# 75 FR 35721: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa Skyrocket) as Endangered Throughout Its Range, and Listing Penstemon debilis (Parachute Beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque Phacelia) as Threatened Throughout Their Range

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/statutes/FR_PRORULE_2010-15251

## Section

- **Citation:** 75 FR 35721
- **Heading:** Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa Skyrocket) as Endangered Throughout Its Range, and Listing Penstemon debilis (Parachute Beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque Phacelia) as Threatened Throughout Their Range
- **Jurisdiction:** Federal
- **Kind:** Regulations
- **Status:** In force
- **Text as of:** August 14, 2026
- **Source:** Compiled text
- **Location:** Federal Register / Vol. 75 / 75 FR 35721

## Text

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fish and Wildlife Service 50 CFR Part 17 [Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2010-0015] [MO 92210-0-0008-B2] RIN 1018-AV83 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Listing Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa Skyrocket) as Endangered Throughout Its Range, and Listing Penstemon debilis (Parachute Beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque Phacelia) as Threatened Throughout Their Range AGENCY:
Fish and Wildlife Service, Interior.

ACTION:
Proposed rule.

SUMMARY:
We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service), propose to list Ipomopsis polyantha (Pagosa skyrocket), a plant species from southwestern Colorado, as endangered throughout its range, and Penstemon debilis (Parachute beardtongue) and Phacelia submutica (DeBeque phacelia), two plant species from western Colorado, as threatened throughout their ranges under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act). This proposal, if made final, would extend the Act's protections to these species throughout their ranges. The Service seeks data and comments from the public on this proposal.

DATES:
We will consider comments received or postmarked on or before August 23, 2010. We must receive requests for public hearings, in writing, at the address shown in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section by August 9, 2010.

ADDRESSES:
You may submit comments by one of the following methods:
• Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov . Follow the instructions for submitting comments on Docket No. FWS-R6-ES-2010-0015.
• U.S. mail or hand-delivery: Public Comments Processing, Attn: [FWS-R6-ES-2010-0015]; Division of Policy and Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 222, Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov . This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us (see the Public Comments section below for more information)
-delivery: Public Comments Processing, Attn: [FWS-R6-ES-2010-0015]; Division of Policy and Directives Management; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 4401 N. Fairfax Drive, Suite 222, Arlington, VA 22203.
We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov . This generally means that we will post any personal information you provide us (see the Public Comments section below for more information).
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT:
Patty Gelatt, Acting Western Colorado Supervisor, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Field Office, 764 Horizon Drive, Building B, Grand Junction, CO 81506-3946; telephone 970-243-2778, extension 26; fax 970-245-6933. If you use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD), call the Federal Information Relay Service (FIRS) at 800-877-8339.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Public Comments
We intend that any final action resulting from this proposed rule will be based on the best scientific and commercial data available and be as accurate and as effective as possible. Therefore, we request comments or information from the public, other government agencies, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested party concerning this proposed rule. We particularly seek comments concerning:
(1) Biological, commercial trade, or other relevant data concerning any threats (or lack thereof) to these species and regulations that may be addressing those threats;
(2) Additional information concerning the range, distribution, and population sizes of these species, including the locations of any additional occurrences of these species;
(3) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of these species;
(4) Current or planned activities in the areas occupied by these species and possible impacts of these activities on these species;
(5) Which areas would be appropriate as critical habitat for these species and why they should be proposed for designation as critical habitat; and
occurrences of these species;
(3) Any information on the biological or ecological requirements of these species;
(4) Current or planned activities in the areas occupied by these species and possible impacts of these activities on these species;
(5) Which areas would be appropriate as critical habitat for these species and why they should be proposed for designation as critical habitat; and
(6) The reasons why areas should or should not be designated as critical habitat as provided by section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq. ), including whether the benefits of designation would outweigh threats to these species that designation could cause, such that the designation of critical habitat is prudent.
You may submit your comments and materials concerning this proposed rule by one of the methods listed in the ADDRESSES section. We will not consider comments sent by e-mail or fax or to an address not listed in the ADDRESSES section.
We will post your entire comment—including your personal identifying information—on http://www.regulations.gov . If you provide personal identifying information in your hardcopy comments, you may request at the top of your document that we withhold this information from public review. However, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. We will http://www.regulations.gov .
Comments and materials we receive, as well as supporting documentation we used in preparing this proposed rule, will be available for public inspection on http://www.regulations.gov , or by appointment, during normal business hours, at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Western Colorado Ecological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section).
Final promulgation of the regulations concerning the listing of these species will take into consideration all comments and additional information that we receive, and may lead to a final regulation that differs from this proposal.
Species Information and Factors Affecting the Species
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C
ological Services Field Office (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section).
Final promulgation of the regulations concerning the listing of these species will take into consideration all comments and additional information that we receive, and may lead to a final regulation that differs from this proposal.
Species Information and Factors Affecting the Species
Section 4 of the Act (16 U.S.C. 1533) and implementing regulations (50 CFR 424) set forth the procedures for adding species to the Federal Lists of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants. Under section 4(a)(1) of the Act, a species may be determined to be endangered or threatened based on any of the following five factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.
Below is a species-by-species analysis of these five factors. The species are considered in the following order: Ipomopsis polyantha, Penstemon debilis , and Phacelia submutica .
Background— Ipomopsis polyantha
Previous Federal Actions
We first identified Ipomopsis polyantha as a taxon under review in the 1983 Supplement to Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species (48 FR 53640, November 28, 1983). In that document, we included the species as a Category 2 candidate, based on our evaluation at that time. Category 2 candidate species were formerly defined as “taxa for which information now in the possession of the Service indicates that proposing to list the taxa as Endangered or Threatened species is possibly appropriate, but for which sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threat(s) are not currently known or on file to support proposed rules” (48 FR 53641, November 28, 1983)
that time. Category 2 candidate species were formerly defined as “taxa for which information now in the possession of the Service indicates that proposing to list the taxa as Endangered or Threatened species is possibly appropriate, but for which sufficient data on biological vulnerability and threat(s) are not currently known or on file to support proposed rules” (48 FR 53641, November 28, 1983). We published our decision to discontinue candidate categories and to restrict candidate status to those taxa for which we have sufficient information to support issuance of a proposed rule on December 5, 1996 (61 FR 64481), This resulted in the deletion of Ipomopsis polyantha from the list of candidate taxa for listing. Since 1996, threats to the species have become more numerous and more widespread. We added the species to the list of candidates again in the 2005Candidate Notice of Review (CNOR) (70 FR 24873, May 11, 2005) with a listing priority number (LPN) of 2. Candidates are taxa for which we have sufficient information on biological vulnerability and threats to support preparation of a listing proposal, but for which development of a listing regulation is precluded by other higher priority listing activities. Candidate species are assigned an LPN (1-12, with 1 being the highest priority) based on magnitude and immediacy of threats and taxonomic status. A listing priority of 2 reflects threats that are imminent and high in magnitude, as well as the taxonomic classification of I. polyantha as a full species. We published a complete description of our listing priority system in the Federal Register (48 FR 43098, September 21, 1983).
Species Information
Ipomopsis polyantha is a rare plant endemic to shale outcrops in and around Pagosa Springs in Archuleta County, Colorado. Suitable habitat for the species is identified on about 191 acres (ac) (77 hectares (ha)) on the east edge of town, and on about 23 ac (9 ha) approximately 10 miles (mi) (16 kilometers (km)) west of town
ederal Register (48 FR 43098, September 21, 1983).
Species Information
Ipomopsis polyantha is a rare plant endemic to shale outcrops in and around Pagosa Springs in Archuleta County, Colorado. Suitable habitat for the species is identified on about 191 acres (ac) (77 hectares (ha)) on the east edge of town, and on about 23 ac (9 ha) approximately 10 miles (mi) (16 kilometers (km)) west of town. Approximately 9 percent of the suitable habitat is on land managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land, 12 percent on State and County highway rights-of-way (ROWs), 78 percent on private lands, and less than 1 percent on Pagosa Springs park land and county land (Colorado Natural Areas Program (CNAP) 2007, pp. 1-5; Lyon 2005, pp. 1-5; Lyon 2006a, pp. 1-2; Lyon 2006b, p. 1).
The Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP) ranks Ipomopsis polyantha as critically imperiled globally (G1) and in the State of Colorado (S1) (CNHP 2006a, p. 1). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) and CNHP also developed a scorecard that ranks I. polyantha among the most threatened species in the State based on number of plants, quality of the plants and habitat, threats, and adequacy of protection (CNHP and TNC 2008, p. 102).
Ipomopsis polyantha is in the Polemoniaceae (phlox) family and was originally described by Rydberg (1904, p. 634) as Gilia polyantha. Grant (1956, p. 353) moved the species into the genus Ipomopsis. Two varieties, G. polyantha var. brachysiphon and G. polyantha var. whitingii, were recognized by Kearney and Peebles (1943, p. 59). Currently available information indicates that I. polyantha is a distinct species (Porter and Johnson 2000; Porter et al . 2003 in Anderson 2004, p. 11). It is treated as such in the PLANTS database (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) 2003), and in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2001)
nized by Kearney and Peebles (1943, p. 59). Currently available information indicates that I. polyantha is a distinct species (Porter and Johnson 2000; Porter et al . 2003 in Anderson 2004, p. 11). It is treated as such in the PLANTS database (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) 2003), and in the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2001).
Ipomopsis polyantha is an herbaceous biennial 12 to 24 inches (in.) (30 to 60 centimeters (cm)) tall, branched from near the base above the basal rosette of leaves. Deeply divided leaves with linear segments are scattered up the stem. Stems and flower clusters are covered with glandular hairs. Flower clusters are along the stem in the axils of the leaves as well as at the top of the stem. The white flowers are 0.4 in. (1 cm) long, with short corolla tubes 0.18 to 0.26 in. (0.45 to 0.65 cm) long, and flaring corolla lobes flecked with purple dots (Anderson 1988, p. 3). These dots are often so dense that they give the flower a pinkish or purplish hue. The stamens extend noticeably beyond the flower tube, and the pollen is blue (Grant 1956, p. 353), changing to yellow as it matures (Collins 1995, p. 34). First-year plants form basal rosettes of leaves. These rosettes produce flowering stalks during the next growing season, or they may persist for more than 1 year without flowering, until they get enough moisture to flower Plants produce abundant fruits and seeds, but have no known mechanism for long distance dispersal (Collins 1995, pp. 111-112). After seeds are mature, the plants dry up and die.
Pollination by bees is the most common means of reproduction for Ipomopsis polyantha , and the primary pollinators are a honey bee ( Apis mellifera ), metallic green bee ( Augochlorella spp. ), bumble bee ( Bombus spp. ), and digger bee ( Anthophora spp. ) (Collins 1995, pp. 71-72).
Ipomopsis polyantha is limited to Pagosa-Winifred soils derived from Mancos Shale
re, the plants dry up and die.
Pollination by bees is the most common means of reproduction for Ipomopsis polyantha , and the primary pollinators are a honey bee ( Apis mellifera ), metallic green bee ( Augochlorella spp. ), bumble bee ( Bombus spp. ), and digger bee ( Anthophora spp. ) (Collins 1995, pp. 71-72).
Ipomopsis polyantha is limited to Pagosa-Winifred soils derived from Mancos Shale. The soil pH is nearly neutral to slightly alkaline (6.6 to 8.4). The elevation range is 6,800 to 7,300 feet (ft) (2,072 to 2,225 meters (m)). Plants occur in discontinuous colonies as a pioneer species on open shale or as a climax species along the edge of ponderosa pine/juniper/oak forested areas. In 1988, Anderson (p. 7) reported
Habitat for the species is characterized as suitable, potential, or unsuitable. Suitable habitat has the attributes of soil and elevation described above, and we further separate it into occupied habitat where the plants have been observed and unoccupied habitat where soil and elevation are suitable but no plants have been observed or no surveys have been conducted. Potential habitat is identified remotely, using aerial photographs, soil maps, and other available information, to build a model of habitat that may support I. polyantha. The model has not been ground-truthed in the field. Unsuitable habitat is found at elevations and on soils that do not fit the profile for the species, or habitat that has been altered by development, paving, or other human activities so that the plants are prevented from growing there.
