# 60 FR 51398: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for Twenty-five Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, Hawaii > Federal · Regulations · In force URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/FR_PRORULE_95-24336 ## Section - **Citation:** 60 FR 51398 - **Heading:** Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for Twenty-five Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, Hawaii - **Jurisdiction:** Federal - **Kind:** Regulations - **Status:** In force - **Text as of:** August 14, 2026 - **Source:** Compiled text - **Location:** Federal Register / Vol. 60 / 60 FR 51398 ## Text DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 RIN 1018-AD50 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Endangered Status for Twenty-five Plant Species From the Island of Oahu, Hawaii AGENCY: Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior. ACTION: Proposed rule. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- SUMMARY: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) proposes endangered status pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act), for 25 plant taxa--Chamaesyce herbstii ('akoko), Chamaesyce rockii ('akoko), Cyanea acuminata (haha), Cyanea humboldtiana (haha), Cyanea koolauensis (haha), Cyanea longiflora (haha), Cyanea st.-johnii (haha), Cyrtandra dentata (ha'iwale), Cyrtandra subumbellata (ha'iwale), Cyrtandra viridiflora (ha'iwale), Delissea subcordata ('oha), Eragrostis fosbergii (No common name (NCN)), Gardenia mannii (nanu), Labordia cyrtandrae (kamakahala), Lepidium arbuscula ('anaunau), Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (NCN), Lobelia monostachya (NCN), Melicope saint-johnii (alani), Myrsine juddii (kolea), Phyllostegia hirsuta (NCN), Phyllostegia kaalaensis (NCN), Pritchardia kaalae (loulu), Schiedea kealiae (NCN), Trematolobelia singularis (NCN), and Viola oahuensis (NCN). All 25 taxa are endemic to the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The 25 plant taxa and their habitats have been variously affected or are currently threatened by one or more of the following--competition, predation, or habitat degradation from alien species; human impacts; fire; and natural disasters. This proposal, if made final, would implement the Federal protection provisions provided by the Act. DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by December 1, 1995. Public hearing requests must be received by November 16, 1995. ened by one or more of the following--competition, predation, or habitat degradation from alien species; human impacts; fire; and natural disasters. This proposal, if made final, would implement the Federal protection provisions provided by the Act. DATES: Comments from all interested parties must be received by December 1, 1995. Public hearing requests must be received by November 16, 1995. ADDRESSES: Comments and materials concerning this proposal should be sent to Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands Ecoregion Manager, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 300 Ala Moana Boulevard, Room 6307, P.O. Box 50167, Honolulu, Hawaii 96850. Comments and materials received will be available for public inspection, by appointment, during normal business hours at the above address. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Robert P. Smith, Pacific Islands Ecoregion Manager (see ADDRESSES section) (telephone: 808/541-2749; facsimile 808/541-2756). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Background Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pritchardia kaalae, Schiedea kealiae, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis are endemic to the island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The island of Oahu is formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano on the east and the older Waianae volcano to the west (Department of Geography 1983). Their original shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist of long, narrow ridges of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. The island of Oahu is formed from the remnants of two large shield volcanoes, the younger Koolau volcano on the east and the older Waianae volcano to the west (Department of Geography 1983). Their original shield volcano shape has been lost as a result of extensive erosion, and today these volcanoes are called mountains or ranges, and consist of long, narrow ridges. The Koolau Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along a northwest-trending rift zone (Macdonald et al. 1983) and formed a range now approximately 60 kilometers (km) (37 miles (mi)) long (Foote et al. 1972). Median annual rainfall for the Koolau Mountains varies from 130 to 640 centimeters (cm) (50 to 250 inches (in)), most of which is received at higher elevations along the entire length of the windward (northeastern) side (Taliaferro 1959). Nineteen of the proposed plant taxa occur in the Koolau Mountains-- Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea humboldtiana, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyanea st.-johnii, Cyrtandra dentata, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis. The vegetation communities of the Koolau Mountains, especially in the upper elevations to which many of the proposed plant taxa are restricted, are primarily lowland mesic and wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha ('ohi'a) and/or other tree or lauensis, Lobelia monostachya, Melicope saint-johnii, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis. The vegetation communities of the Koolau Mountains, especially in the upper elevations to which many of the proposed plant taxa are restricted, are primarily lowland mesic and wet forests dominated by Metrosideros polymorpha ('ohi'a) and/or other tree or fern taxa. However, the vegetation now covering the Koolau Mountain Range is mostly alien. The majority of the remaining native vegetation is restricted to steep valley head walls and inaccessible summit ridges. The windswept ridges are very steep and are characterized by grasses, ferns, and low-growing, stunted shrubs (Gagne and Cuddihy 1990). The Waianae Mountains were built by eruptions that took place primarily along three rift zones. The two principal rift zones run in a northwestward and south-southeastward direction from the summit and a lesser one runs to the northeast. The range is approximately 64 km (40 mi) long. The caldera lies between the north side of Makaha Valley and the head of Nanakuli Valley (MacDonald et al. 1983). The Waianae Mountains are in the rain shadow of the parallel Koolau Mountains and except for Mt. Kaala, the highest point on Oahu (1,225 meters (m) (4,020 feet (ft)), receive much less rainfall (Wagner et al. 1990). The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 190 cm (20 to 75 in) with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala receiving the highest amount. Relative to the Koolau Mountains, the Waianae Mountains have a greater range of elevations, moisture regimes, and habitat types. As a result, the Waianae Mountains are the most biologically diverse region on the island of Oahu The median annual rainfall for the Waianae Mountains varies from 51 to 190 cm (20 to 75 in) with only the small summit area of Mt. Kaala receiving the highest amount. Relative to the Koolau Mountains, the Waianae Mountains have a greater range of elevations, moisture regimes, and habitat types. As a result, the Waianae Mountains are the most biologically diverse region on the island of Oahu. Thirteen of the proposed plant taxa occur in the Waianae Mountains--Chamaesyce herbstii, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra dentata, Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Melicope saint-johnii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Phyllostegia kaalaensis, Pritchardia kaalae, and Schiedea kealiae. These taxa, with the exception of Lepidium arbuscula and Schiedea kealiae, are found primarily in mesic forests dominated by 'ohi'a, Acacia koa (koa), Diospyros sandwicensis (lama), or a diverse mix of trees. Lepidium arbuscula is found primarily in mesic shrublands on ridges, steep slopes, and cliffs composed of a variety of native shrubs, herbs, and grasses. Schiedea kealiae is found on dry cliff communities with a variety of native trees and shrubs (Joel Lau, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii (TNCH), pers. comm. 1994). The known habitat of these 25 plant taxa is owned by the City and County of Honolulu, the State of Hawaii (including land classified as Department of Hawaiian Homelands, Natural Area Reserve (NAR) System, Forest Reserve, and land leased by the Federal government (Department of Defense (DOD)) for military use), the Federal government, and private parties. Plants on land owned or leased by the Federal government are located on portions of Dillingham, Kaena Point, Makua, and Schofield Barracks Military Reservations; Kawailoa and Kahuku Training Areas; Lualualei Naval Reservation; and the Omega U.S. Coast Guard Station. Private lands include Honouliuli Preserve, leased from a major landowner by TNCH. the Federal government, and private parties. Plants on land owned or leased by the Federal government are located on portions of Dillingham, Kaena Point, Makua, and Schofield Barracks Military Reservations; Kawailoa and Kahuku Training Areas; Lualualei Naval Reservation; and the Omega U.S. Coast Guard Station. Private lands include Honouliuli Preserve, leased from a major landowner by TNCH. Discussion of the 25 Plant Taxa Proposed for Listing Chamaesyce herbstii was first described by Warren Wagner (1988) based on a specimen collected by Derral Herbst in 1969 in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu. Other published names which Wagner considers to be synonymous with Chamaesyce herbstii include C. rockii var. grandifolia, Euphorbia clusiaefolia var. grandifolia, and E. forbesii (Hillebrand 1888, Koutnik 1985, Wagner 1988). Chamaesyce herbstii, a member of the spurge family (Euphorbiaceae), is a small tree ranging from 3 to 8 m (10 to 26 ft) tall. The thin, leathery leaves, normally 8 to 19.5 cm (3.1 to 7.7 in) long and 1.8 to 3.8 cm (0.7 to 1.5 in) wide, are narrowly oblong or sometimes more lance-shaped or elliptic. The leaves are arranged in pairs on the same plane. The small, petalless flower clusters (cyathia or compact flowering stalks with small individual flowers, the whole simulating a single flower) occur in groups of 3 to 15 in branched, open flowering stalks. The individual flower stalks are 8 to 20 mm (0.3 to 0.8 in) long. The hairy inflorescence bracts (specialized leaves) are broadly bell-shaped and contain five to six yellowish green glands. The green or sometimes reddish purple-tinged, angular capsules (dry fruit that open at maturity) scarcely protrude from the bracts. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik 1990) hairy inflorescence bracts (specialized leaves) are broadly bell-shaped and contain five to six yellowish green glands. The green or sometimes reddish purple-tinged, angular capsules (dry fruit that open at maturity) scarcely protrude from the bracts. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the flowering stalk and the color of the angular fruits (Koutnik 1990). Historically Chamaesyce herbstii was known from scattered populations in the northern and central Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu (Hawaii Heritage Program (HHP) 1994c1 to 1994c5). Currently this species is known from four populations in the central and northern Waianae Mountains--South Ekahanui Gulch, Pahole (Kukuiula) Gulch, Kapuna Gulch, and West Makaleha-Central Makaleha. These populations are found on private land in TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve and State land, including Pahole NAR (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5). The total number of plants is estimated to be fewer than 200. Chamaesyce herbstii typically grows in mesic koa-`ohi`a lowland forests, Pisonia sp. (papala kepau)- Charpentiera sp. (papala) lowland forests, or diverse mesic forests at elevations between 530 and 700 m (1,750 to 2,300 ft). Associated plant taxa include the federally endangered Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus (mahoe), as well as Hibiscus arnottianus var. arnottianus (koki`o ke`oke`o), Melicope sp. (alani), Pouteria sp. (`ala`a), and Urera glabra (opuhe) (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5). The primary threats to Chamaesyce herbstii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs (Sus scrofa); competition with alien plant taxa such as Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5; Christa Russell, TNCH, pers. comm such as Grevillea robusta (silk oak), Passiflora suberosa (huehue haole), Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava), and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry); potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events (such as hurricanes) and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations (HHP 1994c1 to 1994c5; Christa Russell, TNCH, pers. comm. 1994). Joseph F. Rock collected a plant in 1908 in the Koolau Mountains, Oahu, which was described a year later by Charles Noyes Forbes as Euphorbia rockii. Leon Croizat and Otto Degener (Degener and Croizat 1936) later transferred the species to Chamaesyce, resulting in the new combination Chamaesyce rockii, the name accepted in the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the genus (Koutnik 1990). The specific epithet honors Rock, an intrepid collector and scholar of the Hawaiian flora. Chamaesyce rockii, a member of the spurge family, is usually a compact shrub or sometimes a small tree typically ranging from 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall, but in protected sites it has been known reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. The leathery leaves, generally 8 to 14 cm (3 to 5.5 in) long and 2 to 3.5 cm (0.8 to 1.4 in) wide, are narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic or sometimes narrowly elliptic in shape. The leaves are arranged in two opposite rows along the stem, and have smooth leaf margins. The cyathia occur in groups of about 3 to 10 in branched, open to sometimes condensed flowering stalks that are usually 2 to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 in) long. The bracts of the flowering stalks are broadly bell- shaped and contain five to six greenish yellow, green, or red glands. The fruit is a brilliant red (sometimes pink-tinged red), round, hairless capsule, 14 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 in) long. The fruit protrudes noticeably from the bracts. This species differs to sometimes condensed flowering stalks that are usually 2 to 6 cm (0.8 to 2.4 in) long. The bracts of the flowering