# 80 FR 51356: Pesticides; Certification of Pesticide Applicators

> Federal · Regulations · In force

URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/FR_PRORULE_2015-19988

## Section

- **Citation:** 80 FR 51356
- **Heading:** Pesticides; Certification of Pesticide Applicators
- **Jurisdiction:** Federal
- **Kind:** Regulations
- **Status:** In force
- **Text as of:** August 14, 2026
- **Source:** Compiled text
- **Location:** Federal Register / Vol. 80 / 80 FR 51356

## Text

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 40 CFR Part 171 [EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0183; FRL-9931-83] RIN 2070-AJ20 Pesticides; Certification of Pesticide Applicators AGENCY:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION:
Proposed rule.

SUMMARY:
EPA is proposing changes to the existing regulation concerning the certification of applicators of restricted use pesticides (RUPs) in response to extensive stakeholder review of the regulation and its implementation since 1974. EPA's proposed changes would ensure the Federal certification program standards adequately protect applicators, the public, and the environment from risks associated with use of RUPs. The proposed changes are intended to improve the competency of certified applicators of RUPs, increase protection for noncertified applicators of RUPs operating under the direct supervision of a certified applicator through enhanced pesticide safety training and standards for supervision of noncertified applicators, and establish a minimum age requirement for certified and noncertified applicators. In keeping with EPA's commitment to work more closely with Tribal governments to strengthen environmental protection in Indian country, certain changes are intended to provide more practical options for establishing certification programs in Indian country.

DATES:
Comments must be received on or before November 23, 2015.

ADDRESSES:
Submit your comments, identified by docket identification (ID) number EPA-HQ-OPP-2011-0183, by one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
• Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC) (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001
Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the online instructions for submitting comments. Do not submit electronically any information you consider to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
• Mail: OPP Docket, Environmental Protection Agency Docket Center (EPA/DC) (28221T), 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460-0001. In addition, please mail a copy of your comments on the information collection provisions to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget, ATTN: Desk Officer for EPA, 725 17th St. NW., Washington, DC 20503.
• Hand Delivery: To make special arrangements for hand delivery or delivery of boxed information, please follow the instructions at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/contacts.html.
Additional instructions on commenting or visiting the docket, along with more information about dockets generally, is available at http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Michelle Arling, Field and External Affairs Division (7506P), Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20460; telephone number: (703) 308-5891; email address: arling.michelle@epa.gov.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Executive Summary
A. Does this action apply to me?
You may be potentially affected by this action if you apply RUPs. You may also be potentially affected by this action if you are: Certified by a State, Tribe, or Federal agency to apply pesticides; a State, Tribal, or Federal agency who administers a certification program for pesticide applicators or a pesticide safety educator; or other person who provides pesticide safety training for pesticide applicator certification or recertification.
The following list of North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this rulemaking applies to them
cation program for pesticide applicators or a pesticide safety educator; or other person who provides pesticide safety training for pesticide applicator certification or recertification.
The following list of North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather provides a guide to help readers determine whether this rulemaking applies to them. Potentially affected entities may include:
• Agricultural Establishments (Crop Production) (NAICS code 111).
• Nursery and Tree Production (NAICS code 111421).
• Agricultural Pest Control and Pesticide Handling on Farms (NAICS code 115112).
• Crop Advisors (NAICS codes 115112, 541690, 541712).
• Agricultural (Animal) Pest Control (Livestock Spraying) (NAICS code 115210).
• Forestry Pest Control (NAICS code 115310).
• Wood Preservation Pest Control (NAICS code 321114).
• Pesticide Registrants (NAICS code 325320).
• Pesticide Dealers (NAICS codes 424690, 424910, 444220).
• Research & Demonstration Pest Control, Crop Advisor (NAICS code 541710).
• Industrial, Institutional, Structural & Health Related Pest Control (NAICS code 561710).
• Ornamental & Turf, Rights-of-Way Pest Control (NAICS code 561730).
• Environmental Protection Program Administrators (NAICS code 924110).
• Governmental Pest Control Programs (NAICS code 926140).
B. What is the Agency's authority for taking this action?
This action is issued under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136-136y, particularly sections 136a(d), 136i, and 136w.
C
trol (NAICS code 561730).
• Environmental Protection Program Administrators (NAICS code 924110).
• Governmental Pest Control Programs (NAICS code 926140).
B. What is the Agency's authority for taking this action?
This action is issued under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. 136-136y, particularly sections 136a(d), 136i, and 136w.
C. What action is the Agency taking?
The proposed rule would revise the existing Certification of Pesticide Applicators (certification) rule at 40 CFR part 171 to enhance the following: Private applicator competency standards, exam and training security standards, standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator, Tribal applicator certification, and State, Tribal, and Federal agency certification plans. The proposed rule would revise the existing certification rule at 40 CFR part 171 to add: Application method-specific categories of certification for commercial and private applicators, predator control categories for commercial and private applicators, recertification standards and interval, and minimum age for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under direct supervision.
1. Private applicator competency standards. The proposed rule would clarify the standards of competency a private applicator must meet in order to be certified. The proposed rule would expand the private applicator competency standards to include the general standards of competency for commercial applicators (also known as “core” competency), standards generally applicable to pesticide use in agriculture, and specific related regulations relevant to private applicators, such as the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) (40 CFR part 170). The proposed rule also would amend the options for determining private applicator competency by requiring the applicator to complete a training program or to pass a written exam that covers the specific competency standards.
2
plicable to pesticide use in agriculture, and specific related regulations relevant to private applicators, such as the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) (40 CFR part 170). The proposed rule also would amend the options for determining private applicator competency by requiring the applicator to complete a training program or to pass a written exam that covers the specific competency standards.
2. Application method-specific categories of certification for commercial and private applicators. The proposed rule would require that commercial and private applicators who apply pesticides aerially or by fumigation demonstrate competency to make these types of applications. The proposal would add categories for aerial
3. Recertification standards and interval. The proposed rule would require that commercial and private applicators demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs every 3 years by either passing written exams for each certification they hold or completing specific training in a continuing education program administered by the certifying authority. Commercial applicators would be required to demonstrate continued competency in the core standards and each category in which they intend to maintain their certification. Private applicators would be required to demonstrate continued general competency and competency in each relevant application method-specific category in which they intend to maintain their certification.
4. Standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision. The proposed rule would include several new requirements to ensure that noncertified applicators are competent to use RUPs under the supervision of a certified applicator. In order for noncertified applicators to work under the direct supervision of a certified applicator they would have to complete specific training as outlined in the proposed rule, complete training required for handlers under the WPS, or pass the exam covering general standards of competency for commercial pesticide applicators (“core exam”)
e RUPs under the supervision of a certified applicator. In order for noncertified applicators to work under the direct supervision of a certified applicator they would have to complete specific training as outlined in the proposed rule, complete training required for handlers under the WPS, or pass the exam covering general standards of competency for commercial pesticide applicators (“core exam”). Noncertified applicators who qualify by satisfying the training requirement under the proposed rule or the training required for handlers under the WPS would be required to renew their qualification after a year; noncertified applicators who qualify by passing the core exam would need to renew their qualification after 3 years. Noncertified applicators can renew their qualifications using any of these same options. All applicators would be required to ensure noncertified applicators have met these qualifications and commercial applicators would be required to maintain records of the noncertified applicators' qualifications. The proposal would require a certified applicator supervising noncertified applicators to be certified in each category in which he or she supervises applications, to provide to the noncertified applicators a copy of the labeling for the RUPs used, and to ensure that a means for immediate communication between the supervising applicator and noncertified applicators under his or her direct supervision is available.
5. Minimum age. The proposed rule would require commercial and private applicators to be at least 18 years old and noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators to be at least 18 years old.
6. Indian country certification. The proposed rule would offer three options for certification for applicators in Indian country
direct supervision is available.
5. Minimum age. The proposed rule would require commercial and private applicators to be at least 18 years old and noncertified applicators using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators to be at least 18 years old.
6. Indian country certification. The proposed rule would offer three options for certification for applicators in Indian country. A Tribe may choose to allow persons holding currently valid certifications issued under one or more specified State or Federal agency certification plans to apply RUPs within the Tribe's Indian country, develop its own certification plan for certifying private and commercial applicators, or take no action, in which case EPA may, in consultation with the Tribe(s) affected, implement an EPA-administered certification plan. EPA currently administers a Federal certification program covering Indian country not otherwise covered by a certification plan (Ref. 1) as well as a certification program specifically for Navajo Indian country (Ref. 2).
7. State, Tribal, and Federal agency certification plans. The proposed rule would update the requirements for submission, approval, and maintenance of State, Tribal, and Federal agency certification plans. The proposed rule would delete the section on Government Agency Plans (GAP) and would codify existing policy on review and approval of Federal agency certification plans.
D. Why is the Agency taking this action?
The Agency is proposing revisions to the existing certification regulation at 40 CFR part 171 in order to reduce occupational pesticide exposure and the incidence of related illness among certified applicators, noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision, and agricultural workers, and to ensure that when used according to their labeling, RUPs do not cause unreasonable adverse effects to applicators, workers, the public, or the environment
n regulation at 40 CFR part 171 in order to reduce occupational pesticide exposure and the incidence of related illness among certified applicators, noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision, and agricultural workers, and to ensure that when used according to their labeling, RUPs do not cause unreasonable adverse effects to applicators, workers, the public, or the environment. Discussions with State regulatory partners and key stakeholders over many years, together with EPA's review of incident data, have led EPA to identify several shortcomings in the current regulation that should be addressed, including:
• Absence of a minimum age for certified pesticide applicators and noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision.
• Absence of standards or a time period for ensuring that certified pesticide applicators maintain continued competency.
• Lack of certification standards for specific types of pesticide application (aerial and fumigation) that may pose risks to applicators, bystanders, and the environment if not performed correctly.
• Vague standards for evaluating the competency of private applicators to use RUPs.
• Incomplete protections for persons applying pesticides under the direct supervision of a certified applicator.
• Inconsistent national program for applicator certification that hinders applicators' ability to work in different states without duplicative burden and inhibits EPA's ability to develop certification and training materials that can be used nationally.
• Limited options for establishing applicator certification programs in Indian country.
• Incomplete information incorporated into the regulation about certification of applicators by Federal agencies.
A detailed discussion about the rationale for the proposed rule and EPA's regulatory objectives are provided in Units III. and VI. through XX
nd training materials that can be used nationally.
• Limited options for establishing applicator certification programs in Indian country.
• Incomplete information incorporated into the regulation about certification of applicators by Federal agencies.