There are two known occurrences of Ipomopsis polyantha . Between its description by C.F. Baker in 1899, and inventories in 1985, I. polyantha was only known from along U.S. Route 84 (US 84) in the vicinity of Pagosa Springs, Colorado (Anderson 1988, pp. 1-2, 15-16). The Pagosa Springs occurrence is still the largest occurrence of the species. In 1985, an additional occurrence was found about 10 mi (16 km) west of town along U.S
of Ipomopsis polyantha . Between its description by C.F. Baker in 1899, and inventories in 1985, I. polyantha was only known from along U.S. Route 84 (US 84) in the vicinity of Pagosa Springs, Colorado (Anderson 1988, pp. 1-2, 15-16). The Pagosa Springs occurrence is still the largest occurrence of the species. In 1985, an additional occurrence was found about 10 mi (16 km) west of town along U.S. Route 160 (US 160) in a rural area called Dyke (Anderson 1988, pp. 1-2). In 2002, another occurrence was documented in a rural area called Mill Creek, about 1.2 mi (1.9 km) east of Pagosa Springs (Anderson 2004, p. 13; CNHP 2008a, ID 228). The Mill Creek area is now included in the Pagosa Springs occurrence, in accordance with NatureServe criteria: occurrences are separated by at least 0.62 mi (1 km) of unsuitable habitat or 1.24 mi (2 km) of suitable habitat (NatureServe 2004, p. 1). The two known occurrences are within about 13 mi (21 km) of each other, and collectively occupy approximately about 50 ac (20 ha) of habitat within a range that includes about 4 square mi (10.4 square km). Table 1 summarizes known occupied habitat (50 ac (20 ha)) combined with suitable habitat not verified as occupied within the two I. polyantha occurrences (total 234 ac (94 ha)).
Table 1. Occupied and Unsurveyed Suitable Habitat for Ipomopsis polyantha (CNAP 2007, pp. 1-5; Lyon 2005, p. 1; Lyon 2006a, p. 1-2; Mayo 2008a, p. 1; CNHP 2008a, ID 228) Occurrence Land Ownership ac (ha) Flowering Plants Rosettes Pagosa Springs including Mill Creek State ROW 19 (7.7) 3,029 3,083 County ROW 3 (1.2) 126 NA Archuleta County 1 (0.4) 280 NA Town of Pagosa Springs 1 (0.4) 3 15 Private (suitable) 184 (74) Unsurveyed NA Private Corporation 3 (1.2) 156,126 173,189 Subtotals 211 (85) 159,564 176,287 Dyke State ROW 3 (1.2) 141 176 BLM 20 (8) 88 164 Subtotals 23 (9) 229 340 Totals All 234 (94) 159,793 176,627 The total occupied and surveyed habitat for Ipomopsis polyantha covers about 50 ac (20 ha)
.2) 126 NA Archuleta County 1 (0.4) 280 NA Town of Pagosa Springs 1 (0.4) 3 15 Private (suitable) 184 (74) Unsurveyed NA Private Corporation 3 (1.2) 156,126 173,189 Subtotals 211 (85) 159,564 176,287 Dyke State ROW 3 (1.2) 141 176 BLM 20 (8) 88 164 Subtotals 23 (9) 229 340 Totals All 234 (94) 159,793 176,627 The total occupied and surveyed habitat for Ipomopsis polyantha covers about 50 ac (20 ha). Suitable habitat for the species has been identified on about 211 acres (ac) (85 hectares (ha)) on the east side of town, and on about 23 ac (9 ha) approximately 10 miles (mi) (16 kilometers (km)) west of town. Approximately 9 percent of the suitable habitat is on federally owned Bureau of Land Management (BLM) land, 12 percent on State and County highway ROWs, 78 percent on private lands, and less than 1 percent on Pagosa Springs Town park land and county land (Colorado Natural Areas Program (CNAP) 2007). An estimated 184 ac (74 ha), or 79 percent, of the suitable habitat exists on private residential and agricultural land where plants have been observed from a distance, but surveys have not been conducted. Without access to these private lands, the extent of occupancy cannot be assessed.
The historical range of Ipomopsis polyantha is unknown, but likely included a much broader area than the currently occupied habitat. Many surveys of potential habitat in the Pagosa Springs area have been conducted over the years with negative results. Potential habitat on about 2,018 ac (817 ha) within the known range has not been surveyed due to lack of access to private lands. All of this potential habitat is close to or surrounded by suitable habitat, and is currently proposed for development, including: Blue Sky Village 96 ac (39 ha); Blue Sky Ranch 1,362 ac (551 ha); and Fairway 560 ac (227 ha) (see Threat Factor A below).
None of the potential habitat identified to date extends beyond the approximately 4-square-mi (10.4-square-km) occupied range of the species
ds. All of this potential habitat is close to or surrounded by suitable habitat, and is currently proposed for development, including: Blue Sky Village 96 ac (39 ha); Blue Sky Ranch 1,362 ac (551 ha); and Fairway 560 ac (227 ha) (see Threat Factor A below).
None of the potential habitat identified to date extends beyond the approximately 4-square-mi (10.4-square-km) occupied range of the species. Reports of this species occurring in Arizona and New Mexico by the PLANTS National Database and State floras actually pertain to the two species that were formerly treated as varieties of Ipomopsis polyantha (Anderson 2004, pp. 11, 15).
The Pagosa Springs occurrence of Ipomopsis polyantha is southeast of the town along both sides of US 84. Occupied habitat extends southward on the highway ROW for 3 mi (4.8 km) from the intersection with US 160, and on private lands on both sides of the highway within 0.25 to 1.2 mi (0.4 to 1.9 km). In 1985, the estimated number of flowering plants in this occurrence was 2,000 (Anderson 1988, p. 8). During 2005-2006, 3,029 flowering plants and 3,083 rosettes were counted on about 19 ac (7.7 ha) of highway ROW and immediately adjacent private lands (CNAP 2007, pp. 1-5; Lyon 2005, p. 1; Lyon 2006a, pp. 1-2). In 2005, an additional 156,126 plants and 173,189 rosettes were found on a 3-ac (1.2-ha) private land site, which was a high density of plants on a site where no plants had been observed in previous years (Lyon 2005, pp. 3-4; Lyon 2007b, p. 1). The plants were found on a hillside of Mancos Shale about 7 years after it was bladed, and are still growing there because the ground has not been disturbed during the growing season (Lyon 2007b, p. 2). I. polyantha quickly colonizes unvegetated Mancos Shale near a seed source. The number of flowering plants that appear in subsequent years depends on seed production and the survival of rosettes that are not outcompeted by other species or destroyed during ground disturbance
bladed, and are still growing there because the ground has not been disturbed during the growing season (Lyon 2007b, p. 2). I. polyantha quickly colonizes unvegetated Mancos Shale near a seed source. The number of flowering plants that appear in subsequent years depends on seed production and the survival of rosettes that are not outcompeted by other species or destroyed during ground disturbance.
In addition to the surveyed plants and rosettes, many flowering Ipomopsis polyantha plants have been seen, but not counted, on private residential/agricultural parcels along US 84 (Lyon 2006a, p. 1). An estimated 184 ac (74 ha) of unsurveyed suitable habitat on private lands exist within the Pagosa Springs occurrence.
The Dyke occurrence includes 0.5 mi (0.8 km) of highway ROW on both sides of US 160, adjacent private land, and about half of a 40-ac (16-ha) BLM parcel on the north side. On both of the ROWs and adjacent pastures, more than 500 flowering plants were estimated in 1985 (Anderson 1988, p. 10). In 1991, about 250 plants were counted in unused pasture on the south side, but no plants were found in subsequent years after cattle were returned to the pasture (Collins 1995, pp. 111-112). The number of flowering plants and rosettes on the US 160 ROW have fluctuated each year between 2005 and 2008. On the north side ROW, the number of flowering plants and rosettes declined by 80 percent over the 4 years, to 9 and 8 respectively. On the south side ROW, flowering plants increased 176 percent (to 141 plants), and rosettes declined 9 percent (to 179 rosettes) (Mayo 2008a, p. 1). The approximately 20-ac (8-ha) BLM parcel is the only federally managed habitat for the species. There, in 2006, 88 flowering plants and 164 rosettes were found in clearings among ponderosa pine and shrubs (CNAP 2007, p. 2).
In addition to these extant occurrences, about 13 plants and 18 rosettes were found on a roadside in a residential area north of Pagosa Springs in 2005
) (Mayo 2008a, p. 1). The approximately 20-ac (8-ha) BLM parcel is the only federally managed habitat for the species. There, in 2006, 88 flowering plants and 164 rosettes were found in clearings among ponderosa pine and shrubs (CNAP 2007, p. 2).
In addition to these extant occurrences, about 13 plants and 18 rosettes were found on a roadside in a residential area north of Pagosa Springs in 2005. We do not consider this occurrence as extant, because no plants have been found there since 2005. Surveys of roadsides and private lands in this vicinity, and on additional potential habitat north of town, have not detected any individuals of the species (Lyon 2005, p. 3).
In 2004, the total estimate of flowering plants throughout the entire range of the species was 2,246 to 10,526 (Anderson 2004, p. 40). Plant surveys from 2005 to 2007 document dramatic increases in the number of flowering individuals and rosettes within the Pagosa Springs occurrence at two sites on private land and on the US 84 ROW (CNAP 2007, pp. 1-2). Currently, the total estimate of flowering plants is 159,793 (see Table 1 above). This increase is primarily attributed to the plants surveyed in 2005 and 2006 on the 3-ac (1.2-ha) private land site in the Pagosa Springs occurrence. The rapid appearance of such a dense patch of plants illustrates the specie's ability to colonize barren Mancos Shale soil, and demonstrates the reproductive success of the species; however, the sites where they grow are vulnerable to habitat destruction. The trend in the species' status since 1988 is one of fluctuating population size that is typical of biennial species, combined with the loss of some plants due to development.
Summary of Factors Affecting Ipomopsis polyantha
A
o colonize barren Mancos Shale soil, and demonstrates the reproductive success of the species; however, the sites where they grow are vulnerable to habitat destruction. The trend in the species' status since 1988 is one of fluctuating population size that is typical of biennial species, combined with the loss of some plants due to development.
Summary of Factors Affecting Ipomopsis polyantha
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
Ipomopsis polyantha is threatened with destruction of plants and habitat due to commercial, residential, and agricultural property development, and associated new utility installations and access roads. We have documented recent losses of habitat and individuals at six sites within the Pagosa Springs occurrence of the species, as described in more detail below.
Within the Pagosa Springs occurrence, a residential and agricultural development of about a dozen 35-ac (14-ha) parcels was built prior to 2005 on occupied habitat east of US 84 (Archuleta County Assessor 2008, p. 1). In 2005, when most residences were new, about 782 flowering plants were counted in meadows and along the fences and access roads (Lyon 2005, pp. 1-2). By 2008, an increased number of horses were pastured in the meadows, roadsides and driveways were graded or widened, and few plants could be found as a result (Mayo 2008b, p. 1). This information indicates that Ipomopsis polyantha plants are vulnerable to grazing and road improvements, and habitat can be modified to exclude plants in as few as 3 years. In 2006, at another location along US 84, a private landowner mowed several hundred feet of occupied habitat on the highway ROW (Lyon 2006a, p. 1). No plants were found at this site from 2006 to 2008, indicating that mowing destroys plants and halts reproduction. In 2005, dense patches of flowering plants were noted, from across the fence, in a privately owned meadow along US 84
as few as 3 years. In 2006, at another location along US 84, a private landowner mowed several hundred feet of occupied habitat on the highway ROW (Lyon 2006a, p. 1). No plants were found at this site from 2006 to 2008, indicating that mowing destroys plants and halts reproduction. In 2005, dense patches of flowering plants were noted, from across the fence, in a privately owned meadow along US 84. In 2007, a new home was built, and the meadow was mowed; no plants could be seen at the same site in 2008 (Mayo 2008b, p. 2), again indicating that mowing destroys plants and inhibits reproduction. During 2005 and 2006, a sewer line installation on the US 84 ROW resulted in the loss of about 498 plants and 541 rosettes, and modification of about 1,473 ft (449 m) of roadside habitat (Mayo 2008c, p. 8). The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) and Archuleta County consulted with us, and agreed on avoidance measures for this project, but contractors failed to follow the protocol (Mayo 2008c, pp. 1-4). In 2008, only a few flowering plants and rosettes were found at this site; all of the plants were in one spot near plants on an adjacent property not disturbed by the sewer line project (Mayo 2008c, p. 8). This incident demonstrates that I. polyantha cannot quickly recover from soil disturbance.
