# AR 90-2(2): AR 90-2(2): Ruppert v. Bowen , 871 F.2d 1172 (2d Cir. 1989) -- Evaluation of a Rental Subsidy as In-Kind Income for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefit Calculation Purposes -- Title XVI of the Social Security Act > Federal · Rulings · In force URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/SSA_SSR_AR_AR_90_2_2 ## Section - **Citation:** AR 90-2(2) - **Heading:** AR 90-2(2): Ruppert v. Bowen , 871 F.2d 1172 (2d Cir. 1989) -- Evaluation of a Rental Subsidy as In-Kind Income for Supplemental Security Income (SSI) Benefit Calculation Purposes -- Title XVI of the Social Security Act - **Jurisdiction:** Federal - **Kind:** Rulings - **Status:** In force - **Text as of:** August 14, 2026 - **Source:** Compiled text - **Location:** Social Security Rulings / AR / Second Circuit Court / AR 90-2(2) ## Text AR 90-2(2) EFFECTIVE/PUBLICATION DATE: 07/16/90 ISSUE: Whether the Secretary may charge an SSI applicant or recipient who receives a rental subsidy with in-kind income in all cases or whether the Secretary must first determine that the applicant or recipient received an "actual economic benefit" from the rental subsidy. STATUTE/REGULATION/RULING CITATION: Sections 1611 and 1612(a)(2) of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. Sections 1382 and 1382a); 20 C.F.R. Sections 416.1130, 416.1140, and 416.1141. CIRCUIT: Second (Connecticut, New York, Vermont) Ruppert v. Bowen , 871 F.2d 1172 (2d Cir. 1989) APPLICABILITY OF RULING: This Ruling applies to determinations or decisions at all administrative levels (i.e., initial, reconsideration, administrative law judge hearing and Appeals Council). DESCRIPTION OF CASE: Multiple SSI recipients filed a joint action challenging the methods used by the Social Security Administration (SSA) to calculate their benefits. Thus ruling related to the claims of Rose and Edward Faicco, Cheryl Karnett, and Alan Green, who alleged that the Secretary's treatment of the difference between the current market rental value of their housing and the rent actually paid for the housing as in-kind income was erroneous. The facts for the pertinent claims are as follows: FAICCOS Rose and Edward Faicco were both over age sixty-five. They rented a house from their daughter. Although the monthly expenses for the house were $951, the Faiccos paid rent of $350 per month, which was reduced to $250 per month when their daughter's variable rate mortgage decreased. for the housing as in-kind income was erroneous. The facts for the pertinent claims are as follows: FAICCOS Rose and Edward Faicco were both over age sixty-five. They rented a house from their daughter. Although the monthly expenses for the house were $951, the Faiccos paid rent of $350 per month, which was reduced to $250 per month when their daughter's variable rate mortgage decreased. An administrative law judge (ALJ) found that each of the Faiccos was overpaid $262.20 between November 1982 and March 1983. The ALJ found that they had been overpaid either because they had received subsidized rent or, because they did not pay their pro rata share of household expenses and therefore lived in their daughter's household. The ALJ also found that they were not without fault in causing the overpayment and that the overpayment could not be waived. This became the final decision of the Secretary and suit was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The court affirmed the Secretary's decision. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. KARNETT Cheryl Karnett, who is mentally retarded and autistic, lived with her parents. Her mother executed a rental agreement as both Cheryl's agent and her landlord. The rental agreement called for Ms. Karnett to pay her mother rent of $169 per month and food payments of $120 per month. An ALJ found that Mr. Karnett had unearned income of $36 per month, $11 per month because her room's market value was $180 and $25 per month because of occasional meals provided by her parents. The ALJ's decision became the final decision of the Secretary. A civil action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The court affirmed the Secretary's decision. This decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. GREEN t value was $180 and $25 per month because of occasional meals provided by her parents. The ALJ's decision became the final decision of the Secretary. A civil action was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York. The court affirmed the Secretary's decision. This decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. GREEN Alan Green lived with his parents. Mr. Green and his mother had a written agreement, under which he was to pay her $100 per month in rent and $125 per month for food. There was evidence that his mother stated to SSA that she would have charged a stranger $135 for lodging. An ALJ determined that Mr. Green had received in-kind income of $35 per month, the difference between the current market rental value and the rent he agreed to pay. This became the final decision of the Secretary and a civil action was filed. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York affirmed the Secretary's decision. The decision was appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. HOLDING: The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that, although the statute and regulations concerning in- kind income and rental subsidies are facially valid, if the proportion of income that an SSI recipient expends on housing is "so great that it flies in the face of reality" to conclude that unearned income in the form of subsidized housing is actually available to the recipient, the unearned income should be disregarded. The court remanded the subject cases to the district court for a determination of whether any SSI recipients had received an "actual economic benefit" from their rental subsidies. However, the court did not state how "actual economic benefit" is to be established. STATEMENT AS TO HOW RUPPERT DIFFERS FROM SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY: the recipient, the unearned income should be disregarded. The court remanded the subject cases to the district court for a determination of whether any SSI recipients had received an "actual economic benefit" from their rental subsidies. However, the court did not state how "actual economic benefit" is to be established. STATEMENT AS TO HOW RUPPERT DIFFERS FROM SOCIAL SECURITY POLICY: Under 20 C.F.R. Section 416.1130(b), SSI applicants and recipients are found not to be receiving in-kind support and maintenance in the form of subsidized rent, if they are paying the amount charged under a business arrangement. A business arrangement exists when the amount of monthly rent required to be paid equals the current market rental value. In situations where the landlord/tenant relationship is other than a parent/child relationship, we presume that the amount of monthly rent required to be paid equals the current market rental value. When there is a parent/child relationship between landlord and tenant, SSA determines whether a rental subsidy exists. Generally, SSA views any difference between the current market rental value and the actual amount of rent paid as being in-kind income, up to the presumed maximum value established under 20 C.F.R. Section 416.1140(a)(1) (one-third of the Federal benefit rate plus the $20 general income exclusion). SSA generally considers this difference to be an "actual economic benefit" to the applicant or recipient. The Second Circuit's decision in Ruppert found that the difference between the current market rental value and the actual rent paid does not always constitute an "actual economic benefit" to the SSI applicant or recipient. The Court directed that a determination be made as to whether an applicant or recipient received an "actual economic benefit" from a rental subsidy, before charging the applicant or recipient with in-kind support and maintenance. EXPLANATION OF HOW SSA WILL APPLY THE DECISION WITHIN THE CIRCUIT: d does not always constitute an "actual economic benefit" to the SSI applicant or recipient. The Court directed that a determination be made as to whether an applicant or recipient received an "actual economic benefit" from a rental subsidy, before charging the applicant or recipient with in-kind support and maintenance. EXPLANATION OF HOW SSA WILL APPLY THE DECISION WITHIN THE CIRCUIT: This Ruling applies only in cases in which the applicant or recipient resides in Connecticut, New York, or Vermont at the time of the determination or decision at any administrative level, i.e., initial, reconsideration, administrative law judge hearing, or Appeals Council. In cases where SSA determines that an applicant or recipient has received a rental subsidy, SSA will determine whether the applicant or recipient received an "actual economic benefit" from the rental subsidy. If SSA determines that the applicant or recipient received an "actual economic benefit," he or she will be imputed to have received in-kind support and maintenance. If SSA determines that the applicant or recipient did not receive an "actual economic benefit", the rental subsidy will be disregarded for purposes of determining eligibility for and the amount of Supplemental Security Income benefits. Although the court required there to be a determination of "actual economic benefit" in rental subsidy cases, it did not specify the test to be used in making that determination. SSA has decided that it will determine that an applicant or recipient did not receive an "actual economic benefit" from a rental subsidy when the monthly amount of rent required to be paid equals or exceeds the presumed maximum value described in 20 C.F.R. Section 416.1140(a)(1) (one-third of the Federal benefit rate plus the $20 general income exclusion) ed in making that determination. SSA has decided that it will determine that an applicant or recipient did not receive an "actual economic benefit" from a rental subsidy when the monthly amount of rent required to be paid equals or exceeds the presumed maximum value described in 20 C.F.R. Section 416.1140(a)(1) (one-third of the Federal benefit rate plus the $20 general income exclusion). If the required amount of rent is less than the presumed maximum value, we will impute as in-kind support and maintenance the difference between the required amount of rent and either the presumed maximum value or the current market rental value, whichever is less. ## Nearby sections - [AR 00-4(2) AR 00-4(2): Rescinded](https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/SSA_SSR_AR_AR_00_4_2.md) - [AR 06-1(2) AR 06-1(2): Fowlkes v. Adamec , 432 F.3d 90 (2d Cir. 2005): Determining Whether an Individual is a Fugitive Felon Under the Social Security Act (Act) — Titles II and XVI of the Act. [1]](https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/SSA_SSR_AR_AR_06_1_2.md) - [AR 86-2R(2) AR 86-2R(2): Rosenberg v. Richardson , 538 F.2d 487 (2d Cir. 1976); Capitano v. 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