A detailed discussion about the rationale for the proposed rule and EPA's regulatory objectives are provided in Units III. and VI. through XX. The proposed changes would offer targeted improvements that are reasonably expected to reduce risk to applicators, workers, the public, and the environment and improve applicator certification programs' operational efficiencies. EPA expects the proposed changes would:
• Improve competency of private and commercial applicators and noncertified applicators using RUPs under their direct supervision.
• Provide more uniform competency among certified applicators across the nation, thereby assuring the effectiveness of restricted use registration as a risk management tool.
• Protect applicators, workers, the public, and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects from the use of RUPs.
• Ensure that applicators are competent to use high-risk application methods.
• Ensure applicators' ongoing competency to use RUPs.
• Protect children by establishing a minimum age for commercial, private, and noncertified applicators.
• Improve human health and environmental protection in Indian country.
• Clarify and streamline requirements for States, Tribes, and Federal agencies to administer their own certification programs.
E. What are the estimated impacts of this action?
EPA has prepared an economic analysis (EA) of the potential costs and impacts associated with this rulemaking (Ref. 3). This analysis, which is available in the docket, is discussed in more detail in Unit III., and is briefly
Category Description Source Monetized Benefits Avoided acute pesticide incidents $80.5 million/year after adjustment for underreporting of pesticide incidents EA Chapter 6.5
PA has prepared an economic analysis (EA) of the potential costs and impacts associated with this rulemaking (Ref. 3). This analysis, which is available in the docket, is discussed in more detail in Unit III., and is briefly
Category Description Source Monetized Benefits Avoided acute pesticide incidents $80.5 million/year after adjustment for underreporting of pesticide incidents EA Chapter 6.5. Qualitative Benefits Willingness to pay to avoid acute effects of pesticide exposure beyond cost of treatment and loss of productivity EA Chapter 6.4 & 6.6. • Reduced latent effect of avoided acute pesticide exposure • Reduced chronic effects from lower chronic pesticide exposure to workers, handlers, and farmworker families, including a range of illnesses such as Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, prostate cancer, Parkinson's disease, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and asthma Total Costs $47.2 million/year EA Chapter 5. Costs to Private Applicators 490,000 impacted; $19.5 million/year; average $40 per applicator EA Chapter 5 & 5.6. Costs to Commercial Applicators 414,000 impacted; $27.4 million/year; average $66 per applicator EA Chapter 5 & 5.6. Costs to States and Other Jurisdictions 63 impacted; $359,000/year EA Chapter 5. Small Business Impacts No significant impact on a substantial number of small entities EA Chapter 5.7. • The rule may affect over 800,000 small farms that use pesticides, although about half are unlikely to apply restricted use pesticides • Impact less than 0.1% of the annual revenues for the average small entity Impact on Jobs The rule will have a negligible effect on jobs and employment EA Chapter 5.6. • Most private and commercial applicators are self-employed • Incremental cost per applicator represents from 0.3 to 0.5 percent of the cost of a part-time employee II. Background
A
are unlikely to apply restricted use pesticides • Impact less than 0.1% of the annual revenues for the average small entity Impact on Jobs The rule will have a negligible effect on jobs and employment EA Chapter 5.6. • Most private and commercial applicators are self-employed • Incremental cost per applicator represents from 0.3 to 0.5 percent of the cost of a part-time employee II. Background
A. Regulatory Framework
This unit discusses the legal framework within which EPA regulates the safety of those who apply RUPs as certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of certified applicators, as well as of the general public and the environment.
1. FIFRA. FIFRA, 7. U.S.C. 136 et seq., was signed into law in 1947 and established a framework for the regulation of pesticide products, requiring them to be registered by the Federal government before sale or distribution in commerce. Amended in 1972 by the Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, FIFRA broadened Federal pesticide regulatory authority in several respects, notably by making it unlawful for anyone to use any registered product in a manner inconsistent with its labeling, 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2)(G), and limiting the sale and use of RUPs to certified applicators and those under their direct supervision. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2)(F). The amendments provided civil and criminal penalties for violations of FIFRA. 7 U.S.C. 136l. The new and revised provisions augmented EPA's authority to protect humans and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides.
As a general matter, in order to obtain a registration for a pesticide under FIFRA, an applicant must demonstrate that the pesticide satisfies the statutory standard for registration, section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA. 7 U.S.C. 136a(c)(5)
of FIFRA. 7 U.S.C. 136l. The new and revised provisions augmented EPA's authority to protect humans and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides.
As a general matter, in order to obtain a registration for a pesticide under FIFRA, an applicant must demonstrate that the pesticide satisfies the statutory standard for registration, section 3(c)(5) of FIFRA. 7 U.S.C. 136a(c)(5). That standard requires, among other things, that the pesticide performs its intended function without causing “unreasonable adverse effects on the environment.” The term “unreasonable adverse effects on the environment” takes into account the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits of the use of any pesticide and includes any unreasonable risk to man or the environment. 7 U.S.C. 136(bb). This standard requires a finding that the risks associated with the use of a pesticide are justified by the benefits of such use, when the pesticide is used in compliance with the terms and conditions of registration or in accordance with commonly recognized practices. See Defenders of Wildlife v. Administrator, EPA, 882 F.2d 1294, 1298-99 (8th Cir. 1989) (describing FIFRA's required balancing of risks and benefits).
A pesticide product may be unclassified, or it may be classified for restricted or for general use. Unclassified and general use pesticides generally have a lower toxicity than RUPs and so pose less potential to harm humans or the environment. The general public can buy and use unclassified and general use pesticides without special permits or restrictions.
Where EPA determines that a pesticide product would not meet these registration criteria if unclassified or available for general use, but could meet the registration criteria if applied by experienced, competent applicators, EPA classifies the pesticide, or particular uses of the pesticide, for restricted use only by certified applicators. 7 U.S.C. 136a(d)(1)
ut special permits or restrictions.
Where EPA determines that a pesticide product would not meet these registration criteria if unclassified or available for general use, but could meet the registration criteria if applied by experienced, competent applicators, EPA classifies the pesticide, or particular uses of the pesticide, for restricted use only by certified applicators. 7 U.S.C. 136a(d)(1). Generally, EPA classifies a pesticide as restricted use if its toxicity exceeds one or more human health toxicity criteria or based on other standards established in regulation. EPA may also classify a pesticide as restricted use if it meets certain criteria for hazards to non-target organisms or ecosystems, or if EPA determines that a product (or class of products) may cause unreasonable adverse effect on human health and/or the environment without such restriction. The restricted use classification designation must be prominently placed on the top of the front panel of the pesticide product labeling.
The risks associated with products classified as RUP require additional controls to ensure that when used they do not cause unreasonable adverse effects on human health or the environment. However, RUPs can be used safely when labeling instructions are followed. These products may only be applied by certified applicators or persons working under their direct supervision who have demonstrated competency in the safe application of pesticides, including the ability to read and understand the complex labeling requirements. FIFRA requires EPA to develop standards for certification of applicators (7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1)) and allows States to certify applicators under a certification plan submitted to and approved by EPA. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2)
under their direct supervision who have demonstrated competency in the safe application of pesticides, including the ability to read and understand the complex labeling requirements. FIFRA requires EPA to develop standards for certification of applicators (7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(1)) and allows States to certify applicators under a certification plan submitted to and approved by EPA. 7 U.S.C. 136i(a)(2).
Provisions limiting EPA's authority with respect to applicator certification
Section 136i(c) of FIFRA instructs EPA to make instructional materials on Integrated Pest Management (IPM) available to individuals, but it prohibits EPA from establishing requirements for instruction or competency determination on IPM. EPA makes IPM instructional materials available to individual users through the National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual, which is used directly or as a model by many States. Additionally, EPA has developed and implemented a variety of programs in other areas of the pesticide program to inform pesticide applicators about the principles and benefits of IPM. These include the EPA's IPM in Schools Program, the Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program (PESP), and the Strategic Agricultural Initiative (SAI) Grant Program, as well as several other efforts. The Agency will continue to place a high priority on initiatives and programs that promote IPM practices. For additional information about the range of programs and activities, visit the Office of Pesticide Programs PestWise Web page on the EPA Web site at: http://www.epa.gov/pesp/about/index.html.
Section 136i(d) of FIFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to keep records or file reports in connection with certification requirements. However, private applicators must keep records of RUP applications containing information substantially similar to that which EPA requires commercial applicators to maintain pursuant to USDA regulations at 7 CFR 110.3
.gov/pesp/about/index.html.
Section 136i(d) of FIFRA prohibits EPA from requiring private applicators to keep records or file reports in connection with certification requirements. However, private applicators must keep records of RUP applications containing information substantially similar to that which EPA requires commercial applicators to maintain pursuant to USDA regulations at 7 CFR 110.3.
Section 136w-5 of FIFRA prohibits EPA from establishing training requirements for maintenance applicators (certain applicators of non-agricultural, non-RUPs) or service technicians.
FIFRA section 2(e)(4)'s definition of “under the direct supervision of a certified applicator” allows noncertified applicators to apply RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator even though the certified applicator may not be physically present at the time and place the pesticide is applied. EPA can, on a product-by-product basis and through the pesticide's labeling, require application of an RUP only by a certified applicator.
2. Pesticide registration. In order to protect human health and the environment from unreasonable adverse effects that might be caused by pesticides, EPA has developed and implemented a rigorous process for registering and re-evaluating pesticides. The registration process begins when a manufacturer submits an application to register a pesticide. The application must contain required test data, including information on the pesticide's chemistry, environmental fate, toxicity to humans and wildlife, and potential for human exposure. The Agency also requires a copy of the proposed labeling, including directions for use, and appropriate warnings.
Once an application for a new pesticide product is received, EPA conducts an evaluation, which includes a detailed review of scientific data to determine the potential impact on human health and the environment
fate, toxicity to humans and wildlife, and potential for human exposure. The Agency also requires a copy of the proposed labeling, including directions for use, and appropriate warnings.
Once an application for a new pesticide product is received, EPA conducts an evaluation, which includes a detailed review of scientific data to determine the potential impact on human health and the environment. The Agency considers the risk assessments and results of any peer review, and evaluates potential risk management measures that could mitigate risks above EPA's level of concern. Risk management measures could include, among other things, classifying the pesticide as restricted use, limitations on the use of the pesticide or requiring the use of engineering controls.
In the decision-making process, EPA evaluates the proposed use(s) of the pesticide to determine whether it would cause adverse effects on human health, non-target species, and the environment. FIFRA requires that EPA balance the benefits of using a pesticide against the risks from that use.
