# Notice 2025-4: Application of the Simplified and Streamlined Approach under Section 482

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/IRS_NOTICE_2025_4

## Section

- **Citation:** Notice 2025-4
- **Heading:** Application of the Simplified and Streamlined Approach under Section 482
- **Jurisdiction:** Federal
- **Kind:** IRS notices
- **Status:** In force
- **Text as of:** August 14, 2026
- **Source:** Compiled text
- **Location:** Internal Revenue Bulletin / IRB 2025 / Notice / Notice 2025-4

## Text

Application of the Simplified and Streamlined Approach under Section 482

NOTICE 2025-04

SECTION 1. PURPOSE
The purpose of this notice is to announce that the Department of the Treasury
(“Treasury Department”) and the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) intend to issue
proposed regulations that, for purposes of applying section 482, provide a new method
for pricing certain controlled transactions involving baseline marketing and distribution
activities. The approach for pricing these activities, referred to herein as the simplified
and streamlined approach (“SSA”), is described in a report of the Organization for
Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) titled, “Pillar One – Amount B:
Inclusive Framework on BEPS”1 and published on February 19, 2024 (the “Report”).
Because some aspects of the SSA may require updating over time with respect to the
economic analysis that underlies the SSA (see section 5.4 of the Report), some aspects
of the SSA may be addressed more appropriately in sub-regulatory guidance (such as,
for example, a revenue procedure) that would be incorporated by reference into the
regulations. The Treasury Department and the IRS expect that the proposed

1 Available at https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/pillar-one-amount-b_21ea168b-en/full-report.html (last
accessed Dec.16, 2024).
2

regulations would not substantively diverge from any aspect of the Report. Therefore,
while this notice does not restate or address every element of the Report, the Treasury
Department and IRS intend the proposed regulations to implement the substance of the
Report in its entirety.
This notice also provides guidance concerning application of the SSA to in-scope
transactions undertaken by parties subject to U.S. tax with respect to those transactions
before issuance of those proposed regulations. As discussed in sections 3.01 and 6.02
of this notice, U.S
asury
Department and IRS intend the proposed regulations to implement the substance of the
Report in its entirety.
This notice also provides guidance concerning application of the SSA to in-scope
transactions undertaken by parties subject to U.S. tax with respect to those transactions
before issuance of those proposed regulations. As discussed in sections 3.01 and 6.02
of this notice, U.S. taxpayers may rely on the SSA, as set forth in the Report (as
supplemented by the Statements, described in section 2.02 of this notice), and subject
to the rules described in sections 3 and 4 of this notice, for their U.S. tax reporting for
taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2025, and before proposed regulations
are published in the Federal Register.
SECTION 2. BACKGROUND

.01 Section 482

Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code permits the Commissioner of the IRS
(“Commissioner”) to make allocations necessary to clearly reflect income or prevent tax
avoidance with respect to controlled transactions. See also Treas. Reg. § 1.482-1(a)(1)
(first sentence). The authority to make adjustments under section 482 is broad. For
example, the Commissioner may make such adjustments with respect to transactions
that otherwise qualify for nonrecognition under other provisions of the Code (see, e.g.,
Treas. Reg. § 1.482-1(f)(1)(iii)). For adjustments under section 482 to which the arm’s
length standard applies, that standard is set forth in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-
1(b). In addition to establishing the arm’s length standard under section 482 through
3

regulations, the Treasury Department and IRS have also promulgated detailed guidance
for the application of the arm’s length standard with respect to specific types of
transactions. See Treas. Reg. §§ 1.482-2 through 1.482-9
ard applies, that standard is set forth in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-
1(b). In addition to establishing the arm’s length standard under section 482 through
3

regulations, the Treasury Department and IRS have also promulgated detailed guidance
for the application of the arm’s length standard with respect to specific types of
transactions. See Treas. Reg. §§ 1.482-2 through 1.482-9. That guidance includes
simplification measures, including the safe haven interest rate under Treasury
Regulation section 1.482-2(a)(2)(iii) and the services cost method under Treasury
Regulation section 1.482-9(b).

.02 The Development of the SSA
In an increasingly globalized economy, multinational enterprises manage
extensive value chains across multiple jurisdictions that frequently involve baseline
marketing and distribution activities. Disputes regarding the pricing of these activities
can impose significant financial and compliance burdens on taxpayers and significant
administrative burdens on tax authorities, and the costs of such disputes are sometimes
disproportionate to the amounts at stake and the difficulty of the pricing challenges. For
some jurisdictions, these problems can be exacerbated when tax administrations are
under-resourced. The Report addresses these concerns by providing guidance
designed to simplify and streamline the application of transfer pricing rules for baseline
marketing and distribution activities.
The SSA is similar to the comparable profits method under Treasury Regulation
sections 1.482-3(a)(4), 1.482-5, and 1.482-9(a)(5) and (f) (referred to in the Report as
the transactional net margin method as that method is known in the Guidelines). Like
the safe haven interest rate and the services cost method, the SSA is a simplification
measure that reflects a carefully balanced tradeoff between reliability and
administrability
profits method under Treasury Regulation
sections 1.482-3(a)(4), 1.482-5, and 1.482-9(a)(5) and (f) (referred to in the Report as
the transactional net margin method as that method is known in the Guidelines). Like
the safe haven interest rate and the services cost method, the SSA is a simplification
measure that reflects a carefully balanced tradeoff between reliability and
administrability. However, unlike those other simplification measures, the SSA
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determines a return based on comparables and is sensitive to material factual
differences between the comparables and tested parties. As a result, the SSA is
expected to closely approximate the result under the best method in most cases, and
material differences in the results (under the SSA versus the best method), if they occur,
are further expected to be minimal and uncommon. The SSA aims to alleviate
administrative burdens, reduce compliance costs, reduce the likelihood of lengthy,
expensive, and unnecessary cross-border tax disputes, and resolve more efficiently any
disputes that nonetheless arise, thereby increasing tax certainty for both tax
administrations and taxpayers. Accordingly, to the extent that the SSA may be less
reliable than the best method in some cases, that reduction in reliability is expected to
be modest and offset by the benefits of simplification and streamlining arising from the
SSA.
The guidance in the Report regarding “Special considerations for baseline
distribution activities” has been incorporated into the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines
for Multinational Enterprises2 (the “Guidelines”) as an Annex to Chapter IV. See Report,
p.5 (first paragraph)
eliability is expected to
be modest and offset by the benefits of simplification and streamlining arising from the
SSA.
The guidance in the Report regarding “Special considerations for baseline
distribution activities” has been incorporated into the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines
for Multinational Enterprises2 (the “Guidelines”) as an Annex to Chapter IV. See Report,
p.5 (first paragraph). The Report was subsequently supplemented by two statements
on June 17, 2024, the “Statement on the definitions of qualifying jurisdiction within the
meaning of section 5.2 and section 5.3 of the simplified and streamlined approach”3 and
the “Statement on the definition of covered jurisdiction for the Inclusive Framework