Utility installations and construction activities can eliminate habitat and destroy Ipomopsis polyantha . As a result of careful planning, in 2007, power line maintenance was completed within occupied habitat in the Pagosa Springs occurrence with negligible damage to adult plants. Rosettes in the path of maintenance actions were transplanted to suitable habitat in the town park. The 278 transplants survived the winter and produced about 27 flowering plants. However, no surviving rosettes could be relocated in the fall (Coe 2007, pp. 2-3)
007, power line maintenance was completed within occupied habitat in the Pagosa Springs occurrence with negligible damage to adult plants. Rosettes in the path of maintenance actions were transplanted to suitable habitat in the town park. The 278 transplants survived the winter and produced about 27 flowering plants. However, no surviving rosettes could be relocated in the fall (Coe 2007, pp. 2-3). A second attempt at transplanting rosettes to save them from destruction during utility installations also has not been effective
Primary land use within the range of Ipomopsis polyantha has historically been agricultural, with homes and horses or cattle on parcels of 35 ac (14 ha) or more. Several small businesses now occur along US 84 within the Pagosa Springs occurrence. The intersection of US 160 and US 84 is zoned by the Town of Pagosa Springs for businesses, and commercially zoned land is currently available for development. The County is also considering sites in this area for new municipal buildings; one of the sites under consideration contains the highest density of I. polyantha occurrence. These current and potential conversions of agricultural lands to residential and commercial development are incompatible with conservation of I. polyantha in the long term because they cause direct mortality and permanent loss of habitat, whereas habitat modified by grazing may be recovered by changes in management.
The privately owned property across the entire range of Ipomopsis polyantha was scheduled for development in the Archuleta County and Town of Pagosa Springs Community Plan (2000). In this plan, all areas occupied by I. polyantha on private land outside of the Town limits are planned for low (35 ac (14 ha)), medium (3 to 35 ac (1.2 to 14 ha)), or high (2 to 5 ac (0.81 to 2 ha)) density housing. Residential development is increasing rapidly in the County
Ipomopsis polyantha was scheduled for development in the Archuleta County and Town of Pagosa Springs Community Plan (2000). In this plan, all areas occupied by I. polyantha on private land outside of the Town limits are planned for low (35 ac (14 ha)), medium (3 to 35 ac (1.2 to 14 ha)), or high (2 to 5 ac (0.81 to 2 ha)) density housing. Residential development is increasing rapidly in the County. The population of Archuleta County was 5,000 in 1990; the projection is 15,000 people by 2010 and 20,000 by 2020 (Archuleta County and Town of Pagosa Springs 2000, pp. 5-7). Based on the rate of current and proposed development over the entire range of the species, 85 percent of occupied and suitable habitat and all potential habitat could be modified or destroyed within 5 to 10 years, putting the species at risk of extinction.
The County plan for agricultural and large-lot residential development along US 84 became obsolete in 2008, with the Pagosa Town Council's preliminary approval of a 96-ac (39-ha) Blue Sky Village annexation (Aragon 2008a, pp. 1-2). The proposed development plan is for a mixed commercial and high-to-low density residential village (Hudson 2008, p. 1). The 96-ac (39-ha) parcel is adjacent to the highest density of Ipomopsis polyantha plants, and includes about 2,562 ft (781 m) of potential habitat on US 84 frontage at the center of the species' distribution (Archuleta County Assessor 2008, p. 1). Occupied habitat also borders the southern edge of the property. Reducing habitat available to the Pagosa Springs occurrence of I. polyantha will limit its ability to disperse and repopulate after impacts.
In addition to the loss of potential habitat on private land for the plants, the proposed annexation will require access roads, utility installations, and acceleration and deceleration lanes along the highway ROW. Plants and habitat will likely be destroyed by this infrastructure construction
gosa Springs occurrence of I. polyantha will limit its ability to disperse and repopulate after impacts.
In addition to the loss of potential habitat on private land for the plants, the proposed annexation will require access roads, utility installations, and acceleration and deceleration lanes along the highway ROW. Plants and habitat will likely be destroyed by this infrastructure construction. The Blue Sky Village development will significantly reduce the amount of potential habitat within the species' range. Location of the development between the highest density of plants and the rest of the Pagosa Springs occurrence on the east side of US 84 will further fragment the habitat that has already been impacted by commercial, residential, and agricultural land uses.
The Blue Sky Ranch development of 1,362 ac (551 ha), plus 2,819 ft (859 m) of US 84 frontage, is another annexation being considered within potential Ipomopsis polyantha habitat. This project would include single and multi-family residential housing, a hotel and conference center, a golf course with clubhouse, and an equestrian center with riding trails and a multi-use arena (Aragon 2008b, p. 2).
A development of 560 ac (227 ha), including about 1 mi (1.6 km) of frontage along the west side of US 84, also is being considered for annexation within potential habitat that has not been surveyed for plants (Aragon 2008a, p. 2; Archuleta County Assessor 2008, p. 1).
The above three development proposals within the Pagosa Springs occurrence cover a total of 2,018 ac (817 ha) of potential habitat for the plants that have not been surveyed due to restricted access. The proposed developments include frontage along the US highway 84 ROW that currently provides 34 percent of the total habitat occupied by the plants (Archuleta County 2008, p. 1). Plants and habitat on this ROW are likely to be disturbed or removed by construction of new access roads, acceleration lanes, and utilities to accommodate the development
have not been surveyed due to restricted access. The proposed developments include frontage along the US highway 84 ROW that currently provides 34 percent of the total habitat occupied by the plants (Archuleta County 2008, p. 1). Plants and habitat on this ROW are likely to be disturbed or removed by construction of new access roads, acceleration lanes, and utilities to accommodate the development.
The Archuleta County and Town of Pagosa Springs revised 2004 Trails Plan (2004, p. 18) calls for an 8-ft (2.4 m) wide, 2.5-mi (4 km) long, paved bike path on the highway ROW from US 160 south along US 84 in occupied Ipomopsis polyantha habitat. This route, prioritized for completion as soon as funding is available, would eliminate about 50 percent of the occupied habitat on the highway ROW and 80 percent of the total occupied area in the Pagosa Springs occurrence (see Table 1 above). Another planned paved bike trail, parallel to US 160 and through the Dyke occurrence of I. polyantha, is on the low priority list in the Trails Plan (Archuleta County and Town of Pagosa Springs 2004, p. 28). Development of this bike trail would eliminate the portion of the Dyke occurrence located on the south side of the highway where the trail would be located.
Distribution of Ipomopsis polyantha on highway ROWs makes this species susceptible to threats associated with highway activities and maintenance. Exotic grasses planted by CDOT along roadsides dominate the ROW between pavement and ditch, limiting most I. polyantha plants to the ROW bank between ditch and fence. This limitation to the species' habitat along roadsides is significant because so little habitat exists elsewhere for the species. I. polyantha plants growing among thistles were killed by herbicide within the highway ROW along US 84 in 2004, when the thistles were treated with herbicide (Anderson 2004, p. 36). Since that time, Archuleta County has discontinued broadcast herbicide use and mowing on ROWs within the species' range
habitat along roadsides is significant because so little habitat exists elsewhere for the species. I. polyantha plants growing among thistles were killed by herbicide within the highway ROW along US 84 in 2004, when the thistles were treated with herbicide (Anderson 2004, p. 36). Since that time, Archuleta County has discontinued broadcast herbicide use and mowing on ROWs within the species' range. However, the planted exotic grasses continue to limit the species' habitat.
Highway ROWs provide about 50 percent of the occupied habitat for Ipomopsis polyantha . All highway ROW habitat is at risk of disturbance by construction of new access roads or acceleration lanes, bike paths, and utilities installation or maintenance. Such construction results in direct loss of I. polyantha individuals or reduced suitability of its habitat by altering the soil characteristics or displacing the seed bank (Anderson 2004, p. 36).
We determined that the present and threatened destruction, modification, and fragmentation of Ipomopsis polyantha habitat from ongoing commercial and residential development, associated new utility installations, construction of new access roads and bike paths, competition from introduced roadside grasses and other impacts associated with proximity to highways are significant and imminent threats to the species throughout its range. At this time, the species primarily persists on highway ROWs and private lands scheduled for development. Development planned for
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes
Activities resulting in overutilization of Ipomopsis polyantha plants for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes are not known to exist. Therefore, this factor is not addressed in this proposal.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
Disease is not known to affect Ipomopsis polyantha . Therefore, disease is not addressed in this proposal
Scientific, or Educational Purposes
Activities resulting in overutilization of Ipomopsis polyantha plants for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes are not known to exist. Therefore, this factor is not addressed in this proposal.
C. Disease or Predation
Disease
Disease is not known to affect Ipomopsis polyantha . Therefore, disease is not addressed in this proposal.
Predation
This species is threatened by destruction of flowering plants, rosettes, and seeds due to concentrated livestock disturbance and some herbivory. Observations of the “fence line effect”—healthy plants outside the fence and impacted plants inside the fence—at several locations on private land used for cattle and horse grazing indicate that Ipomopsis polyantha does not tolerate intensive livestock grazing (Anderson 2004, p. 30). For example, grazing by horses at a residential/agricultural development within the Pagosa Springs occurrence in 2005 resulted in few I. polyantha plants 3 years later (Mayo 2008b, p. 1). Over-the-fence observations from seven locations (pastures) in 2009 found few or no plants in the three heavily grazed pastures and numerous plants in the adjacent pastures with light or no grazing (Glenne 2010, pp. 1-3). We have no data to indicate whether the plant destruction results from herbivory or from trampling. I. polyantha is not found in heavily grazed pastures, but occurrences have been observed in lightly grazed horse pastures and abandoned pastures (CNAP 2007, p. 6). Plants could possibly recolonize a pasture if livestock numbers were reduced sufficiently and the seed bank was still viable, or if there was a seed source nearby, such as on the ungrazed side of a fence. Indications are that the species may be compatible with light grazing, but the level of impact and the threshold of species' tolerance have not been studied. Evidence indicates that few plants persist in areas of continual grazing (Collins 1995, pp. 107, 111, 112)
reduced sufficiently and the seed bank was still viable, or if there was a seed source nearby, such as on the ungrazed side of a fence. Indications are that the species may be compatible with light grazing, but the level of impact and the threshold of species' tolerance have not been studied. Evidence indicates that few plants persist in areas of continual grazing (Collins 1995, pp. 107, 111, 112). We determined that destruction of flowering plants, rosettes, and seeds due to heavy livestock use is a significant and imminent threat to I. polyantha.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Local Laws and Regulations
City and county ordinances have the potential to affect Ipomopsis polyantha and its habitats. Zoning that protects open space can retain suitable habitat, and zoning that allows commercial development can destroy or fragment habitat. We know of no city or county ordinances that provide for protection or conservation of I. polyantha or its habitat. Archuleta County road maintenance crews refrain from mowing or broadcast spraying ROWs within the range of Ipomopsis polyantha voluntarily, that is, without the mandate or support of regulations. However, there is no law, regulation, or policy requiring them to do so.
New annexation of 2,018 ac (817 ha) into the Town of Pagosa Springs will change land use from 35-ac (14-ha) agricultural parcels to commercial and small lot residential, with anticipated adverse impacts to the Pagosa Springs occurrence of I. polyantha . This land use conversion, as described in Factor A above, is the most significant threat to the species, because development planned for the next 5 to 10 years will likely impact all known potential habitat and 17 of 25 ROW acres (6.9 of 10 ha), and relegate the species to private residential areas and small, fragmented portions of highway ROWs.
State Laws and Regulations
No State regulations protect rare plant species in Colorado
in Factor A above, is the most significant threat to the species, because development planned for the next 5 to 10 years will likely impact all known potential habitat and 17 of 25 ROW acres (6.9 of 10 ha), and relegate the species to private residential areas and small, fragmented portions of highway ROWs.
State Laws and Regulations
No State regulations protect rare plant species in Colorado. Ipomopsis polyantha is classified by CNHP as a G1 and S1 species, which means it is critically imperiled across its entire range and within the State of Colorado (CNHP 2006a, p. 1). The CDOT has drafted best management practices for ROWs within I. polyantha habitat in collaboration with the Service (Peterson 2008, p. 1). In 2006, voluntary measures to minimize impacts to plants from a sewer line installation along US 84 were recommended by CDOT, but not implemented by the contractors (Mayo 2008c, pp. 1-4).
Federal Laws and Regulations
Ipomopsis polyantha is on the sensitive species lists for the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the BLM (USFS 2009, p. 6; BLM 2008b, p. 47). Occupied habitat has not been found on USFS land. In 2006, we learned that the Dyke occurrence extends onto 20 ac (8 ha) of BLM land (Lyon 2007b, pp. 3, 12, 13); 88 plants and 164 rosettes were found there in 2007 (CNAP 2007, p. 2). This BLM parcel was withdrawn from a proposed land exchange so that the plant habitat would remain under Federal management (Brinton 2009, pers. comm.; Lyon 2007b, p. 3). The species has no Federal regulatory protection for approximately 91 percent of the total known occupied and suitable habitat. It occurs mostly on State and private land (see Table 1 above), and development of these areas will likely require no Federal permit or other authorization. Therefore, projects that affect it are usually not analyzed under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)(42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq. )
ederal regulatory protection for approximately 91 percent of the total known occupied and suitable habitat. It occurs mostly on State and private land (see Table 1 above), and development of these areas will likely require no Federal permit or other authorization. Therefore, projects that affect it are usually not analyzed under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)(42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq. ).