stalks are broadly bell- shaped and contain five to six greenish yellow, green, or red glands. The fruit is a brilliant red (sometimes pink-tinged red), round, hairless capsule, 14 to 25 mm (0.6 to 1 in) long. The fruit protrudes noticeably from the bracts. This species differs from others in the genus in that it has large, red, capsular fruit (Koutnik 1990). Chamaesyce rockii was known historically from scattered populations along the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d13). Eleven of the thirteen known populations of this species are extant and are found on private land and State land leased by DOD for the Kawailoa Training Area, as well as on Federal land on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d11). Currently the total number of plants is estimated to be between 300 and 400 plants. Chamaesyce rockii typically grows in wet `ohi`a-Dicranopteris linearis (uluhe) forest and shrubland between 640 and 915 m (2,100 and 3,000 ft) in elevation. Associated plant taxa include Dubautia laxa (na`ena`e pua melemele), Machaerina sp. (`uki), Psychotria fauriei (kopiko), Wikstroemia sp. (`akia), and the proposed species Myrsine juddii (kolea) (HHP 1994d4). The primary threats to Chamaesyce rockii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military activities, and competition with alien plant taxa such as strawberry guava and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8). While a pharmaceutical botanist on the vessel Uranie, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre collected a new lobelioid on Oahu, which he later described and named Delissea acuminata (Hillebrand 1888). Wilhelm Hillebrand (1888) transferred this species to the genus Cyanea, resulting in the new combination Cyanea acuminata guava and Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse) (HHP 1994d1 to 1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8). While a pharmaceutical botanist on the vessel Uranie, Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre collected a new lobelioid on Oahu, which he later described and named Delissea acuminata (Hillebrand 1888). Wilhelm Hillebrand (1888) transferred this species to the genus Cyanea, resulting in the new combination Cyanea acuminata. This is the name accepted in the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Lammers 1990). Other published names considered synonymous with Cyanea acuminata include C. acuminata var. calycina, C. acuminata forma latifolia, C. occultans, Delissea acuminata var. calycina, D. acuminata forma latifolia, D. acuminata var. latifolia, D. occultans, and Lobelia acuminata (Degener and Degener 1982, Hosaka and Degener 1938, Lammers 1990, St. John 1981 and 1987b, Wawra 1873). Cyanea acuminata, a member of the bellflower family (Campanulaceae), is an unbranched shrub 0.3 to 2 m (1 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leaves, 11 to 32 cm (4.3 to 12.6 in) long and 3 to 9 cm (1.2 to 3.5 in) wide, are inversely lance-shaped to narrowly egg-shaped or elliptic. The upper leaf surface is green, whereas the lower surface is whitish green. The slightly hardened leaf edges contain small, spreading, pointed teeth. The leaf stalks are 2 to 10 cm (0.8 to 4 in) long. Six to 20 flowers are arranged on a flowering stalk 15 to 60 mm (0.6 to 2.4 in) long. The calyx lobes, 2 to 5 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in) long, are narrowly triangular. The corolla is white and sometimes tinged purplish, 30 to 35 mm (1.2 to 1.4 in) long and 3 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide. The tubular portion of the flower is almost erect to slightly curved, while the lobes are one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube and spreading. The yellow to yellowish orange, round berries are approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) long to 0.2 in) long, are narrowly triangular. The corolla is white and sometimes tinged purplish, 30 to 35 mm (1.2 to 1.4 in) long and 3 to 4 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide. The tubular portion of the flower is almost erect to slightly curved, while the lobes are one-fourth to one-third as long as the tube and spreading. The yellow to yellowish orange, round berries are approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the color of the petals and fruit and length of the calyx lobes, flowering stalk, and leaf stalks (Lammers 1990). Historically Cyanea acuminata was known from 31 scattered populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e32). Currently fewer than 100 plants are known from 15 populations on privately owned land; City and County of Honolulu land; State land, including land leased by the DOD for the Kawailoa Training Area; and Federal land on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and the Omega Coast Guard Station (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e12, 1994e20, 1994e24, 1994e25). This species typically grows on slopes, ridges, or stream banks from 305 to 915 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) elevation. The plants are found in mesic to wet `ohi`a-uluhe, koa-`ohi`a, or Diospyros sandwicensis (lama)-`ohi`a forest (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e9, 1994e11, 1994e12, 1994e24, 1994e25; Lammers 1990). The major threats to Cyanea acuminata are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; potential predation by rats; competition with the noxious alien plant taxa Christmas berry, Koster's curse, and Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e8, 1994e10 to 1994e12, 1994e20; J. Lau, C. Russell, and Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. comms. 1994) ; competition with the noxious alien plant taxa Christmas berry, Koster's curse, and Ageratina adenophora (Maui pamakani); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994e1 to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e8, 1994e10 to 1994e12, 1994e20; J. Lau, C. Russell, and Joan Yoshioka, TNCH, pers. comms. 1994). While a botanist on the vessel La Bonite on his third trip to Hawaii, Gaudichaud-Beaupre collected a new lobelioid on Oahu which he later described and named as Rollandia humboldtiana (Lammers 1990). Other published names considered synonymous with Rollandia humboldtiana include Delissea racemosa, Rollandia humboldtiana forma albida, R. pedunculosa, and R. racemosa (Hillebrand 1888, Lammers 1990, Mann 1867- 1868, St. John 1940, Wawra 1873). Recently Lammers, Thomas Givnish, and Kenneth Sytsma merged the endemic Hawaiian genera Cyanea and Rollandia under the former name and published the new combination Cyanea humboldtiana (Lammers et al. 1993). The specific epithet honors the German naturalist and explorer, Baron Alexander von Humboldt. Cyanea humboldtiana, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 2 m (3.2 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leaves are inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic, 18 to 45 cm (7 to 18 in) long and 7 to 16 cm (2.8 to 6.3 in) wide. The leaf edges are hardened and have shallow, ascending rounded teeth. Five to twelve flowers are arranged on a hairy, downward bending flowering stalk which is 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in) long. The dark magenta or white petals are 6 to 7.5 cm (2.4 to 3 in) long and hairy. The pale orangish yellow berries are elliptic to inversely egg-shaped. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1990) nged on a hairy, downward bending flowering stalk which is 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in) long. The dark magenta or white petals are 6 to 7.5 cm (2.4 to 3 in) long and hairy. The pale orangish yellow berries are elliptic to inversely egg-shaped. This species differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the downward bending flowering stalk and the length of the flowering stalk (Lammers 1990). Cyanea humboldtiana was known historically from 17 populations from the central portion to the southern end of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994f1 to 1994f17). Currently between 100 and 220 plants are known from three populations--Konahuanui summit, Moanalua-Kaneohe summit, and Lulumahu Gulch. These populations occur on private land, State land, and Federal land on the Omega U.S. Coast Guard Station (HHP 1994f1, 1994f2, 1994f16). This species is usually found in wet 'ohi'a-uluhe shrubland from 550 to 960 m (1,800 to 3,150 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include ferns, alani, 'uki, Ilex anomala (kawa'u), and Scaevola mollis (naupaka kuahiwi) (HHP 1994f1, 1994f16). Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, potential predation by rats, competition with the alien plant Koster's curse, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining populations, are the major threats to Cyanea humboldtiana. The Konahuanui summit population is also threatened by trampling by hikers (HHP 1994f1, 1994f2; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Cyanea koolauensis was first described by Hillebrand (1888) as Rollandia longiflora var. angustifolia, based on a specimen he collected on Oahu. In 1918 Rock elevated the variety to full species status as Rollandia angustifolia (Rock 1918b). Lammers et al. (1993) published the new name tened by trampling by hikers (HHP 1994f1, 1994f2; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Cyanea koolauensis was first described by Hillebrand (1888) as Rollandia longiflora var. angustifolia, based on a specimen he collected on Oahu. In 1918 Rock elevated the variety to full species status as Rollandia angustifolia (Rock 1918b). Lammers et al. (1993) published the new name Cyanea koolauensis to replace Rollandia angustifolia when they merged Cyanea and Rollandia, as the name Cyanea angustifolia had already been used. Cyanea koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems, 1 to 1.5 m (3.5 to 5 ft) tall. The leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic with a whitish underside, 16 to 36 cm (6.3 to 14.2 in) long and 1.5 to 4 cm (0.6 to 1.6 in) wide. The leaf edges are hardened with shallow, ascending rounded teeth. The leaf stalks are 1.5 to 4.5 cm (0.6 to 1.8 in) long. The flowering stalks are three to six-flowered. The flowering stalk is 15 to 40 mm (0.6 to 1.6 in) long. The hypanthium (basal portion of the flower) is 6 to 12 mm (0.2 to 0.5 in) long. The calyx lobes are fused into a sheath 2 to 8 mm (0.08 to 0.3 in) long. The dark magenta petals are 5 to 9 cm (2.0 to 3.5 in) long. The fruit is a round berry. Cyanea koolauensis is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the leaf shape and width, the whitish green lower leaf surface and, the lengths of the leaf stalks, calyx lobes, and hypanthium (Lammers 1990). Cyanea koolauensis was known historically from 27 scattered populations throughout the Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g28). Currently 14 populations totalling fewer than 50 plants are known from the Waimea-Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on City and County of Honolulu land, private land, and State land, including land leased to the DOD for the Kahuku and Kawailoa Training Areas (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g12, 1994g18, 1994g19, 1994g22) n Oahu (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g28). Currently 14 populations totalling fewer than 50 plants are known from the Waimea-Malaekahana Ridge to Hawaii Loa Ridge in the Koolau Mountains. These populations occur on City and County of Honolulu land, private land, and State land, including land leased to the DOD for the Kahuku and Kawailoa Training Areas (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g12, 1994g18, 1994g19, 1994g22). Cyanea koolauensis is usually found on slopes and ridge crests in wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest or shrubland at elevations from 520 to 810 m (1,700 to 2,660 ft). Associated plant taxa include alani, Antidesma sp. (hame), Diplopterygium pinnatum, Psychotria sp. (kopiko), and Scaevola sp. (naupaka) (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g12, 1994g18, 1994g19, 1994g22; Lammers 1990). Cyanea koolauensis is threatened by habitat destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military activities, potential predation by rats, competition with the aggressive alien plants Koster's curse and strawberry guava, trampling by hikers, overcollection, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994g1 to 1994g5, 1994g7, 1994g22; Loyal Mehrhoff, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Cyanea longiflora was first collected by Hillebrand on Oahu and named in 1873, by Dr. Heinrich Wawra, as Rollandia longiflora (Hillebrand 1888). Other names considered synonymous with Rollandia longiflora are R. lanceolata var. brevipes and R. sessilifolia (Degener 1932, Lammers 1990, Wimmer 1953). Recently Lammers et al. (1993) published the new combination Cyanea longiflora. The specific epithet refers to the long flowers. Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long. The leaves are elliptic or inversely lance-shaped, 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 in) long and 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in) wide ers 1990, Wimmer 1953). Recently Lammers et al. (1993) published the new combination Cyanea longiflora. The specific epithet refers to the long flowers. Cyanea longiflora, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with woody stems 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) long. The leaves are elliptic or inversely lance-shaped, 30 to 55 cm (12 to 22 in) long and 6 to 12 cm (2.4 to 4.7 in) wide. Mature leaves have smooth or hardened leaf edges with shallow, ascending, rounded teeth. The flowering stalks are 5 to 10-flowered and 30 to 60 mm (1.2 to 2.4 in) long. The calyx lobes are fused into an irregularly toothed sheath 2 to 4 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in) long. The petals, 6 to 9 cm (2.4 to 3.5 in) long, and the hairless staminal column are dark magenta. The berries are almost pear-shaped. Cyanea longiflora differs from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the fused calyx lobes (Lammers 1990). Cyanea longiflora was known historically from five populations in the Waianae Mountains and six populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994h1, 1994h2 to 1994h14). Currently five populations of this species are known--Pahole Gulch, Makaha Valley, and Makaha-Waianae Ridge in the Waianae Mountains and Kawainui Drainage and Opaeula Gulch in the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h11 to 1994h14). These 5 populations total between 220 and 300 plants. The populations are found on City and County of Honolulu land, private land leased by the DOD for the Kawailoa Training Area, and State-owned land, including Pahole NAR. Cyanea longiflora is usually found on steep slopes or ridge crests in mesic koa-'ohi'a forest in the Waianae Mountains or wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest in the Koolau Mountains, usually between 620 and 780 m (2,030 and 2,560 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa in koa- 'ohi'a forest include hame, kopiko, uluhe, Coprosma sp. (pilo), and Syzygium sp. ('ohi'a ha). In wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest, associated native taxa include 'akia, alani, Cibotium sp. (hapu'u), Dubautia sp n mesic koa-'ohi'a forest in the Waianae Mountains or wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest in the Koolau Mountains, usually between 620 and 780 m (2,030 and 2,560 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa in koa- 'ohi'a forest include hame, kopiko, uluhe, Coprosma sp. (pilo), and Syzygium sp. ('ohi'a ha). In wet 'ohi'a-uluhe forest, associated native taxa include 'akia, alani, Cibotium sp. (hapu'u), Dubautia sp. (na'ena'e), Hedyotis sp., and Pittosporum sp. (ho'awa) (HHP 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h11, 1994h13, 1994h14; Lammers 1990). The major threats to Cyanea longiflora are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military activities, potential predation by rats, competition with the alien plants strawberry guava and Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry) in the Waianae Mountains and Koster's curse in the Koolau Mountains, potential fire, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining, widely dispersed populations (HHP 1994h1, 1994h3, 1994h12 to 1994h14; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). While hiking in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu, Edward Hosaka collected a new lobelioid which he later described and named Rollandia st.