If the application for registration does not contain evidence sufficient for EPA to determine that the pesticide meets the FIFRA registration criteria, EPA communicates to the applicant the need for more or better refined data, labeling modifications, or additional use restrictions. Once the applicant has demonstrated that a proposed product meets the FIFRA registration criteria and—if the use would result in residues of the pesticide on food or feed—a tolerance or exemption from the requirement of a tolerance under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., is available, EPA approves the registration subject to any risk mitigation measures necessary to achieve that approval. EPA devotes significant resources to the regulation of pesticides to ensure that each pesticide product meets the FIFRA requirement that pesticides not cause unreasonable adverse effects to the public and the environment
ood, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 21 U.S.C. 301 et seq., is available, EPA approves the registration subject to any risk mitigation measures necessary to achieve that approval. EPA devotes significant resources to the regulation of pesticides to ensure that each pesticide product meets the FIFRA requirement that pesticides not cause unreasonable adverse effects to the public and the environment.
Part of EPA's pesticide regulation and evaluation process is determining whether a pesticide should be classified as for restricted use. As discussed in Unit II.A., EPA classifies products as RUPs when they would cause unreasonable adverse effects on the environment, the applicator, or the public when used according to the labeling directions and without additional restrictions. 7 U.S.C. 136a(d)(1)(C). EPA maintains a list of active ingredients with uses that have been classified as restricted use at 40 CFR 152.175. In addition, EPA periodically publishes an “RUP Report” that lists RUP products' registration number, product name, status, registration status, company name, and active ingredients ( http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/). EPA has classified about 900 pesticide products as RUPs, which is about 5% of all registered pesticide products. EPA does not have data on the relative usage of RUPs versus general use or unclassified pesticides.
When EPA approves a pesticide, the labeling reflects the risk mitigation measures required by EPA
ation status, company name, and active ingredients ( http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/rup/). EPA has classified about 900 pesticide products as RUPs, which is about 5% of all registered pesticide products. EPA does not have data on the relative usage of RUPs versus general use or unclassified pesticides.
When EPA approves a pesticide, the labeling reflects the risk mitigation measures required by EPA. The potential risk mitigation measures include requiring certain engineering controls, such as use of closed systems for mixing pesticides and loading them into application equipment to reduce potential exposure to those who handle pesticides; establishing conditions on the use of the pesticide by specifying certain use sites, maximum application rate or maximum number of applications; or limiting the use of the product to certified applicators ( i.e., prohibit application of an RUP by a noncertified applicator working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator) to protect users, the public, and the environment against risks associated with misapplication by unqualified or incompetent applicators. Since users must comply with the directions for use and use restrictions on a product's labeling, EPA uses the labeling to establish and convey mandatory requirements for how the pesticide must be used to protect the applicator, the public, and the environment from pesticide exposure.
3. Pesticide Reregistration and Registration Review. Under FIFRA, EPA is required to review periodically the registration of pesticides currently registered in the United States. The 1988 FIFRA amendments required EPA to establish a pesticide reregistration program. Reregistration was a one-time comprehensive review of the human health and environmental effects of pesticides first registered before November 1, 1984 to make decisions
Pesticides reviewed under the reregistration program that met current scientific and safety standards were declared “eligible” for reregistration
988 FIFRA amendments required EPA to establish a pesticide reregistration program. Reregistration was a one-time comprehensive review of the human health and environmental effects of pesticides first registered before November 1, 1984 to make decisions
Pesticides reviewed under the reregistration program that met current scientific and safety standards were declared “eligible” for reregistration. The results of EPA's reviews are summarized in Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) documents. The last RED was completed in 2008. Often before a pesticide could be determined “eligible,” certain risk reduction measures had to be put in place. For a number of pesticides, measures intended to reduce exposure to certified applicators and pesticide handlers were needed and are reflected on pesticide labeling. To address occupational risk concerns, REDs include mitigation measures such as: Voluntary cancellation of the product or specific use(s); limiting the amount, frequency or timing of applications; imposing other application restrictions; classifying a product or specific use(s) as for restricted use; requiring the use of specific personal protective equipment (PPE); and establishing specific restricted entry intervals; and improving use directions.
Under the registration review program, EPA will review each registered pesticide at least every 15 years to determine whether it continues to meet the FIFRA standard for registration. Pesticides registered before 1984 were reevaluated initially under the reregistration program. These pesticides also are subject to registration review.
Rigorous ongoing education and enforcement are needed to ensure that these mitigation measures are appropriately implemented in the field. The framework provided by the pesticide applicator certification regulation and associated training programs are critical for ensuring that the improvements brought about by reregistration and registration review are realized in the field
registration review.
Rigorous ongoing education and enforcement are needed to ensure that these mitigation measures are appropriately implemented in the field. The framework provided by the pesticide applicator certification regulation and associated training programs are critical for ensuring that the improvements brought about by reregistration and registration review are realized in the field. For example, the requirement for applicators to demonstrate continued competency, or to renew their certifications periodically, is one way to educate applicators about changes in product labeling to ensure they continue to use RUPs in a manner that will not harm themselves, the public, or the environment. The changes being proposed are designed to enhance the effectiveness of the existing structure.
In summary, EPA's pesticide reregistration and registration reviews assess the specific risks associated with particular chemicals and ensure that the public and environment do not suffer unreasonable adverse effects from the risks. EPA implements the risk reduction and mitigation measures that result from the pesticide reregistration and registration review programs through individual pesticide product labeling.
4. Related rulemaking. EPA also issued proposed amendments to the WPS (Ref. 4). Since 40 CFR parts 170 and 171, along with other components of the pesticide program, work together to reduce and prevent unreasonable adverse effects from pesticides, EPA's experience with the proposed amendments to 40 CFR part 170 significantly informs its effort to amend the current certification rule at 40 CFR part 171.
B. Overview of Certified Applicator Information
1. Existing Certification of Pesticide Applicators Rule
long with other components of the pesticide program, work together to reduce and prevent unreasonable adverse effects from pesticides, EPA's experience with the proposed amendments to 40 CFR part 170 significantly informs its effort to amend the current certification rule at 40 CFR part 171.
B. Overview of Certified Applicator Information
1. Existing Certification of Pesticide Applicators Rule. The certification regulation is intended to ensure that persons using or supervising the use of RUPs are competent to use these products without causing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment and to provide a mechanism by which States, Tribes, and Federal agencies can administer their own programs to certify applicators of RUPs as competent. FIFRA distinguishes three categories of persons who might apply RUPs:
• Commercial applicators. “Commercial applicator” is defined at 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(3). This group consists primarily of those who apply RUPs for hire, including applicators who perform agricultural pest control, structural pest control, lawn and turf care, and public health pest control.
• Private applicators. “Private applicator” is defined at 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(2). This group consists primarily of farmers or agricultural growers who apply RUPs to their own land to produce an agricultural commodity.
• Noncertified applicators. A noncertified applicator is a person who uses RUPs under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. The phrase “under the direct supervision of a certified applicator” is defined at 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(4).
The current certification regulation establishes requirements for submission and approval of State plans for the certification of applicators. Consistent with the provisions of FIFRA section 11(a)(2) and the State plan requirements in the current rule, programs for the certification of applicators of RUPs are currently implemented by each of the fifty States
or” is defined at 7 U.S.C. 136(e)(4).
The current certification regulation establishes requirements for submission and approval of State plans for the certification of applicators. Consistent with the provisions of FIFRA section 11(a)(2) and the State plan requirements in the current rule, programs for the certification of applicators of RUPs are currently implemented by each of the fifty States. The certification programs are conducted by the States and Tribes in accordance with their State or Tribal certification plans, which are approved by the EPA Administrator and filed with EPA after approval. (Ref. 5) In some cases, certification programs are also carried out by other Federal agencies under approved Federal agency plans or by EPA under EPA-administered plans. In addition to the 50 State-implemented plans, EPA has approved plans for 3 territories, 4 Federal agencies, and 4 Tribes. EPA also directly administers a national certification plan for Indian country (Ref. 1) and has implemented a specific certification plan for the Navajo Nation (Ref. 2). As used in FIFRA, the term State means a State, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, The Virgin Islands, Guam, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and American Samoa; the term State will have the same meaning in this proposed rulemaking.
The current certification regulation establishes competency standards for persons seeking to become certified as private or commercial applicators. For a person to become certified as a private applicator, he or she must either pass an exam covering a general set of information related to pesticide application and safety or qualify through a non-exam option administered by the certifying authority
The current certification regulation establishes competency standards for persons seeking to become certified as private or commercial applicators. For a person to become certified as a private applicator, he or she must either pass an exam covering a general set of information related to pesticide application and safety or qualify through a non-exam option administered by the certifying authority. For a person to become certified as a commercial applicator, he or she must pass at least two exams—one covering the general or “core” competencies related to general pesticide application and environmental safety and an exam related to each specific category in which he or she intends to apply pesticides. The current certification rule lists 10 categories of certification for commercial applicators: Agricultural pest control—plant; agricultural pest control—animal; forest pest control; ornamental and turf pest control; seed treatment; aquatic pest control; right-of-way pest control; industrial, institutional, structural and health related pest control; public health pest control; regulatory pest control; and demonstration and research pest control. 40 CFR 171.3(b). (Note: EPA and other certifying authorities may sometimes refer to 11 categories of
The current regulation requires States to implement a recertification process to ensure that applicators maintain ongoing competency to use pesticides safely and properly. 40 CFR 171.8(a)(2). However, the current rule does not have a requirement for the frequency, content, or standards for applicator recertification. States, Tribes and Federal agencies have established varying requirements for applicators to be recertified, such as attending a full-day workshop, earning a specific number of “continuing education units,” or passing written exams. Applicators who do not complete the recertification requirements in the established period no longer hold a valid certification and cannot use RUPs after their certification expires
and Federal agencies have established varying requirements for applicators to be recertified, such as attending a full-day workshop, earning a specific number of “continuing education units,” or passing written exams. Applicators who do not complete the recertification requirements in the established period no longer hold a valid certification and cannot use RUPs after their certification expires.
Under the current certification regulation, noncertified applicators, i.e., persons using RUPs under the direct supervision of certified applicators, must receive general instructions and be able to contact their supervisor in the event of an emergency. The rule does not have specific training requirements, a limit on the distance between the supervisor and noncertified applicator, or a restriction on the number of noncertified applicators that one certified applicator can supervise.
An overview of the development of the certification rule and the process leading to this proposal appear in Unit IV.
2. Applicator demographics. The profile of certified applicators of RUPs has shifted over time. The U.S. is moving away from small agricultural production and more individuals seek professional pest control to address issues in their home or workplace. In 1987, around 1.2 million applicators held a certification, almost 80% of which were private applicators, and 20% of which were commercial applicators (Ref. 6). In 2013, the total number of certified applicators decreased to just over 900,000 (Ref. 5). The respective proportions of private and commercial applicators changed more significantly—private applicators account only for 53% of the total certified applicator population and commercial applicators now make up about 47%
were private applicators, and 20% of which were commercial applicators (Ref. 6). In 2013, the total number of certified applicators decreased to just over 900,000 (Ref. 5). The respective proportions of private and commercial applicators changed more significantly—private applicators account only for 53% of the total certified applicator population and commercial applicators now make up about 47%.
