# SWAPPING HARSH CHEMICALS IN (2024)

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URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aponca_nebraska%3Ae5c50431a7b63bba

## Record

- **Collection:** Tribal code
- **Document type:** Tribal code

## Text

“Cleaner Cleaning”
SWAPPING HARSH CHEMICALS IN
HOUSEHOLD CLEANING PRODUCTS FOR
NON-TOXIC ALTERNATIVES

Ponca Tribe of Nebraska Environmental Department

Table of Contents

1-6.....Introduction

25....Laundry Detergent

7.... Hazardous Ingredients

26....Mold and Mildew Cleaners

8....Acetone

27....Oven Cleaner

8....Aerosol Products

28....Toilet Bowl Cleaner + Deodorizers

8....Ammonia
9....Diethanolamine (DEA)
9....D-Limonene
9....Ethoxylated Nonyl Phenol
10....Formaldehyde
10....Fragrance
11....Methylene Chloride
11....Monoethanolamine
11....Morpholine
12....Naphthalene
12....Parabens
12....Paradichlorobenzene
12....Phosphoric Acid
13....Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate Dihydrate

29....Additional Recipes
30....Fragrant Kitchen Cleaner
30....Refrigerator Cleaner
31....Garbage Can Deodorizer
31....Garbage Disposal Cleaner
32....Copper and Brass Cleaner
32....Tub and Tile Cleaner
33....Plumbing Fixture Cleaner #1
33....Plumbing Fixture #2
34....No Streak Glass Cleaner
34....Mirror and Window Polish

13....Sodium Hypochlorite (Bleach)

35....Less Toxic Ingredients

13....Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

36....Essential Oils

14....Toluene

37....Baking Soda and Vinegar

14....Turpentine

38....Castile Soap
39....Washing Soda

15....Cleaners and the Alternatives
16....All-Purpose Cleaner
17....Bleach
18....Dishwashing Soap

40....Distilled Water
41....3% Hydrogen Peroxide
42....Lemons and Citric Acid
43....Storage:Amber Glass Jars

19....Dishwasher Detergents
20....Disinfectant

44....References

21.....Drain Cleaner

45....References

22....Fabric Softener
23....Floor Cleaner, Wax, Polish
24....Floor and Furniture Polish

46....Additional Comments

Introduction

Mass-produced, ready-made cleaning
products have become a very common
item found in American homes. These
cleaning products are relatively
inexpensive, readily accessible, and easy to
use. They do not require much thought
from the user and are, seemingly,
continuously reliable without
consequence.

1

Introduction

Unknown to many consumers,
some of the most popular brands
of cleaning products do pose a
health threat to users due to their
chemical makeup.

2

Introduction

A peer-reviewed study by the Environmental
Working Group found that our everyday
cleaning products may release hundreds of
VOCs (volatile organic compounds) with many
of them being hazardous (2023.) The release of
VOCs increases the users risk of respiratory
damage, cancer, and developmental and
reproductive harms.

3

Introduction

In addition to the harmful chemicals found in
many popular cleaning products, these
products may also pose a threat to children
and individuals who may not understand the
risks of ingesting or handling the products
extensively. Therefore, a significant health
risk is present when these products are not
stored properly.

4

Introduction
Finally, many popular household cleaning
products are extremely harmful when mixed
together. Unfortunately, users may not know this
and mix products thinking that it will increase the
effectiveness of the products. There are
numerous dangerous mixes, but just to name a
few -

Bleach and Vinegar = Chlorine Gas

Bleach + Ammonia = Chloramine

Bleach + Rubbing Alcohol = Chloroform

5

Introduction

Fortunately, there are non-toxic cleaning
alternatives that are much more suitable to
be used for everyday clean ups. These nontoxic cleaning products are inexpensive,
reliable, effective, and work great for daily inhouse use.

6

Hazardous
Ingredients
Learning how to create your own daily
cleaners is a great way to implement healthconscious thinking within your home. But,
there may be times when you cannot
commit to making your own cleaners. Good
news! There are still many great brands out
there that offer cleaning minus the bad
ingredients. Identifying non-toxic cleaning
products is easy, as long as you know what
ingredients to avoid. Here are some
common hazardous ingredients found in
cleaning supplies to look out for when
searching the aisles for a healthy
alternative.
7

Hazardous Ingredients
Acetone: A neurotoxin, acetone may cause liver and
kidney damage, and damage to developing fetuses. It
is a skin and eye irritant. Acetone is found in spot
treatment cleaners, mark and scuff removers, and
other products.
Aerosol products: Aerosol propellants may contain
propane, formaldehyde (a carcinogen, neurotoxin and
central nervous system depressant), methylene
chloride (a carcinogen, neurotoxin, and reproductive
toxin), and nitrous oxide. Products applied with
aerosol sprays are broken into minute particles, which
are smaller and can be more deeply inhaled than
larger particles, thus increasing their toxic effect.
Ammonia: Undiluted, ammonia is a severe eye and
respiratory irritant that can cause severe burning pain
and corrosive damage, including chemical burns,
cataracts, and corneal damage. It can also lead to
kidney and liver damage. Repeated or prolonged
exposure to vapors can result in bronchitis and
pneumonia. Ammonia is found in a wide range of
cleaning products. When it reacts with bleach, it can
form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause burning
and watering of eyes as well as burning of the nose
and mouth.