-johnii (St. John and Hosaka 1935). Rollandia st.-johnii var. obtusisepala (Wimmer 1953) is not recognized in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Lammers 1990). Lammers et al. (1993) published the new name Cyanea st.-johnii when Cyanea and Rollandia were merged. The specific epithet honors the late Harold St. John. Cyanea st.-johnii, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with a woody stem 30 to 60 cm (12 to 24 in) long. The leaves are lance-shaped to inversely lance-shaped, 6 to 13 cm (2.4 to 5.1 in) long and 1.5 to 2 cm (0.6 to 0.8 in) wide. The leaf edges are thickened, smoothly toothed, and curl under. The flowering stalk is 5 to 15 mm (0.2 to 0.6 in) long, with 5 to 20 flowers ruction by feral pigs, potential predation by rats, competition with the noxious alien plant Koster's curse, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals. The plants between the summit of Aiea and Halawa Trail are also threatened by trampling by hikers (HHP 1994i7, 1994i9, 1994i10; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). In 1945 St. John collected a plant specimen on Oahu that he and W.B. Storey named Cyrtandra dentata (St. John and Storey 1950). In the same paper, St. John and Storey also described Cyrtandra frederickii, now considered synonymous with Cyrtandra dentata (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the toothed margin of the leaf blades. Cyrtandra dentata, a member of the African violet family (Gesneriaceae), is a sparingly branched shrub ranging from 1.5 to 5 m (5 to 16 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are broadly elliptic to almost circular or broadly egg-shaped to egg-shaped, 9 to 33 cm (3.5 to 13 in) long, and 3 to 17 cm (1.2 to 6.7 in) wide. Three to nine white flowers are arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flower cluster which arises from the leaf axil. The main flower stalk is 25 to 50 mm (1 to 2 in) long and the individual flower stalks are 15 to 33 mm (0.6 to 1.3 in) long. The leaf-like bracts are 12 to 30 mm (0.5 to 1.2 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is 12 to 25 mm (0.5 to 1 in) long and 4 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) in diameter. The upper flower lobes are 2 to 6 mm (0.08 to 0.2 in) long and 3 to 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) wide, while the lower lobes are 3 to 17 mm (0.1 to 0.7 in) long and 4 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) wide. The round white berries are 1 to 2.6 cm (0.4 to 1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990) .2 in) long and 3 to 7 mm (0.1 to 0.3 in) wide, while the lower lobes are 3 to 17 mm (0.1 to 0.7 in) long and 4 to 9 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) wide. The round white berries are 1 to 2.6 cm (0.4 to 1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the length of the bracts and flower stalks, and the shape of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990). Cyrtandra dentata was historically known from six populations in the Waianae Mountains and three populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994j1 to 1994j9). Currently this species is found only in the Waianae Mountains in Pahole Gulch and Kapuna Valley on State land (within Pahole NAR) and in Ekahanui Gulch on State and private land (within TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve) (HHP 1994j2, 1994j6, 1994j7). The 3 known populations total fewer than 50 individuals. Cyrtandra dentata typically grows in gulches, slopes, or ravines in mesic forest with 'ohi'a, 'ohi'a ha, and Aleurites moluccana (kukui) at elevations from 580 to 720 m (1,900 to 2,360 ft) (HHP 1994j2, 1994j6, 1994j7; St. John 1966; Wagner et al. 1990). Competition with the alien plants Koster's curse and strawberry guava, potential predation by rats, potential fire, and stochastic extinction and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of extant populations and individuals, are the major threats to Cyrtandra dentata (HHP 1994j6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Hillebrand (1888) collected a specimen on Oahu that he named Cyrtandra gracilis var. subumbellata. St. John and Storey (1950) elevated the variety to full species status. The authors of the current treatment of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 1990). St. John's (1966) variety intonsa is not currently recognized (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the umbrella-like flowering stalk. Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of the African violet family, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall ted the variety to full species status. The authors of the current treatment of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 1990). St. John's (1966) variety intonsa is not currently recognized (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the umbrella-like flowering stalk. Cyrtandra subumbellata, a member of the African violet family, is a shrub 2 to 3 m (6.6 to 10 ft) tall. Papery in texture, the leaves are almost circular to egg-shaped, 12 to 39 cm (4.7 to 15.4 in) long, and 3 to 19 cm (1.2 to 7.5 in) wide. The upper leaf surface is wrinkled, whereas the lower surface has conspicuously raised net-like veins and is moderately covered with white glands. Five to 15 white flowers are densely arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flowering stalk which arises from the leaf axil. The main flower stalk is 2 to 8 mm (0.08 to 0.3 in) long. The style is approximately 10 mm (0.4 in) long. The round, white berries are 1 to 1.5 cm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the number and arrangement of the flowers, the lengths of the style and main flower stalks, and the texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Cyrtandra subumbellata was known from six scattered populations in the central Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 1994k1 to 1994k6). This species is now known from three populations in the central Koolau Mountains--Schofield-Waikane Trail and Puu Ohulehule on private and State land and Kaukonahua drainage on Federal land within Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994k2, 1994k5, 1994k6). The total number of plants currently is estimated to be fewer than 50. This species typically grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch bottoms dominated by `ohi`a or a mixture of `ohi`a and uluhe, between 460 and 670 m (1,500 and 2,200 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include `uki, Adiantum raddiantum, Boehmeria grandis (`akolea), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), and Thelypteris sp. (HHP 1994k2, 1994k5, 1994k6; St ts currently is estimated to be fewer than 50. This species typically grows on moist, forested slopes or gulch bottoms dominated by `ohi`a or a mixture of `ohi`a and uluhe, between 460 and 670 m (1,500 and 2,200 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include `uki, Adiantum raddiantum, Boehmeria grandis (`akolea), Broussaisia arguta (kanawao), and Thelypteris sp. (HHP 1994k2, 1994k5, 1994k6; St. John 1966; Wagner et al. 1990). The primary threats to Cyrtandra subumbellata are competition with the noxious alien plant Koster's curse, potential impacts from military activities, potential predation by rats, potential fire, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations and individuals (HHP 1994k6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). In 1950, St. John and Storey first described Cyrtandra viridiflora based on a specimen collected by Joseph Rock in 1911. Other published names now considered synonyms of this species are Cyrtandra crassifolia and C. pickeringii var. crassifolia (Hillebrand 1888, Rock 1918a, St. John 1966, Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet refers to the conspicuous green flowers. Cyrtandra viridiflora, a member of the African violet family, is a small shrub 0.5 to 2 m (1.6 to 6.6 ft) tall. The thick, fleshy, heart- shaped leaves are 6 to 15 cm (2.4 to 6 in) long, 3.5 to 7.5 cm (1.4 to 3 in) wide, and have toothed margins. Both the upper and lower surfaces have long, velvety, pale hairs. One to five green flowers are arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flowering stalk. The pale green calyx is 12 to 15 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The round, white berries are 1.3 cm (0.5 in) or longer. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1990) ave long, velvety, pale hairs. One to five green flowers are arranged on an inverse umbrella-shaped flowering stalk. The pale green calyx is 12 to 15 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The round, white berries are 1.3 cm (0.5 in) or longer. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the leaves, which are thick, fleshy, heart-shaped, and densely hairy on both surfaces (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Cyrtandra viridiflora was known from seven scattered populations in the Koolau Mountains on the island of Oahu (HHP 1994L1 to 1994L7). This species is now known only from four populations in the northern Koolau Mountains--Kawainui-Laie summit divide, Kawainui- Kaipapau summit divide, Maakua-Kaipapau Ridge, and the Peahinaia Trail. A total of fewer than 10 plants is known from these 4 populations on State land and private land leased by the DOD for Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 1994L4 to 1994L7). Cyrtandra viridiflora is usually found on wind-blown ridge tops in cloud-covered wet forest or shrubland at elevations of 690 to 850 m (2,260 to 2,800 ft). Associated plant taxa include kanawao, `ohi`a, `ohi`a ha, `uki, and uluhe (HHP 1994L4 to 1994L7, Wagner et al. 1990). The major threats to Cyrtandra viridiflora are habitat degradation or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military activities, potential predation by rats, competition with the alien plants Koster's curse and strawberry guava, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994L4 to 1994L6; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Delissea subcordata was first collected on Oahu by Gaudichaud- Beaupre over 150 years ago. He later described and named it for its heart-shaped leaf base (Hillebrand 1888). Lammers considers all subsequently named varieties to be synonymous with Delissea subcordata, including D. subcordata var. kauaiensis, D. subcordata var. obtusifolia, D au, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Delissea subcordata was first collected on Oahu by Gaudichaud- Beaupre over 150 years ago. He later described and named it for its heart-shaped leaf base (Hillebrand 1888). Lammers considers all subsequently named varieties to be synonymous with Delissea subcordata, including D. subcordata var. kauaiensis, D. subcordata var. obtusifolia, D. subcordata var. waialaeensis, D. subcordata var. waikaneensis, and Lobelia subcordata (Lammers 1990, St. John 1977, Wawra 1873). Delissea subcordata, a member of the bellflower family, is a branched or unbranched shrub 1 to 3 m (3.5 to 10 ft) tall. The leaves are egg-shaped or oval lance-shaped, with heart-shaped bases and blades 12 to 30 cm (4.7 to 12 in) long and 6 to 17 cm (2.4 to 6.7 in) wide. The leaf margins have shallow, rounded to sharply pointed teeth. Occasionally the leaf margin may be irregularly cut into narrow and unequal segments with one to six triangular lobes, 10 to 18 mm (0.4 to 0.7 in) long, toward the leaf base. Six to 18 white or greenish white flowers are arranged on an flowering stalk 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 4 in) long. The calyx lobes are awl-shaped and 0.5 to 1 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in) long. The curved corolla is 45 to 60 mm (1.8 to 2.4 in) long and has a knob on the back side. The anthers are hairless. The fruit is an egg- shaped berry. This species is distinguished from others in this endemic Hawaiian genus by the shape and size of the leaves, the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1990). Historically Delissea subcordata was known from 21 scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains and 8 populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860's and labeled as from the island of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled (HHP 1994m8) the length of the calyx lobes and corolla, and the hairless condition of the anthers (Lammers 1990). Historically Delissea subcordata was known from 21 scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains and 8 populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu. A specimen collected by Mann and Brigham in the 1860's and labeled as from the island of Kauai is believed to have been mislabeled (HHP 1994m8). Delissea subcordata is now known only from the Waianae Mountains in nine populations distributed from Kawaiu Gulch in the Kealia land section in the northern Waianae Mountains to the north branch of North Palawai Gulch about 20 km (12 mi) to the south. This species is found on private land (TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve), Federal land (Schofield Barracks Military Reservation and Lualualei Naval Reservation), and State land (Pahole and Kaala NARs or leased to the Federal government (Makua Military Reservation)). The total number of plants in the 9 remaining populations is estimated to be between 70 and 80. Delissea subcordata typically grows on moderate to steep gulch slopes in mesic native or alien-dominated forests from 430 to 760 m (1,400 to 2,500 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include a variety of native trees such as `ala`a, hame, kukui, `ohi`a, papala kepau, Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), and kopiko (HHP 1994m1 to 1994m26; Takeuchi and Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; Takeuchi, Yap, and Paquin (3422) 1987; Takeuchi and Paquin (2734) 1986; Takeuchi (2410) 1985) forests from 430 to 760 m (1,400 to 2,500 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include a variety of native trees such as `ala`a, hame, kukui, `ohi`a, papala kepau, Diospyros hillebrandii (lama), Nestegis sandwicensis (olopua), and kopiko (HHP 1994m1 to 1994m26; Takeuchi and Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; Takeuchi, Yap, and Paquin (3422) 1987; Takeuchi and Paquin (2734) 1986; Takeuchi (2410) 1985). Delissea subcordata is threatened by habitat degradation and/or destruction by ungulates such as pigs and goats; potential impacts from military activities, including road construction and housing development; potential predation by rats; competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, Koster's curse, strawberry guava, and Lantana camara (lantana); potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining individuals (HHP 1994m1, 1994m7; Takeuchi & Shimabukuro (s.n.) 1987; Takeuchi (2410) 1985; J. Lau, L. Mehrhoff, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). In 1933, F. Raymond Fosberg collected a plant in the Waianae Mountains that Leo D. Whitney (1937) named Eragrostis fosbergii. This species is maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of this genus (O'Connor 1990). Eragrostis fosbergii is a perennial grass (family Poaceae), with stout, tufted culms (stems) 60 to 100 cm (24 to 40 in) long, which usually arise from an abruptly bent woody base. The leathery leaf blades, 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long and 5 to 10 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) wide, are flat but curl inward towards the apex. The small flowers occur in complex clusters that are somewhat open, pyramidal, and 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in) long. The pale to dark green spikelets (ultimate flower clusters) generally contain three to five flowers, and are about 5 mm (0.2 in) long. The slender glumes (small bracts at the base of the spikelet) have margins fringed with long hairs ide, are flat but curl inward towards the apex. The small flowers occur in complex clusters that are somewhat open, pyramidal, and 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 in) long. The pale to dark green spikelets (ultimate flower clusters) generally contain three to five flowers, and are about 5 mm (0.2 in) long. The slender glumes (small bracts at the base of the spikelet) have margins fringed with long hairs. The lemmas (inner bracts that subtend the flowers) have loosely overlapping margins which are occasionally fringed with hairs. The fruit is a grain. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its stiffly ascending flowering stalk and the long hairs on the margins of the glumes and occasionally on the margins of the lemmas (O'Connor 1990). Historically Eragrostis fosbergii was known only from the Waianae Mountains of Oahu, from the slopes of Mount Kaala and in Waianae Kai and its associated ridges (HHP 1994n1 to 1994n6). This species was thought to be extinct until rediscovered by Joel Lau of TNCH in 1991. Only six individuals are known to remain in Waianae Kai in four populations on land owned by the State and the City and County of Honolulu (HHP 1994n3 to 1994n6). Eragrostis fosbergii typically grows on ridge crests or moderate slopes in native or alien forests between 720 and 830 m (2,360 and 2,720 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include Christmas berry, koa, `ohi`a, Psydrax odoratum (alahe`e), Dodonaea viscosa (`a`ali`i), and Eragrostis grandis (kawelu) (HHP 1994n3 to 1994n6). The major threats to Eragrostis fosbergii include degradation of habitat by feral pigs and goats; competition with alien plants such as Christmas berry, silk oak, and strawberry guava; and trampling by hikers. This species is also threatened by the risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994n3 to 1994n6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). Gardenia mannii was first described by St mpetition with alien plants such as Christmas berry, silk oak, and strawberry guava; and trampling by hikers. This species is also threatened by the risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of remaining populations and individuals (HHP 1994n3 to 1994n6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). Gardenia mannii was first described by St. John and J.R. Kuykendall in 1949, based on a specimen they had collected a few years earlier in the Koolau Mountains, Oahu. In the same paper, St. John and Kuykendall also described Gardenia mannii var. honoluluensis, which is not currently recognized (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet honors Horace Mann, Jr., an early collector of Hawaiian plants. Gardenia mannii, a member of the coffee family (Rubiaceae), is a tree 5 to 15 m (16 to 50 ft) tall. The leaves are inversely lance- shaped or slightly more elliptic, 6 to 27 cm (2.4 to 10.6 in) long, and 3.5 to 10 cm (1.4 to 4 in) wide. The upper leaf surface is sticky. The fragrant flowers bloom in the late afternoon, and usually last for 2 days. They are solitary and occur at the branch tips. The cup-shaped calyx, 3 to 5 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long, extends into four to six leathery, long, thin, terminal spurs (hollow appendages). These spurs are linear spatula-shaped, ``S'' shaped, or, rarely, sickle-shaped; 23 to 46 mm (0.9 to 1.8 in) long; and 5 to 11 mm (0.2 to 0.4 in) wide. The corolla is cream colored on the outside and white on the inside. The tubular portion of the flower is 17 to 27 mm (0.7 to 1.1 in) long (when dry), and the seven to nine lobes are 16 to 22 mm (0.6 to 0.9 in) long (when dry). The yellow to orange fruit is broadly elliptic. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner et al. 1990) The corolla is cream colored on the outside and white on the inside. The tubular portion of the flower is 17 to 27 mm (0.7 to 1.1 in) long (when dry), and the seven to nine lobes are 16 to 22 mm (0.6 to 0.9 in) long (when dry). The yellow to orange fruit is broadly elliptic. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the shape and number of the calyx spurs (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Gardenia mannii was known from 7 widely scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains and 39 populations distributed along almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994o1 to 1994o46). Currently 22 populations of Gardenia mannii are distributed along a 42 km (26 mi) length of the Koolau Mountains, from Kaunala Gulch and Kaunala-Waimea Ridge at the northernmost extent of its range to Palolo at the southernmost extent (HHP 1994o2, 1994o4, 1994o7, 1994o8, 1994o13, 1994o17, 1994o18, 1994o25, 1994o28 to 1994o30, 1994o33, 1994o34, 1994o37, 1994o39 to 1994o46). In the Waianae Mountains, this species is found in five extant populations over a 7 km (4 mi) distance from north Haleauau Valley to Kaluaa Gulch (HHP 1994o1, 1994o14, 1994o21, 1994035, 1994o38). The 27 extant populations occur on private land, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve and land leased by DOD for Kawailoa and Kahuku Training Areas; City and County of Honolulu land; State land; and Federal land on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation. The existing populations total between 70 and 100 plants, with 23 of the 27 populations each containing 5 or fewer plants. This species is usually found on moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes between 300 and 750 m (980 and 2,460 ft) in elevation. 'Ohi'a co- dominates in mesic or wet forests with a mixture of native plants such as 'ala'a, koa, and uluhe eld Barracks Military Reservation. The existing populations total between 70 and 100 plants, with 23 of the 27 populations each containing 5 or fewer plants. This species is usually found on moderate to moderately steep gulch slopes between 300 and 750 m (980 and 2,460 ft) in elevation. 'Ohi'a co- dominates in mesic or wet forests with a mixture of native plants such as 'ala'a, koa, and uluhe. Other associated plant taxa include alani, hame, kanawao, pilo, Alyxia oliviformis (maile), and kopiko (HHP 1994o1, 1994o3 to 1994o11, 1994o14, 1994o15, 1994o17, 1994o18, 1994o20 to 1994o22, 1994o25, 1994o26, 1994o28 to 1994o46). Gardenia mannii is threatened by habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plants such as Koster's curse, prickly Florida blackberry, and strawberry guava; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the widely dispersed, small number of remaining individuals. The Kapakahi Gulch population is also threatened by the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus) (HHP 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o14, 1994o35, 1994o37 to 1994o44, 1994o46; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994). Labordia cyrtandrae was first collected by French naturalist and ethnologist Ezechiel Jules Remy on Oahu in 1855. In 1880, H.E. Baillon named Remy's collection Geniostoma cyrtandrae in reference to the resemblance of this plant to the pantropical genus Cyrtandra (St. John 1936). St. John (1936) transferred the species to the endemic Hawaiian genus Labordia. The authors of the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 1990). In 1932 O. Degener described Labordia hypoleuca, which Wagner et al. (1990) consider to be synonymous with L. cyrtandrae (Degener and Degener 1957). Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall nus Labordia. The authors of the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family concur with this designation (Wagner et al. 1990). In 1932 O. Degener described Labordia hypoleuca, which Wagner et al. (1990) consider to be synonymous with L. cyrtandrae (Degener and Degener 1957). Labordia cyrtandrae, a member of the logania family (Loganiaceae), is a shrub 0.7 to 2 m (2.3 to 6.6 ft) tall. The fleshy, cylindrical to weakly angled stems, which flatten when dry, are covered with short, coarse, stiff hairs. The thick leaves, 12 to 30 cm long (4.7 to 12 in) and 4 to 14 cm (1.6 to 5.5 in) wide, are inversely egg-shaped to broadly elliptic or rarely inversely lance-shaped. Eight to 80 or more flowers are arranged on a densely hairy flowering stalk with an erect stalk up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long. The pale greenish yellow or pale yellow corolla is 20 to 35 mm (0.8 to 1.4 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is urn-shaped; the flower lobes are lance-shaped and 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long. The elliptic, lance-shaped fruits are two- valved capsules 32 to 35 mm (1.3 to 1.4 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its fleshy, hairy, cylindrical stem which flattens upon drying, the shape and length of the floral bracts, and the length of the corolla tube and lobes (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Labordia cyrtandrae was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains of Oahu. In the Koolau Mountains, this species ranged from Kawailoa Trail to Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire length of the mountain range (HHP 1994p1, 1994p3 to 1994p13). This species currently is known only from 10 individuals in 3 populations in Haleauau Gulch and North Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16). These three populations are on Federal land in Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16) o Waialae Iki, extending almost the entire length of the mountain range (HHP 1994p1, 1994p3 to 1994p13). This species currently is known only from 10 individuals in 3 populations in Haleauau Gulch and North Mohiakea Gulch, Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16). These three populations are on Federal land in Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16). Labordia cyrtandrae typically grows in shady gulches in mesic to wet forests dominated by 'ohi'a, Diplopterygium pinnatum, and/or koa between the elevations of 730 and 780 m (2,400 and 2,560 ft) (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16). Associated plant taxa include 'ala'a, Diplazium sandwichianum, Pipturus albidus (mamaki), Perrottetia sp. (olomea), and kopiko (HHP 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16). Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, Koster's curse, prickly Florida blackberry, and strawberry guava; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of remaining individuals and populations, are the primary threats to Labordia cyrtandrae (HHP 1994p14 to 1994p16; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). Over 100 years ago, Hillebrand collected a plant in the Waianae Mountains that he named Lepidium arbuscula for its tree-like habit (Hillebrand 1888). This species has been maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990). Lepidium arbuscula, a member of the mustard family (Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 3.9 ft) tall. The leathery, hairless leaves, 2.6 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in) long and 0.8 to 1.8 cm (0.3 to 0.7 in) wide, are spatula-shaped to oblong-elliptic or elliptic, and have toothed margins. The unbranched flowering stalk contains one to three erect flowers. The white, pale yellow, or greenish petals are 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long Brassicaceae), is a gnarled shrub 0.6 to 1.2 m (2 to 3.9 ft) tall. The leathery, hairless leaves, 2.6 to 6 cm (1 to 2.4 in) long and 0.8 to 1.8 cm (0.3 to 0.7 in) wide, are spatula-shaped to oblong-elliptic or elliptic, and have toothed margins. The unbranched flowering stalk contains one to three erect flowers. The white, pale yellow, or greenish petals are 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long. The fruit is a capsule which is broadly egg-shaped to almost circular. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by its height (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Lepidium arbuscula was known from 11 populations in the Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994q1 to 1994q11). It now remains at all but one of those populations on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation, Makua Military Reservation, and Schofield Barracks Military Reservation), State, and City and County of Honolulu land. Populations range from Kuaokala in the northern Waianae Mountains to Lualualei- Nanakuli Ridge in the southern Waianae Mountains (HHP 1994q2 to 1994q11). Fewer than 900 individuals of this species remain. Lepidium arbuscula generally grows on exposed ridge tops and cliff faces in mesic vegetation communities between 230 and 915 m (755 and 3,000 ft) elevation. This species is typically associated with native and non- native plant taxa such as 'a'ali'i, Christmas berry, kawelu, Ageratina spp. (pamakani), ko'oko'olau, Carex meyenii, and Melinis minutiflora (molasses grass) (HHP 1994q2 to 1994q8, 1994q10, 1994q11). The primary threats to Lepidium arbuscula are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plants including Christmas berry, lantana, Maui pamakani, molasses grass, silk oak, strawberry guava, Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), and Myrica faya (firetree); and potential fire. The population at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road (HHP 1994q4, 1994q5, 1994q7 to 1994q11) ral goats; potential impacts from military activities; competition with alien plants including Christmas berry, lantana, Maui pamakani, molasses grass, silk oak, strawberry guava, Ageratina riparia (Hamakua pamakani), and Myrica faya (firetree); and potential fire. The population at the head of Kapuhi Gulch is also threatened by its proximity to a road (HHP 1994q4, 1994q5, 1994q7 to 1994q11). In 1937 Fosberg and Hosaka collected a specimen of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis on Oahu which they described the following year as a variety of Lobelia gaudichaudii and named it for the Koolau Mountains (Fosberg and Hosaka 1938). Lammers (1988, 1990) has elevated the variety to a subspecies. Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched, woody shrub 0.3 to 1 m (1 to 3.5 ft) tall. The leaves are inversely lance-shaped to rectangular, 8 to 19 cm (3 to 7.5 in) long, and 1.3 to 2.8 cm (0.5 to 1.1 in) wide. The leaf edges are thickened or curled under, fringed with hairs toward the base, and sharp-pointed at the tip. The flowering stalk is two to six-branched and 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) long. The hairless bracts are lance- shaped to egg-shaped and 18 to 32 mm (0.7 to 1.3 in) long. The calyx lobes are triangular, lance-shaped or egg-shaped, and 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. The corolla is greenish or yellowish white and 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is curved, with spreading lobes. The fruit is an egg-shaped capsule. The subspecies koolauensis is distinguished by the greenish or yellowish white petals and the branched flowering stalks. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes (Lammers 1990). Historically Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1994s1, 1994s2) he branched flowering stalks. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the length of the stem, the length and color of the corolla, the leaf width, the length of the floral bracts, and the length of the calyx lobes (Lammers 1990). Historically Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis was known from only two populations in the central Koolau Mountains on Oahu (HHP 1994s1, 1994s2). Currently this subspecies is known from a single population on the Manana Ridge system in the central Koolau Mountains on privately owned land (HHP 1994s1). The total number of plants is estimated to be less than 250. Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis typically grows on moderate to steep slopes in 'ohi'a or 'ohi'a-uluhe lowland wet shrublands at elevations between 640 and 730 m (2,100 and 2,400 ft). Associated plant taxa include alani, ko'oko'lau, naupaka, 'uki, and kanawao (HHP 1994s1, 1994s2). The primary threats to the single remaining population of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs, competition with the noxious alien plant Koster's curse, trampling by hikers, potential overcollection, landslides, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor of the one remaining population (HHP 1994s1; L. Mehrhoff and C. Russell, pers. comms. 1994). In 1919 Rock described a new variety of Lobelia hillebrandii based on a specimen collected by Hillebrand in the 1800's. Rock (1919) named this variety Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya. Degener elevated this variety to the species level and transferred it to a new genus as Neowimmeria monostachya (Degener 1974). Lammers (1988) transferred the species back to the original genus as Lobelia monostachya. Lobelia monostachya, a member of the bellflower family, is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The leaves are stalkless, linear, hairless, 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 6 in) long, and 0.4 to 0.7 cm (0.2 to 0.3 in) wide rred it to a new genus as Neowimmeria monostachya (Degener 1974). Lammers (1988) transferred the species back to the original genus as Lobelia monostachya. Lobelia monostachya, a member of the bellflower family, is a prostrate woody shrub with stems 15 to 25 cm (6 to 10 in) long. The leaves are stalkless, linear, hairless, 7 to 15 cm (2.8 to 6 in) long, and 0.4 to 0.7 cm (0.2 to 0.3 in) wide. The flowering stalk is unbranched. The corolla is pale magenta, 15 to 18 mm (0.6 to 0.7 in) long, and approximately 5 mm (0.2 in) wide. The lobes of the corolla overlap spirally. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by the narrow, linear leaves without stalks and the short pink flowers (Lammers 1990). Historically Lobelia monostachya was known only from the Koolau Mountains and had not been seen since its original discovery in the 1800's in Niu Valley and in the 1920's in Manoa Valley (HHP 1991a1, 1991a2). In 1994 Joel Lau discovered one individual in a previously unknown location in Wailupe Valley on State-owned land. Since then a total of eight plants has been found. This species occurs on steep, sparsely vegetated cliffs in mesic shrubland at an elevation of about 290 m (950 ft). Associated plant taxa include Artemisia sp. (ahinahina), Carex meyenii, Psilotum nudum (moa), and Eragrostis sp. (kawelu) (HHP 1994ff). The major threats to Lobelia monostachya are predation by rats; competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, Hamakua pamakani, Kalanchoe pinnata (air plant), and molasses grass; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population (HHP 1994ff). E.P. Hume first described Melicope saint-johnii as Pelea saint- johnii based on a specimen he collected with E. Christophersen and G. Wilder at Mauna Kapu on Oahu (St. John 1944). Thomas Hartley and the late Benjamin Stone (1989) transferred Hawaiian Pelea species to the Pacific genus Melicope reproductive vigor due to the low number of individuals in the only known population (HHP 1994ff). E.P. Hume first described Melicope saint-johnii as Pelea saint- johnii based on a specimen he collected with E. Christophersen and G. Wilder at Mauna Kapu on Oahu (St. John 1944). Thomas Hartley and the late Benjamin Stone (1989) transferred Hawaiian Pelea species to the Pacific genus Melicope. The new combination, Melicope saint-johnii, was published in the same paper (Hartley and Stone 1989). Other published names that refer to this taxon are Evodia elliptica var. elongata, Pelea elliptica var. elongata, P. elongata, and P. saint-johnii var. elongata (Hillebrand 1888, St. John 1944, Stone 1966, Stone et al. 1990). Melicope saint-johnii, a member of the rue family (Rutaceae), is a slender tree 3 to 6 m (10 to 20 ft) tall. The leaves are opposite or occasionally occur in threes on young lateral branches. The leaves, 6 to 16 cm (2.4 to 6.3 in) long and 3 to 8.5 cm (1.2 to 3.3 in) wide, are narrowly to broadly elliptic, sometimes elliptic egg-shaped or rarely lance-shaped. Three to 11 flowers are arranged on an flowering stalk 9 to 22 mm (0.4 to 0.9 in) long. The flowers are usually functionally unisexual, with staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers. The staminate flowers have broadly egg-shaped sepals which are hairless to sparsely covered with hair. The triangular petals, 6 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long, are densely covered with hair on the exterior. The pistillate flowers are similar in hairiness to staminate flowers, but are slightly smaller in size. The dry fruit, 7 to 12 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, splits at maturity. The exocarp (outermost layer of the fruit wall) is hairless, whereas the endocarp (innermost layer) is hairy. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 1990) er in size. The dry fruit, 7 to 12 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, splits at maturity. The exocarp (outermost layer of the fruit wall) is hairless, whereas the endocarp (innermost layer) is hairy. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the combination of the hairless exocarp, the hairy endocarp, the densely hairy petals, and the sparsely hairy to smooth sepals (Stone et al. 1990). Historically Melicope saint-johnii was known from both the Waianae and Koolau Mountains--Makaha to Mauna Kapu in the Waianae Mountains and Papali Gulch in Hauula, Manoa-Aihualama, Wailupe, and Niu Valley in the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994t1 to 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992). Today eight populations of this species are found on Federal (Lualualei Naval Reservation), State, and private land from the region between Puu Kaua and Puu Kanehoa to Mauna Kapu in the southern Waianae Mountains. Fewer than 150 individuals of this species are currently known (HHP 1994t1 to 1994t4, 1994t7, 1994t14, 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992; Takeuchi and Paquin (s.n.) 1985; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). This species typically grows on mesic forested ridges from 500 to 853 m (1,640 to 2,800 ft) elevation. Associated native plant taxa include mamaki, 'ohi'a, Coprosma longifolia (pilo), Hedyotis schlechtendahliana (kopa), Labordia kaalae (kamakahala), and Psychotria hathewayi (kopiko) (HHP 1994t1 to 1994t4, 1994t7, 1994t14, 1994t15, 1994ee; Takeuchi 1992; Takeuchi and Paquin (s.n.) 1985). The primary threats to Melicope saint-johnii are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral goats and pigs; potential predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with alien plants such as Christmas berry, firetree, Hamakua pamakani, huehue haole, lantana, Maui pamakani, and silk oak (HHP 1994t3, 1994t4, 1994t13, 1994t14, 1994ee; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Myrsine juddii was first described by Hosaka in 1940, based on a specimen he collected with Fosberg in the Koolau Mountains tential predation by the black twig borer; potential fire; and competition with alien plants such as Christmas berry, firetree, Hamakua pamakani, huehue haole, lantana, Maui pamakani, and silk oak (HHP 1994t3, 1994t4, 1994t13, 1994t14, 1994ee; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Myrsine juddii was first described by Hosaka in 1940, based on a specimen he collected with Fosberg in the Koolau Mountains. In an action not supported by other taxonomists, Otto and Isa Degener (1971, 1975) transferred this species from Myrsine to the genus Rapanea. Hosaka's concept of Myrsine is currently followed (Wagner et al. 1990). The specific epithet honors Albert Judd, who had a keen interest in conservation of the native Hawaiian flora. Myrsine juddii, a member of the myrsine family (Myrsinaceae), is a many branched shrub ranging from 1 to 2 m (3.5 to 6.6 ft) tall. The leathery leaves, 4 to 12 cm (1.6 to 4.7 in) long and 1.5 to 3.2 cm (0.6 to 1.3 in) wide, are narrowly inverse lance-shaped or more elliptic. The upper leaf surface is hairless, whereas the lower surface is sparsely to moderately covered with short, coarse, stiff, whitish or brownish hairs toward the base and along the midrib. The leaf base is broadly wedge-shaped to heart-shaped, and the margins are smooth and curl under. The flowers are unisexual and the plants are dioecious (male and female flowers are on separate plants). Flowers occur in groups of four to eight in tight clusters surrounded by small bracts. The yellowish green petals are narrowly inverse lance-shaped, 2.8 to 3.2 mm (0.1 in) long. The fleshy, round fruit contains a single seed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base (Wagner et al. 1990). In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Environmental Impact Study Corporation 1977) y inverse lance-shaped, 2.8 to 3.2 mm (0.1 in) long. The fleshy, round fruit contains a single seed. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the hairiness of the lower leaf surface and the shape of the leaf base (Wagner et al. 1990). In addition, the hairy leaves distinguish this species from all other species of Myrsine on Oahu (Environmental Impact Study Corporation 1977). Myrsine juddii has been reported from only three populations in the central Koolau Mountains--the North Kaukonahua-Kahana Summit divide; Peahinaia Trail; and Puu Kainapuaa to Poamoho Trail. These populations are found on private and State land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 1994u1 to 1994u3). The total number is between 500 and 3,000 individuals, with all but 5 to 10 of these in a single, poorly defined population (HHP 1994u2). Myrsine juddii typically grows in wet forests dominated by 'ohi'a or a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe at elevations between 580 and 860 m (1,900 and 2,820 ft) (HHP 1994u1 to 1994u3). Associated plant taxa include 'uki, Cheirodendron trigynum ('olapa), Melicope clusiifolia (kolokolo mokihana), Psychotria mariniana (kopiko), Syzygium sandwicensis ('ohi'a ha), and the proposed species Chamaesyce rockii (HHP 1994u2). The primary threats to Myrsine juddii are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs, potential impacts from military activities, competition with alien plants such as Koster's curse and strawberry guava, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations (HHP 1994u2, 1994u3; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). In 1825, James Macrae, botanist on H.M.S. Blonde, collected a plant on Oahu that George Bentham described and named Phyllostegia hirsuta (Wagner et al. 1990). This species has been maintained in the current treatment of the Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990) ced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations (HHP 1994u2, 1994u3; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). In 1825, James Macrae, botanist on H.M.S. Blonde, collected a plant on Oahu that George Bentham described and named Phyllostegia hirsuta (Wagner et al. 1990). This species has been maintained in the current treatment of the Hawaiian members of the genus (Wagner et al. 1990). Phyllostegia hirsuta, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an erect subshrub or vine with stems densely covered with coarse or stiff hairs. The wrinkled leaves are egg-shaped, generally 17 to 30 cm (6.7 to 12 in) long, and 7.3 to 18 cm (2.9 to 7 in) wide. Both leaf surfaces are moderately covered with long, flat hairs. The upper surface is inconspicuously dotted with glands, while the lower surface is more densely glandulose. The egg-shaped floral bracts are 3 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) long. The flowers have two lips--the upper one is approximately 3 mm (0.1 in) long and the lower one is 5 to 7 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long. The tubular portion of the flower is slightly curved. The corolla is white and usually purple-tinged on the upper lip. The fruit is a nutlet about 3 mm (0.1 in) long. This species is distinguished from others in the genus by the texture, hairiness, and size of the leaves and the length of the upper bracts (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Phyllostegia hirsuta was known from widespread populations in the Waianae and Koolau Mountains on Oahu. In the Waianae Mountains, this species ranged from the head of Kukuiula (Pahole) Gulch to North Palawai Gulch (HHP 1994v1 to 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v16, 1994v18 to 1994v20, 1994v22, 1994v31, 1994v33 to 1994v36). In the Koolau Mountains, this species ranged from Pupukea-Kahuku Trail to Palolo, almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994v4, 1994v5, 1994v7 to 1994v15, 1994v17, 1994v21, 1994v23 to 1994v30, 1994v32) species ranged from the head of Kukuiula (Pahole) Gulch to North Palawai Gulch (HHP 1994v1 to 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v16, 1994v18 to 1994v20, 1994v22, 1994v31, 1994v33 to 1994v36). In the Koolau Mountains, this species ranged from Pupukea-Kahuku Trail to Palolo, almost the entire length of the Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994v4, 1994v5, 1994v7 to 1994v15, 1994v17, 1994v21, 1994v23 to 1994v30, 1994v32). The distribution of this species in the Waianae Mountains is now restricted to ten populations in the southern part of the historical range--from the ridge between Makaha and Waianae Kai to the south fork of North Palawai Gulch (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v19, 1994v20, 1994v31, 1994v33 to 1994v36). The current distribution in the Koolau Mountains is six populations scattered over a 10 km (6 mi) length of the summit-- from Kawainui Gulch in Kawailoa Training Area to South Kaukonahua drainage (HHP 1994v26 to 1994v30, 1994v32). Approximately 150 to 200 individuals remain in the 16 populations. These populations occur on Federal land in Lualualei Naval Reservation and Schofield Barracks Military Reservation; State land, including Mount Kaala NAR; and private lands, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve and land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training Area. Phyllostegia hirsuta is usually found on steep, shaded slopes in mesic to wet forests dominated by 'ohi'a or a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe between 600 and 1,100 m (1,970 and 3,610 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include 'ala'a, kanawao, mamaki, pilo, Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), and native and alien ferns (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v19, 1994v20, 1994v26 to 1994v36) s usually found on steep, shaded slopes in mesic to wet forests dominated by 'ohi'a or a mixture of 'ohi'a and uluhe between 600 and 1,100 m (1,970 and 3,610 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include 'ala'a, kanawao, mamaki, pilo, Hedyotis terminalis (manono), Myrsine lessertiana (kolea lau nui), and native and alien ferns (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v6, 1994v19, 1994v20, 1994v26 to 1994v36). The primary threats to Phyllostegia hirsuta are habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; and competition with Christmas berry, huehue haole, Koster's curse, lantana, prickly Florida blackberry, and strawberry guava (HHP 1994v2, 1994v3, 1994v19, 1994v27, 1994v29 to 1994v31, 1994v34 to 1994v36). Based upon a specimen collected in 1977 by John Obata, Gerald Carr, and Daniel Palmer on Oahu, St. John (1987a) described Phyllostegia kaalaensis, naming it for Mt. Kaala where it was first collected. Publishing deadlines did not allow the authors of the current treatment of the family to review the more than 70 new species of Phyllostegia published by St. John in 1987 (Wagner et al. 1990). Warren Wagner, however, concurs that Phyllostegia kaalaensis is a valid, taxonomically distinct species (Warren Wagner, Smithsonian Institution, pers. comm. 1994). Phyllostegia kaalaensis, a member of the mint family (Lamiaceae), is an herb. The egg-shaped leaves are 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in) long. Usually six flowers are arranged along a flowering stalk. The calyx is glabrous and 5 mm (0.2 in) long. The hairless corolla tube is 11 mm (0.4 in) long and the lower lip is 7 mm (0.3 in) long (St. John 1987a). The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. 1990). Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been known from only five scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994w1 to 1994w6) 11 mm (0.4 in) long and the lower lip is 7 mm (0.3 in) long (St. John 1987a). The species is distinguished from others of the genus by the spreading, pointed teeth on the leaf edges and by the hairs along the margins of the calyx and bracts (Wagner et al. 1990). Phyllostegia kaalaensis has been known from only five scattered populations in the Waianae Mountains of Oahu (HHP 1994w1 to 1994w6). Fewer than 50 plants are known from 5 populations in Waianae Kai, Pahole Gulch, Ekahanui Gulch, and Palikea Gulch. These populations occur on State land, including Pahole and Mt. Kaala NARs and private land, including TNCH's Honouliuli Preserve (HHP 1994w1 to 1994w6). This species is found in mesic mixed (native/alien) forest or papala kepau- Sapindus oahuensis (aulu) forest from 490 to 760 m (1,610 to 2,500 ft) in elevation. Associated plant taxa include huehue haole, 'ie'ie, opuhe, Claoxylon sandwicense (po'ola), and Hibiscus sp. (koki'o) (HHP 1994w2 to 1994w4, 1994w6). Habitat degradation and/or destruction by feral pigs; potential fire; competition with the alien plants Christmas berry, huehue haole, Koster's curse, and strawberry guava; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor, due to the small number of populations and individuals, are the major threats to Phyllostegia kaalaensis (HHP 1994w3 to 1994w5; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). More than 75 years ago, Rock collected a specimen from a palm on Mt. Kaala that he later named Pritchardia kaalae (Beccari and Rock 1921). Edward Caum (1930) later described Pritchardia kaalae var. minima, which is not recognized in the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Read and Hodel 1990). Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface ae var. minima, which is not recognized in the current treatment of Hawaiian members of the family (Read and Hodel 1990). Pritchardia kaalae, a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is a single-stemmed palm up to 5 m (16 ft) tall. The waxy, hairless leaves are thin and papery or thick and leathery. Sometimes small points, dots, or linear, rusty scales are scattered on the lower leaf surface. The flowering stalks are composed of one or more branches. The round fruits are approximately 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter. Pritchardia kaalae is distinguished from other members of the genus by the hairless or scaly leaves (Read and Hodel 1990). Historically Pritchardia kaalae was known from scattered populations in the central and north-central Waianae Mountains of Oahu (Beccari and Rock 1921, HHP 1994aa1 to 1994aa5). Currently 5 populations are known between the Waianae Kai-Haleauau summit divide and the Makua-Keaau Ridge, totalling about 130 individuals. These populations are located on State land, including Mt. Kaala NAR and land leased to DOD for Makua Military Reservation, and on Federal land on Schofield Barracks Military Reservation (HHP 1994aa1 to 1994aa5). Pritchardia kaalae is typically found on steep slopes and gulches in mesic forest or shrubland between elevations of 460 and 945 m (1,500 and 3,100 ft). Associated plant taxa include 'a'ali'i, kolea, ko'oko'olau, mamaki, na'ena'e, 'ohi'a, Eragrostis sp. (kawelu), and Tetraplasandra sp. ('ohe) (HHP 1994aa1, 1994aa2, 1994aa4, 1994aa5; Read and Hodel 1990). Habitat degradation by feral pigs and goats; fruit predation by rats; potential impacts from military activities; the alien plants Christmas berry, Maui pamakani, and prickly Florida blackberry; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations are major threats to Pritchardia kaalae (HHP 1994aa1, 1994aa4, 1994aa5; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994) it predation by rats; potential impacts from military activities; the alien plants Christmas berry, Maui pamakani, and prickly Florida blackberry; potential fire; and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations are major threats to Pritchardia kaalae (HHP 1994aa1, 1994aa4, 1994aa5; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). In 1936, Hosaka collected a specimen of Schiedea kealiae on Oahu that he named for Kealia where it was collected (Caum and Hosaka 1936). Schiedea gregoriana is considered synonymous with S. kealiae by the authors of the current treatment of the family (Degener 1936, Sherff 1945, Wagner et al. 1990). Schiedea kealiae, a member of the pink family (Caryophyllaceae), is a subshrub with weakly ascending to sprawling stems 0.2 to 0.5 m (0.7 to 1.6 ft) long that form loose clumps. The lower stems are smooth while the upper stems and flowering stalk bear glands. The opposite leaves, 3 to 10 cm (1.2 to 4 in) long and 0.3 to 1.5 cm (0.1 to 0.6 in) wide, are lance-shaped to elliptic lance-shaped and conspicuously three-veined with a prominent midrib. The flowering stalk is 3 to 11 cm (1.2 to 4.3 in) long, with numerous unisexual flowers in crowded clusters. The green sepals of the male flowers are approximately 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long. The sepals of the female flowers, 1.5 to 2.2 mm (0.06 to 0.09 in) long, are slightly shorter. The nectaries, about 0.5 to 1 mm (0.02 to 0.04 in) long, are inconspicuous. The capsular fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm (0.08 to 0.1 in) long. The species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with stalkless glands (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern end of the same mountain range (HHP 1994bb1 to 1994bb6) n) long. The species is distinguished from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the length of the sepals and nectaries and the flowering stalk exclusively with stalkless glands (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Schiedea kealiae was known from the northern Waianae Mountains and one collection from the Palikea area, near the southern end of the same mountain range (HHP 1994bb1 to 1994bb6). Currently 3 populations totalling between 300 and 500 plants are located on the cliffs above Dillingham Airfield and Camp Erdman and at Kaena Point at the northern end of the Waianae Mountains. These populations occur on private land; State land, including land leased by DOD (Kaena Military Reservation); and Federal land on Dillingham Military Reservation (HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Schiedea kealiae is usually found on steep slopes and cliff faces at elevations from 60 to 305 m (200 to 1,000 ft), in dry remnant Erythrina sandwicensis (wiliwili) or aulu forest. Associated plant taxa include alahe`e, ko`oko`olau, Leucaena leucocephala (koa haole), Myoporum sandwicense (naio), and Sida fallax (`ilima) (HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; Wagner et al. 1990). The major threats to Schiedea kealiae are competition with alien plants (Christmas berry and koa haole) and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of existing populations. The Kaena Point population is additionally threatened by naturally occurring rock slides and fire (HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). St. John (1982) described Trematolobelia singularis based on a specimen collected by John Obata in 1974. This species has been maintained in the most recent treatment of this endemic Hawaiian genus (Lammers 1990). The specific epithet refers to the solitary flowering stalk ened by naturally occurring rock slides and fire (HHP 1994bb1, 1994bb2, 1994bb4, 1994bb6; C. Russell, pers. comm. 1994). St. John (1982) described Trematolobelia singularis based on a specimen collected by John Obata in 1974. This species has been maintained in the most recent treatment of this endemic Hawaiian genus (Lammers 1990). The specific epithet refers to the solitary flowering stalk. Trematolobelia singularis, a member of the bellflower family, is an unbranched shrub with stems 0.6 to 1.5 m (2 to 5 ft) long. The long and narrow leaves are 10 to 18 cm (4 to 7 in) long and 1 to 1.8 cm (0.4 to 0.7 in) wide. The unbranched, erect flowering stalk is 20 to 42 cm (8 to 16.5 in) long. The violet petals are about 5 cm (0.2 in) long and collectively form a three-lobed tube. The largest lobe is curved downward and the other two are bent backward, giving the appearance of two lips. The capsules are almost round and contain numerous small, wind-dispersed seeds. This species differs from others of this endemic Hawaiian genus by the unbranched, erect flowering stalk (Lammers 1990). Trematolobelia singularis has been reported only from the southern Koolau Mountains (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc4). Approximately 165 plants are known from three populations--Moanalua-Tripler Ridge summit to Puu Keahiakahoe, Konahuanui, and Puu Lanipo. These populations are found on private, City and County of Honolulu, State, and Federal land (Omega Coast Guard Station) (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc4, Lammers 1990). This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in `ohi`a-uluhe lowland wet shrubland from 700 to 960 m (2,300 to 3,150 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include `akia, hapu`u, kanawao, and na`ena`e pua melemele (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc3, Lammers 1990, Obata 1988, St. John 1982) State, and Federal land (Omega Coast Guard Station) (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc4, Lammers 1990). This species usually grows on steep, windswept cliff faces or slopes in `ohi`a-uluhe lowland wet shrubland from 700 to 960 m (2,300 to 3,150 ft) elevation. Associated plant taxa include `akia, hapu`u, kanawao, and na`ena`e pua melemele (HHP 1994cc1 to 1994cc3, Lammers 1990, Obata 1988, St. John 1982). Habitat degradation by feral pigs, potential predation by rats, competition with the aggressive alien plant Koster's curse, and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of extant populations are serious threats to Trematolobelia singularis (HHP 1994cc1, 1994cc2, 1994cc4; J. Lau, C. Russell, and J. Yoshioka, pers. comms. 