Applicators work in a diverse array of situations including agricultural production, residential pest control, mosquito spraying for public health protection, treating weeds along roadside and railroad rights of way, fumigating rail cars and buildings, maintaining lawns and other ornamental plantings, and controlling weeds and algae in waterways through pesticide application. Specific information on applicators across all industries or in each certification category is difficult to find and summarize. However, the broad trends indicate a decrease in agricultural applicators and an increase in urban and public health pest control.
Since publication of the original rule, pesticide usage and reliance on hired pest control applicators have increased. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that “employment of pest control workers [will] grow by 15 percent between 2008 and 2018, . . . [because] more people are expected to use pest control services as environmental and health concerns and improvements in the standard of living convince more people to hire professionals, rather than attempt pest control work themselves” (Ref. 7).
3. Incident data and general information.
i. Incident Databases. Incident monitoring programs have informed EPA's understanding of common types of pesticide exposures and their outcomes. In 2007, EPA released a report detailing the coverage of all pesticide incident reporting databases considered by EPA (Ref. 8)
to hire professionals, rather than attempt pest control work themselves” (Ref. 7).
3. Incident data and general information.
i. Incident Databases. Incident monitoring programs have informed EPA's understanding of common types of pesticide exposures and their outcomes. In 2007, EPA released a report detailing the coverage of all pesticide incident reporting databases considered by EPA (Ref. 8). When developing the proposed changes to the certification rule, EPA consulted three major databases for information on pesticide incidents involving applicator errors while using RUPs.
To identify deaths and high severity incidents associated with use of RUPs, EPA consulted its Incident Data System (IDS). IDS is maintained by EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) and incorporates data submitted by registrants under FIFRA section 6(a)(2), as well as other incidents reported directly to EPA. FIFRA allows the aggregation of individual events in some circumstances, meaning an incident with negative impacts to a number of individuals (persons, livestock, birds, pollinators) and/or the environment could be reported as a single incident. In addition to incidents involving human health, IDS also collects information on claims of adverse effects from pesticides involving plants and animals (wild and domestic), as well as detections of pesticide in water. EPA uses this information to identify incidents involving the use of RUPs that have ecological effects. While IDS reports may be broad in scope, the system does not consistently capture detailed information about incident events, such as occupational exposure circumstances or medical outcome, and the reports are not necessarily verified or investigated.
The second database, the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk (SENSOR), is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
capture detailed information about incident events, such as occupational exposure circumstances or medical outcome, and the reports are not necessarily verified or investigated.
The second database, the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk (SENSOR), is maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). SENSOR covers all occupational injuries and has a specific component for pesticides (SENSOR-Pesticides). EPA uses SENSOR-Pesticides to monitor trends in occupational health related to acute exposures to pesticides, to identify emerging pesticide problems, and to build and maintain State surveillance capacity. SENSOR-Pesticides is a State-based surveillance system with 12 State participants. The program collects most poisoning incident cases from:
• U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) workers' compensation claims when reported by physicians.
• State Departments of Agriculture.
• Poison control centers.
A State SENSOR-Pesticides contact specialist follows up with workers and obtains medical records to verify symptoms, circumstances surrounding the exposure, severity, and outcome. SENSOR-Pesticides captures incidents only when the affected person has two or more symptoms. Using a standardized protocol and case definitions, SENSOR-Pesticides coordinators enter the incident interview description provided by the worker, medical report, and physician into the SENSOR data system. SENSOR-Pesticides has a severity index, based partly on poison control center criteria, to assign illness severity in a standardized fashion. SENSOR-Pesticides provides the most comprehensive information on occupational pesticide exposure, but its coverage is not nationwide and a majority of the data come from California and Washington State. Since 2009, SENSOR has been including information about how the incidents may have been prevented
sed partly on poison control center criteria, to assign illness severity in a standardized fashion. SENSOR-Pesticides provides the most comprehensive information on occupational pesticide exposure, but its coverage is not nationwide and a majority of the data come from California and Washington State. Since 2009, SENSOR has been including information about how the incidents may have been prevented.
The third database, the American Association of Poison Control Centers maintains the National Poison Data System (NPDS), formerly the Toxic
Three studies showing undercounting of poison control data indicate the magnitude of the problem. The studies each focus on a specific region and compare cases reported to poison control with those poisonings for which there are hospital records. In all three cases, the studies indicate a substantial underreporting of poisoning incidents to poison control, especially related to pesticides (Refs. 9, 10 and 11). Underreporting of pesticide incidents is a challenge for all available data sources for a number of reasons.
Symptoms of acute pesticide poisoning are often vague and mimic symptoms with other causes, leading to incorrect diagnoses, and chronic effects are difficult to identify and track. The demographics of the populations that typically work with or around pesticides also contribute to underreporting of incidents. There may not be enough information to determine if the adverse effects noted were in fact the result of pesticide exposure and not another contributing factor because many incident reports lack useful information such as the exact product that was the source of the exposure, the amount of pesticide involved, or the circumstances of the exposure. A more complete discussion of the underreporting and its effect on pesticide incident reporting is located in the Economic Analysis for this proposal (Ref. 3)
sticide exposure and not another contributing factor because many incident reports lack useful information such as the exact product that was the source of the exposure, the amount of pesticide involved, or the circumstances of the exposure. A more complete discussion of the underreporting and its effect on pesticide incident reporting is located in the Economic Analysis for this proposal (Ref. 3).
The data available do provide a snapshot of the illnesses faced by those applying RUPs and others impacted by the application and the likely avenues of exposure. Review of these data sources shows that certified applicators continue to face avoidable occupational pesticide exposure and in some instances cause exposures to others. EPA notes that RUPs can be used safely when labeling directions for use are carefully followed. Deaths and illnesses from applicator errors involving RUPs occur for a variety of reasons, including misuse of pesticides in or around homes, faulty application and/or personal protective equipment, failure to confirm a living space is empty before fumigating, or unknowing persons accidentally ingesting an RUP that was improperly put in a beverage container. Common reasons for ecological incidents include failure to follow labeling directions, inattention to weather patterns at the time of application, and faulty application equipment (Ref. 12). Generally, reports on the data note that many of the incidents could be prevented with strengthened requirements for initial and ongoing applicator competency (certification and recertification), improved training for noncertified applicators working under the direction of a certified applicator, and knowledge of proper techniques for using specific methods to apply pesticides (Ref. 12).
ii. Agricultural Health Study. The National Institutes of Health (National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) and EPA have sponsored the Agricultural Health Study since 1994
training for noncertified applicators working under the direction of a certified applicator, and knowledge of proper techniques for using specific methods to apply pesticides (Ref. 12).
ii. Agricultural Health Study. The National Institutes of Health (National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences) and EPA have sponsored the Agricultural Health Study since 1994. This long-term, prospective epidemiological study collects information from farmers who are certified applicators in Iowa and North Carolina to learn about the effects of environmental, occupational, dietary, and genetic factors on the health of the farmers, pesticide applicators, and their families. The study design involves gathering information over many years about the pesticide applicator and his or her family's health, occupational practices, lifestyle, and diet through mailed questionnaires and individual interviews (Ref. 1).
The Agricultural Health Study includes approximately 52,000 private applicators, 32,000 spouses of private applicators, and 5,000 commercial applicators. All applicators participating in the study are certified (or licensed) in every State in which they work and in each category in which they make applications. All participants were healthy before enrolling in the study, allowing the researchers to consider a number of variables such as pesticide use, lifestyle, and diet.
The Agricultural Health Study is observational and considers a variety of factors including, but not limited to, pesticide use and exposure. Therefore, establishing a link between a specific health outcome and pesticide exposure can be difficult. However, it is possible to demonstrate statistical associations between a certain activity and an outcome. Using the information collected, the investigators working on the Agricultural Health Study have produced a number of articles relevant to the health and safety of pesticide applicators. See http://aghealth.nih.gov/news/publications.html
health outcome and pesticide exposure can be difficult. However, it is possible to demonstrate statistical associations between a certain activity and an outcome. Using the information collected, the investigators working on the Agricultural Health Study have produced a number of articles relevant to the health and safety of pesticide applicators. See http://aghealth.nih.gov/news/publications.html. For instance, publications include information on characteristics of farmers who experience high pesticide exposure events and potential links between pesticide use and chronic health effects.
EPA considers the information from the Agricultural Health Study when appropriate, such as during a chemical reassessment. The data also provide information on applicator practices that lead to exposures, some of which EPA plans to address through the changes proposed in this rulemaking.
III. Rationale and Objectives for This Action
A. Reasons for the Proposed Action
Broadly defined, a pesticide is any agent used to kill or control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria, or other organisms. Chemical pest control plays a major role in modern agriculture and has contributed to dramatic increases in crop yields for most field, fruit and vegetable crops. Additionally, pesticides ensure that the public is protected from health risks, such as West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and the plague, and help manage invasive plants and organisms that pose significant harm to the environment. Pesticides are also used to ensure that housing and workplaces are free of pests, and to control microbial agents in health care settings. EPA's obligation under FIFRA is to register only those pesticides that do not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. EPA is
FIFRA requires EPA to consider the benefits of pesticides as well as the potential risks
e environment. Pesticides are also used to ensure that housing and workplaces are free of pests, and to control microbial agents in health care settings. EPA's obligation under FIFRA is to register only those pesticides that do not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. EPA is
FIFRA requires EPA to consider the benefits of pesticides as well as the potential risks. This consideration does not override EPA's responsibility to protect human health and the environment; rather, where a pesticide's use provides benefits, EPA must ensure that the product can be used without posing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. Some pesticides may pose unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment without strict adherence to precise and often complex mitigation measures specified on the pesticide labeling—EPA classifies these products as restricted use. To ensure that the necessary measures are followed, EPA requires an additional level of precaution—these pesticides may be applied only by applicators who are certified or by noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. Certification serves to ensure competency of applicators to use these restricted products, and therefore to protect the applicator, persons working under the direct supervision of the applicator, the general public, and the environment through judicious and appropriate use of RUPs.
Applicator certification enables the registration of pesticides that otherwise could not be registered, allowing the use of RUPs for pest management in agricultural production, building and other structural pest management, turf and landscape management, forestry, public health, aquatic systems, food processing, stored grain, and other areas.
The certification regulation, which sets standards for applicators using RUPs, is 40 years old and has not been updated significantly since it was finalized
allowing the use of RUPs for pest management in agricultural production, building and other structural pest management, turf and landscape management, forestry, public health, aquatic systems, food processing, stored grain, and other areas.