8

Hazardous Ingredients
Diethanolamine (DEA): Listed as a suspected carcinogen
by the State of California, this chemical is a skin and
respiratory toxicant, and a severe eye irritant. DEA is
used in a wide range of household cleaning products.

D-limonene: This chemical is produced by cold-pressing
orange peels. The extracted oil is 90% d-limonene. Dlimonene is a sensitizer, neurotoxin, and moderate eye
and skin irritant. D-limonene has the potential to trigger
respiratory distress when vapors are inhaled by some
sensitive individuals. There is some evidence of
carcinogenicity. D-limonene is the active ingredient in
some insecticides. It is used as a solvent in many allpurpose cleaning products, especially 'citrus' and 'orange'
cleaners. Also listed on labels as citrus oil and orange oil.

Ethoxylated nonyl phenol: Nonyl phenols are hormone
disruptors, with some containing traces of ethylene oxide,
a known human carcinogen. Nonyl Phenols are eye and
skin irritants. They are used in laundry detergents and
other cleaning products.

9

Hazardous Ingredients
Formaldehyde: In lab tests, formaldehyde has caused cancer
and damaged DNA. Formaldehyde is also a sensitizer with
potential to cause asthma. Several laboratory studies have
shown it to be a central nervous system depressant. Exposure
to formaldehyde may cause joint pain, depression, headaches,
chest pains, ear infections, chronic fatigue, and dizziness.
While formaldehyde naturally occurs in the human body in
minute amounts, it is estimated that 20% of people exposed to
it will experience an allergic reaction. Formaldehyde is used in
a wide range of products, including some furniture polishes.
Formaldehyde may be released by other chemicals.

Fragrance: Fragrance on a label can indicate the presence of
up to 4,000 separate ingredients, most of which are synthetic.
Many compounds in fragrance are human toxins and
suspected or proven carcinogens. In 1989, the US National
Institute of Occupational Safety and Health evaluated 2,983
fragrance chemicals for health effects. They identified 884 of
them as toxic substances. Synthetic fragrances are known to
trigger asthma attacks. The US Environmental Protection
Agency found that 100% of perfumes contain toluene, which
can cause liver, kidney, and brain damage as well as damage to
a developing fetus. Symptoms reported to the FDA from
fragrance exposure have included headaches, dizziness,
rashes, skin discoloration, violent coughing, vomiting, and skin
irritation. Clinical observations by medical doctors have
shown that exposure to fragrances can affect the central
nervous system, causing depression, hyperactivity, irritability,
an inability to cope, and other behavioral changes.

10

Hazardous Ingredients

Methylene chloride: Methylene chloride is a carcinogen,
neurotoxin, and reproductive toxin. On inhalation, it can
cause liver and brain damage, irregular heartbeat, and
even heart attack. It is a severe skin and moderate eye
irritant. Used in stain removers.
Monoethanolamine: This chemical may cause liver,
kidney, and reproductive damage as well as depression
of the central nervous system. Inhalation of high
concentrations, when cleaning an oven for example, can
cause dizziness or even coma. The chemical can also be
absorbed through the skin. It is a moderate skin irritant,
and a severe eye irritant. Found in many cleaning
products, including oven cleaners, tub and tile cleaners,
laundry pre-soaks, floor strippers, and carpet cleaners.

Morpholine: This corrosive ingredient can severely
irritate and burn skin and eyes, and can even cause
blindness if splashed in eyes. Morpholine can cause liver
and kidney damage, and long-term exposure can result in
bronchitis. It reacts with nitrites (added as a
preservative in some products, or present as a
contaminant) to form carcinogenic nitrosamines.
Morpholine is a moderate to severe eye, skin, and
mucous membrane irritant. Used as a solvent in a
number of cleaning products, including some furniture
polishes and abrasive cleansers.

11

Hazardous Ingredients
Naphthalene: This registered pesticide is listed as a
suspected carcinogen in California and is most commonly
found in mothballs, and some other pest repellants as well
as in deodorizers. As a reproductive toxin, it is transported
across the placenta and can cause blood damage. It can
cause liver and kidney damage, corneal damage, and
cataracts. Skin exposure is especially dangerous to
newborns.
Parabens: Parabens are hormone disruptors. Widely used in
cleaning products as preservatives, paraben is usually
preceded by the prefixes methyl-, ethyl-, butyl-, or propyl.
Parabens may cause contact dermatitis
Paradichlorobenzene: This highly volatile registered
pesticide is in the same chemical class as DDT. It is a
suspected carcinogen, and may cause lung, liver, and kidney
damage. It is used in mothballs, some washroom
deodorizers, and urinal blocks.
Phosphoric acid: Extremely corrosive, it can severely
irritate and burn the skin and eyes. Breathing vapors can
make the lungs ache, and it may be toxic to the central
nervous system. Phosphoric Acid is found in some liquid
dishwasher detergents, metal polishes, some disinfectants,
and bathroom cleaners, especially those that remove lime
and mildew.