We determined that the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms is a significant and imminent threat to Ipomopsis polyantha, because 91 percent of the known range of the species is on State and private lands that carry no protective regulations to ameliorate activities that will impact the species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
The adaptation of Ipomopsis polyantha to Pagosa-Winifred soils derived from Mancos Shale limits it to about 4 square mi (10.4 square km) within a 13-mi (21-km) range of fragmented habitat on outcrops of Mancos Shale. The species has specific physiological requirements for germination and growth that may prevent its spread to other locations (Anderson 2004, pp. 23-24). In greenhouse trials, seeds will germinate and grow on other soils, but they grow much faster on Mancos Shale soils (Collins 1995, p. 114). Faster growth may give I. polyantha a competitive advantage on relatively barren Mancos shale that it lacks on other soils where its smaller seedlings have more competition from other plants for nutrients and water. The species produces more seed when it is cross-pollinated (Anderson 2004, p. 23); therefore, existing and foreseeable fragmentation of habitat may cause gene flow to be obstructed. Pollinator-mediated pollen dispersal is typically limited to the foraging distances of pollinators, and no bee species is expected to travel more than 1 mi (1.6 km) to forage (Tepedino 2009, p. 11)
nutrients and water. The species produces more seed when it is cross-pollinated (Anderson 2004, p. 23); therefore, existing and foreseeable fragmentation of habitat may cause gene flow to be obstructed. Pollinator-mediated pollen dispersal is typically limited to the foraging distances of pollinators, and no bee species is expected to travel more than 1 mi (1.6 km) to forage (Tepedino 2009, p. 11). Thus, it is likely that the occurrence of
Ipomopsis polyantha shows great differences in plant numbers from year to year, probably because the plants are biennial and grow from seed. This trait makes them more vulnerable than perennials to changes in environment, including timing and amount of moisture, and length of time since disturbance. With increased time after disturbance, competition from other plants, both native and nonnative, increases (CNAP 2008a, p. 4). As a biennial species, I. polyantha also may be vulnerable to prolonged drought. During drought years, seeds may not germinate and plants may remain as rosettes without flowering or producing a new crop of seeds.
Climate change could potentially impact Ipomopsis polyantha. Localized projections indicate the southwest may experience the greatest temperature increase of any area in the lower 48 States (IPCC 2007, p. 30). A 10- to 30-percent decrease in precipitation in mid-latitude western North America is projected by the year 2050, based on an ensemble of 12 climate models (Milly et al. 2005, p. 1). Climate modeling at this time has not been refined to the level that we can predict the amount of temperature and precipitation change within the limited range of I. polyantha . Therefore, this analysis is speculative based on what the data indicate at this time. When plant populations are impacted by reduced reproduction during drought years, they may require several years to recover. Climate change may exacerbate the frequency and intensity of droughts in this area and result in reduced species' viability as the dry years become more common
mited range of I. polyantha . Therefore, this analysis is speculative based on what the data indicate at this time. When plant populations are impacted by reduced reproduction during drought years, they may require several years to recover. Climate change may exacerbate the frequency and intensity of droughts in this area and result in reduced species' viability as the dry years become more common. As described above, I. polyantha is sensitive to the timing and amount of moisture due to its biennial life history. Thus, if climate change results in local drying, the species could experience a reduction in its reproductive output.
Recent analyses of long-term data sets show accelerating rates of climate change over the past two or three decades, indicating that the extension of species' geographic range boundaries towards the poles or to higher elevations by progressive establishment of new local occurences will become increasingly apparent in the short term (Hughes 2000, p. 60). The limited geographic range of the Mancos Shale substrate that underlies the entire Ipomopsis polyantha habitat likely limits the ability of the species to adapt by shifting occurrences in response to climatic conditions.
We determined that the natural and human-caused factors of specific soil and germination requirements, fragmented habitat, effects of drought and climate change, and lack of proven methods for propagation present an imminent and moderate degree of threat to Ipomopsis polyantha across the entire range of the species.
Background— Penstemon debilis
Previous Federal Actions
We first included Penstemon debilis as a category 2 candidate species in the February 21, 1990, Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species (55 FR 6184). Category 2 candidate species were defined as “[t]axa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time” (55 FR 6185, February 21, 1990)
We first included Penstemon debilis as a category 2 candidate species in the February 21, 1990, Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species (55 FR 6184). Category 2 candidate species were defined as “[t]axa for which there is some evidence of vulnerability, but for which there are not enough data to support listing proposals at this time” (55 FR 6185, February 21, 1990). In 1996, we abandoned the use of numerical category designations and changed the status of P. debilis to a candidate under the current definition. We published four CNOR lists between 1996 and 2004, and P. debilis remained a candidate species with a LPN of 5 on each (62 FR 49398, September 19, 1997; 64 FR 57534, October 25, 1999; 66 FR 54808, October 30, 2001; 67 FR 40657, June 13, 2002). A LPN of 5 is assigned to species with non-imminent threats of a high magnitude.
On March 15, 2004, the Center for Native Ecosystems (CNE) and the Colorado Native Plant Society petitioned us to list Penstemon debilis (CNE 2004a, p. 1). We considered the information provided in their petition when we prepared the 2004 CNOR. In the 2004 CNOR, P. debilis remained a candidate species with a listing priority of 5 (69 FR 24876, May 4, 2004).
On May 11, 2004, we received a petition from the Center for Biological Diversity (CBD) to list 225 species we previously had identified as candidates for listing, including Penstemon debilis (CBD 2004, p. 6). Under requirements in section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act, the CNOR and Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions published on May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), raised the LPN of P. debilis from 5 to 2 but also included a finding that the immediate issuance of a proposed listing rule and the timely promulgation of a final rule for each of 225 petitioned species, including P. debilis , was warranted but precluded by higher priority listing actions, and that expeditious progress was being made to add qualified species to the Lists (70 FR 24870, May 11, 2005)
aised the LPN of P. debilis from 5 to 2 but also included a finding that the immediate issuance of a proposed listing rule and the timely promulgation of a final rule for each of 225 petitioned species, including P. debilis , was warranted but precluded by higher priority listing actions, and that expeditious progress was being made to add qualified species to the Lists (70 FR 24870, May 11, 2005).
On November 15, 2004, the CNE issued a 60-day notice of intent to sue for violation of section (4)(b)(3)(A) of the Act with respect to the petition to list Penstemon debilis (CNE 2004b, pp. 1-2). On January 25, 2005, Biodiversity Conservation Alliance and seven other entities filed an amended complaint regarding our failure to list P. debilis and five other species. As part of a settlement agreement, plaintiffs withdrew their lawsuit regarding P. debilis.
In the 2005 CNOR (70 FR 24870), as stated above, the listing priority number for Penstemon debilis was changed from 5 to 2 based on an increase in the intensity of energy exploration along the Roan Plateau escarpment, making the threats to the species imminent (70 FR 24870, May 11, 2005). A listing priority of 2 represents threats that are both imminent and high in magnitude. CNOR lists published in 2006 and 2007 maintained P. debilis as a candidate species with a listing priority of 2 (71 FR 53756, September 12, 2006; 72 FR 69034, December 6, 2007).
In each assessment since its recognition as a candidate species in 1996, we determined that publication of a proposed rule to list the species was precluded by our work on higher priority listing actions. However, in 2008, we received funding to initiate the proposal to list Penstemon debilis .
Species Information
Penstemon debilis is a rare plant, endemic to oil shale outcrops on the Roan Plateau escarpment in Garfield County, Colorado. This species is known by the common names Parachute beardtongue and Parachute penstemon. P
pecies was precluded by our work on higher priority listing actions. However, in 2008, we received funding to initiate the proposal to list Penstemon debilis .
Species Information
Penstemon debilis is a rare plant, endemic to oil shale outcrops on the Roan Plateau escarpment in Garfield County, Colorado. This species is known by the common names Parachute beardtongue and Parachute penstemon. P. debilis is classified by the CNHP as a G1 and S1 species, which means it is critically imperiled across its entire range and within the State of Colorado (CNHP 2008b, p. 14). The total estimated number of known plants is approximately 4,000 individuals (CNHP 2006b, p. 1; CNHP 2009a, p. 1; CNHP 2009b, p. 1; CNHP 2009c, p. 1; CNHP 2009d, p. 2). Approximately 82 percent of the known plants are on private land owned by a natural gas and oil shale production company. Most of the remaining 18 percent occur in one occurrence on BLM land that was recently leased under a new Resource Management Plan (RMP) amendment (BLM 2008a, Record of Decision (ROD) p. 2). In recent years, energy development has increased in this area on both private and Federal lands.
Traditionally Penstemon has been included in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family). Phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequences of taxa in this and related plant families over the last 10 years have necessitated realignment of several genera in these groups. Apart from a nomenclatural discrepancy, Penstemon has been shown to be a part of the Plantaginaceae (plantain) family, since 2001. The chronology and summary of the placement of Penstemon in the Plantaginaceae is presented by Oxelman et al. (2005, p. 415). We recognize this placement and will make the appropriate attribution in the proposed amendments to 50 CFR 17.12(h) at the end of this document. The text will include the family name as Plantaginaceae.
Penstemon debilis was discovered in 1986, and was first described by O'Kane and Anderson in 1987 (pp. 412-416
ment of Penstemon in the Plantaginaceae is presented by Oxelman et al. (2005, p. 415). We recognize this placement and will make the appropriate attribution in the proposed amendments to 50 CFR 17.12(h) at the end of this document. The text will include the family name as Plantaginaceae.
Penstemon debilis was discovered in 1986, and was first described by O'Kane and Anderson in 1987 (pp. 412-416. No challenges have been made to the taxonomy as first put forward by the authors. Penstemon debilis is a mat-forming perennial herb with thick, succulent, bluish leaves, each about 0.8 in. (2 cm) long and 0.4 in. (1 cm) wide. Plants produce shoots that run along underground, forming what appear as new plants at short distances away. Individual P. debilis plants are able to survive on the steep, unstable, shale slopes by responding with stem elongation as leaves are buried by the shifting talus. Buried stems progressively elongate down slope from the initial point of rooting to a surface sufficiently stable to allow the development of a tuft of leaves and flowers (O'Kane and Anderson 1987, pp. 414-415). Flowers are funnel-shaped, are white to pale lavender, and flower during June and July. P. debilis plants produce a low number of seeds, are primarily outcrossers, and have many different pollinators that vary between occurrences (McMullen 1998, p. 26). None of the pollinators are specialists to P. debilis , nor are any of them rare (McMullen 1998, p. 31). We know little about the lifecycle of Penstemon debilis with regard to generational timetables.
Penstemon debilis seems to be at least somewhat adapted to disturbance. Each of the known occurrences of the species contains high levels of physical disturbance (McMullen 1998, p. 81). Many of the characteristics that are most similar among sites promote continual disturbance: steep slopes, unstable shale channer surface layers, and no surface soil (McMullen 1998, p. 82). In fact, two of the largest P
emon debilis seems to be at least somewhat adapted to disturbance. Each of the known occurrences of the species contains high levels of physical disturbance (McMullen 1998, p. 81). Many of the characteristics that are most similar among sites promote continual disturbance: steep slopes, unstable shale channer surface layers, and no surface soil (McMullen 1998, p. 82). In fact, two of the largest P. debilis occurrences, are on recent mine talus slopes where anthropogenic disturbance was very high as recently as 1994 (McMullen 1998, p. 82). One occurrence was recorded to have several hundred individuals in 1994, but no individuals can be found at this site today (McMullen 1998, p. 82). This may be a result of a reduction in the disturbance levels through successional processes such as soil development and increased vegetative cover (McMullen 1998, p. 82). Penstemon debilis may be considered a pioneer species that disperses to recent disturbances, flourishes, and goes locally extinct if soil conditions become stable (McMullen 1998, p. 82).
Penstemon debilis grows on steep, oil shale outcrop slopes of white shale talus at 8,000 to 9,000 ft (2,400 to 2,700 m) in elevation on the southern escarpment of the Roan Plateau above the Colorado River west of the town of Parachute, Colorado. The Roan Plateau falls into the geologic structural basin known as the Piceance Basin. Average annual precipitation at Parachute, Colorado, is 12.75 in. (32.4 cm) (IDcide 2009, p. 1). P. debilis is found only on the Parachute Creek Member of the Green River Formation. P. debilis is often found growing with other species endemic to the Green River formation, including Astragalus lutosus (dragon milkvetch), Festuca dasyclada (Utah fescue), Mentzelia argillosa (Arapien stickleaf), and Thalictrum heliophilum (sun-loving meadowrue), as well as several non-endemics (O'Kane & Anderson 1987, p. 415).