The certification regulation, which sets standards for applicators using RUPs, is 40 years old and has not been updated significantly since it was finalized. In conjunction with various non-regulatory programs, the certification regulation requirements are intended to reduce unreasonable adverse effects from application of RUPs to applicators, bystanders, the public, and the environment. The certification regulation provisions are meant to:
• Ensure that certified applicators are and remain competent to use RUPs without unreasonable adverse effects.
• Ensure that noncertified applicators receive adequate information and supervision to protect themselves and to ensure they use RUPs without posing unreasonable adverse effects.
• Set standards for States, Tribes, territories, and Federal agencies to administer their own certification programs.
• Protect human health and the environment from risks associated with use of RUPs.
• Ensure the continued availability of RUPs used for public health and pest control purposes.
Within these five areas, EPA evaluated the costs and benefits of alternative requirements and is proposing a set of requirements that, in combination, is expected to achieve substantial benefits at minimum cost.
The certification regulation must be updated to ensure that the certification process adequately prepares and ensures the continued competency of applicators to use RUPs
trol purposes.
Within these five areas, EPA evaluated the costs and benefits of alternative requirements and is proposing a set of requirements that, in combination, is expected to achieve substantial benefits at minimum cost.
The certification regulation must be updated to ensure that the certification process adequately prepares and ensures the continued competency of applicators to use RUPs. Several factors prompted EPA to propose changes to the current rule: The changing nature of pesticide labeling, risks associated with specific methods for applying pesticides, adverse human health and ecological incidents, inadequate protections for noncertified applicators of RUPs, an uneven regulatory landscape, and outdated and obsolete provisions in the rule related to the administration of certification programs by Tribes and Federal agencies.
1. The changing nature of pesticide labeling. As discussed above, EPA uses a rigorous process to register pesticides. EPA has also implemented the pesticide reregistration program and the registration review program to review registered pesticides periodically to ensure they continue to meet the necessary standard. As a result of these ongoing evaluations, labeling for pesticides changes with some frequency to incorporate risk mitigation measures that allow the pesticide to continue to be used safely. Changes address, among other topics, pesticide product formulation and packaging, application methods, types of personal protective equipment, and environmental concerns, such as the need to protect pollinators. In addition, EPA conducts risk assessments that result in more detailed risk mitigation measures, which can make the pesticide labeling more complex. For pesticides classified as RUPs, it is essential that applicators stay abreast of the changes to the labeling and understand the risk mitigation measures, because if the products are not used according to their labeling, they may cause harm to the applicator, the public or the environment
s that result in more detailed risk mitigation measures, which can make the pesticide labeling more complex. For pesticides classified as RUPs, it is essential that applicators stay abreast of the changes to the labeling and understand the risk mitigation measures, because if the products are not used according to their labeling, they may cause harm to the applicator, the public or the environment. EPA's registration decisions assume that the applicator follows all labeling instructions; when the labeling is followed, RUPs can be used safely. The current regulation requires that applicators demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs, but does not specify the length of the certification period or standards for recertification. The more frequently applicators receive training, the more likely they are retain the substance of the training and apply it on the job. Studies show that information retained from training sessions declines significantly within a year (Refs. 14 and 15). EPA must ensure that certified applicators demonstrate and maintain an understanding of how to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects so that EPA can continue to register RUPs. Therefore, EPA is proposing changes to the regulation that would establish a certification period and standards for applicator recertification.
2. Risks associated with specific application methods. RUPs are applied using a variety of application methods. Some methods of application may pose a higher risk to the applicator, bystander, and the environment if not performed correctly. Spray applications, particularly spraying pesticides from an aircraft, may result in off-target drift of the pesticide. For example, a recent study estimates that 37% to 68% of acute pesticide-related illnesses in agricultural workers are caused by spray drift, including both ground-based and aerial spray applications (Ref. 16). EPA also recognized risks associated with performing soil fumigation in the 2008 REDs for soil fumigants (Ref. 17)
ticides from an aircraft, may result in off-target drift of the pesticide. For example, a recent study estimates that 37% to 68% of acute pesticide-related illnesses in agricultural workers are caused by spray drift, including both ground-based and aerial spray applications (Ref. 16). EPA also recognized risks associated with performing soil fumigation in the 2008 REDs for soil fumigants (Ref. 17). As a result of these risks, EPA required additional training for soil fumigant applicators through labeling amendments on top of the existing requirement for the applicator to be certified. The decision also acknowledged that a specific certification category requiring demonstration of competency by passing a written exam related to applying fumigants to soil would be an acceptable alternative risk mitigation measure. EPA must ensure that applicators are competent to perform specific types of applications that may pose higher risks if not performed correctly. Therefore, EPA is proposing changes to the regulation to require applicators to demonstrate competency to apply RUPs using specific application methods.
3. Adverse human health and ecological incidents. Much has changed over the last 40 years related to use of RUPs—pesticide product formulation and labeling, application methods, types of personal protective equipment, and environmental concerns, such as the need to protect pollinators. The regulation needs to be updated to address these and other changes affecting applicators of RUPs. In
In one of the most significant cases from the mid-1990s, there was widespread misuse of the RUP methyl parathion, an insecticide used primarily on cotton and other outdoor agricultural crops, to control pests indoors. The improper use of this product by a limited number of applicators across several States led to the widespread contamination of hundreds of homes, significant pesticide exposures and human health effects for hundreds of homeowners and children, and a clean-up cost of millions of dollars (Refs. 18 and 19)
cide used primarily on cotton and other outdoor agricultural crops, to control pests indoors. The improper use of this product by a limited number of applicators across several States led to the widespread contamination of hundreds of homes, significant pesticide exposures and human health effects for hundreds of homeowners and children, and a clean-up cost of millions of dollars (Refs. 18 and 19). The incident resulted in one of the most significant and widespread pesticide exposure cases in EPA's history. In another incident, an applicator using the RUP aluminum caused the death of 2 young girls and made the rest of the family ill (see, e.g., http://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/ut/news/2011/bugman%20plea.pdf and http://cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/criminal_prosecution/index.cfm?action=3&prosecution_summary_id=2249 ). Finally, several severe health incidents have resulted from the public getting access to RUPs that have been put into different containers, e.g., transferred to a soda bottle or a sandwich bag, that do not have the necessary labeling (Ref. 3).
In addition to human health incidents from RUP exposure, there are instances where use of RUPs has had negative impacts on the environment. Although data on the damage associated ecological incidents are difficult to capture, EPA has identified a number of incidents of harm to fish and aquatic animals, birds, mammals, bees, and crops that could be prevented by the proposed changes to the certification rule (Ref. 3). See the economic assessment for this rule for more information on human health and ecological incidents stemming from RUP use (Ref. 3).
In light of the incidents discussed above, EPA has determined to update the certification rule to ensure that RUPs can continue to be used without posing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. EPA's decision to register products as restricted use rests in part on an assumption that applicators will follow all labeling instructions
cidents stemming from RUP use (Ref. 3).
In light of the incidents discussed above, EPA has determined to update the certification rule to ensure that RUPs can continue to be used without posing unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. EPA's decision to register products as restricted use rests in part on an assumption that applicators will follow all labeling instructions. When labeling instructions are followed, RUPs can be used safely. EPA expects the proposed rule to reduce human health and environmental incidents related to RUP use by strengthening the standards of competency for certified applicators, improving training for noncertified applicators, and establishing a maximum certification period and standards for recertification training. These changes would ensure that applicators and those under their supervision more carefully follow pesticide label instructions, take proper care to prevent harm, and generally have a higher level of competency.
4. Inadequate protection for noncertified applicators of RUPs. Noncertified applicators using RUPs receive little instruction on how to protect themselves, their families, other persons and the environment from pesticide exposure. Although little demographic data exists on this group, in industries including but not limited to agriculture and ornamental plant production, the profile of the population appears to be similar to that of agricultural pesticide handlers under the WPS. Both groups are permitted to mix, load, and apply pesticides with proper guidance from their employer or supervisor. Agricultural handlers under the WPS only use pesticides in the production of agricultural commodities; noncertified applicators may use pesticides in any setting not prohibited by the labeling. In order to mix, load or apply RUPs, however, all noncertified persons, including agricultural handlers, must be working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator and are protected under the certification rule
dlers under the WPS only use pesticides in the production of agricultural commodities; noncertified applicators may use pesticides in any setting not prohibited by the labeling. In order to mix, load or apply RUPs, however, all noncertified persons, including agricultural handlers, must be working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator and are protected under the certification rule. These noncertified applicators must be competent to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to themselves, the public, or the environment. The existing certification rule does not have specific standards on which noncertified applicators must receive instruction in order to prepare them to use RUPs. EPA identified six incidents from 2006 to 2010 where noncertified applicators experienced high severity health impacts from working with RUPs (Ref. 3). These adverse health effects were largely due to the noncertified applicators' lack of understanding about the risks posed by the RUPs they were applying, proper application procedures and techniques, and labeling instructions.
Under the WPS, agricultural handlers must receive training that covers, among other topics, hazards associated with pesticide use; format and meaning of pesticide labeling; and proper pesticide use, transportation, storage, and disposal. 40 CFR 170.230(c)(4). Agricultural handlers also must be provided a copy of the labeling and any other information necessary to make the application without causing unreasonable adverse effects. EPA is proposing additional content under the WPS for agricultural handler training that covers proper use and removal of PPE and specific information on fitting and wearing respirators to ensure agricultural handlers are protected adequately and understand how to follow all relevant labeling provisions (Ref. 4).
Like agricultural handlers, some noncertified applicators may face challenges, such as not speaking or reading English
under the WPS for agricultural handler training that covers proper use and removal of PPE and specific information on fitting and wearing respirators to ensure agricultural handlers are protected adequately and understand how to follow all relevant labeling provisions (Ref. 4).
Like agricultural handlers, some noncertified applicators may face challenges, such as not speaking or reading English. They may bear risks from occupational pesticide exposure because they work with and around pesticides on a daily basis, and language and literacy barriers may make effective training and hazard communication challenging. Under the principles of environmental justice, EPA recognizes the need to reduce the disproportionate burden or risk carried by this population.
Noncertified applicators must receive adequate instruction on understanding and following pesticide labeling to ensure that RUPs are used in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects to human health or the environment. Additionally, noncertified applicators must have sufficient information in order to protect themselves, others, and the environment before, during, and after pesticide applications. Because of the similar risks faced by agricultural handlers under the WPS and noncertified applicators under the certification rule, EPA proposes to strengthen the standards for noncertified applicators to include relevant provisions from the proposed agricultural handler training under the WPS and to ensure that the training is provided in a manner that the noncertified applicators understand, including through audiovisual materials or a translator if necessary.
