# PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN (2026) > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aoneida_nation%3Ab9a4af1c1c12473b ## Record - **Collection:** Tribal code - **Document type:** Tribal code ## Text ONEIDA NATION PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 2026-2031 ADOPTED [INSERT DATE] EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT CONTACT Kaylynn Biely Emergency Management Director 2783 Freedom Road, Oneida, WI 54155 (920) 869-6650 kbiely@oneidanation.org STEERING COMMITTEE Name Title Brandon Noll Brenda Mendolla-Buckley Brian Smith Carol Stiff Chad Fuss Debra Danforth Debra Powless Eric Boulanger Eric McLester Erik Cornelius Isaiah Skenandore James Petitjean James Snitgen Jason Doxtator Jeanne Calhoun Jennifer Berg Jennifer Jordan Jessalyn Harvath Jessica Vandekamp Jodi Tess Joel Maxam John Danforth John Nicholas Kanani Nunies Kathleen King Katsitsiyo Danforth Kaylynn Biely Lisa Duff Lisa Rauschenbach Lisa Summers Mae Cornelius Mari Kriescher Mark Powless Maureen Perkins Melinda Danforth Michele Roberto Michelle Tipple Paul Witek Ralinda Ninham-Lamberies Ronald Vanschydel Sarah White Scott Denny Shane Hill Shannon Stone Sidney White Stephanie Skenandore Tanya Hill Tina Jorgensen Troy Parr Victoria Flowers GIS AGM Executive Operations Casino Hotel Oneida Retail Enterprise Fuel Specialist Transportation Department Assistant CFO Gaming Comprehensive Health Commerce Development Director Police Chief LEAF Division Director Gaming Risk Manager Retail CEO LEAF Environmental Quality Manager DTS (Digital Technology Services) Hotel Administrative Director Family Services Director Sanitarian Environmental Gaming Senior Project Manager Community Resource and Economic Support Director Aging and Disability Services Program Manager Assistant Chief of Police Director Trust Enrollment Manager - Utilities Waste Water Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Retail Assistant Manager Security Department Director Emergency Management Director Gaming and Hotel, Executive Assistant to CEO Housing Division Director Government Administration Director DPW Senior Operations Analyst Behavioral Health Director Services CEO Environmental Compliance Specialist Governmental Affairs Department Director Oneida Gaming Shuttles Community/Public Health Officer Engineering Director CFO Assistant Manager Custodial Purchasing Director Housing Area Manager Manager of Digital Security DPW Division Director Oneida Community Health Center GIS Zoning Administrator Human Services Division Director Community Development Area Manager Environmental Compliance Coordinator [INSERT ONEIDA RESOLUTION] Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 i FEMA APPROVAL LETTER Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 ii PLAN CONTENTS FOREWORD 6 PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY 6 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION 1-1 PURPOSE OF THE PLAN UPDATE REGULATIONS ASSURANCES PLAN DEVELOPMENT TIMEFRAME ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN STEERING COMMITTEE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION PARTICIPATION BY OVERLAPPING JURISDICTIONS 1-1 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-4 1-4 CHAPTER 2 - ONEIDA NATION BACKGROUND INFORMATION 2-1 HISTORICAL SUMMARY DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION ENROLLMENT HOUSING LAND AREA AND USE CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE ONEIDA NATION CRITICAL FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE 2-1 2-3 2-3 2-5 2-7 2-7 2-9 CHAPTER 3 - RISK ASSESSMENT 3-1 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION HAZARD PRIORITIZATON HISTORY OF HAZARD OCCURRENCES DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES WINTER STORM TORNADO/STRONG WIND EXTREME COLD FLOOD EXCESSIVE HEAT DENSE FOG HAIL DROUGHT WILDLAND FIRE HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARD PROFILES CYBERSECURITY THREATS PANDEMIC ACTIVE THREAT 3-1 3-1 3-2 3-4 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6 3-8 3-13 3-14 3-17 3-18 3-19 3-20 3-21 3-23 3-23 3-24 3-26 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 iii CIVIL/SOCIAL UNREST AND TERRORISM HAZARDOUS SPILLS MANURE SPILLS AIRPLANE CRASH 3-27 3-28 3-29 3-30 CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION STRATEGY 4-1 PLAN GOALS COMPLETED MITIGATION STRATEGIES MITIGATION RESOURCES OPTIONS FOR FUNDING MITIGATION HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES STRATEGY PRIORITIZATION 4-1 4-1 4-2 4-2 4-3 4-3 CHAPTER 5 - PLAN ADOPTION, MAINTENANCE, AND COORDINATION 5-1 PLAN ADOPTION PLAN MAINTENANCE PLAN COORDINATION 5-1 5-1 5-2 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 iv TABLES, FIGURES, AND MAPS Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan ------------------------------------------------------------ vii Table 1.1: Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan Steering Committee -------------------------------------------------------------- 1-3 Table 2.1: Land Use, 2024 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-7 Table 2.2: Oneida Nation Communication Facilities/Infrastructure ------------------------------------------------------ 2-9 Table 2.3: Oneida Nation Food, Hydration, and Shelter Facilities/Infrastructure ----------------------------------- 2-9 Table 2.4: Oneida Nation Hazardous Materials Facilities/Infrastructure----------------------------------------------- 2-9 Table 2.5: Oneida Nation Health and Medical Facilities/Infrastructure------------------------------------------------- 2-9 Table 2.6: Oneida Nation Safety and Security Facilities/Infrastructure ---------------------------------------------- 2-10 Table 2.7: Oneida Nation Transportation Facilities/Infrastructure----------------------------------------------------- 2-11 Table 2.8: Oneida Nation Water Systems Facilities/Infrastructure---------------------------------------------------- 2-12 Table 3.1: Hazard Risk Rankings --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-1 Table 3.2: Natural Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2000-2025 -------------------------------------------- 3-2 Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025 -------------------------------- 3-4 Table 4.1: All Hazards Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-3 Table 4.2: Winter Storm Mitigation Strategies----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6 Table 4.3: Tornado/Strong Wind Mitigation Strategies----------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-6 Table 4.4: Extreme Cold Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-7 Table 4.5: Flood Mitigation Strategies --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-7 Table 4.6: Excessive Heat Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-9 Table 4.7: Dense Fog Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-9 Table 4.8: Hail Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4-9 Table 4.9: Drought Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10 Table 4.10: Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-10 Table 4.11: Cybersecurity Threat Mitigation Strategies-------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-11 Table 4.12: Pandemic Mitigation Strategies ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-12 Table 4.13: Active Threat Mitigation Strategies------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-13 Table 4.14: Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------- 4-14 Table 4.15: Hazardous Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-15 Table 4.16: Manure Spill Mitigation Strategies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-16 Table 4.17: Airplane Crash Mitigation Strategies ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4-16 Figure 2.1: Total Enrollment by Location, 2025 .................................................................................................. 2-4 Figure 2.2: Total Enrollment by Year, 1999-2025 .............................................................................................. 2-5 Figure 2.3: Oneida Nation Demographic Infographic, 2025 ............................................................................. 2-6 Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale ................................................................................. 3-9 Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024 ......................................................................................... 