The historical range and distribution for this species is unknown
. P. debilis is often found growing with other species endemic to the Green River formation, including Astragalus lutosus (dragon milkvetch), Festuca dasyclada (Utah fescue), Mentzelia argillosa (Arapien stickleaf), and Thalictrum heliophilum (sun-loving meadowrue), as well as several non-endemics (O'Kane & Anderson 1987, p. 415).
The historical range and distribution for this species is unknown. All of the currently known occurrences occur on about 56 ac (23 ha) in Garfield County. The Green River geologic formation to which the plant is restricted is the major source of oil shale in the United States. Although this formation is underground throughout most of the Piceance Basin, it is exposed on much of the southern face of the Roan Plateau. The total area of the plant's geographic range is about 2 mi (3 km) wide and 8 mi (13 km) long. Prior to 1997, two occurrences of P. debilis were known. In 1997, the CNHP used existing habitat and distribution information, along with soils, geology, and aerial photographs, to select target survey areas. The ensuing survey resulted in the discovery of two new occurrences (Spackman et al . 1997, p. 6). Two other occurrences were first recorded by BLM in 1997 and 2005 at oil shale mine sites (CNHP 2009a, p. 1; CNHP 2009d, p. 1). Another occurrence of approximately 12 plants was reported in June 2009 (Graham 2009a, pp. 1-2). It is likely that unknown occurrences exist, because many areas are simply inaccessible to surveyors due to steep terrain or private land ownership or both.
Penstemon debilis occurs at seven known occurrences, four of which are rated by CNHP as having “good to excellent” estimated viability based on population size, individual plant sizes, and site ecology (CNHP 2006b, p. 1; CNHP 2009a, p. 1; CNHP 2009b, p. 1; CNHP 2009c, p. 1; CNHP 2009d, p. 2) (see Table 2 below). The largest occurrence (Mount Callahan Natural Area) of 2,100 to 2,240 plants grows on lands owned by an energy development company (CNAP 2006, p. 1)
ich are rated by CNHP as having “good to excellent” estimated viability based on population size, individual plant sizes, and site ecology (CNHP 2006b, p. 1; CNHP 2009a, p. 1; CNHP 2009b, p. 1; CNHP 2009c, p. 1; CNHP 2009d, p. 2) (see Table 2 below). The largest occurrence (Mount Callahan Natural Area) of 2,100 to 2,240 plants grows on lands owned by an energy development company (CNAP 2006, p. 1). The Mount Callahan Ridge occurrence, with an estimated 650 plants, grows on lands owned by the same energy development company (CNAP 2006, pp. 1-2). The Anvil Points Road occurrence grows on lands administered by the BLM and has an estimated 700 plants (CNHP 2009d, p. 2). The Mount Logan Mine occurrence grows on lands owned by both the energy development company (approximately 90 percent) and BLM (10 percent), and has 533 plants (CNHP 2009a, p. 1).
Two additional Penstemon debilis occurrences on BLM land are considered to have “poor” estimated viability (CNHP 2009e, p. 1; CNHP 2009f, p. 1). The Anvil Points occurrence had 200 to 300 plants reported in 1994, but only three plants could be found in 1998 (CNHP 2009e, p. 1). The latest survey in 2006 found no plants at this occurrence (CNHP 2009e, p. 1). It appears that the decline of this occurrence was a result of natural processes including competition by surrounding vegetation (DeYoung 2008a, p. 1). The area including this habitat also was leased under the BLM August 2008 lease sale (BLM 2008b, p. 3; Ewing 2008a, p. 7).
The Mount Logan Road occurrence, discovered in 1996 on a road cut, had 10 plants, of which only 3 were found in 2005 (CNHP 2009f, p. 1). Because these two occurrences have so few individuals, they are considered to have poor viability by CNHP, and we consider them not viable into the future.
The Smith Gulch occurrence of approximately 12 plants was reported in June 2009 (Graham 2009a, pp. 1-2)
The Mount Logan Road occurrence, discovered in 1996 on a road cut, had 10 plants, of which only 3 were found in 2005 (CNHP 2009f, p. 1). Because these two occurrences have so few individuals, they are considered to have poor viability by CNHP, and we consider them not viable into the future.
The Smith Gulch occurrence of approximately 12 plants was reported in June 2009 (Graham 2009a, pp. 1-2). This occurrence has not been rated by CNHP; however, it is small (12 plants) and, because of its positioning in a drainage, has a high potential for being destroyed by a rain event (Graham 2009a, pp. 1-2).
Table 2. Current and Historically Known Penstemon debilis Occurrences Occurrence Viability # of Plants ac (ha) Land Ownership Mt. Callahan Natural Area Excellent 2,100-2,240 32 (12.9) Private Anvil Points Road Good 700 5 (2) BLM Mount Logan Mine Good 533(50 on BLM) 2 (0.8) Private and BLM Mount Callahan Ridge Good 650 4 (1.6) Private Mount Logan Road Poor 3 7 (2.8) BLM Anvil Points Poor 0 6 (2.4) BLM Smith Gulch Unrated 12 not reported BLM Total 3,998 - 4,138 56 (22.7) The total estimated number of Penstemon debilis in the wild is currently 3,998 to 4,138 individuals. The occurrences on BLM land represent about 18 percent of the total plants counted and estimated. An energy development company owns land that contains approximately 82 percent of the total plants. We have no information to indicate an overall species trend.
Summary of Factors Affecting Penstemon debilis
A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
Penstemon debilis habitat is threatened by energy development and associated impacts. Of the four known viable occurrences (Mount Callahan Natural Area, Anvil Points Road, Mount Logan Mine, Mount Callahan Ridge), all but the Anvil Points Road occurrence are on lands wholly or partially owned by an energy development company
atened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range
Penstemon debilis habitat is threatened by energy development and associated impacts. Of the four known viable occurrences (Mount Callahan Natural Area, Anvil Points Road, Mount Logan Mine, Mount Callahan Ridge), all but the Anvil Points Road occurrence are on lands wholly or partially owned by an energy development company. All four viable occurrences, which exist on the Roan Plateau, face ongoing or potential threats, including: oil and gas development, oil shale extraction and mine reclamation, and road maintenance and vehicle access through occurrences.
The Piceance Basin, including federal and private lands surrounding the Roan Plateau, has experienced a boom in natural gas production in recent years. The BLM projects that around 3,916 billion cubic feet of natural gas will be developed over the next 20 years from the portion of the Roan Plateau that was addressed in the new RMP amendment (CNE 2004a, p. 44). Oil and gas exploration and development continues to increase each year on and around the Roan Plateau. In 2003, 566 new wells were permitted in Garfield County: 796 in 2004; 1,508 in 2005 (Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC 2006, p. 1); 1,844 in 2006; 2,550 in 2007 (COGCC 2008, p. 1); and 2,888 in 2008 (COGCC 2009a, p. 1). Because of a decrease in natural gas prices, new well permits decreased in 2009 to 743 (Webb 2009, p. 1), as of June 3, 2009 (COGCC 2009a, p. 1). This number is down from the 1,029 wells permitted by the same time in 2008, but is still higher than the 566 wells permitted in Garfield county in all of 2003 (COGCC 2008, p. 1).
Energy exploration and development includes construction of new unpaved roads, well pads, disposal pits, evaporation ponds, and pipeline corridors, as well as cross country travel by employees
2009 (COGCC 2009a, p. 1). This number is down from the 1,029 wells permitted by the same time in 2008, but is still higher than the 566 wells permitted in Garfield county in all of 2003 (COGCC 2008, p. 1).
Energy exploration and development includes construction of new unpaved roads, well pads, disposal pits, evaporation ponds, and pipeline corridors, as well as cross country travel by employees. Each of these actions has the potential to cause direct impacts such as plant removal and trampling, and indirect impacts to Penstemon debilis such as dust deposition and loss of habitat for pollinators. The ramifications of direct impacts are easily assessed if witnessed. Plant removal, contact with herbicide or ice-melting chemicals, and trampling can cause death of plants. Because P. debilis was unknown as a species until 1987, and most of the occurrences are on private land or in remote locations on public land, the impacts may go unnoticed. For example, impacts to the Mount Logan Mine occurrence were unknown until the occurrence was discovered in 2005; even after discovery, further mine-related impacts occurred because the remote location of the mine made it difficult for BLM to manage the occurrence (CNHP 2009b, p. 1; Ewing 2009a, p. 4).
Indirect effects to Penstemon debilis from energy exploration are less easily assessed. Road traffic on unpaved roads increases dust emissions in previously stable surfaces (Reynolds et al . 2001, p. 7126). For every vehicle traveling one mile (1.6 km) of unpaved roadway once a day, every day for a year, approximately 2.5 tons of dust are deposited along a 1,000-foot (305-m) corridor centered on the road (Sanders 2008, p. 20). Vascular plants can be greatly affected within the zone of maximum dust fall (i.e., the first 1000 ft (305 m) from the road) (Everett 1980, p. 128). Excessive dust may affect photosynthesis, affect gas and water exchange, clog plant pores, and increase leaf temperature leading to decreased plant vigor and growth (Ferguson et al . 1999, p
(305-m) corridor centered on the road (Sanders 2008, p. 20). Vascular plants can be greatly affected within the zone of maximum dust fall (i.e., the first 1000 ft (305 m) from the road) (Everett 1980, p. 128). Excessive dust may affect photosynthesis, affect gas and water exchange, clog plant pores, and increase leaf temperature leading to decreased plant vigor and growth (Ferguson et al . 1999, p. 2; Sharifi et al . 1997, p. 842). All of the viable occurrences of P. debilis are within 300 ft (91 m) of roads. Further energy development would likely increase road density and traffic volume.
Other indirect impacts can occur due to a loss of pollinator habitat. Penstemon debilis requires an insect pollinator to reproduce (McMullen 1998, p. iii). McMullen (1998) concluded that pollinators for P. debilis were generalists and were not limiting at that time (prior to the energy boom). However, Tepedino (2009) described how the pollination biology of another Piceance Basin rare plant ( Physaria obcordata ) is being impacted by energy development. He described that any energy development that reduces the general level of available floral vegetation has a detrimental effect on pollinators' ability to reproduce, subsequently resulting in fewer pollinators and reduced ability of the dependent plant to reproduce (Tepedino 2009, pp. 16-17).
A large parcel of land including habitat occupied by the Anvil Points Road occurrence was offered and sold for oil and gas leasing under the BLM August 2008 lease sale (DeYoung 2008b, p. 1; BLM 2008b, p. 1; Ewing 2008a, p. 7). This lease is currently being contested in court. Increased energy exploration in the Anvil Points Road area may increase maintenance and vehicle access on the unstable road that Penstemon debilis occurrence and increase the likelihood of effects to P. debilis due to construction of additional roads and other facilities associated with oil and gas exploration.
Oil shale mining has impacted Penstemon debilis occurrences
being contested in court. Increased energy exploration in the Anvil Points Road area may increase maintenance and vehicle access on the unstable road that Penstemon debilis occurrence and increase the likelihood of effects to P. debilis due to construction of additional roads and other facilities associated with oil and gas exploration.
Oil shale mining has impacted Penstemon debilis occurrences. Oil shale extraction activities occurred on the Roan Plateau in the early 1980s and into the 1990s (COBiz 2008, pp. 3-4). This extraction impacted the Mount Logan Mine and Anvil Points Road occurrences. Because P. debilis was not identified as a species until 1987, we have no record of the pre-mining occurrence status. However, we believe the plants were present at these sites prior to mining because they are present now. The plants were likely heavily impacted by mine operations within their habitat, and the occurrences have recovered to a far smaller population size on a reduced area of habitat (see Factor E for discussion of inherent risk of small population size).
Commercial oil shale extraction has not yet proven to be economically viable, and current research and development efforts no longer focus on surface mining of oil shale rock on the Roan Cliffs (COBiz 1987, pp. 3-4). The BLM recently released the RMP amendments to allow oil shale leasing in the Piceance Basin (BLM 2007a, p. 1). The known Penstemon debilis occurrences are not within the area that BLM has currently identified as available for leasing (BLM 2008c, p. 14). It is unknown when oil shale extraction will become economically viable. Despite the recent retreat from surface mining of oil shale, if commercial oil shale production does become economically viable, we expect a renewed interest in extracting shale from the cliffs of the Roan Plateau because of the convenient access to shale resources on the surface
d as available for leasing (BLM 2008c, p. 14). It is unknown when oil shale extraction will become economically viable. Despite the recent retreat from surface mining of oil shale, if commercial oil shale production does become economically viable, we expect a renewed interest in extracting shale from the cliffs of the Roan Plateau because of the convenient access to shale resources on the surface. Recent and ongoing impacts to the Anvil Points Road occurrence are occurring due to research conducted by an oil shale research and development company and at the Anvil Points Road and Mount Logan Mine occurrences due to mine reclamation and closure efforts (DeYoung 2009a, pers. comm.; Mayo 2006, pp. 1-4).