5. Uneven regulatory landscape. EPA assumes a minimum standard level of competency of RUP applicators as part of the pesticide registration and ongoing review processes, and registers RUPs based on the minimum standard of competency. States, however, may adopt additional requirements as long as they meet the minimum standards established by EPA
audiovisual materials or a translator if necessary.
5. Uneven regulatory landscape. EPA assumes a minimum standard level of competency of RUP applicators as part of the pesticide registration and ongoing review processes, and registers RUPs based on the minimum standard of competency. States, however, may adopt additional requirements as long as they meet the minimum standards established by EPA. Two areas of the rule related to assessing applicator competency lack specificity sufficient to ensure the minimum level of competency: Standards for exams and private applicator competency standards. The lack of specificity in the rule has resulted in States adopting differing standards, some of which do not match EPA's expectation regarding
In 2007, EPA issued guidance on its interpretation of exams in the rule. The guidance notes that EPA interprets any exam administered to gauge applicator competency as being a proctored, closed-book, written exam. EPA has become aware, however, that not all State certification programs reflect this interpretation; several States have certification processes that allow open-book, written exams for determining applicator competency. EPA is concerned that open-book exams allow a lower standard for the process of determining and assuring competency than intended when EPA established the requirement for exams in the regulation. EPA proposes to codify the 2007 guidance and to clarify its expectations regarding administration of certification exams and training programs to ensure that the process for determining competence meets a standard national baseline.
The certification rule lists five points on which a person much demonstrate competency to become a private applicator. While these points cover the main topics that EPA expects an applicator to master before being certified to use RUPs, they do not cover in detail the necessary competencies for a person to use RUPs without causing unreasonable adverse effects. EPA must ensure that private applicators use RUPs competently
ists five points on which a person much demonstrate competency to become a private applicator. While these points cover the main topics that EPA expects an applicator to master before being certified to use RUPs, they do not cover in detail the necessary competencies for a person to use RUPs without causing unreasonable adverse effects. EPA must ensure that private applicators use RUPs competently. Commercial applicators must demonstrate competency in core pesticide use, such as reading and understanding the labeling, calculating application rates, wearing and caring for PPE, how to handle spills and other emergencies, and avoiding environmental contamination from pesticide use, as well as in specific categories of application. Private and commercial applicators have access to the same RUPs and EPA expects that they have the same level of competency. Almost 90% of States have adopted specific standards of competency for private applicators that are comparable to the core standards for commercial applicators. Those States that have not adopted such standards for private applicators may be certifying applicators who do not meet the level of competency that EPA believes is necessary to use RUPs. To address this problem, EPA proposes to make the standards of competency for private applicators more specific—the proposed standards include many concepts from the commercial core standards as well as competencies necessary to use RUPs in agricultural production.
6. Outdated and obsolete rule provisions. The certification rule has one section regarding Tribal programs that is outdated and one section on government agency certification programs that is not necessary. The current rule provides three options for applicator certification programs in Indian country
ercial core standards as well as competencies necessary to use RUPs in agricultural production.
6. Outdated and obsolete rule provisions. The certification rule has one section regarding Tribal programs that is outdated and one section on government agency certification programs that is not necessary. The current rule provides three options for applicator certification programs in Indian country. Consultation with Tribes raised an issue with one of the current options because it calls for Tribes that chooses to utilize a State certification program and rely on State certifications to obtain concurrence from the relevant States and to enter into a documented State-Tribal cooperative agreement. This option has led to questions about jurisdiction and the appropriate exercise of enforcement authority for such programs in Indian country. EPA proposes to revise this option to allow Tribes to administer programs based on certifications issued by a State, a separate Tribe, or a Federal agency by entering into an agreement with the appropriate EPA Regional office. This would allow Tribes to enter into agreements with EPA to recognize the certification of applicators who hold a certificate issued under an EPA-approved certification plan without the need for State-Tribal cooperative agreements. The agreement between the Tribe and the EPA Regional office would address appropriate implementation and enforcement issues.
The current rule includes a provision for a GAP, a certification program that would cover all Federal government employees using RUPs. No such plan was developed or implemented by EPA or any other Federal agency. Subsequently, EPA issued a policy that allows each Federal agency to submit its own plan to certify RUP applicators. Four Federal agencies have EPA-approved certification plans. To streamline the rule and codify the existing policy, EPA proposes to delete the current section on GAP and replace it with requirements from the existing policy on Federal agency certification plans.
B
Federal agency. Subsequently, EPA issued a policy that allows each Federal agency to submit its own plan to certify RUP applicators. Four Federal agencies have EPA-approved certification plans. To streamline the rule and codify the existing policy, EPA proposes to delete the current section on GAP and replace it with requirements from the existing policy on Federal agency certification plans.
B. Regulatory Objectives
Through this proposal EPA seeks to have those responsible for making pesticide use decisions and applying RUPs and those who benefit from the availability of these products to internalize the effects of their decisions. By strengthening certification standards, adding categories for application methods that present high risk of exposure, establishing recertification standards, and requiring specific training for noncertified applicators, EPA proposes to put the responsibility to ensure that RUPs are used in a manner to avoid unreasonable adverse effects on the parties who are most able to control the situation. This would minimize the externalities, undesirable or unintended consequences of decisions that result in negative consequences for other parties, in this case bystanders, the public, and the environment.
EPA estimates the total annualized cost of the rule at $47.2 million (Ref. 3). States and other jurisdictions that administer certification programs would bear annualized costs of about $359,000, but States would incur most of these costs immediately after the rule is finalized to modify their programs to correspond with the proposed changes to the Federal regulation. The annual cost to private applicators would be about $19.5 million, or about $40 per year per private applicator. The estimated annual cost to commercial applicators would be $27.4 million, or about $66 per commercial applicator per year. Many of the firms in the affected sectors are small businesses, particularly in the agricultural sector
ond with the proposed changes to the Federal regulation. The annual cost to private applicators would be about $19.5 million, or about $40 per year per private applicator. The estimated annual cost to commercial applicators would be $27.4 million, or about $66 per commercial applicator per year. Many of the firms in the affected sectors are small businesses, particularly in the agricultural sector. EPA concludes that there would not be a significant impact on a substantial number of small entities. The impact to the average small farm is anticipated to be less than 1% of annual sales while the impacts to small commercial pest control services are expected to be around 0.1% of annual gross revenue. Given the modest increases in per-applicator costs, EPA also concludes that the proposed rule would not have a substantial effect on employment.
The rule changes proposed by EPA would improve the pesticide applicator certification and training program substantially. Trained and competent applicators are more likely to apply pesticide products without causing unreasonable adverse effects and to use RUPs properly to achieve the intended results than applicators who are not adequately trained or properly certified. In addition to core pesticide safety and practical use concepts, certification and training assures that certified applicators possess critical information on a wide range of environmental issues such as endangered species, water quality, worker protection, and protecting non-target organisms, such as pollinators. Pesticide safety education helps applicators improve their abilities to avoid pesticide misuse, spills and harm to non-target organisms.
The benefits of the proposed rule accrue to certified and noncertified applicators, the public, and the environment. EPA estimates the quantified value of the 638 to 762 acute illnesses from RUP exposure per year that could be prevented by the rule to be between $20.1 million and $20.5 million per year (Ref. 3)
e their abilities to avoid pesticide misuse, spills and harm to non-target organisms.
The benefits of the proposed rule accrue to certified and noncertified applicators, the public, and the environment. EPA estimates the quantified value of the 638 to 762 acute illnesses from RUP exposure per year that could be prevented by the rule to be between $20.1 million and $20.5 million per year (Ref. 3). However, EPA
EPA's approach to estimating the quantitative benefits of the proposal only measures avoided medical costs and lost wages, not the willingness to pay to avoid possible symptoms due to pesticide exposure, which could be substantially higher. Many of the negative health impacts associated with agricultural pesticide application are borne by agricultural workers and handlers, a population that more acutely feels the impact of lost work time on their incomes and family health. An increase in the overall level of competency for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision would also be beneficial to people who work, play, or live in areas treated with RUPs, such as agricultural workers, neighbors of agricultural fields, and consumers whose homes are treated. Undertrained and under qualified pesticide applicators may not be aware immediately of the potential impacts to their own health or the health of those who live or work around areas where RUPs are applied, and therefore may not independently adopt measures to increase the safety of themselves or others, necessitating intervention by the government to ensure these populations are adequately protected.
It is reasonable to expect that the qualitative benefits of the rule are more substantial. Although EPA is not able to measure the full benefits that accrue from reducing chronic exposure to pesticides, well-documented associations between pesticide exposure and certain cancer and non-cancer chronic health effects exist in peer-reviewed literature
sure these populations are adequately protected.
It is reasonable to expect that the qualitative benefits of the rule are more substantial. Although EPA is not able to measure the full benefits that accrue from reducing chronic exposure to pesticides, well-documented associations between pesticide exposure and certain cancer and non-cancer chronic health effects exist in peer-reviewed literature. See the economic assessment for this proposal for a discussion of the peer-reviewed literature (Ref. 3). The proposals for strengthened competency standards for private applicators, expanded training for noncertified applicators, additional application method-specific certification categories, a minimum age for all persons using RUPs, and appropriate certification options in Indian country would lead to an overall reduction in the number of human health incidents related to chronic pesticide exposure and environmental contamination from improper or misapplication of pesticides. Overall, the weight of evidence suggests that the proposed requirements would result in long-term health benefits to certified and noncertified applicators, as well as to bystanders and the public.
It is reasonable to expect that the proposed rule would benefit the environment and the food supply. The proposed changes enhance private applicator competency standards to include information on protecting the environment during and after application, such as protecting pollinators and avoiding contamination of water supplies. The proposal to ensure that all applicators continue to demonstrate their competency to use RUPs without unreasonable adverse effect should better protect the public from RUP exposure when occupying treated buildings or outdoor spaces, consuming treated food products, and when near areas where RUPs have been applied
tion, such as protecting pollinators and avoiding contamination of water supplies. The proposal to ensure that all applicators continue to demonstrate their competency to use RUPs without unreasonable adverse effect should better protect the public from RUP exposure when occupying treated buildings or outdoor spaces, consuming treated food products, and when near areas where RUPs have been applied. The economic assessment for this proposal includes a qualitative discussion of 68 incidents from 2009 through 2013 where applicator errors while applying RUPs damaged crops or killed fish, bird, bees, or other animals (Ref. 3). The environment should also be better protected from misapplication, which can result in cleaner water and less impact on non-target plants and animals.
