct
Notes to Figure B:
This system is typically used when a crossover duct has not been built into the floor and the furnace is situated directly over the main duct in one section of the home. A single flexibl

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/STATE_ME_CMR_00_385_890. Check the current official text before relying on it. Not legal advice.