The BLM has begun mine reclamation action under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (42 U.S.C. 9601 et seq. ), commonly known as Superfund, to remove health and safety hazards from Anvil Points Road. Actions will include closing access to the passages leading into the mine and removing lead mine tailings soil on the mine bench (Goodenow 2008, pers. comm.). It is unknown whether the lead in the soil is a threat to Penstemon debilis . The CNHP estimates 700 individual plants at this occurrence (CNHP 2009d, p. 2). To date, 88 plants are known to have been directly impacted by Anvil Points Road mine reclamation actionspermitted by BLM, occuring in the winter of 2008-2009 (DeYoung 2009b, pers. comm.). Of the 88, 21 were transplanted, and 67 were covered by matting intended to reduce soil disturbance (DeYoung 2009b, pers. comm.; DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). Long-term success of transplants is unknown, but 2 of the 21 transplants died as of June 2009 (DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). Eleven of the 67 plants covered by matting are dead or unaccounted for (DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). With restoration work still underway, it is unclear how many more plants will be impacted
d by matting intended to reduce soil disturbance (DeYoung 2009b, pers. comm.; DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). Long-term success of transplants is unknown, but 2 of the 21 transplants died as of June 2009 (DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). Eleven of the 67 plants covered by matting are dead or unaccounted for (DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). With restoration work still underway, it is unclear how many more plants will be impacted.
The Anvil Points Road occurrence is impacted by Garfield County road stabilization work, which is required to maintain access to a transmitter tower located within occupied habitat for Penstemon debilis . In addition, BLM recently allowed an oil shale research and development company to conduct research in the Anvil Points mine, a project area containing the Anvil Points Road occurrence (Ewing 2008a, p. 4). This research consists of taking high resolution photographs of the geologic formation visible from the sides of the mine, and possibly removing core samples. This research project is expected to include vehicle trips up the road every day for 1 month and to directly impact P. debilis individuals growing in the road immediately outside the mine (Ewing 2008a, p. 6). The roads transecting the occurrence are on shifting shale talus slopes and are very conducive to rock and mudslides, which can destroy P. debilis habitat and which require the road to be maintained frequently. Three plants are known to have been destroyed by the road maintenance conducted under this permit (DeYoung 2009a, pers. comm.). The BLM believes that some additional plants may have been trampled by unauthorized access to an area that was fenced off during the research period; however, it is unclear how many plants were disturbed (DeYoung 2008c, pers. comm.). In addition to the direct impacts, the road maintenance required to allow this level of traffic makes occupied P. debilis habitat more accessible to the public, which could result in further trampling by humans and vehicles (Ewing 2008a, pp. 5-6)
zed access to an area that was fenced off during the research period; however, it is unclear how many plants were disturbed (DeYoung 2008c, pers. comm.). In addition to the direct impacts, the road maintenance required to allow this level of traffic makes occupied P. debilis habitat more accessible to the public, which could result in further trampling by humans and vehicles (Ewing 2008a, pp. 5-6).
The Mount Logan Mine occurrence of Penstemon debilis is primarily located on land owned by a natural gas and oil shale production corporation, with a portion of the occurrence occupying BLM land. This occurrence is perched on a steep, unstable slope above a road that is currently used for access to an ongoing reclamation project at an old oil shale mine site. Several plants on this steep road bank were dangling by their roots in 2005 due to road maintenance (Mayo 2006, pp. 1-4). The road was widened, and these plants were gone by 2006 (Mayo 2006, p. 1). Mine reclamation actions destroyed a portion of this occurrence by burying it in topsoil (Ewing 2009a, p. 4). This site also contains noxious weeds associated with the disturbance; it is unknown whether the weeds will pose a threat to P. debilis (Ewing 2009a, p. 4). The BLM portion of this occurrence was included in an oil and gas lease parcel nominated for sale; however, BLM deferred the sale of the lease parcel until their RMP revision is complete, and until we make a decision concerning the status of the species (CNE 2005, p. 1; Lincoln 2009, pers. comm.). The energy company that owns the land containing most of the Mount Logan Mine occurrence has been actively developing their holdings in this area. Further development of the lands immediately surrounding this occurrence would likely result in impacts due to road construction and maintenance on the unstable shifting shale talus.
The Mount Logan Road occurrence, located on a road cut near the Logan Mine occurrence, had 10 plants in 1996, of which only 3 plants were found in 2005 (CNHP 2009f, p. 1)
vely developing their holdings in this area. Further development of the lands immediately surrounding this occurrence would likely result in impacts due to road construction and maintenance on the unstable shifting shale talus.
The Mount Logan Road occurrence, located on a road cut near the Logan Mine occurrence, had 10 plants in 1996, of which only 3 plants were found in 2005 (CNHP 2009f, p. 1). This occurrence has no barriers to shield the plants from road impacts, such as removal by maintenance machinery, accidental trampling, and spraying of ice melting or herbicide chemicals; the road also generates heavy dust (CNHP 2009f, pp. 1-3; DeYoung 2009d, pp. 1-3; Ewing 2009a, p. 2). As a result of these threats, we consider this occurrence to be nonviable.
The Mount Callahan Natural Area and Mount Callahan Ridge occurrences, which include approximately 82 percent of total known Penstemon debilis plants, occur on land owned by an energy development company. These occurrences are behind locked gates, making them inaccessible to the public and the Service. The landowner intends to develop up to three natural gas well drilling pads within a 680-ac (275-ha) area that includes both Mount Callahan occurrences (Webb 2008, p. 1). Construction has begun on one pad, located 360 ft (110 m) from the nearest known P. debilis individual and 105 ft (32 m) uphill from its habitat (Ewing 2008a, p. 2). These pads will likely indirectly impact P. debilis through dust
The Smith Gulch occurrence of approximately 12 plants was discovered on BLM lands below Mount Callahan during surveys for a proposed oil and gas development project in June 2009 (Graham 2009b, p. 1). Two well pads, and corresponding roads and pipelines, are proposed for this area (Graham 2009b, p. 1).
The BLM develops a Reasonably Foreseeable Development scenario (RFD) to project the level of oil and gas activity that can be expected to occur
lants was discovered on BLM lands below Mount Callahan during surveys for a proposed oil and gas development project in June 2009 (Graham 2009b, p. 1). Two well pads, and corresponding roads and pipelines, are proposed for this area (Graham 2009b, p. 1).
The BLM develops a Reasonably Foreseeable Development scenario (RFD) to project the level of oil and gas activity that can be expected to occur. The RFD is intended as a technical and scientific approximation of anticipated levels of oil and gas development during the planning timeframe (BLM 2006, p. 4-2). It is not intended to define specific numbers and locations of wells and pads. An RFD for oil and gas is a long-term projection of oil and gas exploration, development, production, and reclamation activity within the lands and minerals managed by the BLM Field Office (BLM 2005b, p. 2). The RFD is a technical report typically referenced in the NEPA document for the RMP (BLM 2005b, p. 2).
The RFD for the Glenwood Springs BLM Field Office, Roan Plateau Planning Area, which contains the Anvil Points Road and Anvil Points Penstemon debilis occurrences, used 20 years as the foreseeable development timeframe. Based on the RFD, the Roan Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Proposed Plan projected approximately 669 pads, 3,691 wells, 2,791 ac (1,129 ha) of long-term disturbance, and 1,624 ac (657 ha) of short-term disturbance in the Roan Planning Area (BLM 2006, p. 4-11). The other occurrences located on BLM land (Mount Logan Mine and Mount Logan Road) are within the BLM Grand Junction Field Office, which is currently in the process of developing a new RFD. The current RFD was developed in 1987, and forecasted 50 wells a year for a 20-year timeframe (Anderson 2008, p. 1). No RFD projection is available for the lands containing the Mount Callahan Natural Area, Mount Callahan Ridge, and private portion of the Mount Logan Mine occurrences, because they are on private lands with privately owned minerals
s currently in the process of developing a new RFD. The current RFD was developed in 1987, and forecasted 50 wells a year for a 20-year timeframe (Anderson 2008, p. 1). No RFD projection is available for the lands containing the Mount Callahan Natural Area, Mount Callahan Ridge, and private portion of the Mount Logan Mine occurrences, because they are on private lands with privately owned minerals.
Penstemon debilis is not protected by Federal regulation for about 82 percent of the total known and estimated plants because they are on private land. The remaining 18 percent of plants are on BLM lands. The BLM controls access to the Anvil Points Mine (containing the Anvil Points Road occurrence) with a gate. This gate is often left open, allowing public access to the plant occurrence Access to the other BLM occurrence (the Mount Logan Road occurrence) is controlled by a guard station. Approximately 300 trucks, associated with energy development, drive by this occurrence every day after checking with the guard (Mayo 2005, p. 1).
In summary, three of the four viable occurrences (Mount Callahan Natural Area, Mount Logan Mine, and Mount Callahan Ridge) are on lands owned wholly or partially by an energy development company. Some individuals of the fourth occurrence (Anvil Points Road), on BLM land, are subject to transplantation or destruction as a result of an ongoing mine restoration project and road maintenance. Over the past 6 years, oil and gas exploration and production has increased substantially in the area containing the habitat for Penstemon debilis making it likely that the species will become endangered in the foreseeable future. The pace of new development slowed in 2009; however, it is still far above pre-2004 levels. P. debilis grows on steep shifting slopes, and roads through P. debilis habitat are unstable and require frequent maintenance, which often destroys plants
ubstantially in the area containing the habitat for Penstemon debilis making it likely that the species will become endangered in the foreseeable future. The pace of new development slowed in 2009; however, it is still far above pre-2004 levels. P. debilis grows on steep shifting slopes, and roads through P. debilis habitat are unstable and require frequent maintenance, which often destroys plants. Plants seem to be able to recolonize their habitat after disturbance; however, recolonization is slow, and would not be able to keep pace with rapid development. For these reasons we consider destruction and modification of the species' habitat for natural gas production, oil shale mining, mine reclamation, road maintenance, and associated impacts resulting from increased vehicle access to the occurrences, a moderate but immediate threat to P. debilis .
B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes
Overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes is not known to be a threat to Penstemon debilis . Therefore, this factor is not addressed in this proposal.
C. Disease or Predation
Seed predation of Penstemon debilis by small mammals has shown to be very low (McMullen 1998, pp. 39-40). Grazing, predation, and disease are not known to be a threat to P. debilis . Therefore, this factor is not addressed in this proposal.
D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms
Local Laws and Regulations
Approximately 82 percent of Penstemon debilis occupied habitat occurs on private lands. We are not aware of any city or county ordinances or zoning that provide for protection or conservation of P. debilis or its habitat.
State Laws and Regulations
No State laws or regulations protect rare plant species in Colorado on private land or otherwise. The Mount Callahan Natural Area and Mount Callahan Ridge occurrences, including approximately 82 percent of total known Penstemon debilis plants, occur on land owned by an energy development company
hat provide for protection or conservation of P. debilis or its habitat.
State Laws and Regulations
No State laws or regulations protect rare plant species in Colorado on private land or otherwise. The Mount Callahan Natural Area and Mount Callahan Ridge occurrences, including approximately 82 percent of total known Penstemon debilis plants, occur on land owned by an energy development company. With the cooperation of the landowner, the CNAP, a State agency, has designated the area of Mount Callahan (referred to throughout the document as the Mount Callahan Natural Area occurrence) and Mount Callahan Ridge occurrences as Natural Areas (Kurzel 2008, pers. comm.; CNAP 1987, pp. 1-7;, CNAP 2008a, pp. 1-7;, Webb 2008, p. 1) Through these designations, the landowner has agreed to develop the natural gas pads in a way that should minimize impacts to the P. debilis occurrences (Ewing 2008a, pp. 1-2). The agreements include conservation measures such as stormwater management and a noxious weeds management plan in order to minimize development impacts to the species (CNAP 2008b, pp. 1-4; CNAP 2008c, pp. 1-4). The CNAP has been very successful in garnering landowner participation in conservation of rare species in Colorado. However, natural area agreements are voluntary and can be terminated at any time by either party with a 90-day written notice. For this reason, and because no legally binding conservation easements or candidate conservation agreements protect any of the occurrences on private land, we have concluded that the Natural Area designation alone does not constitute an adequate regulatory mechanism to conserve P. debilis . We consider inadequate State laws and regulations a significant and immediate threat to this species, because the laws do not ameliorate the threats to the species.