2 Available at https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/oecd-transfer-pricing-guidelines-for-multinational-
enterprises-and-tax-administrations-2022_0e655865-en.html (last accessed Dec. 16, 2024).
3 Available at https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/support-materials/2024/02/pillar-
one-amount-b_41a41e1e/statement-qualifying-jurisdiction-definitions-section-5-2-section-5-3-simplified-
streamlined-approach.pdf (last accessed Dec. 16, 2024).
5

political commitment on Amount B”4 (collectively the “Statements”). The former
Statement provides text that has been incorporated into the Guidelines to replace
placeholder definitions in the Report. The latter Statement clarifies the Introduction of
the Report.5
SECTION 3. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SSA

.01 General Overview
This section 3 provides an overview of what transactions may be within the
scope of the SSA, in general, as well as the rules that future regulations would provide
for when and how the SSA can be applied to such transactions for U.S. tax purposes.
The Report states that every jurisdiction may choose whether to implement the
SSA. A jurisdiction that implements the SSA may choose from two options. Under
Option 1, the SSA can apply only if, among other considerations, a taxpayer elects for it
to apply
ll as the rules that future regulations would provide
for when and how the SSA can be applied to such transactions for U.S. tax purposes.
The Report states that every jurisdiction may choose whether to implement the
SSA. A jurisdiction that implements the SSA may choose from two options. Under
Option 1, the SSA can apply only if, among other considerations, a taxpayer elects for it
to apply. Under Option 2, a taxpayer can elect to apply the SSA as under Option 1, but
the tax administration of the Distributor Country that has implemented the SSA also has
the right to apply the SSA even if the taxpayer does not elect to apply it.
Under both options, taxpayers retain flexibility when structuring their transactions
to fall within or outside of the scope of the SSA. For example, if the United States were
to promulgate final rules consistent with the SSA, U.S. federal income tax principles

4 Available at https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/support-materials/2024/02/pillar-
one-amount-b_41a41e1e/statement-covered-jurisdiction-definition-inclusive-framework-commitment-
amount-b.pdf (last accessed Dec. 16, 2024).
5 Because a version of the Guidelines containing the content of the Report and supplemented by the
Statements has not been published as of the publication of this notice (the current version of the
Guidelines was published in January 2022), references herein to the contents of the Report and
Statements are made to those latter documents directly.
6

would apply in evaluating the substance and form of the relevant transactions under all
facts and circumstances for the purpose of determining whether such transactions are
in scope. As is always the case under general U.S
sion of the
Guidelines was published in January 2022), references herein to the contents of the Report and
Statements are made to those latter documents directly.
6

would apply in evaluating the substance and form of the relevant transactions under all
facts and circumstances for the purpose of determining whether such transactions are
in scope. As is always the case under general U.S. federal income tax principles,
before applying the section 482 regulations to determine whether a transfer price with
respect to a purported controlled transaction is arm’s length, it would first need to be
determined whether a controlled transaction has occurred and, if so, what the terms of
that transaction are. This analysis is required regardless of whether the relevant
transactions are the same as transactions that occurred before the adoption of the SSA,
or whether a taxpayer has restructured or otherwise purported to change the nature or
terms of its distribution activities in order to come within the scope of the SSA. Similarly,
U.S. tax rules would apply in requiring arm’s length compensation for any controlled
transactions that occur in connection with a restructuring, regardless of whether such
transactions accomplish the restructuring itself or are ongoing following the
restructuring.
The Treasury Department and the IRS intend to issue proposed regulations that,
at minimum, are consistent with the Option 1 version of the SSA, which would permit
taxpayers that are subject to U.S. tax with respect to in-scope transactions (that is, both
U.S. Distributors and U.S. Related Suppliers) to elect (as described in section 4.06 of
this notice) to apply the SSA for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2025.
The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to consider whether proposed
regulations should also permit the IRS to apply the SSA to in-scope transactions
consistent with Option 2.
7

Section 5 of this notice contains a list of defined terms
elated Suppliers) to elect (as described in section 4.06 of
this notice) to apply the SSA for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2025.
The Treasury Department and the IRS continue to consider whether proposed
regulations should also permit the IRS to apply the SSA to in-scope transactions
consistent with Option 2.
7

Section 5 of this notice contains a list of defined terms. Terms used in this notice
that are not defined in section 5 and that are also used in the Report have the same
meaning as that provided in the Report. For purposes of this notice, references to the
Commissioner shall be to the director of field operations or other applicable delegate.