In addition, the proposed changes to the certification regulation specifically mitigate risks to children. The proposal would implement a minimum age of 18 for certified applicators and noncertified applicators working under their direct supervision. Since children's bodies are still developing, they may be more susceptible to risks associated with RUP application and therefore would benefit from strengthened protections. In addition, research has shown that children may not have developed fully the capacity to make decisions and to weigh risks (Refs. 20, 21 and 22). Proper application of RUPs is essential to protect the safety of people who work, visit, or live in or near areas treated with RUPs, people who eat food that has been treated with RUPs, people and animals who depend on an uncontaminated water supply, as well as the safety of the applicator him or herself. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that restricting certification to persons over 18 years old would better protect both the applicators and those who may be affected negatively by improper or misapplication.
Children also suffer the effects of RUP exposure from residential applications and accidental ingestion
contaminated water supply, as well as the safety of the applicator him or herself. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that restricting certification to persons over 18 years old would better protect both the applicators and those who may be affected negatively by improper or misapplication.
Children also suffer the effects of RUP exposure from residential applications and accidental ingestion. Accidental ingestion occurs when children get access to an RUP that has been improperly stored, e.g., transferred to an unmarked container or left accessible to the public (Ref. 12). The proposed changes improve training for noncertified applicators, strengthen competency standards for private applicators, and require all applicators to demonstrate continued competency to use RUPs. These changes would remind applicators about core principles of safe pesticide use and storage, reducing the likelihood that children would experience these types of RUP exposures. Thus, the proposed changes may reduce children's exposure to RUPs and contamination caused by improper application of pesticides.
In the almost 4 decades since implementing the certification regulation, EPA has learned from the Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee, Certification and Training Assessment Group (CTAG), National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program, meetings with State regulators, and other stakeholder interaction, that the national applicator certification program needs improvements, some of which can only be accomplished through rulemaking. This proposal reflects EPA's commitment to pay particular attention to the health of children and environmental justice concerns.
C. Considerations for Improving the Certification of Applicators Rule
1. Regulatory history. The Agency proposed the existing certification rule in 1974. EPA finalized sections covering applicator competency standards and noncertified applicator requirements (40 CFR 171.1 through 171.6) in 1974 (Ref
tment to pay particular attention to the health of children and environmental justice concerns.
C. Considerations for Improving the Certification of Applicators Rule
1. Regulatory history. The Agency proposed the existing certification rule in 1974. EPA finalized sections covering applicator competency standards and noncertified applicator requirements (40 CFR 171.1 through 171.6) in 1974 (Ref. 23), followed by sections outlining State plan submission and review and certification in Indian country (40 CFR 171.7 through 171.10) in 1975 (Ref. 24), and the requirements for EPA-administered plans (40 CFR 171.11) in 1978 (Ref. 25). Since 1978, EPA has made minor amendments to the rule, such as requiring dealer recordkeeping and reporting under EPA-implemented plans and establishing standards for EPA-administered plans (Refs. 26 and 27).
In 1990, EPA proposed amendments to the certification regulation that included provisions for establishing private applicator categories, adding
Because no major revision has been made to this Federal regulation in almost 40 years, State programs have taken the lead in revising and updating standards for certification and recertification. Many States updated their certification programs based on EPA's 1990 proposal. Others have amended their programs to address changes in technology or other aspects of pesticide application. As a result, the State requirements for certification of applicators are highly varied and most States go beyond the existing Federal requirements for applicator certification. This situation has created an uneven regulatory landscape and problems in program consistency that complicate registration decisions, inhibit State-to-State reciprocity ( i.e., recognition of other State certifications as valid), and hinder EPA's ability to develop national program materials that meet the needs of all States.
2. Stakeholder Engagement
l requirements for applicator certification. This situation has created an uneven regulatory landscape and problems in program consistency that complicate registration decisions, inhibit State-to-State reciprocity ( i.e., recognition of other State certifications as valid), and hinder EPA's ability to develop national program materials that meet the needs of all States.
2. Stakeholder Engagement. In 1985, a taskforce was formed by EPA and the State-FIFRA Issues Research and Evaluation Group (SFIREG) to review existing certification programs and policies to determine what, if any, actions should be taken to improve the certification program. The taskforce included representatives from EPA, USDA, State cooperative extension services, and State lead agencies for pesticide regulation. The taskforce issued the Report of the EPA/SFIREG Certification and Training Task Force in August 1985 (Ref. 29), which identified areas in need of improvement and made specific recommendations for improvement. The taskforce noted the growing complexity and technological advancements in pesticides and pesticide use practices, especially in the agricultural community. Further, the taskforce recognized proper pesticide use as a growing issue under broader environmental concerns, such as groundwater protection, endangered species protection, worker protection, chronic toxicity, pesticide disposal, and pesticide residues in the food supply (Ref. 29). The agricultural and commercial applicator communities were becoming aware of these issues and as a consequence sought increased and specialized training. Based on the identified issues and action in the applicator community, the taskforce suggested that EPA upgrade the competency requirements for private and commercial agricultural applicators.
The taskforce's recommendations included adding additional categories “for certain use and application methods which require more stringent attention [such as] Compound 1080, certain fumigants, or aerial application” (Ref. 29)
ed issues and action in the applicator community, the taskforce suggested that EPA upgrade the competency requirements for private and commercial agricultural applicators.
The taskforce's recommendations included adding additional categories “for certain use and application methods which require more stringent attention [such as] Compound 1080, certain fumigants, or aerial application” (Ref. 29). In addition, the taskforce recommended strengthening the training for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator and requiring commercial applicators to retain records of the training (Ref. 29). It suggested that EPA add dealer requirements for recordkeeping about sales of RUPs and make private applicator competency standards closer to the general commercial applicator competency standards. Lastly, the report discussed the need for a standard recertification period and “sufficient standardization of training and the process of certification renewal to facilitate interstate commerce” (Ref. 29).
EPA proposed amendments to the certification regulation in 1990 (Ref. 28), based in part on the taskforce's report (Ref. 29). However, the proposed rule was not finalized and the taskforce's recommendations were not implemented at the Federal level. While many States adopted new regulations meeting or exceeding the proposed standards contained in the 1990 proposal, other States chose to retain their standards until EPA revised the Federal certification regulation. Some States sought to avoid potential conflicts with Federal regulations that had not been finalized, while other States were bound by laws or regulations that prohibited the State's standards from being more restrictive than Federal standards.
In 1996, stakeholders from the Federal and State governments and cooperative extension programs formed CTAG to assess the current status of and provide direction for Federal and State pesticide applicator certification programs
hat had not been finalized, while other States were bound by laws or regulations that prohibited the State's standards from being more restrictive than Federal standards.
In 1996, stakeholders from the Federal and State governments and cooperative extension programs formed CTAG to assess the current status of and provide direction for Federal and State pesticide applicator certification programs. CTAG's mission is to develop and implement proposals to strengthen Federal, State and Tribal pesticide certification and training programs, with the goal of enhancing the knowledge and skills of pesticide users. Pesticide certification and training programs are run primarily by State government programs and cooperative extension service programs from State land grant universities, so these stakeholders provide valuable insight into the needs of the program.
In 1999, CTAG issued a comprehensive report, Pesticide Safety in the 21st Century (Ref. 30), which recommended improvements for State and Federal pesticide applicator certification programs, including how to strengthen the certification regulation. The report suggests that EPA update the core training requirements for private and commercial applicators, establish a minimum age for applicator certification, set standards for a recertification or continuing education program, facilitate the ability of applicators certified in one State to work in another State without going through the whole certification process again, and strengthen protections for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator (Ref. 30).
Around the same time as CTAG issued its report, EPA initiated the National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program (the National Assessment), an evaluation of its pesticide worker safety program (pesticide applicator certification and agricultural worker protection) (Ref. 31)
tections for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator (Ref. 30).
Around the same time as CTAG issued its report, EPA initiated the National Assessment of the Pesticide Worker Safety Program (the National Assessment), an evaluation of its pesticide worker safety program (pesticide applicator certification and agricultural worker protection) (Ref. 31). The National Assessment engaged a wide array of stakeholder groups in public forums to discuss among other things, the CTAG recommendations and other necessary improvements to EPA's pesticide applicator certification program. In 2005, EPA issued the Report on the National Assessment of EPA's Pesticide Worker Safety Program (Ref. 32), which included many recommendations for rule revisions to improve the applicator certification program. The various individual opinions and suggestions made during the course of the assessment centered on a few broad improvement areas: The expansion and upgrade of applicator and worker competency and promotion of safer work practices, improved training of and communication with all pesticide workers, increased enforcement efforts and improved training of inspectors, training of health care providers and monitoring of pesticide incidents, and finally, program operation, efficiency and funding (Ref. 32). Suggestions specific to certification of applicators included improving standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of certified applicators, establishing a minimum age for applicator certification, requiring all applicators to pass an exam to become certified, and facilitating reciprocity between States for certification of applicators (Ref. 32)
funding (Ref. 32). Suggestions specific to certification of applicators included improving standards for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of certified applicators, establishing a minimum age for applicator certification, requiring all applicators to pass an exam to become certified, and facilitating reciprocity between States for certification of applicators (Ref. 32). While EPA addressed some of the recommendations through grants,
During the initial stages of the framing of this proposal, EPA's Federal advisory committee, the Pesticide Program Dialogue Committee (PPDC), formed a workgroup in 2006 to provide feedback to EPA on different areas for change to the certification regulation and the WPS. The workgroup had over 70 members representing a wide range of stakeholders. EPA shared with the workgroup suggestions for regulatory change identified through the National Assessment and solicited comments. The workgroup convened for a series of meetings and conference calls to get more information on specific parts of the regulation and areas where EPA was considering change, and provided feedback to EPA. The workgroup focused on evaluating possible changes under consideration by EPA by providing feedback from each member's or organization's perspective. Comments from the PPDC workgroup members have been compiled into a single document and posted in the docket (Ref. 33).
EPA convened a Small Business Advocacy Review (SBAR) Panel on potential revisions to the certification rule and the WPS in 2008. The SBAR Panel was convened under section 609(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 609(b). As part of the SBAR Panel's activities, EPA consulted with a group of Small Entity Representatives (SERs) from small businesses and organizations that could be affected by the potential revisions. EPA provided the SERs with information on potential revisions to both rules and requested feedback on the proposals under consideration
on 609(b) of the Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA), 5 U.S.C. 609(b). As part of the SBAR Panel's activities, EPA consulted with a group of Small Entity Representatives (SERs) from small businesses and organizations that could be affected by the potential revisions. EPA provided the SERs with information on potential revisions to both rules and requested feedback on the proposals under consideration. EPA asked the SERs to offer alternate solutions to the potential proposals presented to provide flexibility or to decrease economic impact for small entities while still accomplishing the goal of improved safety (Ref. 34).