12

Hazardous Ingredients
Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate: This corrosive
chemical is a severe eye, skin, and respiratory irritant. It
may cause liver and gastrointestinal damage, and may be
toxic to the central nervous system. It will react with
bleach to form poisonous chlorine gas that can cause
burning and watering of eyes as well as, burning of the
nose and mouth. It is found in some toilet bowl cleaners
and deodorizers, as well as, industrial detergents and
some institutional dishwashing detergents.
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach): A corrosive chemical,
sodium hypochlorite is an eye, skin, and respiratory
irritant as well as a sensitizer. It is especially hazardous
to people with heart conditions or asthma, and can be
fatal if swallowed. It may be a neurotoxin and toxic to the
liver. Found in a wide range of household cleaners.
Sodium Lauryl Sulfate: Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used
as a lathering agent. This chemical is a known skin
irritant. It also enhances the allergic response to other
toxins and allergens. The U.S. government has warned
manufacturers of unacceptable levels of dioxin formation
in some products containing this ingredient. SLS can
react with other ingredients to form cancer-causing
nitrosamines.

13

Hazardous Ingredients

Toluene: Exposure to toluene may cause liver,
kidney, and brain damage. It is also a
reproductive toxin which can damage a
developing fetus.

Turpentine: This chemical can cause allergic
sensitization and kidney, bladder, and central
nervous system damage. It is an eye irritant.
Found in specialty solvent cleaners, furniture
polish, and shoe products.

14

Cleaners and the
Alternatives

If you do feel ready to create your own non-toxic
cleaning products, follow along for some recipes!
(There will also be mention of some less toxic
alternatives to spot in the store if applicable to the
product)
*Homemade products are best used within
1-3 months after assembly
*store in a cool, dark place with
minimal sunlight
*DO NOT ingest recipes. Avoid
contact with eyes.

15

All Purpose Cleaner

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Cleaners may contain ammonia, a strong irritant which can also cause
kidney and liver damage, butyl cellusolve, a neurotoxin that can rapidly
penetrate skin, and ortho phenylphenol, a severe eye and skin irritant. Many
all-purpose cleaners contain DEA and TEA, which can react with nitrites
(added as undisclosed preservatives or present as contaminants) to form
carcinogenic nitrosamines which readily penetrate the skin. Many colored
products are made with carcinogenic coal tar colors. Hormone disrupting
parabens may be used as preservatives. Many cleaners also include
fragrances and detergents. Alternative brands may contain d-limonene, a
sensitizer which can also cause respiratory distress as well as liver, kidney,
and nervous system damage. D-limonene is a hazardous substance, although
it is derived from a natural source.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Microfiber cloths - These untreated, reusable cloths are
made of polyester and polyamide that are spun into tiny
wedge shaped strands, 100 times finer than a human hair.
They can lift off dirt, grease, and dust without the need for
cleaning chemicals, because they are formulated to
penetrate and trap dirt. There are a number of different
brands. A good quality cloth can last for several years.

Homemade Alternatives
Ingredients:
4 tablespoons baking soda
1 quart warm water
Directions: Pour solution on a clean sponge and wipe

16

Bleach

Cleaners and the Alternatives

The main ingredient in chlorine bleach is sodium hypochlorite (chlorine added
to lye). Chlorine is toxic as a skin irritant, and by inhalation. Sodium
hypochlorite can create poisonous chlorine gas if mixed with ammonia (which
may be an unlabeled ingredient in some cleaning products) or vinegar.
Workplace safety data sheets warn that sodium hypochlorite may be a
neurotoxin and can cause liver damage. People with chemical sensitivities
report adverse reactions to minute quantities of chlorine. Sodium
hypochlorite readily combines with organic matter to form organochlorines
which are highly toxic to aquatic life.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Hydrogen peroxide - drug store dilution. Use 1/2 cup per wash
load
Oxiclean - oxygen bleach
Simply Clean - Oxygen bleach
Sunshine will whiten cotton and linen

Homemade Alternatives
Ingredients:
3/4 cup 3% hydrogen peroxide
1/4 cup lemon juice
1 Tbsp. citric acid (optional– whitens clothes natural and helps to soften
water, making this more effective in hard water)
distilled water to fill
10-15 drops lemon essential oil
amber 1/2 gallon glass jug
Directions:
Pour hydrogen peroxide, lemon juice, citric acid (if using), and lemon
essential oil into an amber glass bottle. Swish around until citric acid is
dissolved.
Fill the rest of the jug with distilled water and use as you would bleach.

17

Dishwashing Soap

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Most dishwashing liquids contain detergents, coal tar based
colors, and artificial fragrance. They may contain Quaternium-15,
an eye and skin irritant which can release carcinogenic
formaldehyde. If the label says "Do not use with chlorine
bleach," then the product probably contains ammonia. Many
dyes are known to be carcinogenic, meaning that they can
penetrate the skin and be deposited on dishes. Conventional
detergents are petroleum-based.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Dr.Bronners Castile Liquid Soap can be used in
the homemade alternative
EcoLeaf
Common Good
Mrs.Meyers
Homemade Alternatives
Ingredients:
1/2 cup Castile Liquid Soap
1/2 cup water (distilled or boiled)
1 Tbsp vitamin E oil
1 Tbsp nourishing oil (sweet almond or jojoba oil)
5-10 drops essential oils
Directions:
1. In a mason jar or soap dispenser, add water first (to prevent bubbles)
then add the liquid castile soap, followed by the oils. Shake ingredients
together.
2. Shake the soap dispenser before using, then squirt a small amount on
your hands as needed, rinsing with water.