1994). Forbes described Viola oahuensis in 1909, based on a specimen he collected with Rock in the Koolau Mountains. This species has been maintained in the most recent treatment of Hawaiian members of this genus (Wagner et al. 1990). Viola oahuensis, a member of the violet family (Violaceae), is usually an erect, unbranched subshrub 6 to 40 cm (2.4 to 16 in) tall. The papery-textured leaves are usually 3 to 12 cm (1.2 to 4.7 in) long, 2.5 to 5.8 cm (1 to 2.3 in) wide, and elliptic-egg-shaped to elliptic. The leaf stalks are typically 0.5 to 1 cm (0.2 to 0.4 in) long. The narrowly triangular stipules are usually 10 to 15 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long, 3.5 to 6 mm (0.1 to 0.2 in) wide, and have fringed edges. One to two flowers are borne on stalks typically 25 to 60 mm (1 to 2.4 in) long. The petals are pale yellow, the upper ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the stipule characters, the length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990) per ones 8 to 13 mm (0.3 to 0.5 in) long, the lateral ones 10 to 13.5 mm (0.4 to 0.5 in) long, and the lower one 12 to 16 mm (0.5 to 0.6 in) long. The capsules are 9 to 16 mm (0.4 to 0.6 in) long. This species is distinguished from other Hawaiian members of the genus by the stipule characters, the length of the leaf stalks, and the length and papery texture of the leaves (Wagner et al. 1990). Historically Viola oahuensis was known from 17 populations in the Koolau Mountains of Oahu scattered over about a 37 km (23 mi) distance from Puu Kainapuaa to Palolo (HHP 1994dd1 to 1994dd16; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994). The 8 extant populations, which total fewer than 180 individuals, are now found from the Kawainui-Koloa summit divide to the Waimalu-Koolaupoko divide over a 20 km (12 mi) distance. These populations are found on Federal land; State land, including land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training Area; City and County of Honolulu land; and private land, including land leased by DOD for Kawailoa Training Area (HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9 to 1994dd13, 1994dd15, 1994dd16). Further to the south, at the summit of Moanalua, a single plant last seen alive in 1991 has since died (L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994). Viola oahuensis is generally found on exposed, windswept ridges of moderate to steep slope in wet `ohi`a-uluhe shrublands from 700 to 850 m (2,300 to 2,800 ft) elevation. This species typically grows among wind-stunted na`ena`e pua melemele, `uki, Sadleria sp. (`ama`u), `ohi`a ha, and Vaccinium sp. (`ohelo) (HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9 to 1994dd16). The primary threats to Viola oahuensis are habitat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with Koster's curse, strawberry guava, Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9, 1994dd12, 1994dd13). itat degradation and/ or destruction by feral pigs; potential impacts from military activities; competition with Koster's curse, strawberry guava, Paspalum conjugatum (Hilo grass), and Sacciolepis indica (Glenwood grass); and a risk of extinction from naturally occurring events and/or reduced reproductive vigor due to the small number of populations (HHP 1994dd5, 1994dd9, 1994dd12, 1994dd13). Previous Federal Action Federal action on these plants began as a result of section 12 of the Endangered Species Act (16 U.S.C. 1533), which directed the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution to prepare a report on plants considered to be endangered or threatened in the United States. This report, designated as House Document No. 94-51, was presented to Congress on January 9, 1975. Twelve of the 25 proposed taxa were considered to be endangered in that document--Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia humboldtiana), Cyanea longiflora (as Rollandia sessilifolia), Cyanea st.-johnii (as Rollandia st.-johnii), Cyrtandra dentata (also as C. frederickii), Cyrtandra subumbellata (as C. subumbellata var. intonsa), Delissea subcordata (as D. subcordata var. subcordata and var. obtusifolia), Eragrostis fosbergii, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as L. gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Melicope saint- johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii var. elongata), Pritchardia kaalae (as P. kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), Schiedea kealiae, and Viola oahuensis. Two of the 25 taxa were considered to be threatened--Lobelia monostachya (as L. hillebrandii var. monostachya) and Phyllostegia hirsuta (as P. hirsuta var. hirsuta and var. laxior). On July 1, 1975, the Service published a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving notice of its intent to review the status of the plant taxa named therein ndii var. monostachya) and Phyllostegia hirsuta (as P. hirsuta var. hirsuta and var. laxior). On July 1, 1975, the Service published a notice in the Federal Register (40 FR 27823) of its acceptance of the Smithsonian report as a petition within the context of section 4(c)(2) (now section 4(b)(3)) of the Act, and giving notice of its intent to review the status of the plant taxa named therein. As a result of that review, on June 16, 1976, the Service published a proposed rule in the Federal Register (41 FR 24523) to determine endangered status pursuant to section 4 of the Act for approximately 1,700 vascular plant species. The list of 1,700 plant taxa was assembled on the basis of comments and data received by the Smithsonian Institution and the Service in response to House Document No. 94-51 and the July 1, 1975, Federal Register publication. General comments received in response to the 1976 proposal are summarized in an April 26, 1978, Federal Register publication (43 FR 17909). In 1978, amendments to the Act required that all proposals over two years old be withdrawn. A one-year grace period was given to proposals already over two years old. On December 10, 1979, the Service published a notice in the Federal Register (44 FR 70796) withdrawing the portion of the June 16, 1976, proposal that had not been made final, along with four other proposals that had expired. The Service published an updated notice of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Sixteen of the taxa in this proposal (including synonymous taxa) have at one time or another been considered Category 1 or Category 2 candidates for Federal listing. Category that had expired. The Service published an updated notice of review for plants on December 15, 1980 (45 FR 82479), September 27, 1985 (50 FR 39525), February 21, 1990 (55 FR 6183), and September 30, 1993 (58 FR 51144). Sixteen of the taxa in this proposal (including synonymous taxa) have at one time or another been considered Category 1 or Category 2 candidates for Federal listing. Category 1 species are those for which the Service has on file substantial information on biological vulnerability and threats to support preparation of listing proposals but for which listing proposals have not yet been published because they are precluded by other listing activities. Category 2 species are those for which listing as endangered or threatened is possibly appropriate, but for which sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threats are not currently available to support proposed rules. Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia humboldtiana), Cyanea longifolia (as Rollandia sessilifolia), Cyanea st.-johnii (as Rollandia st.-johnii), Cyrtandra dentata (also as C. frederickii), Cyrtandra subumbellata (as C. subumbellata var. intonsa), Eragrostis fosbergii, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (as L. gaudichaudii var. koolauensis), Melicope saint-johnii (as Pelea saint-johnii), and Viola oahuensis were considered Category 1 species in the 1980 and 1985 notices of review. One taxon, Phyllostegia hirsuta, was considered a Category 1 species in the 1980 notice and a Category 2 species in the 1985 notice. Three taxa, Delissea subcordata (as D. subcordata ssp. subcordata and ssp. obtusifolia), Pritchardia kaalae (as P. kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), and Schiedea kealiae, were considered Category 3C taxa in the 1980 and 1985 notices. Category 3C species are those that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or are not subject to any identifiable threat. Lobelia monostachya (as Lobelia hillebrandii var ta ssp. subcordata and ssp. obtusifolia), Pritchardia kaalae (as P. kaalae var. kaalae and var. minima), and Schiedea kealiae, were considered Category 3C taxa in the 1980 and 1985 notices. Category 3C species are those that have proven to be more abundant or widespread than previously believed and/or are not subject to any identifiable threat. Lobelia monostachya (as Lobelia hillebrandii var. monostachya) was considered a Category 1 species and Lepidium arbuscula (misspelled as Lepidium arbusculum) was considered a Category 1* species in the 1985 notice. Category 1* species are those which are possibly extinct. In the 1990 and 1993 notices, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Trematolobelia singularis, and Viola oahuensis were considered Category 2 species. Eragrostis fosbergii was considered a Category 1* species in the 1990 notice, a category which was redefined as 2* in the 1993 notice. Lobelia monostachya was considered a Category 3A species in 1990. Category 3A species are those for which the Service has persuasive evidence of extinction. Five species, Cyanea humboldtiana (as Rollandia humboldtiana), Cyanea st.- johnii (as Rollandia st.-johnii), Cyrtandra dentata, Melicope saint- johnii, and Phyllostegia hirsuta, were considered more abundant than previously thought and moved to Category 3C in the 1990 notice. In the 1990 notice, Rollandia sessilifolia was considered a Category 3B species because it was merged with Cyanea longiflora (as Rollandia longiflora), a taxon not considered to warrant listing. Category 3B species are those that do not represent distinct taxa. Lobelia gaudichaudii var. koolauensis was elevated to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis and considered a Category 3B species in the 1990 notice. Cyrtandra viridiflora and Myrsine juddii were considered Category 2 species in the 1993 notice ea longiflora (as Rollandia longiflora), a taxon not considered to warrant listing. Category 3B species are those that do not represent distinct taxa. Lobelia gaudichaudii var. koolauensis was elevated to Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis and considered a Category 3B species in the 1990 notice. Cyrtandra viridiflora and Myrsine juddii were considered Category 2 species in the 1993 notice. Since the 1993 notice, new information suggests that the above Category 2, Category 3A, and Category 3C species, as well as eight additional taxa (Chamaesyce herbstii, Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Gardenia mannii, Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, and Phyllostegia kaalaensis), are sufficiently restricted in numbers and distribution and imminently threatened and therefore warrant listing. Section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act requires the Secretary to make findings on petitions that present substantial information indicating the petitioned action may be warranted within 12 months of their receipt. Section 2(b)(1) of the 1982 amendments further requires all petitions pending on October 13, 1982, be treated as having been newly submitted on that date. On October 13, 1983, the Service found that the petitioned listing of these taxa was warranted, but precluded by other pending listing actions, in accordance with section 4(b)(3)(B)(iii) of the Act. Notification of this finding was published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR 2485). Such a finding requires the Service to consider the petition as having been resubmitted, pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The finding was reviewed in October of 1984 through 1993. Publication of the present proposal constitutes the final one-year finding for these taxa. Summary of Factors Affecting the Species ation of this finding was published on January 20, 1984 (49 FR 2485). Such a finding requires the Service to consider the petition as having been resubmitted, pursuant to section 4(b)(3)(C)(i) of the Act. The finding was reviewed in October of 1984 through 1993. Publication of the present proposal constitutes the final one-year finding for these taxa. Summary of Factors Affecting the Species Section 4 of the Endangered Species Act and regulations (50 CFR part 424) promulgated to implement the listing provisions of the Act set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal lists of endangered and threatened species. A species may be determined to be an endangered or threatened species due to one or more of the five factors described in section 4(a)(1). The threats facing the 25 taxa in this proposed rule are summarized in Table 1. Table 1.--Summary of Threats -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Alien mammals Species ------------------------------------ Alien Substrate Fire Human Insects Limited Goats Pigs Rats plants loss impacts Nos.* -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chamaesyce herbstii......................... .......... X .......... X......... .......... P .......... .......... X1 Chamaesyce rockii........................... .......... X .......... X......... .......... .......... P .......... Cyanea acuminata............................ .......... X P X......... .......... .......... P .......... X3 Cyanea humboldtiana......................... .......... X P x......... .......... .......... X .......... X1 Cyanea koolauensis.......................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... X .......... X3 Cyanea longiflora........................... .......... X P X......... .......... P P ......... ................