.02 Qualification for Application of the SSA
For U.S. taxpayers, the process of applying the SSA with respect to a controlled
transaction would involve several key steps:
(1) First, the controlled transaction must fit within a category of qualifying
transactions.
(2) Second, if the transaction is a qualifying transaction, it must also be an in-
scope transaction. For purposes of determining whether a qualifying transaction is also
an in-scope transaction under section 482, the upper bound of the operating expenses-
to-revenues scoping criterion in paragraph 13.b. of the Report is 30% if (a) the
Distributor is a U.S. Distributor or (b) the Distributor Country has not adopted the SSA.
If the Distributor is a non-U.S. Distributor, and the Distributor Country has adopted the
SSA, then the upper bound is the upper bound specified by the law of the Distributor
Country, but no lower than 20% and no higher than 30%.
(3) Third, if the qualifying transaction is determined to be an in-scope transaction,
then for purposes of applying the SSA for U.S. law, an election would need to be made
as described in section 4.06 of this notice.
stributor Country has adopted the
SSA, then the upper bound is the upper bound specified by the law of the Distributor
Country, but no lower than 20% and no higher than 30%.
(3) Third, if the qualifying transaction is determined to be an in-scope transaction,
then for purposes of applying the SSA for U.S. law, an election would need to be made
as described in section 4.06 of this notice.
(4) Fourth, the taxpayer must maintain permanent books of account and records
that are adequate to permit verification by the Commissioner that the controlled
transactions with respect to which the election is made are in-scope transactions and
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must maintain sufficient documentation to allow verification that the taxpayer properly
determined its income under the SSA. See the documentation requirements in section
4.07, below, which apply for purposes of Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6.

.03 Application of the SSA to In-Scope Transactions
If it is established that the controlled transaction is an in-scope transaction and
that an election has been made, then the appropriate return to the tested party is
determined under the SSA by applying the guidance in section 5 of the Report. The
following paragraphs clarify the guidance in section 5 of the Report for purposes of
applying the SSA for U.S. tax purposes.
(1) Identification of Relevant Matrix Cell
(a) In general, under section 5.1 of the Report, a return-on-sales percentage for
the Distributor is determined mechanically by reference to a pricing matrix (derived from
the results of a global dataset of comparables), the columns of which correspond to
three industry groupings, and the rows of which correspond to various net operating
asset intensities and operating expense intensities. See also page 12 of the Report for
definitions of those terms. For purposes of identifying the applicable column of the
matrix under paragraph 47.a
ing matrix (derived from
the results of a global dataset of comparables), the columns of which correspond to
three industry groupings, and the rows of which correspond to various net operating
asset intensities and operating expense intensities. See also page 12 of the Report for
definitions of those terms. For purposes of identifying the applicable column of the
matrix under paragraph 47.a. of the Report with respect to an in-scope transaction, if a
sale could be categorized under more than one industry grouping, the more specific
grouping must be used.
(b) Paragraph 47.b. of the Report requires identification of the applicable row of
the matrix by reference to different levels of net operating asset intensity and operating
expense intensity. Paragraphs 47.c. and 48 of the Report, in combination, determine
the applicable range by first identifying the intersection of the column and row identified
9

under paragraphs 47.a. and 47.b., respectively, and then adding 0.5 to the return-on-
sales percentage specified in the relevant matrix cell to determine the upper bound, and
subtracting 0.5 from the specified percentage to determine the lower bound of the
range. The range so determined applies pursuant to the rules set forth in this section
3.03(1)(b); therefore, the arm’s length range and interquartile range concepts set forth in
Treasury Regulation section 1.482-1(e) do not apply under the SSA. Subject to
sections 5.2 and 5.3 of the Report (as explained further below), if the tested party’s
reported return-on-sales percentage falls within that range, then no adjustment will be
made by the tax administration; if it falls outside that range, then an adjustment to the
transfer price may be made by the tax administration as necessary to cause the
reported return-on-sales percentage to become equal to the return-on-sales percentage
specified in the applicable matrix cell as identified under paragraph 47.c. See ¶ 50 of
the Report
n that range, then no adjustment will be
made by the tax administration; if it falls outside that range, then an adjustment to the
transfer price may be made by the tax administration as necessary to cause the
reported return-on-sales percentage to become equal to the return-on-sales percentage
specified in the applicable matrix cell as identified under paragraph 47.c. See ¶ 50 of
the Report. For example, assume a Distributor elects to apply the SSA and reports
income consistent with a return on sales of 3.3% based on its determination that the
applicable industry grouping is group 2 under paragraph 47.a. and the applicable factor
intensity row is row C under paragraph 47.b., which intersect at the matrix cell that
indicates a 3% return on sales and a range of 2.5%-3.5%. However, on audit the tax
administration determines that while the applicable factor intensity row is C, the
applicable industry grouping is group 1 instead of group 2, and therefore the pricing
matrix return is 2.5% with a range under paragraph 47.c. of 2%-3%. Under paragraph
50, the tax administration may make an adjustment to reduce the Distributor’s return on
sales to the appropriate pricing matrix cell return of 2.5%.
(2) Operating Expense Cross-Check
10

(a) After the return-on-sales percentage has been determined under section 5.1
of the Report—that is, either the reported percentage (if it was within the range) or the
adjusted percentage (if the reported percentage was outside the range)—an operating
expense cross-check mechanism, as provided in section 5.2 of the Report, is used to
ensure that the application of the SSA under section 5.1 remains appropriate with
regard to implied returns on operating expenses
ion 5.1
of the Report—that is, either the reported percentage (if it was within the range) or the
adjusted percentage (if the reported percentage was outside the range)—an operating
expense cross-check mechanism, as provided in section 5.2 of the Report, is used to
ensure that the application of the SSA under section 5.1 remains appropriate with
regard to implied returns on operating expenses. Table 5.2 of the Report provides
applicable return-on-operating expense “cap-and-collar” ranges by net operating asset
intensity of the tested party to establish an upper and lower bound, respectively, and
ensure appropriate results for earnings before interest and taxes (“EBIT”)-to-operating
expenses ratios. If the equivalent return on operating expenses derived from the return-
on-sales percentage determined under section 5.1 falls above the cap rate, paragraph
52.d. of the Report requires adjusting such return-on-sales percentage downward so
that the EBIT-to-operating expenses ratio is lowered until it equals the cap rate, to
prevent excess profitability from being attributed to lower-risk, routine functions.
Conversely, if the equivalent return on operating expenses derived from such return-on-
sales percentage falls below the collar rate, an upward adjustment must be made to
increase EBIT and, thus, the return-on-sales percentage, so that the EBIT-to-operating
expenses ratio is increased to the collar rate to prevent under-remuneration of such
activities.
ted to lower-risk, routine functions.
Conversely, if the equivalent return on operating expenses derived from such return-on-
sales percentage falls below the collar rate, an upward adjustment must be made to
increase EBIT and, thus, the return-on-sales percentage, so that the EBIT-to-operating
expenses ratio is increased to the collar rate to prevent under-remuneration of such
activities.
(b) For this purpose, there are two sets of cap rates—alternative cap rates that
apply only when the Distributor Country is a qualifying jurisdiction and default cap rates
that apply in all other cases. Solely for purposes of the alternative cap rates under
section 5.2 of the Report, “qualifying jurisdiction” means a jurisdiction that is classified
11