18

Cleaners and the Alternatives
Dishwasher Detergents
Many dishwasher detergents contain dry chlorine which is activated
when dissolved in water. Chlorine fumes in the steam that leaks from
dishwashers may cause eye irritation and difficulty breathing.
Dishwasher detergents may also contain quarternium-15, an eye and
skin irritant, and allergen that can release carcinogenic formaldehyde.
Dyes and artificial fragrances are common ingredients.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Ever Spring
Method Free + Clear
Clean People
Love, Home, and Planet

Homemade Alternatives
Ingredients:
1 1/2 cups citric acid
1 1/2 cups washing soda
1/2 cup baking soda
1/2 cup sea salt
Directions:
Mix to combine. Use 1 Tbsp. per load.

19

Disinfectant

Cleaners and the Alternatives

It's doubtful whether disinfectants are needed at all for most household uses.
Ordinary cleanliness is sufficient to eliminate hazardous bacteria. Soap, water and
rubbing (the old "wash your hands" requirement) is the best method to prevent
disease. The fad for disinfectants and anti-bacterials is based on a false fear of germs.
Homes do not require the same type of cleaning as hospitals, where disease and
infection is more common.
Besides being a waste of money, some brands of disinfectants use highly caustic
chemicals like sodium hydroxide, sodium hypochlorite, and phosphoric acid that can
burn eyes and skin. Breathing vapors can burn lungs. Disinfectants may also contain
phenols which can damage DNA as well as the liver, kidney, and nervous systems,
cresol, a suspected carcinogen and respiratory toxin, formaldehyde, a carcinogen,
sensitizer, and suspected central nervous system depressant, chlorine, a lung irritant,
and alcohol. The best time to use an anti-bacterial is if there was/is sickness in your
house, or to clean areas that may see a high level of bad bacteria. Besides that, lesstoxic or hand-made alternatives are enough to keep your home clean.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide - drugstore dilution. Use
undiluted
Clean Well

Homemade Alternatives

Ingredients:
2 cups water
20 drops of tea tree oil
2 Tbsp. white vinegar
1 tsp. liquid dish soap
Directions:
Mix all ingredients together in a spray bottle. Shake well. 20

Drain Cleaner

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Drain cleaners usually contain sodium hydroxide and sodium
hypochlorite, both of which can cause permanent damage to skin
and eyes on contact, and their vapors can burn individual’s lungs.
These chemicals are often mixed with ammonia or volatile
petroleum distillates. Drain cleaners may also contain
dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride, a severe eye and skin irritant,
and dichlorodifluromethane, an eye irritant and neurotoxin. Drain
cleaners may be fatal if ingested.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Citra-Drain - contains d-limonene
Earth Enzymes Drain Opener - available at health
food stores
Flexible Metal Snake - May be more effective than
chemical drain openers. May be purchased or rented
Plunger - Use this as an alternative to drain cleaner. Do
not use the two products together

Homemade Alternatives

Ingredients:
1/2 cup baking soda
1/2 cup white vinegar
Boiling water
Directions:
Pour baking soda down drain. Add white vinegar and cover drain, if
possible. Let sit for 5 minutes, then pour a kettle of boiling water down
drain. (The vinegar and baking soda break down fatty acids, allowing
the clog to wash down the drain.) This method can be used weekly to
help prevent drain clogs. Do not use this method if you have used a
commercial drain opener, because it may still be present in the drain.

21

Fabric Softener

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Fabric softeners are designed to reduce static in synthetic fabrics. They serve no
purpose with natural fabrics. Fabric softeners may contain quaternary ammonium
compounds (quats) and imidazolidinyl, both of which are known formaldehyde
releasers. For about 5% of people, quats are an extreme sensitizer. They may cause a
variety of asthma-like symptoms, including respiratory arrest. Exposure to
formaldehyde can cause joint pain, depression, headaches, chronic fatigue, and a
variety of other symptoms. In lab tests, formaldehyde has caused cancer and damaged
DNA. Both quaternium and imidazolidinyl can cause contact dermatitis. Fabric softeners
work by leaving a residue on the fabric which never completely washes out, causing
allergic reactions through skin contact and inhalation. Fabric softeners may also contain
carcinogenic coal-tar dyes, ammonia, and very strong scents. When fabric softeners are
exposed to hot water or heat from dryers and ironing, vapors may be emitted which can
be deeply inhaled, increasing their impact.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Because conventional fabric softeners contain so many
harmful chemicals, even if they are free of added scents,
they are not a good choice for less-toxic living.

Homemade Alternatives
Directions:
Add 1/2 cup of white vinegar or baking soda to the rinse cycle to soften water
and reduce static cling.
Laundry discs or balls (reusable) soften water and help reduce static cling. A
few drops of essential oils can be added to enhance smell
A ball of aluminum foil in the dryer can reduce static cling without adding
chemicals.
You may be able to dramatically reduce your use of fabric softener and still get
the desired effect.

22

Cleaners and the Alternatives
Floor Cleaner, Wax, Polish
Conventional products often contain mineral spirits and petroleum
solvents, both of which are neurotoxic and can cause severe eye and skin
irritation as well as Stoddard solvent which is also neurotoxic. Petroleum
solvents may contain traces of carcinogenic benzene. Some wax removers
with ammonia contain tripropylene glycol monomethyl ether which can
cause narcosis and kidney injuries with repeated and prolonged skin
exposure.