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... P .......... X3 Cyanea humboldtiana......................... .......... X P x......... .......... .......... X .......... X1 Cyanea koolauensis.......................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... X .......... X3 Cyanea longiflora........................... .......... X P X......... .......... P P .......... X1 Cyanea st.-johnii........................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... X......... .......... X1.3 Cyrtandra dentata........................... .......... .......... P X......... .......... P .......... .......... X1.3 Cyrtandra subumbellata...................... .......... .......... P X......... .......... P P .......... X1.3 Cyrtandra viridiflora....................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... P .......... X1.2 Delissea subcordata......................... X X P X......... .......... P X .......... X3 Eragrostis fosbergii........................ X X .......... X......... .......... .......... X .......... X1.2 Gardenia mannii............................. .......... X .......... X......... .......... P P X X3 Labordia cyrtrandrae........................ .......... X .......... X......... .......... P P .......... X1.2 Lepidium arbuscula.......................... X .......... .......... X......... .......... P X .......... Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis....... .......... X P X......... X .......... X .......... X1 Lobelia monostachya......................... .......... .......... X X......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X1.2 Melicope saint-johnii....................... X......... X .......... X......... .......... P .......... P .......... .......... X......... .......... P X .......... Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis....... .......... X P X......... X .......... X .......... X1 Lobelia monostachya......................... .......... .......... X X......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X1.2 Melicope saint-johnii....................... X......... X .......... X......... .......... P .......... P Myrsine juddii.............................. .......... X .......... X......... .......... .......... P .......... X1 Phyllostegia hirsuta........................ .......... X .......... X .......... P P .......... .......... Phyllostegia kaalaensis..................... .......... X .......... X......... .......... P .......... .......... X1.3 Pritchardia kaalae.......................... X X X X......... .......... P P .......... X1 Schiedea kealiae............................ .......... .......... .......... X......... X P .......... .......... X1 Trematolobelia singularis................... .......... X P X......... .......... .......... .......... .......... X1 Viola oahuensis............................. .......... X .......... X......... .......... .......... P X1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key X=Immediate and significant threat. P=Potential threat. *=No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations. 1=No more than 5 populations. 2=No more than 10 individuals. 3=No more than 100 individuals. .... .......... P X1 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Key X=Immediate and significant threat. P=Potential threat. *=No more than 100 individuals and/or no more than 5 populations. 1=No more than 5 populations. 2=No more than 10 individuals. 3=No more than 100 individuals. The factors and their application to Chamaesyce herbstii W.L. Wagner (`akoko), Chamaesyce rockii (C. Forbes) Croizat & Degener (`akoko), Cyanea acuminata (Gaud.) Hillebr. (haha), Cyanea humboldtiana (Gaud.) Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyanea koolauensis Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyanea longiflora (Wawra) Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyanea st.-johnii (Hosaka) Lammers, Givnish & Sytsma (haha), Cyrtandra dentata St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Cyrtandra subumbellata (Hillebr.) St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Cyrtandra viridiflora St. John & Storey (ha`iwale), Delissea subcordata Gaud. (`oha), Eragrostis fosbergii Whitney (No common name (NCN)), Gardenia mannii St. John & Kuykendall (nanu), Labordia cyrtandrae (Baill.) St. John (kamakahala), Lepidium arbuscula Hillebr. (`anaunau), Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (Hosaka & Fosb.) Lammers (NCN), Lobelia monostachya (Rock) Lammers (NCN), Melicope saint-johnii (E. Hume) T. Hartley & B. Stone (alani), Myrsine juddii Hosaka (kolea), Phyllostegia hirsuta Benth. (NCN), Phyllostegia kaalaensis St. John (NCN), Pritchardia kaalae Rock (loulu), Schiedea kealiae Caum & Hosaka (NCN), Trematolobelia singularis St. John (NCN), and Viola oahuensis C. Forbes (NCN) are as follows: A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range Hartley & B. Stone (alani), Myrsine juddii Hosaka (kolea), Phyllostegia hirsuta Benth. (NCN), Phyllostegia kaalaensis St. John (NCN), Pritchardia kaalae Rock (loulu), Schiedea kealiae Caum & Hosaka (NCN), Trematolobelia singularis St. John (NCN), and Viola oahuensis C. Forbes (NCN) are as follows: A. The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range. Native vegetation on Oahu has undergone extreme alteration because of past and present land management practices including ranching, deliberate alien animal and plant introductions, agricultural development, military use, and recreational use (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Wagner et al. 1985). The primary threats facing the 25 plant taxa proposed for listing are ongoing and threatened destruction and adverse modification of habitat by feral animals and competition with alien plants (see Factor E). Twenty-one of the 25 proposed taxa are variously threatened by feral animals (see Table 1). Animals such as pigs (Sus scrofa) and goats (Capra hircus) were introduced by the early Hawaiians (pigs) or more recently by European settlers (goats) for food and/or commercial ranching activities. Over the 200 years following their introduction, their numbers increased and the adverse impacts of feral ungulates on native vegetation have become increasingly apparent. Beyond the direct effect of trampling and grazing native plants, feral ungulates have contributed significantly to the heavy erosion still taking place on most of the main Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Pigs, which were originally native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Asia, were introduced into Hawaii by the Polynesians. European pigs, introduced to Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778, escaped domestication and invaded primarily wet and mesic forests and grasslands of the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii st of the main Hawaiian Islands (Cuddihy and Stone 1990). Pigs, which were originally native to Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Asia, were introduced into Hawaii by the Polynesians. European pigs, introduced to Hawaii by Captain James Cook in 1778, escaped domestication and invaded primarily wet and mesic forests and grasslands of the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii. The pigs introduced by the Polynesians were apparently smaller and less destructive to native plants than the European pigs. In addition, it appears that Polynesian pigs were maintained in domestication and were not allowed to establish feral populations. While foraging, pigs root and trample the forest floor, encouraging the establishment of alien plants in the newly disturbed soil. Pigs also disseminate alien plant seeds through their feces and on their bodies, accelerating the spread of alien plants through native forest (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Stone 1985). Pigs are a major vector in the spread of Psidium cattleianum (strawberry guava) and Schinus terebinthifolius (Christmas berry), and enhance populations of Rubus argutus (prickly Florida blackberry), which threaten several of the proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985). Feral pigs also feed on the starchy interiors of tree ferns (Cibotium sp.) and other succulent-stemmed plants (see Factor C). Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to one or more populations of 20 of the proposed taxa, including the only known population of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp lorida blackberry), which threaten several of the proposed taxa (Cuddihy and Stone 1990, Smith 1985, Stone 1985). Feral pigs also feed on the starchy interiors of tree ferns (Cibotium sp.) and other succulent-stemmed plants (see Factor C). Feral pigs pose an immediate threat to one or more populations of 20 of the proposed taxa, including the only known population of Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis (see Table 1) (HHP 1994c2, 1994c3, 1994d1 to 1994d5, 1994d7, 1994d8, 1994d11, 1994e1 to 1994e4, 1994e7, 1994e10 to 1994e12, 1994f1, 1994f2, 1994g1 to 1994g4, 1994g22, 1994h1, 1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994i7, 1994i10, 1994L5, 1994L6, 1994m20, 1994m22, 1994n3, 1994n5, 1994o1, 1994o13, 1994o35, 1994o37, 1994o38, 1994o43, 1994o44, 1994o46, 1994p14, 1994p16, 1994s1, 1994t3, 1994t4, 1994t13, 1994u2, 1994u3, 1994v27, 1994v29, 1994v30, 1994v34 to 1994v36, 1994w3 to 1994w5, 1994aa4, 1994cc1, 1994dd5, 1994dd12, 1994dd13, 1994ee; J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). Goats, originally native to the Middle East and India, were successfully introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in 1792. Feral goats now occupy a wide variety of habitats from lowland dry forests to montane grasslands on Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, where they consume native vegetation, which may include the proposed taxa (see Factor C), trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants (Stone 1985, van Riper and van Riper 1982). On Oahu, the goat population in the Waianae Mountains area is apparently increasing, becoming an even greater threat to the rare plants that grow there (J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). y consume native vegetation, which may include the proposed taxa (see Factor C), trample roots and seedlings, accelerate erosion, and promote the invasion of alien plants (Stone 1985, van Riper and van Riper 1982). On Oahu, the goat population in the Waianae Mountains area is apparently increasing, becoming an even greater threat to the rare plants that grow there (J. Lau, pers. comm. 1994). One or more populations of five of the proposed taxa, including Delissea subcordata, Eragrostis fosbergii, one of the largest populations of Lepidium arbuscula, the largest population of Melicope saint-johnii, and more than half of the individuals of Pritchardia kaalae, are currently threatened by direct damage from feral goats, such as trampling of plants and seedlings and erosion of substrate (Culliney 1988; HHP 1994m20, 1994n5, 1994n6, 1994q5, 1994q8, 1994q9, 1994q11, 1994t14, 1994aa2, 1994aa4, 1994ee; Scott et al. 1986; van Riper and van Riper 1982). Habitat disturbance caused by human activities may pose a threat to rare plant populations that grow on lands on which military training exercises and ground maneuvers are occasionally conducted. However, as most of the proposed taxa grow on moderate to steep slopes, ridges, and gulches, habitat disturbance is probably restricted to foot and helicopter traffic. Trampling by ground troops associated with training activities, and construction, maintenance, and utilization of helicopter landing and drop-off sites could affect populations of 14 of the proposed taxa (Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pritchardia kaalae, and Viola oahuensis) that occur on land leased or owned by the U.S drop-off sites could affect populations of 14 of the proposed taxa (Chamaesyce rockii, Cyanea acuminata, Cyanea koolauensis, Cyanea longiflora, Cyrtandra subumbellata, Cyrtandra viridiflora, Delissea subcordata, Gardenia mannii, Labordia cyrtandrae, Lepidium arbuscula, Myrsine juddii, Phyllostegia hirsuta, Pritchardia kaalae, and Viola oahuensis) that occur on land leased or owned by the U.S. Army (HHP 1994d2, 1994d4, 1994d5, 1994e2 to 1994e5, 1994e7, 1994g1 to 1994g3, 1994g22, 1994h12 to 1994h14, 1994k6, 1994L4, 1994L6, 1994L7, 1994m7, 1994m9 to 1994m11, 1994o1, 1994o2, 1994o4, 1994o13, 1994o18, 1994o37 to 1994o40, 1994o43, 1994o44, 1994p2, 1994p14 to 1994p16, 1994q7 to 1994q9, 1994u1 to 1994u3, 1994v2, 1994v19, 1994v26, 1994v30, 1994v32, 1994v33, 1994aa2, 1994aa5, 1994dd5, 1994dd9, 1994dd10, 1994dd12, 1994dd15, 1994dd16; Wagner et al. 1985). B. Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes. Overutilization is not a known factor, but unrestricted collecting for scientific or horticultural purposes and excessive visits by individuals interested in seeing rare plants could seriously impact all of the proposed taxa, but especially Cyanea koolauensis, C. st.-johnii, Eragrostis fosbergii, and Lobelia gaudichaudii ssp. koolauensis, which have populations close to trails or roads and are thus easily accessible to collectors, and therefore possibly threatened by overcollection, trampling, and/or road maintenance (HHP 1994g22, 1994i9, 1994n3 to 1994n6; L. Mehrhoff, pers. comm. 1994). C. Disease and predation. Disease is not known to be a significant threat to any of the proposed taxa. However, a tiny beetle, the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus), is known to infest a wide variety of common plant taxa, including Melicope in the Koolau Mountains (Davis 1970). The black twig borer burrows into branches, introduces a pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and lays its eggs. Twigs, branches, and even entire plants can be killed from an infestation f the proposed taxa. However, a tiny beetle, the black twig borer (Xylosandrus compactus), is known to infest a wide variety of common plant taxa, including Melicope in the Koolau Mountains (Davis 1970). The black twig borer burrows into branches, introduces a pathogenic fungus as food for its larvae, and lays its eggs. Twigs, branches, and even entire plants can be killed from an infestation. In the Hawaiian Islands, the black twig borer has many hosts, disperses easily, and is probably present at most elevations up to 670 m (2,500 ft) (Howarth 1985). In the Koolau Mountains, the black twig borer is known to threaten the Kapakahi Gulch population of Gardenia mannii. The black twig borer occurs throughout the Waianae Mountains and therefore may pose a threat to all Melicope saint-johnii plants that occur there (HHP 1994o41, 1994t1 to 1994t4, 1994t7, 1994t13, 1994t14; J. Lau, pers. comm. [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. 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