by the World Bank Group as low income, lower-middle income, or upper-middle income
based on the latest available World Bank Group country classifications by income level
(hereinafter “section 5.2 qualifying jurisdictions”). See section 3.03(4) of this notice.
(c) Building on the prior example in section 3.03(1)(b) of this notice, if the
reported return-on-sales percentage of 3.3% was outside the range and, thus, adjusted
to 2.5% under section 5.1 of the Report, and if section 5.2 of the Report requires a
further adjustment, such further adjustment is made to the 2.5% return-on-sales
percentage that was determined after application of the range under section 5.1. (Note:
if the reported return-on-sales percentage had been 2.7% and, therefore, had been
within the range specified in paragraph 48, then there would have been no adjustment
under section 5.1, and the starting point for the adjustment under section 5.2 would
have been 2.7%.). In the case of an adjustment under section 5.2, whether the
adjusted return-on-sales percentage falls within the range described and applied in
section 5.1 is not relevant.
(3) Data Availability Mechanism for Qualifying Jurisdictions
n paragraph 48, then there would have been no adjustment
under section 5.1, and the starting point for the adjustment under section 5.2 would
have been 2.7%.). In the case of an adjustment under section 5.2, whether the
adjusted return-on-sales percentage falls within the range described and applied in
section 5.1 is not relevant.
(3) Data Availability Mechanism for Qualifying Jurisdictions
(a) Finally, the return-on-sales percentage determined under section 5.1 of the
Report (and then adjusted, if necessary, under section 5.2 of the Report), may require a
separate adjustment under the data availability mechanism of section 5.3 of the Report,
which provides an additional return for a Distributor located in a qualifying jurisdiction.
Solely for purposes of section 5.3 and subject to the following sentence, “qualifying
jurisdiction” means jurisdictions (other than members of the European Union) that have
both (i) a publicly available long term sovereign credit rating of BBB+ (or equivalent) or
lower from a recognized independent credit rating agency, and (ii) fewer than five
12

comparables in the global dataset (hereinafter “section 5.3 qualifying jurisdiction”). In
the case of a jurisdiction that does not have a long term sovereign credit rating from a
recognized independent credit rating agency but has fewer than five comparables in the
global dataset, it will nevertheless be regarded as a section 5.3 qualifying jurisdiction if it
is classified by the World Bank Group as low income, lower-middle income, or upper-
middle income based on the World Bank Group country classifications by income level.
See section 3.03(4) of this notice.
om a
recognized independent credit rating agency but has fewer than five comparables in the
global dataset, it will nevertheless be regarded as a section 5.3 qualifying jurisdiction if it
is classified by the World Bank Group as low income, lower-middle income, or upper-
middle income based on the World Bank Group country classifications by income level.
See section 3.03(4) of this notice.
(b) Building further on the prior examples in sections 3.03(1)(b) and (2)(c) of this
notice, if the Distributor is a section 5.3 qualifying jurisdiction, then an adjustment under
paragraph 54 of the Report may be required, using as the starting point the return-on-
sales percentage that was determined under section 5.2. (Note: if an adjustment had
not been required under section 5.2, then the section 5.3 adjustment would be made
using the return-on-sales percentage that was determined under section 5.1 as the
starting point.) As under section 5.2 (see section 3.03(2)(c), above), whether the return-
on-sales percentage as adjusted under section 5.3 falls within the range described and
applied in section 5.1 is not relevant.
(4) Qualifying Jurisdictions for Purposes of Sections 5.2 and 5.3 of the Report
The definitions of “section 5.2 qualifying jurisdiction” and “section 5.3 qualifying
jurisdiction” are taken from the “Statement on the definitions of qualifying jurisdiction
within the meaning of section 5.2 and section 5.3 of the simplified and streamlined
approach,” which supplemented the Report. The provision of those definitions in that
statement was anticipated by the incomplete definitions of “Qualifying jurisdiction(s)
within the meaning of Section 5.2” and “Qualifying jurisdiction(s) within the meaning of
13

Section 5.3” that are provided on page 13 of the Report. The lists of section 5.2
qualifying jurisdictions and section 5.3 qualifying jurisdictions will be fixed prospectively
based on those definitions, and published and updated every five years on the OECD
website.
SECTION 4
jurisdiction(s)
within the meaning of Section 5.2” and “Qualifying jurisdiction(s) within the meaning of
13

Section 5.3” that are provided on page 13 of the Report. The lists of section 5.2
qualifying jurisdictions and section 5.3 qualifying jurisdictions will be fixed prospectively
based on those definitions, and published and updated every five years on the OECD
website.
SECTION 4. CREATION OF A SSA SAFE HARBOR: REQUIREMENTS AND
CONSIDERATIONS
.01 Overview
This section 4 describes the proposed rules that the Treasury Department and the IRS
intend to issue which would, at a minimum, incorporate the SSA as a safe harbor
application of the arm’s length standard under the section 482 regulations, as well as
the administrative steps that a taxpayer must take to make the election and retain
necessary documentation with respect to the SSA. It also describes the extent to which
the Commissioner would respect the election for U.S. taxpayers. The Guidelines or the
Report may be subject to future revisions and updates. Compliance with this section 4
will be determined based on the guidance in the Report (and as supplemented by the
Statements) in effect as of the date of publication of this notice. The Treasury
Department and the IRS expect to incorporate updates to the Report in future guidance.
.02 Deemed Satisfaction of the Arm’s Length Standard