Federal Laws and Regulations
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq
concluded that the Natural Area designation alone does not constitute an adequate regulatory mechanism to conserve P. debilis . We consider inadequate State laws and regulations a significant and immediate threat to this species, because the laws do not ameliorate the threats to the species.
Federal Laws and Regulations
The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) (43 U.S.C. 1701 et seq. ) directs BLM, as part of the land use planning process, to “give priority to the designation and protection of areas of critical environmental concern” (Sec. 202(c)(3)).
Following an evaluation of the relevance and importance of the values found in potential ACECs, a determination is made as to whether special management is required to protect those values and, if so, to specify what management prescriptions would provide that special management (BLM 2006, pp. 3-111). The Records of Decision (RODs) for the Roan Plateau RMP Amendment were signed June 8, 2007, and March 12, 2008. The March 12, 2008, ROD establishes the Anvil Points ACEC, an area designated for management of sensitive resources including Penstemon debilis (BLM 2008a, ROD p. 4). The ROD lists as an objective for the Anvil Points ACEC to “protect occupied habitat and the immediately adjacent ecosystem processes that support candidate plants.” This ROD also authorizes oil and gas development in the ACECs, making the portions of these areas that are not currently leased, available for lease (BLM 2008a, ROD p. 2). Anvil Points ACEC covers most of the formerly occupied occurrence area at Anvil Points, and the entire Anvil Points Road occurrence.
In order to protect Penstemon debilis in the ACEC, a No Surface Occupancy (NSO) and No Ground Disturbance (NGD) stipulation was established for both Anvil Points P. debilis occurrences (BLM 2007b, ROD p. 26). The term NGD applies to all activities except oil and gas leasing and permitting, while the term NSO applies only to oil and gas leasing and permitting (BLM 2008a, ROD p. 6)
oad occurrence.
In order to protect Penstemon debilis in the ACEC, a No Surface Occupancy (NSO) and No Ground Disturbance (NGD) stipulation was established for both Anvil Points P. debilis occurrences (BLM 2007b, ROD p. 26). The term NGD applies to all activities except oil and gas leasing and permitting, while the term NSO applies only to oil and gas leasing and permitting (BLM 2008a, ROD p. 6). The NSO designation prohibits long-term use or occupancy of the land surface for fluid mineral exploration or development to protect identified resource values (BLM 2006, pp. 2-3). This designation means that an area is protected from permanent structures or long-term ground-disturbing activities (i.e., lasting longer than 2 years) (BLM 2006, pp. 2-3). For example, an NSO designation would preclude construction of a well pad (because it would last longer than 2 years) but not a typical pipeline (because it would be revegetated within 2 years) (BLM 2006, pp. 2-3). Also, an NSO does not preclude the extraction of underlying fluid minerals if they can be accessed from outside the area by directional drilling (BLM 2006, pp. 2-3). Directional drilling may not disturb the overlying surface, including Penstemon debilis habitat. Except for specified situations, individual NSOs may include exceptions so that BLM may allow a ground-disturbing activity if it meets specific, stated criteria (BLM 2006, pp. 2-3). For example, the NSO designation for these occurrences allows for the BLM to grant exceptions for long-term ground disturbing activities if consultation with the Service indicates that proposed activity would not impair maintenance or recovery of the species (BLM 2007a, pp. F6-F7).
The protections provided by the NSO/NGD provision of the ACEC designation should be adequate to provide for maintenance of the Anvil Points Road occurrence
se occurrences allows for the BLM to grant exceptions for long-term ground disturbing activities if consultation with the Service indicates that proposed activity would not impair maintenance or recovery of the species (BLM 2007a, pp. F6-F7).
The protections provided by the NSO/NGD provision of the ACEC designation should be adequate to provide for maintenance of the Anvil Points Road occurrence. When applied, the NSO/NGD would require BLM to consult with the Service and ensure that proposed activity would not impair maintenance or recovery of the species prior to authorizing an exception to the NSO/NGD (BLM 2007a, pp. F6-F7). However, despite NSO/NGD provisions, projects have proceeded without consultation that resulted in destruction of Penstemon debilis individuals, and other projects with likely impacts to P. debilis are being considered by BLM without consultation. This ability to proceed without consultation indicates that the NSO/NGD provisions are inadequate to protect P. debilis and its habitat. Recent examples demonstrating the inadequacy of the NSO/NGD provisions follow. (1) The BLM approved work under the CERCLA to remove health and safety hazards from the Anvil Points Road occurrence. This project resulted in direct impacts to at least 90 Penstemon debilis individuals (DeYoung 2009c, p. 1). We believe many of these impacts could have been avoided or minimized through the consultation process. (2) BLM is considering granting permission for continued maintenance of the Garfield County transmitter tower access road (DeYoung 2009b pers. comm.). Maintaining the existing road rather than relocating it increases the likelihood of destroying P. debilis plants and prevents the recolonization of plants in the current road bed. (3) BLM has authorized oil shale research projects in the past at the Anvil Points mine (Ewing 2008a, p.4), which lead to the destruction of P. debilis plants (BLM 2007a, p. F6-F7; DeYoung 2009a, pers. comm.)
rs. comm.). Maintaining the existing road rather than relocating it increases the likelihood of destroying P. debilis plants and prevents the recolonization of plants in the current road bed. (3) BLM has authorized oil shale research projects in the past at the Anvil Points mine (Ewing 2008a, p.4), which lead to the destruction of P. debilis plants (BLM 2007a, p. F6-F7; DeYoung 2009a, pers. comm.). (4) The land containing the Anvil Points Road occurrence was leased for oil and gas development under the BLM August lease sale (DeYoung 2008b, p. 1; BLM 2008b, p. 1; Ewing 2008a, p. 7). Increased energy exploration in the Anvil Points Road area may increase maintenance and vehicle access and consequently increase the likelihood of other adverse affects. Continued adverse impacts to the Anvil Points Road occurrence, beyond those currently occurring during the mine reclamation effort, could result in reduced viability and possible extirpation of the Anvil Points Road occurrence.
In summary, we found that existing regulatory mechanisms are inadequate to protect Penstemon debilis . No State or local laws or regulations protect Penstemon debilis. P. debilis is afforded some protection on Federal lands as a candidate species; however, the protection has been inadequate, and would be reduced if we find that P. debilis does not meet the definition of an endangered or threatened species. P. debilis has no regulatory protection for approximately 82 percent of the total estimated plants because they are on private land. The private land owner has pledged to protect these plants from direct impacts, but the agreement is not legally binding. Because of this lack of regulation, we consider inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be a significant and immediate threat to this species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
The Anvil Points occurrence, which formerly included several hundred plants on BLM land, has been reduced to zero plants since 1994 for unknown reasons (CNHP 2009e, p. 1)
legally binding. Because of this lack of regulation, we consider inadequate regulatory mechanisms to be a significant and immediate threat to this species.
E. Other Natural or Manmade Factors Affecting Its Continued Existence
The Anvil Points occurrence, which formerly included several hundred plants on BLM land, has been reduced to zero plants since 1994 for unknown reasons (CNHP 2009e, p. 1). It appears that the decline of this occurrence was a result of natural processes including competition by surrounding native vegetation, which includes Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (yellow rabbitbrush) (DeYoung 2008a, p. 1; CNHP 2009e, p. 2). New Penstemon debilis plants grown off site from seeds were introduced but declined over several years (CNHP 2009e, p. 2). Monitoring failed to show a cause for the disappearance of P. debilis (DeYoung 2008a, p. 1).
Penstemon debilis population sizes are small, and the smaller the population, the more likely extinction is in any given period of time (Shaffer 1987, p. 70). All occurrences of P. debilis grow on a 17-mi (27-km) stretch of the rim of the Roan Plateau in
In addition, the fragmentation of P. debilis habitat by human-related activities threatens to reduce the species to mosaics of small populations occurring in isolated habitat remnants. Occurrences with small population size (fewer than 50 individuals) are more likely to suffer genetic problems such as genetic drift and inbreeding depression due to losses of individuals in such events (McMullen 1998, p. 3; Ellstrand & Elam 1993, p. 226). Conversely, if the current population structure is similar to the historical range, it is possible that P. debilis has adapted to be less vulnerable to inbreeding depression (Ellstrand & Elam 1993, p. 225).
Climate change could potentially impact Penstemon debilis
ic drift and inbreeding depression due to losses of individuals in such events (McMullen 1998, p. 3; Ellstrand & Elam 1993, p. 226). Conversely, if the current population structure is similar to the historical range, it is possible that P. debilis has adapted to be less vulnerable to inbreeding depression (Ellstrand & Elam 1993, p. 225).
Climate change could potentially impact Penstemon debilis . According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), “Warming of the climate system in recent decades is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global sea level” (Bates et al. 2008, p. 15). Average Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the second half of the 20th century were very likely higher than during any other 50-year period in the last 500 years and likely the highest in at least the past 1,300 years (IPCC 2007, p. 30). It is very likely that over the past 50 years, cold days, cold nights, and frosts have become less frequent over most land areas, and hot days and hot nights have become more frequent. It is likely that heat waves have become more frequent over most land areas, and the frequency of heavy precipitation events has increased over most areas (IPCC 2007, p. 30). As described above, climate modeling is not currently to the level that we can predict the amount of temperature and precipitation change within P. debilis 's limited range. Therefore, we generally address what could happen under the current climate predictions. However, we need further refinement of the current predictions to draw more reliable conclusions concerning the effects of climate change on the species.
It is unknown how Penstemon debilis responds to drought; however, in general, plant numbers decrease during drought years, but recover in subsequent seasons that are less dry. Drought years could result in a loss of plants
climate predictions. However, we need further refinement of the current predictions to draw more reliable conclusions concerning the effects of climate change on the species.
It is unknown how Penstemon debilis responds to drought; however, in general, plant numbers decrease during drought years, but recover in subsequent seasons that are less dry. Drought years could result in a loss of plants. Changes in the global climate system during the 21st century are likely to be larger than those observed during the 20th century. For the next 2 decades, a warming of about 32.4 °F (0.2 °C) per decade is projected (IPCC 2007, p. 45). Afterward, temperature projections increasingly depend on specific emission scenarios. Various emissions scenarios suggest that by the end of the 21st century, average global temperatures are expected to increase 33 to 39 °F (0.6 to 4.0 °C) with the greatest warming expected over land. Localized projections suggest the Southwest may experience the greatest temperature increase of any area in the lower 48 States. It is likely that hot extremes, heat waves, and heavy precipitation will increase in frequency (IPCC 2007, p. 30). There also is high confidence that many semi-arid areas like the western United States will suffer a decrease in water resources due to climate change. A 10- to 30-percent decrease in precipitation in mid-latitude western North America is projected by the year 2050 based on an ensemble of 12 climate models (Milly et al. 2005, p. 1). When plant populations are impacted by additional threats during drought years, they may require several years to recover. Climate change may exacerbate the frequency and intensity of droughts. Under drought conditions, plants generally are less vigorous and less successful in reproduction. With small populations and their inherent genetic risk, lowered reproduction could result in reduced population viability
pulations are impacted by additional threats during drought years, they may require several years to recover. Climate change may exacerbate the frequency and intensity of droughts. Under drought conditions, plants generally are less vigorous and less successful in reproduction. With small populations and their inherent genetic risk, lowered reproduction could result in reduced population viability.
Recent analyses of long-term data sets show accelerating rates of climate change over the past 2 or 3 decades, indicating that the extension of species' geographic range boundaries towards the poles or to higher elevations by progressive establishment of new local populations will become increasingly apparent in the relatively short term (Hughes 2000, p. 60). The limited geographic range of the oil shale substrate that makes up the entire Penstemon debilis habitat could limit the ability of the species to adapt to changes in climatic conditions by progressive establishment of new populations.
Incidental disturbance by humans, and stochastic events, such as drought, landslides, or encroaching vegetation can impact Penstemon debilis . However the species likely evolved under these factors and we do not consider them significant immediate threats. Climate change could exacerbate these factors, causing them to pose a threat to P. debilis ; however the current data are not reliable enough at the local level for us to draw conclusions regarding the imminence of climate change threats to P. debilis .