Less-Toxic
Alternatives

Homemade Alternatives

Floor Cleaner
Add 1 cup of vinegar to a pail of water.
Microfiber mop - use with
Stronger Floor Cleaner
1/4 cup washing soda
plain water ( Expensive but
1 tablespoon liquid castile soap
a real revolution in mop
1/4 cup vinegar
technology. Rinses cleaner
8 liters hot water
than other mop heads and
Mix well to dissolve washing soda
saves money by eliminating
Wood Floor Cleaner
1/4 cup liquid castile soap
cleaning products. Safe for
1/2 to 1 cup vinegar
hardwood floors.)
8 liters warm water
Nature Clean - Natural
Wood Floor Polish I
Floor Cleaner
1/8 cup olive oil or other vegetable oil
TSP (trisodium phosphate)
1 tablespoon vinegar
can be used to eliminate
1 tablespoon vodka
Wood Floor Oil Polish II
built up dirt and grime. Use
Rub with olive oil.
with care, it can dull or
Wood Floor Wax
remove finishes on wood.
1 cup olive, almond or walnut oil
1/2 cup vodka
30 - 40 grams grated beeswax
40 - 55 grams carnauba wax (depends on hardness desired).
Put oil and the waxes into a wide-mouth glass jar or tin can and set in
pot of simmering water. Stir gently until waxes are dissolved. Remove
from heat and add vodka, mixing well. Allow to harden. Use a rag to rub
into the wood. If the rag "drags" too much, dip it into a tiny bit of oil.

23

Cleaners and the Alternatives
Floor and Furniture Polish
Floor and furniture polishes can contain nitrobenzene, a carcinogen, reproductive
toxin, and central nervous system toxicant which can be absorbed through the
skin, phenol, a carcinogen and severe skin irritant as well as propane, butane gas,
aliphatic naphtha, petroleum distillates, white mineral oil, and turpentine which
are all neurotoxins, and may also be eye or skin irritants. Polishes may contain
morpholine, a severe irritant which may cause kidney damage, as well as ammonia,
detergents, and synthetic fragrance. Aerosol products create microscopic particles
that can be inhaled deeply into lungs and transferred to the bloodstream. Some
products contain carcinogenic formaldehyde and nitrosamines.

Homemade Alternatives

Floor Polish
Polish with plain olive oil, almond or walnut oil.
Polish with food grade mineral oil. Although it is
petroleum based it is non-volatile and relatively
safe. Available in drug stores.
Furniture Polish
1 cup olive oil, almond or walnut oil
1/2 cup vinegar or lemon juice
Shake well and apply a small amount to a soft rag.
Spread evenly over furniture surface. Polish with
a dry cloth

24

Laundry Detergent

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Most detergents are derived from petrochemical ingredients. They may
contain bleaches, synthetic whiteners, and chemical fragrances, even in some
so-called "fragrance free" brands. Some detergents may contain ammonia,
ethanol, naphthalene, and phenol. Many liquid brands contain ethoxylated
alcohols which can be contaminated with carcinogenic 1,4-dioxane.
Detergent residues on clothes and bed linens can be a source of skin
irritation, and lingering scents from scented products can cause respiratory
and adverse reactions. Petroleum-based detergents cause more household
poisonings than any other household product. Laundry soaps, available as
bar soaps or flakes, are usually made from natural minerals and fats and tend
to be less toxic than conventional detergents.

Less-Toxic Alternatives

Branch Basics
Clean people
Zum Laundry Soap
Mrs.Meyers
Love, Home, and Planet

Homemade Alternatives

Laundry Whitener
Add up to 1/2 cup of Arm & Hammer Washing Soda to washer.
Laundry Detergent
6 cups washing soda ( Arm & Hammer Washing Soda)
3 bars of 4.5-5 ounce soap, finely grated (One made with coconut oil is the best)
Optional– lemon essential oil
Directions:
1. Cut soap into small chunks. Add to blender or food processer along with washing soda.
2. Blend until a fine powder.
3. Pour into clean container (keep the essential oil next to container and add 5 drops with each
load).
To use:
Add 2-3 Tbsp per load
If washing whites, add 1/2 cup of hydrogen peroxide in the bleach compartment.
Add 1/2 cup vinegar to the fabric softener compartment.

25

Cleaners and the Alternatives
Mold and Mildew Cleaners
Mold and mildew cleaners can contain formaldehyde, a carcinogen
and sensitizer, phenol, kerosene, pentachlorophenol, chlorine, and
fungicides. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified
more than 300 different active ingredients found in antimicrobial
products including mold and mildew cleaners as pesticides.
Although labels often warn that these cleaners can be hazardous as
eye irritants, they are often sold as aerosol sprays, creating fine
mists containing minute particles which can pass through mucous
membranes more easily and can be more deeply inhaled.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Hydrogen peroxide - drug store dilution. Apply full strength.
Ultra-violet light (blue bulb) will kill mold.
Vinegar Spray- straight vinegar reportedly kills 82% of mold.
Pour some white distilled vinegar straight into a spray bottle,
spray on the moldy area, and let set without rinsing. Smell will
dissipate in a few hours.
Wash with very strong black tea and let dry.

Homemade Alternatives
Ingredients:
2 teaspoon tea tree oil
2 cups water
Directions:
Combine in a spray bottle, shake to blend,
and spray on problem areas. Do not rinse.
Makes two cups.