(1) Subject to the other provisions of this section 4.02, if a valid election to apply
the SSA has been made with respect to an in-scope transaction, the Commissioner will
consider the SSA to be the best method under the best method rule in Treasury
Regulation section 1.482-1(c). Therefore, in such cases, it is not necessary to
demonstrate that the SSA is the best method, nor can the Commissioner or an electing
14

taxpayer oppose the application of the SSA on the basis that it is not the best method
respect to an in-scope transaction, the Commissioner will
consider the SSA to be the best method under the best method rule in Treasury
Regulation section 1.482-1(c). Therefore, in such cases, it is not necessary to
demonstrate that the SSA is the best method, nor can the Commissioner or an electing
14

taxpayer oppose the application of the SSA on the basis that it is not the best method.
In the case of an application of the SSA as described in this section 4.02(1), the SSA
will be considered a specified method for purposes of Treasury Regulation
section 1.6662-6(d)(2). See section 4.04(1) of this notice regarding revisions of the
applicable requirements under Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(ii)(A) for
purposes of the SSA.

(2) Notwithstanding section 4.02(1) of this notice, the SSA will not be treated as
the best method if any relevant party (that is, the Distributor, the Related Supplier, or
either tax administration) demonstrates that the comparable uncontrolled price method
described in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-3(b) using one or more internal
comparables can be applied more reliably than the SSA and chooses to apply such
method instead of the SSA. See also ¶ 42 of the Report.

(3) In any case in which a taxpayer determines a transfer price by reference to
the SSA other than as described in section 4.02(1), whether the price so calculated
satisfies the arm’s length standard would be determined under the section 482
regulations, including the best method rule, and without regard to any guidance in the
Report or this notice. The SSA will be considered an unspecified method for that
purpose. See section 4.04(2) of this notice regarding the applicable requirements under
Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(3)(ii).

.03 Section 482 Adjustments When the SSA Has Been Applied
mined under the section 482
regulations, including the best method rule, and without regard to any guidance in the
Report or this notice. The SSA will be considered an unspecified method for that
purpose. See section 4.04(2) of this notice regarding the applicable requirements under
Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(3)(ii).

.03 Section 482 Adjustments When the SSA Has Been Applied
(1) The Commissioner may challenge whether a controlled transaction is an in-
scope transaction, whether an election to apply the SSA has been made, and whether
the income allocation has been properly calculated under the SSA. If the Commissioner
15

determines that a controlled transaction is not an in-scope transaction or otherwise that
a valid election was not made, then section 4.02(1) of this notice would not apply. For
such transactions, any adjustments would be determined under the otherwise
applicable best method analysis set forth in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-1(c).
(2) If the Commissioner determines that a controlled transaction is an in-scope
transaction, the exception described in section 4.02(2) does not apply, a valid election to
apply the SSA was made, and the transfer price was properly calculated under the SSA,
then the Commissioner would not make an adjustment under section 482 with respect
to that transaction. If the Commissioner determines that a controlled transaction is an
in-scope transaction and that a valid election was made, but the transfer price was not
properly calculated under the SSA, then the Commissioner's allocations in such cases
under section 482 would be limited to adjusting (i) the amount charged for the in-scope
transaction to the amount properly determined under the SSA and (ii) any related
amounts properly determined under other rules under section 482.
saction and that a valid election was made, but the transfer price was not
properly calculated under the SSA, then the Commissioner's allocations in such cases
under section 482 would be limited to adjusting (i) the amount charged for the in-scope
transaction to the amount properly determined under the SSA and (ii) any related
amounts properly determined under other rules under section 482.
(3) A taxpayer’s valid election to apply the SSA to an in-scope transaction for a
taxable year shall constitute consent to the IRS’s use of the SSA in calculating any
applicable adjustment to such transaction in such taxable year. Thus, a taxpayer that
has availed itself of the simplification benefits of the SSA cannot subsequently disavow
its reliance on the SSA.

.04 Satisfaction of the Specified and Unspecified Method Requirements under
Treasury Regulation Section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(ii)(A) and (3)(ii)
(1) In the case of any controlled transaction to which section 4.02(1) of this notice
applies (or to which section 4.02(2) applies where the taxpayer made an election to
16

apply the SSA, but a comparable uncontrolled price method using one or more internal
comparables was subsequently properly applied instead), the taxpayer will be deemed
to have met the requirements of section 6662(e)(3)(B)(i)(I) and Treasury Regulation
section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(ii)(A) if it reasonably concluded that it elected to apply the SSA
(including determining that the relevant controlled transaction was an in-scope
transaction) as described in the Report and section 3.02 of this notice, and that it
correctly applied the mechanics of the SSA as described in the Report and section 3.03
of this notice. Whether the taxpayer’s conclusions were reasonable will be determined
from all relevant facts and circumstances. The factors relevant to this determination
include those described in Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(ii)(A) to the
extent applicable
3.02 of this notice, and that it
correctly applied the mechanics of the SSA as described in the Report and section 3.03
of this notice. Whether the taxpayer’s conclusions were reasonable will be determined
from all relevant facts and circumstances. The factors relevant to this determination
include those described in Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(ii)(A) to the
extent applicable. In addition, section 4.07 of this notice addresses satisfaction of the
documentation requirement under Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(2)(iii) in
such cases.
(2) In the case of any controlled transaction for which a taxpayer determines a
transfer price by reference to the SSA and to which section 4.04(1) of this notice does
not apply, the requirements of Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-6(d)(3)(ii)(A) apply
without modification.
.05 Scope of Election
Under this notice, a taxpayer elects to apply the SSA on a transaction-by-
transaction basis with respect to the taxable year for which the election is filed. A
taxpayer that wishes to elect to apply the SSA to the same transaction with respect to
future taxable years must file a new election statement as described in section 4.06 of
this notice for each taxable year. The Treasury Department and the IRS are considering
17