Background —Phacelia submutica
Previous Federal Actions
We included Phacelia submutica as a category 1 candidate species in the 1980 Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species (45 FR 82480, December 15, 1980). In that notice, category 1 candidates were defined as species for which the Service had “sufficient information on hand to support the biological appropriateness of their being listed as Endangered or Threatened species.” We changed the candidate status of P
tegory 1 candidate species in the 1980 Review of Plant Taxa for Listing as Endangered or Threatened Species (45 FR 82480, December 15, 1980). In that notice, category 1 candidates were defined as species for which the Service had “sufficient information on hand to support the biological appropriateness of their being listed as Endangered or Threatened species.” We changed the candidate status of P. submutica to category 2 on November 28, 1983 (45 FR 82480). On February 21, 1990, we again identified P. submutica as a category 1 candidate species (55 FR 6184). In the February 28, 1996, Federal Register (61 FR 7596) all category 1 candidate species became candidates under the current definition. We assigned P. submutica an LPN of 11. In the 2005 CNOR (70 FR 24870, May 11, 2005) we raised the LPN to 8, to reflect the increasing level of threats, which are imminent and of moderate magnitude.
On May 11, 2004, we received a petition from the CBD to list, as endangered, 225 species we previously had identified as candidates for listing, including Phacelia submutica (CBD 2004, p. 146). Under requirements in section 4(b)(3)(B) of the Act, the CNOR and the Notice of Findings on Resubmitted Petitions published by the Service on May 11, 2005 (70 FR 24870), included a finding that the immediate issuance of a proposed listing rule and the timely promulgation of a final rule for each of these petitioned species, including P. submutica , was warranted but precluded by higher priority listing actions, and that expeditious progress was being made to add qualified species to the Lists.
On April 28, 2005, the CNE, the Colorado Native Plant Society, and botanist Steve O'Kane, Jr., Ph.D., submitted a petition to the Service to Phacelia submutica as endangered or threatened within its known historical range, and to designate critical habitat concurrent with the listing (CNE et al . 2005, p. 1). We considered the information in the petition when we prepared the 2006 CNOR (71 FR 53756, September 12, 2006)
e CNE, the Colorado Native Plant Society, and botanist Steve O'Kane, Jr., Ph.D., submitted a petition to the Service to Phacelia submutica as endangered or threatened within its known historical range, and to designate critical habitat concurrent with the listing (CNE et al . 2005, p. 1). We considered the information in the petition when we prepared the 2006 CNOR (71 FR 53756, September 12, 2006). Section 4(b)(3)(C) of the Act requires that when we make a warranted-but-precluded finding on a petition, we are to treat such a petition as one that is resubmitted on the date of such a finding. We identified P. submutica as a species for which we made a continued warranted-but-precluded finding on a resubmitted petition in the Federal Register on December 6, 2007 (72 FR 69034), and December 10, 2008 (73 FR 75176). We retained an LPN of 8 for the species. In the 2008 notice, we announced that we have not updated our assessment for this species, as we were developing this proposed listing rule (73 FR 75227).
In each assessment since its recognition as a candidate species under the current definition in 1996, we determined that publication of a proposed rule to list the species was precluded by our work on higher priority listing actions. In 2008, we received funding to initiate the proposal to list Phacelia submutica .
Species Information
Phacelia submutica is a rare annual plant endemic to clay soils derived from the Atwell Gulch and Shire members of the Wasatch Formation in Mesa and Garfield Counties, Colorado. The 25 known occurrences of the plant occupy a total of 104 ac (42 ha) (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj; WestWater Engineering 2004, pp. 2; Ewing 2008b, map). Fifteen of the occurrences occupy patches of 1 ac (0.4 ha) or less. All occurrences consist of small patches of plants on uniquely suitable soil separated by larger areas of similar soils that are not occupied by P. submutica
25 known occurrences of the plant occupy a total of 104 ac (42 ha) (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj; WestWater Engineering 2004, pp. 2; Ewing 2008b, map). Fifteen of the occurrences occupy patches of 1 ac (0.4 ha) or less. All occurrences consist of small patches of plants on uniquely suitable soil separated by larger areas of similar soils that are not occupied by P. submutica . The estimated total number of plants differs from 84 to 42,926 per year, depending on growing conditions. The species depends on its seed bank to survive for one or many years, again depending on growing conditions.
Phacelia submutica was first described by Howell based on specimens collected from the town of DeBeque, Mesa County, Colorado, in 1911 and 1912 (Howell 1944, pp. 370-371Halse (1981, pp. 121, 129, 130) reduced it to varietal status as P. scopulina var . submutica. This has been challenged as incorrect by O'Kane (1987, p. 2), who claimed Halse used inadequate collection materials, and that P. submutica is geographically isolated from P. scopulina (O'Kane 1987, p. 2; 1988, p. 462). Phacelia submutica is recognized at the species rank by current floristic treatments in Weber and Wittmann (1992, p. 98; 2001, p. 203) and by the Director of the Biota of North America Program (Kartesz 2008, pers. comm.). While the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (2001) database cites John Kartesz as the expert source for this species, it is not updated with his currently accepted name for the species: Phacelia submutica (Kartesz 2008, pers. comm.). Phacelia is included in the Hydrophyllaceae (waterleaf family). Recent molecular data suggest that this family should be combined in an expanded Boraginaceae (borage family). There are conflicting views on the configuration of this larger Boraginaceae and the lead author of the family treatment for the upcoming Flora of North America has chosen to retain the Hydrophyllaceae. Therefore, we will retain Phacelia in the Hydrophyllaceae family for this proposal
y). Recent molecular data suggest that this family should be combined in an expanded Boraginaceae (borage family). There are conflicting views on the configuration of this larger Boraginaceae and the lead author of the family treatment for the upcoming Flora of North America has chosen to retain the Hydrophyllaceae. Therefore, we will retain Phacelia in the Hydrophyllaceae family for this proposal.
Phacelia submutica is a low-growing, herbaceous, spring annual plant with a tap root. The stems are typically 0.8 to 3 in. (2 to 8 cm) long, often branched at the base and mostly laying flat on the ground as a low rosette (Howell 1944, pp. 371-372). Stems are often deep red and more or less hairy with straight andstiff hairs. Leaves are similarly hairy, reddish at maturity, 0.2 to 0.6 in. (5 to 15 mm) long, egg-shaped or almost rectangular with rounded corners, with bases abruptly tapering to a wedge-shaped point. Leaf margins are smooth or toothed. The yellowish flowers are arranged on somewhat congested racemes; the stamens are shorter than the corolla throat and the fruits are not attenuate at the apex (Howell 1944, pp. 371-372).Unlike many Phacelia species, the stamens do not protrude beyond the petals. The style is 0.04 to 0.06 in. (1 to 1.5 mm) long and nearly hairless. The bracts around the seed capsules are 0.2 to 0.4 in. (6 to 10 mm) long. The elongated egg-shaped seeds are 0.6 to 0.8 in. (1.5 to 2 mm) long with 6 to 12 crosswise corrugations, and are blackish brown and somewhat iridescent (Howell 1944, p. 370; Halse 1981, p. 130; O'Kane 1987, p. 3).
Phacelia submutica seeds usually germinate in early April; the plants may flower between late April and late June. Fruit set is from mid-May through late June. Individuals finish their life cycle by late June to early July, after which time they dry up and disintegrate or blow away, leaving no indication that the plants were present (Burt and Spackman 1995, p. 23)
81, p. 130; O'Kane 1987, p. 3).
Phacelia submutica seeds usually germinate in early April; the plants may flower between late April and late June. Fruit set is from mid-May through late June. Individuals finish their life cycle by late June to early July, after which time they dry up and disintegrate or blow away, leaving no indication that the plants were present (Burt and Spackman 1995, p. 23). The species grows in a habitat with wide temperature fluctuations, long drought periods, and erosive saline soils. Upon drying,cracks form in the soils. Seeds plant themselves by falling into the cracks that close when wetted, thus covering the seeds (O'Kane 1988, p. 20). Plant sites differ in numbers of flowering plants each year, but there are no observations of site expansion. Seeds do not appear to disperse to adjacent soils. The ideal conditions required for seeds of this species to germinate are unknown.
It is likely that the number of seedlings depends not on total precipitation but on the temperature after the first major storm event of the season (Levine et al. 2008, p. 795). Phacelia submutica seeds can remain dormant for 5 years (and probably longer) until the combination and timing of temperature and precipitation are optimal (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh). Rare annuals that flower every year are subject to extinction under fluctuating conditions, because they exhaust their seed reserves (Meyer et al. 2006, p. 901). Rare ephemeral annuals, such as P. submutica , that save their seed bank for the best growing conditions are more resilient to fluctuating conditions. P. submutica numbers at Horsethief Mountain fluctuated from 1,700 plants in 1986, to 50 in 1992, up to 1,070 in 2003, and down to only a few from 2006 to 2008 (CNHP 2009g, records q-t). The fluctuation in numbers indicates that many seeds remain dormant in the seed bank during years when few plants can be found
seed bank for the best growing conditions are more resilient to fluctuating conditions. P. submutica numbers at Horsethief Mountain fluctuated from 1,700 plants in 1986, to 50 in 1992, up to 1,070 in 2003, and down to only a few from 2006 to 2008 (CNHP 2009g, records q-t). The fluctuation in numbers indicates that many seeds remain dormant in the seed bank during years when few plants can be found.
Phacelia submutica is restricted to exposures of chocolate to purplish brown and dark charcoal gray clay soils derived from the Atwell Gulch and Shire members of the Wasatch Formation (Donnell 1969, pp. M13-M14; O'Kane 1987, p. 10). These expansive clay soils are found on moderately steep slopes, benches, and ridge tops adjacent to valley floors of the southern Piceance Basin in Mesa and Garfield Counties, Colorado. On these slopes and soils, P. submutica usually grows only on one unique small spot of ground that shows a slightly different texture and color than the similar surrounding soils (Burt and Spackman 1995, p. 15). We do not have a precise description of the soil features required to support this species, but it is clear that the identified habitat that appears to be suitable will never be fully occupied by the plants. The currently known occupied habitat where the plants grow covers about 104 ac (42 ha) (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj; Ewing 2008b, map; see Table 3 below). About 538 ac (216 ha) of suitable habitat have been mapped (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; P. submutica , includes about 86,000 ac (34,800 ha) (WestWater Engineering 2004, pp. 2, 11; Western Ecological Resource 2008, pp. 54-65, 100; CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj; Ewing 2008b, map). The growing town of DeBeque and about 10 mi (16.4 km) of interstate highway 70 and the Colorado River bisect the species' range.
Each occurrence of the species includes one or more sites that often cover only a few square meters (O'Kane 1987, p. 16)
ngineering 2004, pp. 2, 11; Western Ecological Resource 2008, pp. 54-65, 100; CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj; Ewing 2008b, map). The growing town of DeBeque and about 10 mi (16.4 km) of interstate highway 70 and the Colorado River bisect the species' range.
Each occurrence of the species includes one or more sites that often cover only a few square meters (O'Kane 1987, p. 16). Twenty-five occurrences of Phacelia submutica , including 37 sites, are documented (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; WestWater Engineering 2007, p. 26;, CNHP 2010, records ii-jj). Two of the occurrences were newly recorded in 2009 (CNHP 2010, records ii-jj). All occurrences are separated from one another by at least 0.6 mi (1 km) of unsuitable habitat or 1.2 mi (2 km) of suitable habitat (CNHP 2007, p, 1). Six of the 25 occurrences are considered historical records, and three additional occurrences have historical sites included with occupied habitat data. Historical occurrences or sites have either not been revisited for at least 20 years, or they were revisited but no plants were found within the last 20 years. Historical records are included in the following table of occurrences and subsequent analyses of status. The highest total number of P. submutica plants that have ever been counted at the 25 occurrences is 42,926 (see Table 3 below). The lowest total count was 84 plants (CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; WestWater Engineering 2007, pp. 17, 26; CNHP 2010, records ii, jj).
Phacelia submutica is classified by the CNHP as a G2 and S2 species, which means it is imperiled across its entire range and within the State of Colorado (CNHP 2007, p. 1). CNHP ranks the quality of each occurrence on a scale of A to E, with A meaning abundant and viable, and E meaning extant, but no ranking information is available. There is also an H rank for historical records. Ranks are based on the viability and number of plants, the amount of anthropogenic (human) disturbance, and the amount of weed cover and intact habitat (CNHP 2007, p. 1). No P
2007, p. 1). CNHP ranks the quality of each occurrence on a scale of A to E, with A meaning abundant and viable, and E meaning extant, but no ranking information is available. There is also an H rank for historical records. Ranks are based on the viability and number of plants, the amount of anthropogenic (human) disturbance, and the amount of weed cover and intact habitat (CNHP 2007, p. 1). No P. submutica occurrences are ranked A by CNHP. Eleven percent are ranked B, 33 percent have a C rank, 19 percent have a D rank, and 1 percent has an E rank. The H rank is assigned to 38 percent of the records (see Table 3 below; CNHP 2009g, records a-hh; CNHP 2010, records ii-jj).
No occurrences of Phacelia submutica have been found beyond the described habitat an

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