26

Oven Cleaner

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Conventional oven cleaners create toxic fumes
that can burn eyes, skin, and internal organs.
Lye and ammonia are often the cleaning agents
and they are especially dangerous in aerosols.
Homemade Alternatives
Option I:
Ingredients:
1 cup or more baking soda
A squirt or two of liquid soap
Directions:
Sprinkle water generously over the bottom of the oven, then cover
the grime with enough baking soda that the surface is totally white.
Sprinkle some more water over the top, let sit overnight. Wipe up the
next morning. When the worst of the mess is removed, dab a bit of
liquid detergent or soap on a sponge and wash the remaining residue
from the oven.
(If this recipe doesn’t work for you it is probably because you didn’t
use enough baking soda and/or water.)
Make a paste of baking soda and water and spread on oven interior.
Leave overnight with oven door closed. Remove with sponge or
nylon scrub pad. SOS pad can be used to remove stubborn bits.
Option II:
While oven is still warm, sprinkle water on the spill, then sprinkle
salt on it. When the oven cools down, scrape the spill away and wash
the area.

27

Toilet Bowl Cleaner

Cleaners and the Alternatives

Many toilet bowl cleaners are often highly caustic and form toxic
gases when mixed with water. They can contain ammonium chloride,
a corrosive, 1,4-dichlorobenzine, a carcinogenic pesticide which can
cause liver and kidney damage, hydrochloric acid, whose vapors can
cause coughing and breathing difficulties, and sodium
dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate which is a severe eye, skin, and
respiratory irritant, which can form carcinogenic chlorine gas.
Sulfate-based products containing sodium sulfate or sodium
bisulfate may cause asthmatic attacks.

Less-Toxic Alternatives
Hydrogen peroxide - drug store dilution
Homemade Alternatives
To remove mineral buildup, put 1-2 denture cleaner
tablets in bowl and let sit overnight, then clean .
Pour one can of Coke in toilet.
Use undiluted white vinegar to scrub the inside of the
toilet bowl. First dump a bucket of water into the toilet to
force water out of the bowl and allow access to the sides.
Pour undiluted white vinegar around the bowl and
scrub with a toilet brush to remove lime, stains and
odor.

28

Additional Recipes

29

Fragrant Kitchen Cleaner

Additional Recipes

Ingredients:
2 TBSP. White vinegar
2 pints water
4 drops essential oils
Direction:
Combine all ingredients in a spray bottle and use
as a final rinse after cleaning surfaces. Store in a
cool, dark place.

Refrigerator Cleaner
Ingredients:
2 TBSP. baking soda
1 quart warm water
Directions:
Dissolve baking soda in water. Use to wipe all surfaces
inside and out. For stubborn spots, rub with baking soda
paste. Be sure to rinse with a clean, wet cloth.

30

Garbage Can Deodorizer

Additional Recipes

Ingredients:
1 cup baking soda
1 tsp. tea tree oil
Directions:
Mix together in a small bowl, working out all the
lumps with a fork. Sprinkle the mixture in the bottom
of the trash can after the liner is removed. Periodically
rinse container with white vinegar and dry in the sun

Garbage Disposal Cleaner
Ingredients:
1 cup ice
Used lemon or orange rind
Directions:
To eliminate garbage disposal odors and clean and
sharpen blades, grind ice and rinds until pulverized.

31

Additional Recipes

Copper and Brass Cleaner
Ingredients:
Lemon juice
Salt, non-iodized
Cornstarch

Directions:
Mix equal parts of salt and cornstarch with lemon
juice to make a paste. Apply to surface with soft rag.
Rub gently. Rinse with warm water and mild dish
soap. Dry with a soft cloth.

Tub and Tile Cleaner
Ingredients:
White vinegar
Baking soda or non-iodized salt
Directions:
To remove film buildup on bathtubs, apply vinegar fullstrength to a sponge and wipe. Next, use baking soda or
salt as you would a scouring powder. Rub with a damp
sponge and rinse thoroughly with clean
water.

32

Additional Recipes

Plumbing Fixture Cleaner #1
Use to clean stainless steel, chrome, fiberglass, ceramic
porcelain or enamel fixtures
Ingredients:
2 TBSP. baking soda
1 quart water

Directions:
Dissolve the baking soda in the water. Wipe on the fixture
then rinse.

Plumbing Fixture #2
Hard lime deposits around faucets can be softened
for easy removal by covering the deposits with
vinegar-soaked paper towels.
Ingredients:
white vinegar
Paper towels
Direction:
Soak paper towels in vinegar and leave them on the
surface. Wipe clean after about an hour.

33

Additional Recipes

No Streak Glass Cleaner
Ingredients:
1/4 cup white vinegar
1 TBSP. cornstarch
2 quarts warm water

Directions:
Mix the ingredients and apply with a sponge or pour into
spray bottle and spray on. For lint-free results, wipe dry
with crumpled newspaper, buff to a shine.

Mirror and Window Polish
Ingredients:
Cornstarch
Water
Directions:
Mix together cornstarch and water to make a paste.
Use a soft cloth to apply the paste to the mirror. Rub
gently then wipe clean with a soft cloth.

34

Less-Toxic
Ingredients
One of the most important things to do while
transitioning to a less-toxic lifestyle is to understand all
of the bad AND good ingredients. And, to ask important
questions like - why do some ingredients lead to lesstoxic products?