Specific to the certification rule, the SERs provided feedback on requirements for the minimum age of pesticide applicators and protections for noncertified applicators working under the direct supervision of a certified applicator. The SERs' responses were compiled in an Appendix to the final Panel Report and posted in the docket (Ref. 34). EPA considered input from the SERs as part of the evaluation of available options for this rulemaking and SER feedback is discussed where relevant in this preamble.
Consistent with EPA's Indian Policy and Tribal Consultation Policy, EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs conducted a consultation with Tribes. The consultation was carried out via a series of scheduled conference calls with Tribal representatives to inform them about potential regulatory changes, especially areas that could affect Tribes. EPA also informed the Tribal Pesticide Program Council (TPPC) about the potential changes to the regulation.
In addition to formal stakeholder outreach, EPA held numerous individual stakeholder meetings as requested to discuss concerns and suggestions in detail
nference calls with Tribal representatives to inform them about potential regulatory changes, especially areas that could affect Tribes. EPA also informed the Tribal Pesticide Program Council (TPPC) about the potential changes to the regulation.
In addition to formal stakeholder outreach, EPA held numerous individual stakeholder meetings as requested to discuss concerns and suggestions in detail. Stakeholders requesting meetings included the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture (NASDA), the American Association of Pesticide Safety Educators (AAPSE), the Association of American Pesticide Control Officials (AAPCO), the Association of Structural Pest Control Regulatory Officials (ASPCRO), Crop Life America, and others.
3. Children's health protection. Executive Order 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) and modified by Executive Order 13296 (68 FR 19931, April 18, 2003) requires Federal agencies to identify and assess environmental health risks that may disproportionately affect children. Children who apply pesticides face risks of exposure. A 2003 study identified 531 children under 18 years old with acute occupational pesticide-related illnesses over a 10-year period (Ref. 35). The same study raised concerns for chronic impacts: “because [the] acute illnesses affect young people at a time before they have reached full developmental maturation, there is also concern about unique and persistent chronic effects” (Ref. 35). Although the study is not limited to RUPs, its findings indicate the potential risk to children from working with and around pesticides.
The Fair Labor Standard Act's (FLSA) child labor provisions, which are administered by DOL, permit children to work at younger ages in agricultural employment than in non-agricultural employment. Children under 16 years old are prohibited from doing hazardous tasks in agriculture, including handling or applying acutely toxic pesticides. 29 CFR 570.71(a)(9)
rom working with and around pesticides.
The Fair Labor Standard Act's (FLSA) child labor provisions, which are administered by DOL, permit children to work at younger ages in agricultural employment than in non-agricultural employment. Children under 16 years old are prohibited from doing hazardous tasks in agriculture, including handling or applying acutely toxic pesticides. 29 CFR 570.71(a)(9). DOL has established a general rule, applicable to most industries other than agriculture, that workers must be at least 18 years old to perform hazardous jobs. 29 CFR 570.120.
Research has shown differences in the decision making of adolescents and adults that leads to the conclusion that applicators that are children may take more risks than those who are adults. Behavioral scientists note that responsible decision making is more common in young adults than adolescents: “socially responsible decision making is significantly more common among young adults than among adolescents, but does not increase appreciably after age 19. Adolescents, on average, scored significantly worse than adults did, but individual differences in judgment within each adolescent age group were considerable. These findings call into question recent assertions, derived from studies of logical reasoning, that adolescents and adults are equally competent and that laws and social policies should treat them as such” (Ref. 22). Decision-making skills and competence differ between adolescents and adults. While research has focused on decision making of juveniles in terms of legal culpability, the research suggests similar logic can be applied to decision making for pesticide application.
In sum, children applying RUPs—products that require additional care when used to ensure they do not cause unreasonable adverse effects on people or the environment—may be at a potentially higher risk of pesticide exposure and illness
sed on decision making of juveniles in terms of legal culpability, the research suggests similar logic can be applied to decision making for pesticide application.
In sum, children applying RUPs—products that require additional care when used to ensure they do not cause unreasonable adverse effects on people or the environment—may be at a potentially higher risk of pesticide exposure and illness. The elevated risk to the adolescent applicators, in addition to adolescents' not fully developed decision-making abilities, warrant careful consideration of the best ways to protect them. It is reasonable to expect that the proposed changes would mitigate or eliminate many of the risks faced by adolescents covered by this rule.
4. Retrospective regulatory review. On January 18, 2011, President Obama issued Executive Order 13563 (76 FR 3821, January 21, 2011), to direct each Federal agency to develop a plan, consistent with law and its resources and regulatory priorities, under which the agency would periodically review its existing significant regulations to determine whether any such regulations should be modified, streamlined, expanded, or repealed so as to make the agency's regulatory program more effective or less burdensome in achieving the regulatory objectives. The Executive Order also enumerates a number of principles and directives to guide agencies as they work to improve the Nation's regulatory system.
In developing its plan, EPA sought public input on the design of EPA's plan for the periodic retrospective review of its regulations, and stakeholder suggestions for regulations that should be the first to undergo a retrospective review (76 FR 9988, February 23, 2011), and issued the final EPA plan, titled “Improving Our Regulations: Final Plan http://www.epa.gov/regdarrt/retrospective/documents/eparetroreviewplan-aug2011.pdf ).
The existing certification rule was nominated for retrospective review as part of the public involvement process in 2011
stions for regulations that should be the first to undergo a retrospective review (76 FR 9988, February 23, 2011), and issued the final EPA plan, titled “Improving Our Regulations: Final Plan http://www.epa.gov/regdarrt/retrospective/documents/eparetroreviewplan-aug2011.pdf ).
The existing certification rule was nominated for retrospective review as part of the public involvement process in 2011. In EPA's final plan, EPA committed to review the existing certification rule to determine how to clarify requirements and modify potentially redundant or restrictive requirements, in keeping with Executive Order 13563.
The results of EPA's review, which included identified opportunities for improving the existing regulation, were incorporated into this rulemaking effort. Based on extensive interactions with stakeholders during review of the certification regulation, EPA has identified the potential for harmonized minimum requirements to enhance State-to-State reciprocity of applicator certifications, which could reduce the burden on the regulated community by promoting better coordination among the State, Federal, and Tribal partnerships; clarifying requirements; and modifying potentially redundant or restrictive regulation. EPA expects the proposed rule, if finalized, to achieve the benefits outlined throughout the preamble. For a summary of the benefits, see the table in Unit I.E. and the discussion of regulatory objectives in Unit III.B.
IV. Summary of Rationale and Introduction to Specific Revisions to Part 171
Units II. and III. describe the stakeholder engagement and reports highlighting the need to update the certification regulation. In addition to stakeholder recommendations, EPA believes the rule needs to be updated to address State variability and to support EPA registration decisions. Each of these reasons for updating the rule are discussed in this unit.
As noted in Unit III., EPA has not updated the certification regulation substantially in almost 40 years
s highlighting the need to update the certification regulation. In addition to stakeholder recommendations, EPA believes the rule needs to be updated to address State variability and to support EPA registration decisions. Each of these reasons for updating the rule are discussed in this unit.
As noted in Unit III., EPA has not updated the certification regulation substantially in almost 40 years. However, many States have adopted updated standards for certification and recertification. As a result, State requirements for certification of applicators are highly varied; most States go beyond the existing Federal requirements for applicator certification. This has created an uneven regulatory landscape between States and inhibits recognition of an applicator certification issued in one State by another State.
If certification does not represent a uniform degree of competence, this diversity also compromises EPA's ability to determine confidently that use of a pesticide product by certified applicators will not cause unreasonable adverse effects. In order to retain or expand the number and types of pesticides available to benefit agriculture, public health, and other pest control needs, EPA plans to raise the Federal standards for applicator competency. By adopting the proposed strengthened and additional competency standards, the rule would provide assurance that certified applicators and noncertified applicators under their direct supervision are competent to use RUPs in a manner that will not cause unreasonable adverse effects. In the absence of such assurance, EPA may have to seek label amendments imposing other use limitations that could be more burdensome to users.
Units VI. to XX. describe the most significant of the proposed changes and alternative options considered by EPA. Each discussion is generally structured to provide, where appropriate:
• A concise statement of the proposed change.
• The current requirements of the certification regulation
may have to seek label amendments imposing other use limitations that could be more burdensome to users.
Units VI. to XX. describe the most significant of the proposed changes and alternative options considered by EPA. Each discussion is generally structured to provide, where appropriate:
• A concise statement of the proposed change.
• The current requirements of the certification regulation.
• Stakeholder feedback and research supporting the proposed change.
• A detailed description of the proposed change and the rationale for the change.
• An estimated cost.
• A description of primary alternatives considered by EPA and the reason for not proposing them.
• Specific questions on which EPA seeks feedback.
V. Public Comments
1. Submitting CBI. Do not submit this information to EPA through regulations.gov or email. Clearly mark the part or all of the information that you claim to be CBI. For CBI information in a disk or CD-ROM that you mail to EPA, mark the outside of the disk or CD-ROM as CBI and then identify electronically within the disk or CD-ROM the specific information that is claimed as CBI. In addition to one complete version of the comment that includes information claimed as CBI, a copy of the comment that does not contain the information claimed as CBI must be submitted for inclusion in the public docket. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.
2. Tips for preparing your comments. When preparing and submitting comments, see the commenting tips at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/comments.html.
VI. Revise Private Applicator Certification Standards
A. Enhance Private Applicator Competency Standards
1. EPA's proposal
public docket. Information so marked will not be disclosed except in accordance with procedures set forth in 40 CFR part 2.
2. Tips for preparing your comments. When preparing and submitting comments, see the commenting tips at http://www.epa.gov/dockets/comments.html.
VI. Revise Private Applicator Certification Standards
A. Enhance Private Applicator Competency Standards
1. EPA's proposal. Because private applicators have access to and can apply the same RUPs as commercial applicators and therefore need to have similar knowledge and skills to apply pesticides safely and effectively, EPA proposes to amend the private applicator competency standards to include more specific information on pesticide application and safe use.
2. Existing regulation. The current rule has 5 topics under the competency standards for private applicators:
• Recognize common pests to be controlled and damage caused by them.
• Read and understand the label and labeling information.
• Apply pesticides in accordance with label instructions and warnings.
• Recognize local environmental situations that must be considered during application to avoid contamination.
• Recognize poisoning symptoms and procedures to follow in case of a pesticide accident. 40 CFR 171.5(a)(1) through (5).
These topics are listed without specific detail or clarification of the areas to be covered under each point. In contrast, the core standards of competency for commercial certification have nine major areas of focus with more specific sub-points listed under each. 40 CFR 171.4(b)(1).
3. Stake

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/FR_PRORULE_2015-19988. Check the current official text before relying on it. Not legal advice.