whether, under proposed regulations, the SSA should include a requirement of
consistent treatment such that a taxpayer’s election to apply the SSA would be applied
in some manner other than on a transaction-by-transaction and taxable year-by-taxable
year basis.
.06 Procedure to Elect
A taxpayer elects to apply the SSA by filing with its original return for the taxable
year for which the election is made a statement indicating the transaction(s) to which
the taxpayer elects to apply the SSA
ch that a taxpayer’s election to apply the SSA would be applied
in some manner other than on a transaction-by-transaction and taxable year-by-taxable
year basis.
.06 Procedure to Elect
A taxpayer elects to apply the SSA by filing with its original return for the taxable
year for which the election is made a statement indicating the transaction(s) to which
the taxpayer elects to apply the SSA. The statement must be titled “Election to apply
the SSA,” include a basic description of each transaction, identify the entities
participating in each transaction (both name and taxpayer identification number, if
applicable), and specify the entities’ respective places of incorporation (or jurisdiction of
tax residence, if different from place of incorporation). Solely for the purpose of
identifying the transactions to which an election applies, transactions may be grouped
on the basis of products, product lines, or similar groupings if such grouping basis
reasonably enables the Commissioner to distinguish transactions covered by the
election from transactions not covered by the election while also avoiding the
impracticality of listing each individual transaction that is covered.

.07 Documentation
(1) For controlled transactions with respect to which a valid election to apply the
SSA applies, the documentation requirements provided in section 4.07(2) of this notice
supplant the requirements contained in Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-
6(d)(2)(iii)(B) and (C).
18
tion while also avoiding the
impracticality of listing each individual transaction that is covered.

.07 Documentation
(1) For controlled transactions with respect to which a valid election to apply the
SSA applies, the documentation requirements provided in section 4.07(2) of this notice
supplant the requirements contained in Treasury Regulation section 1.6662-
6(d)(2)(iii)(B) and (C).
18

(2) The documentation requirements for taxpayers electing to apply the SSA to
in-scope transactions are met if the taxpayer maintains sufficient documentation to
establish that the taxpayer reasonably concluded that, given the available data, any
transaction(s) to which it has elected to apply the SSA were in-scope and that the
taxpayer properly calculated the return under the SSA, and provides that documentation
to the IRS within 30 days of a request for it in connection with an examination of the
taxable year to which the documentation relates. The documentation must be in
existence when the return is filed. A minor or inadvertent failure to provide required
documents may be excused at the Commissioner’s discretion, but only if the taxpayer
has made a good faith effort to comply, and the taxpayer promptly remedies the failure
when it becomes known. The taxpayer must maintain books and records that are
sufficiently detailed to verify that it has complied with the SSA. Such records shall
include:
i.
A description of the taxpayer’s organizational structure (including an
organization chart), including the name(s), employee identification number(s),
and U.S. tax classification (where applicable) of all related parties engaged in
the transaction(s) to which the SSA is applied;
ii.
A copy of the intercompany agreement(s) between the Distributor applying
the SSA and its Related Supplier, the terms of which support the statement
described in section 4.07(2)iii. of this notice both in form and in substance;
iii
yee identification number(s),
and U.S. tax classification (where applicable) of all related parties engaged in
the transaction(s) to which the SSA is applied;
ii.
A copy of the intercompany agreement(s) between the Distributor applying
the SSA and its Related Supplier, the terms of which support the statement
described in section 4.07(2)iii. of this notice both in form and in substance;
iii.
A statement explaining the eligibility of the subject transaction under the SSA
scoping criteria set forth in section 3 of the Report;
iv.
All underlying data necessary to apply the scoping criterion set forth in
paragraph 13.b. of the Report, and the corresponding calculated three-year
weighted average operating expense-to-net revenue ratio described in
paragraph 24 of the Report;
19

v.
The following financial information, as defined in the Report, for the taxable
year for which the return is filed and three preceding taxable years:
1.
Distributor net revenue,
2.
Distributor cost of goods sold,
3.
Distributor net operating assets average balances, including all
underlying data, and any applicable adjustments for accounts payable,
for each respective taxable year,
4.
Distributor operating expenses,
5.
Distributor EBIT, and
6.
Distributor return on sales;
vi.
A statement regarding whether the financial statements of the Distributor
required separation of distribution and non-distribution activities as specified
in paragraph 14.b of the Report in order to reliably apply the SSA. If a
separate basis of the Distributor’s financial statements was required, the
taxpayer must include an explanation of the methodology used to reliably
separate distribution and non-distribution data in the financial statements for
net revenues, net operating assets and its components, operating expenses,
and earnings before interest and taxes;
vii.
Information necessary to apply the pricing matrix and any other applicable
provisions of section 5 of the Report, including:
1
r must include an explanation of the methodology used to reliably
separate distribution and non-distribution data in the financial statements for
net revenues, net operating assets and its components, operating expenses,
and earnings before interest and taxes;
vii.
Information necessary to apply the pricing matrix and any other applicable
provisions of section 5 of the Report, including:
1.
A description of the relevant product(s) distributed,
2.
A statement identifying the industry grouping (1, 2, or 3) selected for
each product, including any applicable weighted average calculations,
3.
A statement identifying the factor intensity (A, B, C, D, or E) for each
product, including data and calculations for net operating asset intensity
and operating expense intensity under section 5.1 of the Report, to the
extent such data is not already provided in section 4.07(2)iv. or v. of this
notice,
20

4.
A statement demonstrating application of section 5.2 of the Report and
providing conclusions, including all data and calculations required to
apply the operating expense cross-check, and
5.
A statement demonstrating application of section 5.3 of the Report, if
relevant, and including all data and calculations required to apply the
data availability mechanism, if applicable.
Upon examination of an in-scope transaction, the Commissioner may request
that the taxpayer submit additional information or translate specific documents within 30
days. The Commissioner may extend this period for good cause
strating application of section 5.3 of the Report, if
relevant, and including all data and calculations required to apply the
data availability mechanism, if applicable.
Upon examination of an in-scope transaction, the Commissioner may request
that the taxpayer submit additional information or translate specific documents within 30
days. The Commissioner may extend this period for good cause.