35

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Essential Oils
When utilized properly, essential oils are great additions to non-toxic
homemade cleaning products. In general, essential oils have many
functions. Some of these include; acting as scent boosters, aromatherapy,
deterrence to pests, etc. Some essential oils even have their own cleaning
abilities. For example, tea tree oil is a known microbial, antibacterial,
antifungal, and antiviral. But, if you are going to use essential oils in your
cleaning supplies, you need to understand what to look for when buying
essential oils, and the basic guidelines on how to use them safely.
When shopping for essential oils, you want to buy a set that is 100% pure
and organic. Make sure you are not buying essential oils with additional
ingredients, because these ingredients decrease the potency of the
essential oils, and may cause sensitive individuals to experience adverse
reactions. The best way to know whether or not the essential oils are 100%
pure and organic is to look at the labeling. Companies will tell you whether
or not the essential oils are 100% pure or not.
Once purchased, essential oils need to be handled with care. Essential oils
are very potent, so it is important to ALWAYS dilute the essential oils. If not
diluted and handled poorly, essential oils can cause allergic reactions.
Additionally, essential oils are not for consumption, so please be vigilant
around children and uninformed individuals. Also, if you are pregnant,
breast feeding, or have a chronic illness, please talk to your doctor before
using essential oils.
Finally, please be aware that some essential oils can be toxic to pets. If you
have pets in your house, please be sure to research the essential oil before
using it. Some essential oils that are thought to be safe for dogs include:
lavender, chamomile, cedarwood, ginger, rosemary, and lemongrass. Some
essential oils thought to be safe for cats include: chamomile, jasmine,
lavender, rose, and frankincense.

36

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Baking Soda and Vinegar
Baking soda is an extremely effective tool for cleaning,
because of its chemical properties. Not only is it a great
leavening tool in the kitchen, but it also acts as an
effective base for DIY cleaning products. When you see
baking soda listed in the DIY cleaning section above,
you may often see it listed alongside ingredients on the
opposite side of the pH scale, like vinegar. As a base,
baking soda is able to break down and dissolve organic
compounds such as dirt and grease.
Vinegar, unlike baking soda, is extremely acidic. That
means that, not only is it on the opposite side of the pH
scale, but it also serves a different function. Vinegar can
be used to break down and remove minerals that form
from sources like hard tap water, making it a great tool
to clean your bathrooms with.
When used alongside each other, vinegar and baking
soda create a powerful and effective cleaning combo.
One thing to keep in mind when using these two
together, is to never mix them into equal parts. If mixed
into equal parts, the mixture will neutralize itself, so it is
recommended to mix them into a blend that reflects 1:2
or 1:3 parts.

37

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Castile Soap
Castile soap is an extremely effective cleaning tool
that is not only better for the environment in which
you live, but also, better for your skin due to its
gentle nature. Castile soap originated in the
Mediterranean region and is made from vegetable
oils. Because it contains no animal fats, it is vegan
friendly. Castile soap works because it contains
molecules that attract water molecules on one end
and repel water molecules on the other end. When
combined with water, castile soap becomes a great
attractant for organic matter like dirt and grease,
and can remove them from surfaces.
Castile soap does not contain ingredients that
synthetic soaps may contain like, parabens,
phthalates, BPAs, and triclosan. Additionally, castile
soap is very concentrated and a little can go a long
way, making your bottle last longer than competing
synthetic soaps. Castile soap can be used for many
home cleaning activities such as, dishes, laundry,
mopping, windows, toilets, pet cleaning, etc…

38

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Washing Soda
Washing soda, also known by its scientific
name sodium carbonate, is a strong base
cleaning agent. With its alkalinity being
slightly higher than baking soda, another
popular base cleaning agent, it can be used
to clean deeper stains, hence its popularity
in the laundry room. Washing soda can be
used to remove even the most stubborn
stains like blood, grease, and coffee. Washing
soda can also be used to wash dishes and unclog drains.

39

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Distilled Water
Distilled water is a water that contains no
minerals because it has been boiled,
evaporated, and condensed back into its
liquid form. When cleaning with normal
faucet water, one may run into issues with
watermarks and spots due to the minerals
found in tap water. That is why distilled
water is recommended in many homemade
cleaning recipes, because it eliminates the
possibility of mineral buildup on surfaces.

40

Less-Toxic Ingredients
3% Hydrogen Peroxide
3% Hydrogen Peroxide, a well known household cleaning agent that
can be used for many different cleaning activities, gained its
popularity due to its antibacterial and anti-viral properties.
Hydrogen peroxide is effective in removing several microorganisms
such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and spores. Hydrogen peroxide works
by acting as an oxidizing agent. When mixed with water, hydrogen
peroxide is quickly disintegrated into hydrogen, and the free radicals
released by this degradation act as disinfecting agents, and also
inhibit further bacterial growth. Hydrogen peroxide is generally a
safer alternative to bleach in home settings, because its components
break down into water and oxygen, making the by-products
completely biodegradable.
Hydrogen peroxide may become less effective if it comes into
contact with an organic compound like dirt or crumbs, because the
organic compounds make the hydrogen peroxide molecules more
unstable. A good way to avoid this is to simply wipe down the surface
that needs to be disinfected with some water before you use
hydrogen peroxide on it. Also, 3% hydrogen peroxide is the
recommended dilution amount for in-home cleaning. Any other
dilution with higher concentrations poses an increased safety risk for
users. When using hydrogen peroxide to clean, always wear gloves
and avoid getting it in your eyes. Do not ingest hydrogen peroxide.
Just like many other cleaning chemicals and products, hydrogen
peroxide can cause stomach irritation and internal damage if
ingested.
Finally, DO NOT mix hydrogen peroxide with vinegar. Mixing these
two substances creates peracetic acid which can cause harm to the
body if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. If cleaning with a
product that contains vinegar, make sure that product is dried onto
the surface before using the product with hydrogen peroxide in it.