.08 Competent Authority Considerations
Other jurisdictions may vary both in whether they will respect the application of
the SSA as a general matter and, if they do respect it, in their interpretation of the SSA’s
requirements.6 Further, although a taxpayer is permitted in the MAP context to assert
any argument in support of its position (including an argument based on the SSA), the
competent authority of one government cannot support a taxpayer’s position based on
the SSA if the other government has not implemented the SSA or agreed to accept the
application of the SSA in that case. See generally section 8 of the Report. Taxpayers
should carefully consider section 8 of the Report and potential inconsistencies between
jurisdictions’ policies with respect to the SSA in deciding (i) whether to elect the SSA

6 In limited circumstances, the members of the Inclusive Framework have made a political commitment to
respect the application of the SSA for in-scope transactions when the Distributor Country is a “covered
jurisdiction,” as defined and enumerated in the OECD’s “Statement on the definition of covered
jurisdiction for the Inclusive Framework political commitment on Amount B.” See the Introduction to the
Report, p.6, fourth paragraph, third sentence. Under this commitment, a member of the Inclusive
Framework that is a Related Supplier Country should respect the proper application of the SSA pursuant
to the law of the Distributor Country if the Distributor Country is a covered jurisdiction. The intention of the
United States to respect the proper application of the SSA by U.S
ntroduction to the
Report, p.6, fourth paragraph, third sentence. Under this commitment, a member of the Inclusive
Framework that is a Related Supplier Country should respect the proper application of the SSA pursuant
to the law of the Distributor Country if the Distributor Country is a covered jurisdiction. The intention of the
United States to respect the proper application of the SSA by U.S. taxpayers regardless of whether the
Distributor Country is a covered jurisdiction, as described in this notice, satisfies the political commitment.
21

under U.S. law or foreign law, (ii) whether to otherwise rely on the SSA, or (iii) the extent
and nature of documentation to create and maintain.
SECTION 5. DEFINITIONS
The following definitions apply solely for purposes of this notice.
“Controlled transaction” is defined in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-1(i)(8).
“Distributor” has the meaning provided on page 10 of the Report. Thus, a
Distributor is also the tested party referenced in the Report.
The “Distributor Country” is the jurisdiction in which the Distributor is subject to
tax with respect to income derived from a qualifying transaction.
An “in-scope transaction” is a qualifying transaction that meets the scoping
criteria established in section 3.2 of the Report, as further elaborated in section 3.3 of
the Report. For purposes of the scoping criterion set forth in paragraph 13.b. of the
Report, the annual operating expenses incurred by a tested party in a qualifying
transaction must be no lower than 3% and must not exceed an upper bound of between
20% and 30% of the tested party’s annual net revenues, with such upper bound to be
determined by the rules of the Distributor Country.
“Inclusive Framework” refers to the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting.
A “qualifying transaction” is a controlled transaction that is a qualifying
transaction within the meaning of section 3.1 of the Report.
A “non-U.S
between
20% and 30% of the tested party’s annual net revenues, with such upper bound to be
determined by the rules of the Distributor Country.
“Inclusive Framework” refers to the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base
Erosion and Profit Shifting.
A “qualifying transaction” is a controlled transaction that is a qualifying
transaction within the meaning of section 3.1 of the Report.
A “non-U.S. Distributor” is a Distributor that is subject to tax in a jurisdiction other
than the United States with respect to income derived from a qualifying transaction.
22

A “Related Supplier” is the party to a qualifying transaction that is the associated
enterprise as described in paragraph 10 of the Report. Thus, a Related Supplier is the
the controlled taxpayer (as defined in Treasury Regulation section 1.482-1(i)(5)) in the
transaction that is not the Distributor or the tested party referenced in the Report.
The “Related Supplier Country” is the jurisdiction in which the Related Supplier is
subject to tax with respect to income derived from a qualifying transaction.
A “U.S. Distributor” is a Distributor that is subject to tax in the United States with
respect to income derived from a qualifying transaction.
A “U.S. Related Supplier” is the counterparty to the non-U.S. Distributor with
respect to a qualifying transaction.
SECTION 6. APPLICABLITY DATE AND RELIANCE

.01 Applicability Date
It is anticipated that the proposed regulations would provide that rules consistent
with the rules described in sections 3 and 4 of this notice apply to taxable years
beginning on or after January 1, 2025.

.02 Reliance
Taxpayers may rely on the guidance provided in sections 3 and 4 of this notice, if
they apply such guidance in its entirety and in a consistent manner, for taxable years
beginning on or after January 1, 2025, and before the proposed regulations are
published in the Federal Register
in sections 3 and 4 of this notice apply to taxable years
beginning on or after January 1, 2025.

.02 Reliance
Taxpayers may rely on the guidance provided in sections 3 and 4 of this notice, if
they apply such guidance in its entirety and in a consistent manner, for taxable years
beginning on or after January 1, 2025, and before the proposed regulations are
published in the Federal Register. For taxable years beginning on or after January 1,
2025, and before proposed regulations are published in the Federal Register, taxpayers
may rely on the text of the SSA for their U.S. tax reporting, as set forth in the Report
23

(and as supplemented by the Statements) if they also apply the rules described in
Sections 3 and 4 pursuant to the prior sentence.
SECTION 7. REQUEST FOR COMMENTS
.01 General Overview
The Treasury Department and the IRS request comments from interested
persons on this notice. The Treasury Department and the IRS contemplate updating
this guidance as appropriate, including by issuing a notice of proposed rulemaking
further implementing the safe harbor created by this notice, consistent with Option 1, or
implementing a revised version of the SSA that is consistent with Option 2. Comments
on all SSA-related topics are welcome and are solicited in particular on the following
subjects:
• Whether application of the SSA should be determined solely by an election by
taxpayers, or whether other considerations should also be taken into account,
such as the ability of the IRS to apply the SSA in the absence of a taxpayer
election (as described in section 3.01 of this notice) and whether the availability
of the SSA for U.S
nd are solicited in particular on the following
subjects:
• Whether application of the SSA should be determined solely by an election by
taxpayers, or whether other considerations should also be taken into account,
such as the ability of the IRS to apply the SSA in the absence of a taxpayer
election (as described in section 3.01 of this notice) and whether the availability
of the SSA for U.S. taxpayers should depend on whether the SSA has been
implemented by the counterparty jurisdiction in order to ensure symmetry of tax
treatment;
• Whether the possibility posed in section 4.05 of this notice of requiring elections
other than on a transaction-by-transaction and taxable year-by-taxable year basis
should be subject to any limitations that serve the interests of simplicity or sound
tax administration. Possible limitations on electivity may include requiring that
elections apply consistently to all in-scope transactions, to categories of in-scope
24

transactions, to a single in-scope transaction for multiple taxable years, or in a
similarly consistent manner.
• the selection of 30% as the upper boundary of the operating expense-to-net
revenue ratio scoping criterion pursuant to section 3.2 of the Report.
.02 Procedures for Submitting Comments.
(1) Deadline. Written comments should be submitted by March 7, 2025.
Consideration will be given, however, to any written comment submitted after March 7,
2025, if such consideration will not delay the issuance of proposed regulations.
(2) Form and manner. The subject line for the comments should include a
reference to Notice 2025-04. All commenters are strongly encouraged to submit
comments electronically. However, comments may be submitted in one of two ways:
(a) Electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov
(type IRS-2024-0061 in the search field on the regulations.gov homepage to find this
notice and submit comments); or
t line for the comments should include a
reference to Notice 2025-04. All commenters are strongly encouraged to submit
comments electronically. However, comments may be submitted in one of two ways:
(a) Electronically via the Federal eRulemaking Portal at www.regulations.gov
(type IRS-2024-0061 in the search field on the regulations.gov homepage to find this
notice and submit comments); or
(b) By mail to: Internal Revenue Service, CC:PA:LPD:PR (Notice 2025-04),
Room 5203, P.O. Box 7604, Ben Franklin Station, Washington, D.C., 20044
(3) Publication of comments. The Treasury Department and the IRS will publish
for public availability any comments submitted electronically or on paper to its public
docket on regulations.gov.
SECTION 8. NO INFERENCE
No inference should be drawn from any provision of this notice concerning any
other provision of section 482 or the regulations issued thereunder. See also ¶ 4 of the
Report. Because the design choices reflected in the SSA are the result of a negotiated
25

construction of a simplification measure that is intended to be applied across a relatively
broad range of fact patterns, it should not be inferred that any single design choice or
combination thereof in the SSA implies the proper design of a best method for any
transaction under the rest of the section 482 regulations regardless of whether it is an
in-scope transaction. See also ¶ 43 of the Report. The mere fact that an activity does
not qualify for the SSA should not be interpreted to mean that such activity generates
lower or higher returns than is permissible under the SSA or that the returns provided by
the SSA for in-scope taxpayers represent a floor or a ceiling for returns to distribution
activities in general. See also ¶ 9 of the Report.
SECTION 9. PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C
ify for the SSA should not be interpreted to mean that such activity generates
lower or higher returns than is permissible under the SSA or that the returns provided by
the SSA for in-scope taxpayers represent a floor or a ceiling for returns to distribution
activities in general. See also ¶ 9 of the Report.
SECTION 9. PAPERWORK REDUCTION ACT

The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520) (PRA) generally
requires that a federal agency obtain the approval of the Office of Management and
Budget (OMB) before collecting information from the public, whether such collection of
information is mandatory, voluntary, or required to obtain or retain a benefit. An agency
may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a valid control number assigned by the OMB. The
collections of information in this notice are in sections 4.06 and 4.07. This information is
required to enable the IRS to verify that a taxpayer is reporting the correct amount of
taxable income. The collections of information will be used by the IRS for tax
compliance purposes. The likely respondents are business and other for-profit
institutions.
This notice includes a reporting requirement to provide the IRS with a statement
indicating the transactions to which the taxpayer elects to apply the SSA, as described
26

in section 4.06 of this notice. The recordkeeping requirements include that taxpayers
keep books of account and records that are adequate to permit verification that the
controlled transactions are within scope, that the SSA has been properly applied, and
that a taxpayer is reporting the correct amount of taxable income. These collection
requirements supplement the existing collection requirements within Treasury
Regulation section 1.6662-6 (referenced in section 4.07 of this notice), which are
included in the OMB Control Number 1545-0123 for business filers
controlled transactions are within scope, that the SSA has been properly applied, and
that a taxpayer is reporting the correct amount of taxable income. These collection
requirements supplement the existing collection requirements within Treasury
Regulation section 1.6662-6 (referenced in section 4.07 of this notice), which are
included in the OMB Control Number 1545-0123 for business filers.
Books or records relating to a collection of information must be retained as long
as their contents may become material in the administration of any internal revenue law.
Generally, tax returns and tax return information are confidential, as required by 26
U.S.C. § 6103.
SECTION 10. DRAFTING AND CONTACT INFORMATION
The principal authors of this notice are Lorraine Saxton Rodriguez and Robert Z.
Kelley of the Office of Associate Chief Counsel (International). For further information
regarding this notice contact Lorraine Saxton Rodriguez or Robert Z. Kelley at (202)
317-6939 (not a toll-free call).

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/IRS_NOTICE_2025_4. Check the current official text before relying on it. Not legal advice.