41

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Lemons + Citric Acid
Though these two ingredients are listed
separately from each other in the homemade
recipes section, it is important to note that citric
acid is an acidic compound naturally found in
lemons, and lemons are known to be powerful
natural cleaners due to the citric acid found
within. So, ultimately these two ingredients have
the same functions, but buying citric acid alone
allows for a higher concentration and a less
diluted citric acid product.
Citric acid works by breaking apart organic stains.
Citric Acid also provides a natural whitening
effect, making it a key component to many nontoxic homemade bleaching and laundry
detergent recipes. Finally, Citric acid acts as a
natural bactericide and fungicide, making it an
ingredient you do not want to skip in your
homemade cleaning recipes.

42

Less-Toxic Ingredients
Storage: Amber Glass Jars
Amber glass jars are the preferred storage
container for homemade cleaning products.
Amber glass jars are made from sand, soda ash,
limestone, iron, sulfur, and carbon. These
ingredients are melted at high temperatures and
combined to create the jars. Amber glass jars are
beneficial for the preservation and effectiveness
of the cleaning products because they are inert.
This means that the substances that make up the
amber glass jars do not interact with product
ingredients, keeping the products pure. Amber
glass jars also protect products from blue light
and UV rays, further preserving the purity of the
product. Finally, amber glass jars are much more
sustainable than plastic containers, and can be
easily recycled and reused without losing the
quality. Amber glass jars can be found at many
local grocery stores and also ordered online.

43

References
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“Benefits of using amber glass jars for beauty products.” APG Packaging,
https://apackaginggroup.com/blogs/news/benefits-of-using-amber-glass-jarsfor-beauty-products. Accessed 13 March 2024.
CleanWell® | Naturally Powerful, Plant-Based Household Products,
https://cleanwellinside.com/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Common Good: Plant Based Soaps, Detergents & Cleaners | Common Good,
https://www.commongoodandco.com/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
“Dos & Don'ts With Hydrogen Peroxide.” Holland & Barrett, 23 November 2022,
https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/the-health-hub/home-cleaning/dos-anddonts-with-hydrogen-peroxide/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Dr. Bronner's: The Original All-One Magic Soap and More!,
https://www.drbronner.com/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
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Everspring | The Future of EdTech, https://www.everspringpartners.com/.
Accessed 13 March 2024.
Holdefehr, Katie, and Sue Hughes. “Why and How to Use Distilled Water for
Cleaning.” Real Simple, 16 March 2023, https://www.realsimple.com/homeorganizing/cleaning/cleaning-with-distilled-water. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Kish, Stacy. “Why are vinegar and baking soda so good for cleaning?” Live
Science, 26 July 2021, https://www.livescience.com/why-baking-soda-vinegarclean.html. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Lopex, Aarron. “11 Best Non-Toxic Dish Soaps To Clean Your Plates With.”
Sustainable Jungle, 26 June 2023,
https://www.sustainablejungle.com/sustainable-living/non-toxic-dish-soap/.
Accessed 13 March 2024.

44

References
Love Beauty and Planet: Naturally Derived Haircare & Skincare,
https://www.lovebeautyandplanet.com/us/en/home.html. Accessed 13 March
2024.
Maker, Melissa. “Everything you Need to Know About Cleaning with Essential
Oils!” Clean My Space, https://cleanmyspace.com/cleaning-with-essentialoils/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Method Products | Body Washes, Lotions, Home Cleaners & More,
https://methodproducts.com/. Accessed 13 March 2024.
Mrs. Meyer's: Mrs Meyer's Clean Day, https://www.mrsmeyers.com/. Accessed
13 March 2024.
Myers, Iris. “Cleaning products emit hundreds of hazardous chemicals, new
study finds.” ewg, 2023. ewg.org, https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/newsrelease/2023/09/cleaning-products-emit-hundreds-hazardous-chemicals-newstudy.
Peltier, Karen, and Mary M. Leverette. “How to Clean With Citric Acid Safely
and Efficiently.” The Spruce, 9 January 2023,
https://www.thespruce.com/citric-acid-safety-cleaning-uses-1707021.
Accessed 13 March 2024.
Shields, Jesslyn. “What Is Washing Soda and How Is It Used?” Home and
Garden, 3 December 2021, https://home.howstuffworks.com/homeimprovement/household-hints-tips/cleaning-organizing/washing-soda.htm.
Accessed 13 March 2024.
“What Is Castile Soap? What Are Its Uses and Benefits?” Dr. Bronner's,
https://www.drbronner.com/pages/what-is-castile-soap. Accessed 13 March
2024.
YouTube: Home, 3 June 2009, https://www.getcleanpeople.com/shop/?
nbt=nb%3Aadwords%3Ax%3A20995583696%3A%3A&nb_adtype=&nb_kwd=&n
b_ti=&nb_mi=&nb_pc=&nb_pi=&nb_ppi=&nb_placement=&nb_li_ms=&nb_lp_ms=
&nb_fii=&nb_ap=&nb_mt=&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwncWvBhD_ARIsAEb2
HW_kR_jUv6U9PYuvznPifv0k. Accessed 13 March 2024.

45

Additional Comments
This informational booklet was created by the
Ponca Tribe of Nebraska’s Tribal Response
Program.

46

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Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aponca_nebraska%3Ae5c50431a7b63bba. Public record. Not legal advice.