3-12 Map 2.1: Oneida Nation, Wisconsin ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-13 Map 2.2: Critical Facilities ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2-14 Map 2.3: Power Substations and Backup Power ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-15 Map 2.4: FCC Commercial Towers ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-10 Map 2.5: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireline) --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-10 Map 2.6: Broadband Coverage Connection (Wireless) -------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-11 Map 3.1: 100-Year and 500-Year Floodplains -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3-32 Map 3.2: Critical Facilities Potentially in the Floodplains ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3-33 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 v FOREWORD The Oneida Nation strives to be a disaster resilient Tribal community by undertaking hazard mitigation planning and activities to reduce the costs and minimize the impact of disasters on its Tribal members and community. Oneida Emergency Management is the lead department focusing on the needs of the Oneida Nation and the Oneida community in preparation for, mitigation from, response to, and recovery from emergencies or disaster that can affect the reservation. The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan is an important component in the preparation and mitigation of disaster impacts. The original Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan was developed to identify Oneida’s major hazards, assess the risk and vulnerability of the Oneida Nation to those hazards, and recommend actions to reduce vulnerabilities. In this five-year plan update, all sections of the plan were reviewed and revised, as needed, and where applicable include updated data and demographics, risk assessments, mitigation goals, strategies, and action items. The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan is organized following the planning requirements found in 44 CFR Part 201.7 (Tribal Mitigation Plans). Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to the Plan. It includes the purpose of the plan and identifies the regulations and assurances. It documents the planning process used to develop the plan, including how it was prepared, who was involved in the process, and how the public was involved. Chapter 2 describes and details background information on the Oneida Nation, including a historical summary, demographic information, land area and use, and critical facilities and infrastructure. Chapter 3, the Risk Assessment, provides an identification of the type, location, and extent of hazards that can impact the Oneida Nation, and an assessment of the Oneida Nation’s vulnerability to each hazard. The hazards were revised in this plan update to include some additional humancaused hazards. Chapter 4, the Mitigation Strategy, identifies the Oneida Nation’s prioritized strategy for reducing the losses identified in the risk assessment. The chapter identifies the Oneida Nation’s mitigation goals to guide the selection of activities to mitigate and reduce losses. These goals were reviewed and revised in this plan update to account for additional human-caused hazards in the risk assessment. This chapter also describes the Oneida Nation’s capabilities, resources, and available funding to implement the identified mitigation strategies. Chapter 5 describes the process for plan adoption and maintenance, and includes the method and schedule for monitoring, evaluating, and updating the plan. This chapter also describes the coordination efforts of the plan. PLAN UPDATE SUMMARY The Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan addresses natural and human-caused hazards. This current update added some additional human-caused hazards that were not addressed in the previous update, including pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane crash. Other updates include new information about hazards that impact the Oneida Nation as well as internal changes to Tribal divisions and departments that address hazards or elements of hazards. This plan also integrated data from the Public Health Emergency Plan (PHEP) (effective Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 6 September 3, 2025). Throughout the process of updating this plan, the foundation was laid to develop a Threat and Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment (THIRA) for Oneida Nation. Additionally, efforts got underway with this plan to develop an Enhanced Pre-disaster Mitigation Plan for Oneida Nation. The following is a summary of the changes made to each chapter of the previous version of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. • Chapter 1 - Introduction: Updated information on regulations, assurances, the plan development timeframe, planning process participants, and public review information. • Chapter 2 - Oneida Nation Background Information: Updated demographic information regarding enrollments and member households, land area and use data, and critical facilities and infrastructure data. • Chapter 3 - Risk Assessment: Hazard occurrences were updated and hazard risk rankings were reassessed by the Steering Committee based on previous hazard occurrences and consensus. Disaster declaration information was updated. Critical facilities and infrastructure were reevaluated and updated. All hazard profiles, occurrences, and probabilities were updated. Hazard occurrences were updated to include all from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Hazard probabilities were updated based on updated occurrences. Four human-caused hazards – pandemic, active threat, civil/social unrest and terrorism, and airplane crash – were added to the hazard profiles. The vulnerability assessment and calculations of potential losses were updated. A section discussing vulnerabilities associated with health care and public health was added, titled “Healthcare and Public Health Vulnerability.” • Chapter 4 - Mitigation Strategy: The plan goals were updated to reflect the addition of four new human-caused hazards. The mitigation strategies were updated to account for completed projects, updated timetables, new project additions, and some revisions. Table A (below) lists the updates made to the identified mitigation strategies. • Chapter 5 - Plan Adoption, Maintenance, and Coordination: Updated the plan maintenance process, the plan update schedule, and coordination information. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 7 Table A: Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan Hazard Description of Update !""#$%&%'() Address stormwater management issues. !""#$#%&' Develop a standard for numbering building doors on occupied !""#$#%&' buildings. Conduct risk assessment to complete a Continuity Plan. !""#$#%&' Community Communications Plan for information management. !""#$#%&' Maintain a list of staging areas and dumpsters to address waste after a disaster. !""#$#%&' Manage removal of ash trees that create hazardous situations. !""#$#%&' !""#$#%&' Acquire towers to improve range, add computer aided dispatch ()*&+,"-./%0-1!234#/,-5$*&"6*7%&,-- potential for StarLink integration. "#+#$*7-585$,0-.%/-2%004*$#%&5'1 Establish procedures for dealing with the collection and 9%:,"-./%0-;%/&*"%-*&"-?=-@/#0*/8-A,5@%&5#B7,-?*/$8' Maintain a list of buildings to be used for reception centers. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 8 Table A (cont’d): Mitigation Strategy Updates from Previous Plan Hazard Description of Update 322'4%5%#F/'67"$)8F9 Develop a community lifeline chart and risk assessment resource list. Evaluate tools and methods to improve interoperability efficiency and effectiveness. !"#$%&'()*+H-(.I&0&1+2(*ՁH&( '#6"7+#*'(+)(&H21+8&'(*&6+9*:&6;( *&62+$6&(45H&;(#$'(&H&*%&$:8(64#496&H+0&';(?$&5'#('+&6$@4('+(4"56&62+$6571&(C#*48&62+$6571&(C#*48(4+( areas lacking signage, damaged signs, or fading paint on N*57#1(N*#$62+*4#45+$(C*+%*#H&H+0&'(?CI;(#''&'(>NO=3 events/yr; Moderate = 1-3 events/yr; Low = <1 event/yr. 5. No data available (ND) since the area has a low wildfire risk according to WDNR. Source: NOAA NCEI Storm Events Database, 2000-2026. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-2 Human-caused Hazards The human-caused hazards that have been identified by the Steering Committee as those of greatest concern for Oneida Nation include cybersecurity threats (both external and internal), pandemics, active threats, civil/social unrest and terrorism, hazardous spills, manure spills, and airplane crashes. These human-caused hazards were determined to have a significant impact on the Oneida Nation, or the potential to have a significant impact if it were to occur. The event occurrence information displayed in Table 3.3 was provided from local data sources. Cybersecurity information was provided by Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services; pandemic information was provided by Oneida Comprehensive Health Division with deaths provided by Oneida Enrollments; active threat, airplane crash, and civil/social unrest and terrorism information was provided by the Oneida Police Department, and information on spills, both hazardous and manure spills, was provided by the Oneida Nation Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division using data queried from the Wisconsin DNR Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking System (BRRTS) online database. A cybersecurity threat includes malicious attempts to damage or disrupt a computer network or system including the attempt to access files and infiltrate or steal data. A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting many people. An active threat refers to a situation in which an individual or group is actively causing harm or posing an immediate danger to people, property, or operations. Civil and social unrest refers to large-scale public disturbances caused by dissatisfaction with political, social, or economic conditions. Terrorism involves the use of violence, threats, or intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives. Hazardous spills include the release of not only hazardous substances, but also non-hazardous substances that in significant quantities may cause damage to land and water resources. Manure spills occur when manure is released to the environment in a manner that exceeds the rate of nutrient uptake by plants or applied in a manner that is not identified in a nutrient management plan – an agricultural producer’s plan for using the manure produced by their animals. An airplane crash occurs when an airplane strikes the ground, water, or another object during an aviation incident. An airplane crash can lead to significant structural damage, along with deaths, severe injuries, or the aircraft being declared a total loss. Of the 418 events displayed in Table 3.3, the human-caused hazard occurring most frequently within the Oneida Nation Reservation from 2010 to 2025 was by far hazardous spills (335 events). However, this number reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. During the same period, there were 71 manure spill events, seven significant cybersecurity threats, three active threat events, one pandemic event, and one airplane crash. There have been 56 deaths as a result of human-caused events during this period, which was from the COVID-19 pandemic, as reported by Oneida Enrollments from 03/12/2020 to 05/11/2023 based on death certificates. There is no data on injuries or property damages associated with these events. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-3 Table 3.3: Human-caused Hazard Occurrences Data, Oneida Nation 2010-2025 Events Probability (Average #/Year) Deaths Injuries Risk2/ Severity 2025 Rank Cybersecurity 7 <1 0 0 High 1 Pandemic 1 <1 56 Unknown Medium 2 Active Threat 3 <1 3 0 Medium 3 Civil/Social Unrest or Terrorism 0 0 0 0 Low 4 Hazardous Spills3 770 48 0 0 Low 5 Manure Spills 71 4 0 0 Low 6 Airplane Crash 1 <1 0 0 Low 7 Total Events 853 59 0 Human-caused Hazards (Listed in Ranked Order) # of 1 1. January 1, 2010 to January 1, 2026 (16 years) 2. Risk to community as determined from the Steering Committee. 3. The total reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. Note: Pandemic deaths are related to COVID-19 from 03/12/2020-05/11/2023 as reported by Enrollments for Oneida deaths on the Reservation. Source: Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services (for cybersecurity), Oneida Comprehensive Health Division (for Pandemic), Oneida Police Department (for Active Threat, Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism, and Airplane Crash), and WDNR BRRTS database and Oneida Land, Environment, Agriculture & Food as Medicine Division (for spills); 2010-2026. DISASTER DECLARATION HISTORY There have been around 14 major disaster declarations issued for Wisconsin since 2010. The Oneida Nation has been included in five declarations since 2013 when the Sandy Recovery Improvement Act took effect allowing tribal nations to receive direct standalone federal declarations rather than requesting a declaration through the state governor. The major disaster declarations that included the Oneida Nation are as follows: DR-4459-WI – Severe storms, tornadoes, straight-line winds, and flooding (August 2019). DR-4477-WI – Severe winter storm and flooding (January 2020). DR-4520-WI – COVID-19 pandemic. Oneida Nation and Wisconsin declaration (March 2020). State Declaration only, no Federal designation – destructive straight-line winds and power loss (June 2022). DR-4892-WI – Severe storms, straight-line winds, flooding, and mudslides (August 2025). VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT The vulnerability assessment describes the frequency, severity, and probability of future occurrences of hazards that could impact the planning area. The hazard profiles describe the characteristics of each hazard and how it has affected the Oneida Nation, and the potential future risk to people and property. The Oneida Nation has experienced ongoing development; however, no notable changes have occurred that impacted the jurisdiction’s vulnerability since the previous Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-4 HEALTHCARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH VULNERABILITY As part of a comprehensive vulnerability analysis, the Oneida Nation evaluates its healthcare infrastructure and emergency preparedness through active participation in the Northeast Wisconsin Healthcare Emergency Readiness Coalition (NEW HERC). This regional collaborative network bridges the gap between healthcare facilities, emergency management, and public health agencies to ensure a coordinated response to large-scale emergencies. As a sovereign entity, the Oneida Nation maintains a dual-layered approach to this readiness by operating its own Emergency Management Department while serving as a voting member of the NEW HERC board. Within this framework, the Nation contributes tribal-specific data to the regional Hazard Vulnerability Assessment (HVA), ensuring that the unique clinical and cultural needs of the community are integrated into regional response plans for mass casualty incidents or catastrophic health events. The current regional HVA findings identify high-priority threats including cyberattacks on healthcare infrastructure, infectious disease outbreaks, and critical resource gaps such as natural gas disruptions and supply chain failures. To address these vulnerabilities, the Oneida Nation utilizes this Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan to coordinate local mitigation efforts, such as strengthening tribal healthcare facilities and securing critical utility systems, with NEW HERC’s regional strategies for patient surge management and cross-jurisdictional equipment sharing. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL LOSSES The Oneida Nation’s assessment of potential losses is based on the value of the identified critical facilities (i.e. its assets). An assessment of potential losses of assets is ideally calculated for each hazard; however, only the flood hazard has a defined risk area, so it is the only hazard for which an estimation of potential losses can be derived. Value of Assets/Estimation of Potential Losses The Oneida Nation has identified 151 critical facilities within the Reservation boundaries. The Oneida Nation owns most of its critical facilities, with some being leased. According to Risk Management, the total structural value of the critical facility assets is $469,670,810 (including contents). Therefore, the potential dollar loss to assets for the Oneida Nation is nearly $469.7 million in a “worst case scenario” of total damage of all buildings in the planning area. An estimation of potential losses was derived specifically for flooding in the upcoming flood hazard profile section since the hazard area can be defined as the 100-year floodplains and properties within the hazard area can be identified. All other hazards can occur anywhere within the Oneida Nation Reservation and have no defined hazard area in which to determine vulnerable properties. Some hazards (such as winter storms and tornadoes) have the potential to impact the entire planning area, and it can be assumed that all assets in the planning area are equally at risk. Therefore, all identified critical facilities are potentially at risk from natural hazards within the Oneida Nation Reservation. All potential loss information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department. The parcel maps and the FEMA 100-year floodplains were merged using GIS to determine at-risk structures in the planning area. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-5 NATURAL HAZARD PROFILES Each natural hazard that has been identified as impacting the Oneida Nation has been profiled in this section. The hazard profile describes the characteristics of past natural hazards, and their impacts, frequency, and probability of future hazards that could impact the Oneida Nation. Hazard risk probabilities are represented as high, moderate, and low. High risk probability hazards are defined as hazards that occur an average of more than three times per year; moderate risk probability hazards are those that occur an average of one to three times per year; and low risk probability hazards occur less frequently than one time per year. The natural hazards profiled in this section include Winter storm, Tornado/Strong wind, Extreme cold, Excessive heat, Flood, Dense fog, Hail, Drought, and Wildland fire. Note: Human-caused hazards will be assessed later in this plan, following the natural hazards. Climate Change Impacts The evaluation and assessment of natural hazards in this plan and the determination of the Oneida Nation’s vulnerability to natural hazards is based on the occurrence of past natural hazards. However, climate change may make past trends an unreliable resource for predicting future impacts, frequency, and vulnerabilities. According to a climate change report by Wisconsin scientists (Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI), 20262), climate change has and will continue to impact average annual temperatures causing increased frequency in heat waves; increased frequency and intensity of extreme events; shorter, warmer winters with decreased lake ice cover; increased drought frequency, and other impacts. Based on the WICCI report, the Oneida Nation, along with most of Wisconsin, is likely to become wetter with an increase in total precipitation and the number of intense rainfall events. Climate change impacts vary by season, with winter experiencing the greatest warming and most likely increase in precipitation. Information about climate change impacts for each natural hazard has been included within the applicable section based on calculated predictions from the WICCI report. WINTER STORM Winter storms can vary in size and strength, and can include heavy snowstorms, blizzards, freezing rain, sleet, and ice storms. The aftermath of a winter storm can impact a community or region for weeks, and even months. Winter storms can occur as a single event or they can occur in combination, which can make an event more severe. A variety of weather phenomena and conditions can occur during winter storms. For purposes of classification, the following are National Weather Service descriptions of winter storm elements: 2 Wisconsin’s Changing Climate: Envisioning a Climate-Resilient Future, 2026. Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. https://wicci.wisc.edu/ Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-6 Heavy Snowfall – the accumulation of six or more inches of snow in a 12-hour period, or eight or more inches in a 24hour period. Winter Storm – the occurrence of heavy snowfall accompanied by significant blowing snow, low wind chills, sleet or freezing rain. Blizzard – the occurrence of sustained wind speeds in excess of 35 miles per hour accompanied by heavy snowfall or large amounts of blowing or drifting snow. Ice Storm – an occurrence where rain falls from warmer upper layers of the atmosphere to the colder ground, freezing upon contact with the ground and exposed objects near the ground. Freezing drizzle/freezing rain – the effect of drizzle or rain freezing upon impact on objects that have a temperature of 32 degrees Fahrenheit or below. Sleet – solid grains or pellets of ice formed by the freezing of raindrops or the refreezing of largely melted snowflakes. This ice does not cling to surfaces. Much of the snowfall in Wisconsin occurs in small amounts of between one and three inches per occurrence. Heavy snowfalls (producing at least eight to ten inches of accumulation) happen on average about five times per season. True blizzards are rare in Wisconsin but are more likely to occur in northwestern Wisconsin. All of Wisconsin experiences blizzard-like conditions during heavy snowstorms when gusty winds cause severe blowing and drifting snow. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 116 significant winter storm events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 (including blizzards and heavy snow). Many of these hazard events may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation and may have been recorded for a larger regional area. Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately three significant winter storm events per year. Climate Change Impacts The combination of warmer temperatures and changing precipitation patterns suggests that we will see a significant increase in the amount of winter precipitation falling as rain rather than snow and that freezing rain is more likely to occur. Potential winter storm impacts from climate change include an increase in winter precipitation events (from heavy rain or snow) resulting in an increase in flooding, damage from ice breakup and jams on waterways, and transportation impacts from unsafe travel conditions. Additionally, warmer winter low temperatures (especially at night) will enable overwintering of pests leading to crop yield loss, forestry impacts, wildlife impacts, and increased remediation costs. Key trends include winters warming faster than other seasons, nighttime temperatures rising more than daytime, decreasing Great Lakes ice cover during the winter, and Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-7 declining hours below freezing (32 degrees Fahrenheit). The month of March has effectively shifted from a winter month to a spring month. Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a high probability of experiencing a winter storm event in any given year. Winter storms tend to be a regional phenomenon in that they affect much of east central Wisconsin on nearly all the occasions in which they affect the Oneida Nation. Winter storms have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area or the larger regional area. Impacts Death and Injury Two deaths and 12 injuries have been reported from significant winter storm events for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities Critical facilities are not greatly impacted by winter storms; however, personnel associated with the critical facilities face greater workload burdens. Street and road crews have an increased burden of snow removal (and salting in the case of ice storms) during and after winter storms. In some cases, winter storms can be so severe that these crews must be called off the road for a period of time. Hospitals and clinics may see increased patient loads for frostbite, pedestrian and vehicular accident injuries, and heart conditions resulting from the shoveling of heavy snow during and following winter storms. Sometimes, hospitals and clinics have difficulty getting their own staff to report to work because of the storm, which increases the workload for present staff (double shifts, etc.). Police personnel respond to more accidents during winter storms. Utility and telephone companies respond to downed electrical and telephone lines, especially in the case of ice storms. Rescue services can receive more calls because of accidents or health related circumstances. Schools may need to have early dismissal or cancel classes altogether. Shelters may take in additional people during winter storms. Airports face flight delays or cancellations. Economic Impacts Loss of power during or after winter storms often force businesses and manufacturing facilities to close down until power is restored. Loss of access due to snow- or ice-covered roads can have a similar effect, especially when trucks cannot travel on major thoroughfares to make “just in time” deliveries to business and industry in the planning area. The effects are particularly difficult when the storm is widespread. Based on previous damages reported by the NCEI, there has been $669,700 in property damages from winter storms over the past 25 years. TORNADO/STRONG WIND Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. They look like funnels and can occur any time, bring intense wind, and can happen anywhere. Most Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-8 tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, and travel a few miles before dissipating. Tornadoes can destroy buildings, flip cars, and create deadly flying debris. Figure 3.1 shows the Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale), which is recognized as the acceptable tornado magnitude measurement rating. The United States is divided geographically into four zones for the occurrence and strength of extreme wind. Wisconsin lies along the northern edge of Zone IV, the nation’s maximum frequency zone for tornadoes (commonly known as “tornado alley”), which extends northeastward from Oklahoma into Iowa and then across to Michigan and Ohio. Zone IV includes most of the southern two-thirds of Wisconsin and has experienced the strongest tornado activity that has affected the entire U.S., with wind speeds of up to 250 miles per hour being recorded. This zone includes the Oneida Nation Reservation. Wisconsin’s tornado season runs from the beginning of April through September, but tornadoes have occurred in Wisconsin in every month except February. The most severe tornadoes statewide typically occur during the months of April, May, and June. Strong winds, including downburst winds, strong/high winds, and thunderstorms can often be just as damaging as a tornado. Downburst winds are strong, concentrated, straight-line winds created by falling rain and sinking air that can reach speeds of 125 miles per hour. Strong or high winds are high speed winds that can be as damaging as a tornado but remain nearly straight line and are not the rotating column of air that is characteristic of a tornado. A severe thunderstorm has winds that exceed 58 miles per hour, produces a tornado, or drops surface hail at least 0.75 inch in diameter. Figure 3.1: Tornado Magnitude Measurement, EF Scale Source: U.S. Air Force graphic/Senior Airman Thomas Trower. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 99 significant tornado/strong wind events (including thunderstorm wind, high wind, and strong wind) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Just two of the 99 events was classified as a tornado, with the remaining being strong wind events. Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately three significant tornado and strong wind events per year. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-9 Climate Change Impacts A predicted increase in the frequency and intensity of storms increases the risk for deaths, injuries, and property damage from tornado and strong wind events. Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a high probability of experiencing a tornado or strong wind event in any given year. Tornadoes have no specific defined hazard area within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area; however, manufactured home residents are often most vulnerable to death, injury, and property damage from tornadoes as these homes often lack foundations, tie-downs, and/or basements. Therefore, for the Oneida Nation, the Green Earth manufactured housing community off Highway H is at greatest risk from this hazard. Impacts Death and Injury No deaths, but two injuries have been reported from tornado/strong wind events for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities Hospitals can see increases in patient load following tornadoes. Schools can sustain damage, and if they do not sustain damage, they often function as temporary shelters in the aftermath of tornadoes. Police and fire departments often see an increased workload during and after tornadoes. Power lines and communication towers are at risk of being blown down. Any critical facility in the planning area may be impacted by a tornado; however, schools and manufactured home communities are of particular concern during tornadoes. Schools are a primary concern during tornadoes for three reasons: (1) they have large numbers of people present, either during school or as a storm shelter; (2) they have large span areas, such as gyms and theaters; and (3) they house a vulnerable population during the daytime for most of the year. The National Weather Service has found that unanchored manufactured homes start to fail due to wind speed and wind stress at lower wind gusts/wind speeds than permanent homes. Therefore, manufactured home communities are a primary concern during tornadoes. The use of anchoring systems and foundations can help reduce damage to manufactured homes caused by tornadoes and strong winds. Economic Impacts A tornado can have a significant economic impact on a local economy due to irrecoverable businesses and infrastructure damage. A heavily damaged business often never reopens after the event. Infrastructure damage is usually limited to above ground utilities, such as power lines. Damage to utility lines can usually be repaired or replaced relatively quickly. Damage to roads and to railroads is also localized; if these facilities cannot be repaired promptly, alternate transportation routes must be established. Public expenditures include search and rescue, shelters, and emergency protection measures. The greatest public expenditures for a community result from repairs to public facilities, and cleanup and disposal of debris. Cleanup and disposal can be an issue, especially if there is limited landfill capacity near the damage site. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-10 Since manufactured homes are especially vulnerable to tornadoes, a “worst case scenario” for this hazard would involve the total destruction of the manufactured homes within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Reported property damage from significant tornadoes and strong wind events for the Oneida Nation has totaled $425,100 over the last 25 years, according to NCEI. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-11 Figure 3.2: Wisconsin Tornado Events, 1844-2024 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-12 EXTREME COLD Exposure to extreme cold can cause frostbite or hypothermia and become life threatening. What constitutes extreme cold varies in different parts of the country. In Wisconsin, extreme cold means temperatures well below zero with wind chill. Wind chill is the term used to describe the rate of heat loss from the human body resulting from the combined effect of low temperature and wind. As winds increase, heat is carried away from the body at a faster rate, driving down both the skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. Extreme cold is a dangerous situation that can cause health emergencies for susceptible people, such as children, the elderly, those without shelter, those who are stranded outdoors or in a disabled car, or those who live in a home that is poorly insulated or without heat. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 24 significant extreme cold events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant extreme cold event every year. Climate Change Impacts Wisconsin climatologists predict that winters are rapidly warming and will continue to shift toward fewer extreme cold periods (below 0 degrees Fahrenheit). Cold periods have been getting less common, and this trend is predicted to continue. Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a moderate probability of experiencing an extreme cold event in any given year. Extreme cold events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury Five deaths and one injury were reported from a significant extreme cold event for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025 according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities All heated facilities have greater heating expenses during an extreme cold event, and increased demand will affect electric and natural gas utilities. There is also increased stress on infrastructure during extreme cold events and water line breaks often occur. Hospitals and clinics may experience an increase in patients exposed to extreme cold conditions. Emergency shelters may take in additional individuals during the extreme cold event. Schools may cancel classes or call for early Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-13 dismissal in extreme cold events. Local fire departments and rescue services may also deal with direct or indirect consequences of the extreme cold event. Economic Impacts Municipalities and water utilities may need to repair damaged water mains caused by the extreme cold. If area school districts need to call off school early on extremely cold days, there may be expenses involved with early busing and with paying staff for a full day while only having the benefit of a partial day of instruction. Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $158,000 over the last 25 years. FLOOD A flood is a rising and overflowing of a body of water especially onto normally dry land. FEMA defines a flood as a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of two or more acres of normally dry land area or of two or more properties from overflow of inland or tidal waters, unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source, or mudflow. The type of flooding that can impact the Oneida Nation includes riverine, stormwater, and dam failure flooding. An additional flooding concern for Oneida Nation is the threat of overflow of liquid manure in holding pits and lagoons from large-scale farms. Riverine Flood Riverine flooding occurs when water draining from a watershed, whether from rainfall or melting snow, exceeds the capacity of the river or stream channel to hold it. Water overflows onto the nearby low-lying lands (floodplains). In hilly and mountainous areas flooding is likely to be rapid, deep, and dangerous. In relatively flat floodplains, land may stay covered with shallow, slow moving water for days or even weeks. Stormwater Flood Flooding often occurs in urban areas due to stormwater management issues. Stormwater drainage systems have been designed to manage most storms. However, larger storms that occur in a short period are of such intensity that the drains cannot handle all the stormwater and flooding results. Localized stormwater flooding can also occur if storm drains in the area are blocked. It is important to keep the drainage system clear of litter and debris. Newly built property developments incorporate stormwater management measures, such as stormwater detention and retention basins, that provide greater flood protection. Detention basins slow the flow of stormwater being carried in the drainage system by storing it for a time, while Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-14 retention basins (i.e. ponds) hold water during most of the year. Detention basins often double as parks and playing fields. Dam Failure Flood Flooding can result from dam failure. A dam is an artificial barrier, together with its appurtenant works, constructed in or across a waterway for the primary purpose of impounding or diverting water. Dam failure can occur for a number of reasons, including overtopping caused by floods that exceed the capacity of the dam, deliberate acts of sabotage, structural failure of materials used in dam construction, movement and/or failure of the foundation supporting the dam, settlement and cracking of concrete or embankment dams, piping and internal erosion of soil in embankment dams, or inadequate maintenance and upkeep. According to the Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division, there is one dam remaining within the Oneida Nation Reservation, which has been modified to become a very low threat dam. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 26 significant flooding events (including flood, flash flood, heavy rain, and stormwater flooding) in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Some of these reported occurrences may not have been specific to the Oneida Nation and may have been recorded for a larger regional area. Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant flooding event every year. Climate Change Impacts An increase in total precipitation and in the number of intense rainfall events – as predicted by Wisconsin climatologists, will result in an increased risk of flooding. With more intense and frequent flooding events comes greater risks to public safety, property damage, rising threats to drinking and wastewater systems, more stress on the durability of roads and buildings, an increase in shoreline flooding and erosion, overwhelmed stormwater management infrastructure, dam failures, and crop losses. Vulnerability FEMA uses the “base” flood as the basis for its regulatory requirements and flood insurance ratings. The hazards mitigation plan also uses the base flood for planning purposes. The base flood is the one percent chance flood, or the flood that has a one percent (one out of 100) chance of occurring in any given year. The one percent chance flood is commonly referred to as the 100-year flood. A 500year floodplain is the land area expected to be inundated by a flood event that has a 0.2% chance of occurring or being exceeded in any given year. Officially called the 0.2% annual chance floodplain, it represents a moderate-to-low risk zone that lies outside the higher-risk 100-year floodplain. Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a moderate probability of sustaining a 100-year flood in any given year. The areas at greatest risk from flooding include the 100-year floodplain areas of the Oneida Nation Reservation. FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Maps also call this the Special Flood Hazard Area, or “A Zone.” The 100-year and 500-year floodplains for the planning area are shown on Map 3.1. Critical facilities that potentially lie within the floodplain and would be affected by a 100-year flood are shown on Map 3.2. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-15 Repetitive Loss Properties Repetitive loss structure is a term that is usually associated with the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) to describe a structure, covered by a contract of flood insurance under the NFIP, that has suffered flood damage on two or more occasions over a 10-year period ending on the date when a second claim is made, in which the cost to repair the flood damage, on average, equals or exceeds 25 percent of the market-value of the structure at the time of each flood loss event. For the Community Rating System (CRS) of the NFIP, a repetitive loss property is any property, which the NFIP has paid two or more flood claims of $1,000 or more in any given 10-year period since 1978. A repetitive loss structure is important to the NFIP, since structures that flood frequently put a strain on the flood insurance fund. It should also be important to a community because residents’ lives are disrupted and may be threatened by the continual flooding. According to FEMA records, there are no repetitive loss properties within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Impacts Death and Injury No deaths or injuries from flooding have been reported for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to the NCEI. Critical Facilities Some critical facilities located in or near floodplains could be impacted during flooding, making the facility inaccessible, or the services unavailable. Vulnerable populations could require relocation during flooding events. Economic Impacts Flooding can have significant economic impact on a local economy from resulting damage to businesses and infrastructure. During floods, property and belongings may be destroyed and people may become homeless. Public expenditures will include police, fire, and emergency management personnel and shelters, and may also include search and rescue. Great public expenditures result from repairs to public facilities and cleanup. It often takes years for affected communities and businesses to rebuild and return to normalcy. Loss of road access is a major flood impact that affects all residents and businesses, not just those who own property in the floodplain. Sometimes, the loss is temporary, such as during a flood. However, on some occasions, the loss of transportation lasts well after the disaster. When a flood washes out roads, bridges, or railroads, it can be weeks or months before they are repaired and reusable. A key evacuation and safety concern arises when flood water rises above roads and bridges. Generally, the larger the road, the less likely it is to flood, but this is not always the case. Vulnerable structures are structures located in the 100-year flood hazard area identified in Map 3.2. Since there is no building height data for buildings in these flood hazard areas, a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning area was assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-16 According to Oneida Risk Management, it is estimated that $18,823,780 in losses would occur with a flood resulting in a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for all buildings within flood zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Property value information was obtained from the Oneida Nation Risk Management department. Since there is no reliable building height data for Oneida Nation buildings within flood hazard areas, a “worst case scenario” of total structural damage for buildings in all the flood zones of the planning area was assumed in estimating potential dollar losses to vulnerable structures. In addition, there may be areas outside the 100-year flood zones that will flood during an event of that magnitude (or even of lesser magnitude). Through zoning, development in floodplains and shoreland areas is kept to a minimum. The Oneida Nation has shoreland and floodplain zoning. These ordinances are a useful tool in keeping inappropriate development out of flood hazard zones within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Historic property damage reported in the NOAA NCEI storms database for flooding within the Oneida Nation Reservation has totaled $557,000 over the last 25 years. EXCESSIVE HEAT A combination of high heat and humidity can lead to heat-related illness, including heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Heat-related illness can occur when the ability of the body to cool itself is challenged, or when there are insufficient levels of fluid or salt in the body due to sweating or dehydration. Heat-related illnesses increase as the combination of temperature and relative humidity increase, but there are other factors involved as well. The elderly, disabled, and other vulnerable populations are especially susceptible to excessive heat. A heat wave occurs during a period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot and unusually humid weather. Typically, a heat wave lasts two or more days. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 12 significant excessive heat events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Based on previous hazard occurrences, as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant excessive heat event every two years. Climate Change Impacts Wisconsin climatologists predict that by 2050, the frequency of very hot days will likely nearly triple in the north half of the state, which translates to about two more weeks each year with daily high temperatures topping 90° F. Increasing frequency of excessive heat events or heat waves (prolonged periods of stagnant air with temperatures over 90° F) will have direct impacts on human health. A substantial number of deaths and illnesses can occur, especially among the youngest and oldest in the population, when excessive heat conditions continue for several consecutive days with little to no relief. Additionally, excessive heat can negatively impact agriculture from heat stress on livestock and crops. Parks that provide recreational water facilities are likely to experience increased usage during times of excessive heat as well. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-17 Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a low probability of experiencing an excessive heat event in any given year. Excessive heat events have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No deaths, but three injuries have been reported from significant excessive heat events for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities Utilities may see peak demand for electricity during excessive heat events. Hospitals and clinics will likely experience an increased demand due to heat-related illnesses during excessive heat. In some cases, rescue services will experience an increased demand due to heat related illnesses. If school is in session during the excessive heat event, area school districts may dismiss classes early in the day, at least in older schools without air conditioning. Emergency shelters will experience higher demand during the excessive heat, with some emergency shelters being set up specifically in response. Economic Impacts Economic impacts of excessive heat may include higher electrical consumption and increased demands for medical treatment. Local governments may need to incur expenses when repairing streets and highways in the planning area that have been damaged due to buckling. Excessive heat can also negatively impact agriculture in the surrounding area when combined with drought. DENSE FOG Fog is a collection of liquid water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the ground. Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud, usually resembling stratus, and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. Dense fog creates a hazardous situation mainly because of reduced visibility. To alert travelers to potentially dangerous conditions, the National Weather Service forecasts fog and issues dense fog advisories when visibility is decreased to less than one quarter of a mile. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced four significant dense fog events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant dense fog event few years. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-18 Climate Change Impacts A predicted increase in wet weather events will likely increase the occurrence of fog events and the resulting potential for traffic related deaths, injuries, and property damage. Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a low probability of experiencing a significant dense fog event in any given year. Low lying areas along waterways and wetlands are at greatest risk for developing dense fog under certain meteorological conditions. However, no portion of the planning area is free of the possibility of experiencing fog events. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No deaths or injuries have been reported from significant fog events for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities Law enforcement and rescue services may need to respond to an increased number of accidents during dense fog events. Airports can experience flight delays and cancellations during certain fog events. Economic Impacts Vehicular accidents from dense fog can result in property damage. Airline delays due to fog have economic impacts for travelers and airlines. HAIL Hail is a form of precipitation that occurs when updrafts in thunderstorms carry raindrops upward into extremely cold areas of the atmosphere where they freeze into balls of ice. Hailstone size is a direct function of the severity and size of the storm. Hail can be deadly to livestock and people, and can damage homes, cars, and aircraft. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced 17 significant hail events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Based on previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant hail each year. Climate Change Impacts A predicted increase in stronger and more frequent storms than in the past increases the risk from hail events including deaths, injuries, property damage, crop damage, increased runoff, and significant soil erosion. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-19 Vulnerability Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a low probability of experiencing a significant hail event in any given year. Hailstorms have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area or the larger regional area. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No death or injuries have been reported from hail events within the Oneida Nation Reservation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities Hail can inflict severe damage to roofs, windows, and siding of critical facilities, depending on hailstone size and winds. Economic Impacts Hail can damage or destroy crops, and cause costly damage to roofs, windows, siding, trees, and vehicles. DROUGHT A drought is an extended period of below-average precipitation in a given region resulting in prolonged shortages in the water supply (including surface or groundwater). A drought can last for months or years. Droughts in Wisconsin often have the greatest impact on agriculture by reducing crop growth and yields. More substantial drought occurrences can devastate crops resulting in total loss. Droughts can also cause dry conditions, increasing the risk of wildland fires. Past Occurrences According to the NCEI, the Oneida Nation has experienced seven significant droughts events in the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025. Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported by the NCEI, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one significant drought every few years. Climate Change Impacts With Wisconsin climatologists predicting more dry days, coupled with higher summer temperatures and increased evapotranspiration, an increase in drought events is likely. Increased droughts could result in further water level declines in lakes and wetlands, wildlife habitat impacts, urban tree and Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-20 forest stress, agricultural crop losses, increased irrigation demands at times during the growing season, aquifer stress, and a greater likelihood for wildland fire. Vulnerability The future incidence of drought is highly unpredictable, as its occurrence is based on weather patterns, making it difficult to determine probability with any accuracy. Based on the hazard frequency and the effects of climate change, the Oneida Nation is considered to have a low probability of experiencing a drought event in any given year. Droughts have no defined hazard area within the planning area. Past events have been relatively uniform across the planning area, as they tend to be a regional phenomenon. However, agricultural croplands are most vulnerable to losses from drought events. According to land use data (Map 2.2), the Oneida Nation Reservation contains 37,366 acres of agricultural land. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No deaths or injuries have been reported from significant drought events for the Oneida Nation over the last 25 years from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2025, according to NCEI data. Critical Facilities In extreme, prolonged drought conditions, water shortages may occur and affect the amount of water available for human consumption, and hospitals could see an increase in individuals suffering from dehydration. Economic Impacts Drought can significantly reduce crop growth and yields, which adversely affects farm income. Substantial drought events can lead to complete crop loss. Livestock may also be adversely affected by droughts. As agricultural croplands are most vulnerable to losses from drought events, a “worst case scenario” would involve the total destruction of all 37,366 acres of agricultural lands within the Oneida Nation Reservation resulting in a loss of over $318.8 million. This calculation is based on data from a 2024 agricultural land values analysis conducted by the Farm Management Division of the University of Wisconsin Extension Service, which calculated the average value of agricultural land in East Central Wisconsin, which includes Oneida Nation, at $8,532 per acre (Nantel, 2020; https://farms.extension.wisc.edu/articles/wisconsin-agricultural-land-prices/). WILDLAND FIRE A wildland fire is an unintentional burning in forests, brush, grasslands, or open lands, typically caused by lightning, human carelessness, or arson. According to the current land use on the Oneida Nation Reservation (Table 2.1), 14 percent of the Oneida Nation Reservation is forest and 4 percent is grasslands, which are potentially susceptible to wildland fires. Generally, fires are more likely when vegetation is dry. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-21 Past Occurrences There have been no significant wildland fires on record for the Oneida Nation, so the hazard frequency cannot be determined. Climate Change Impacts With Wisconsin climatologists predicting more dry days, coupled with higher summer temperatures, an increase in wildland fire events is likely. Vulnerability According to the U.S. Forest Service Wildland Fire Assessment System, the Oneida Nation Reservation regularly falls within a low to moderate fire danger class. A low rating indicates that fuels do not ignite readily from small firebrands, while a moderate rating means that fires will likely start from most accidental causes. The Oneida Nation Reservation contains approximately 9,320 acres of forestry lands and 2,400 acres of grasslands (based on current land use data). Of these, few contain timbers that are very susceptible to significant burning. As the Oneida Nation Reservation is not contiguously forested and does not contain the hazards and risks necessary to warrant intensive or extensive fire protection, the Wisconsin DNR designates Brown and Outagamie counties, which encompass the Oneida Nation Reservation, a “Cooperative Fire Protection Area.” Therefore, no DNR ranger stations or suppression resources are located within the Oneida Nation Reservation or the surrounding areas of Brown and Outagamie counties. The likelihood that any wildland fire within the Oneida Nation Reservation would be catastrophic is low risk, as most susceptible areas lack enough acreage to allow for continuous burning. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No data on deaths or injuries is available for significant wildland fire events for the Oneida Nation. Critical Facilities All critical facilities located in the path of a wildland fire can be affected structurally and functionally if evacuation is deemed necessary. Fire, emergency response, and police personnel are most affected by wildland fires due to the dangers of helping to save people and extinguish fires, and the increased workloads during and after occurrences. Hospitals can see increases in patient load resulting from burn-related injuries and individuals suffering from the effects of smoke inhalation. Economic Impacts Fires can have an impact on the economy of an affected area by causing property damage. Major direct costs associated with wildland fires are incurred to extinguish the fire, to salvage and remove damaged debris, restore the burned area, and reconstruction. Wildland fires can also have a significant impact on local agriculture. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-22 HUMAN-CAUSED HAZARD PROFILES Each human-caused hazard that has been identified as a significant impact to the Oneida Nation has been profiled in this section. The hazard profile describes the characteristics of past humancaused hazards, and their impacts, frequency, and probability of future hazards that could impact the Oneida Nation. Hazard risk probabilities are represented as high, moderate, and low. High risk probability hazards are defined as hazards that occur an average of more than three times per year; moderate risk probability hazards are those that occur an average of one to three times per year; and low risk probability hazards occur less frequently than one time per year. The human-caused hazards profiled in this section include Cybersecurity Threats, Pandemic, Active Threat, Civil/Social Unrest and Terrorism, Hazardous Spills, Manure Spills, and Airplane Crash. CYBERSECURITY THREATS Cybersecurity threats are those that present a risk to digital systems, networks, and programs from external and internal attacks. These threats are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users; or interrupting normal business processes. Implementing effective cybersecurity measures is challenging as there are more devices than people, and attackers continue to develop new tactics. TYPES OF CYBERSECRUITY THREATS ADVANCED PERSISTENT THREATS PHISHING TROJANS BOTNETS RANSOMWARE DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE (DDOS) WIPER ATTACKS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY THEFT THEFT OF MONEY DATA MANIPULATION DATA DESTRUCTION SPYWARE/MALWARE MAN IN THE MIDDLE (MITM) ADVANCED PERSISTENT THREATS DRIVE-BY DOWNLOADS MALVERTISING ROGUE SOFTWARE Past Occurrences UNPATCHED SOFTWARE Detailed information on cybersecurity threat occurrences is only shared with the Oneida Nation’s insurance carrier. The Oneida Nation Digital Technology Services (DTS) recalls seven cybersecurity threat incidents since 2017; however, this information is not based on any system security information. Fortunately, the seven incidents were minor and had very little impact on the Oneida Nation. Based on DTS recollections of previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences one external cybersecurity threat per year. Vulnerability As with all organizations, cybersecurity threats are a constant reality for the Oneida Nation. These threats are difficult to plan for, as they can occur in a variety of ways and from numerous sources such as cybercriminals, malicious software, nation-state actors, employee mistakes, mishandling of sensitive information, weak password practices, or unauthorized access to systems and data. The type of incidents we hear about most often involve the exposure of personal identifying information or personal health information, which can have serious consequences for affected individuals and the organization. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-23 Other significant external cybersecurity threats include ransomware attacks where systems are shut down by hackers demanding payment, or diversion of electronic funds through fraudulent means. These examples are not an all-inclusive list, but they illustrate the types of cyber threats faced daily. The best defense for the Oneida Nation against these threats lies in the vigilance and expertise of the DTS staff. DTS oversees systems designed to detect and stop such threats. The DTS team works to reduce these risks through monitoring, safeguards, and ongoing training. The risk/severity of a cybersecurity threat to the Oneida Nation is high and continued commitment and attentiveness from Information Security is imperative. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for cybersecurity threats for the Oneida Nation, nor is such an impact anticipated from this hazard. Critical Facilities All critical facilities that rely on digital data or information systems are at risk from cybersecurity threats. Cybersecurity threats combined with an on-going natural hazard event could have a significant impact on critical facilities and the people that rely on them. Economic Impacts The economic impact of cybersecurity threats may include internal and external resources to stop the attack, correct the vulnerability, notify affected individuals, and offer identification or other protection. Additional costs may include interruption of business and loss of revenue for uninsured costs. There can also be the unmeasurable cost of losing the trust of the public, employees, or stakeholders – and the costs in efforts to regain trust. PANDEMIC A pandemic is an outbreak of a disease that spreads across multiple countries or continents, affecting many people. It typically involves a new infectious agent to which most of the population has little or no immunity, leading to widespread transmission. Pandemics differ from epidemics, which are more localized outbreaks. Examples include the COVID-19 pandemic, the 1918 influenza pandemic, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Past Occurrences According to the Oneida Nation Community/Public Health Officer, the Oneida Nation has experienced one pandemic, the COVID-19 pandemic, in the last 16 years from 2010 to 2026. The COVID-19 pandemic was a global health crisis caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, first identified in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. It rapidly spread worldwide, leading the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The Oneida Nation issued a Declaration of Emergency for COVID-19 on March 12, 2020. Governments worldwide implemented lockdowns, travel restrictions, and public health measures to slow the spread. The pandemic caused millions of deaths, overwhelmed healthcare systems, and led to economic and social disruptions. Vaccines were developed at unprecedented speed, helping to curb severe illness and death. While the virus continues to circulate, widespread vaccination and treatments have helped many nations transition to a more manageable phase of living with COVID-19. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-24 Based on previous occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately one pandemic event every 10 years. Vulnerability The Oneida Nation, like many Indigenous communities, faces unique vulnerabilities to pandemics, including COVID-19. Several factors contribute to this heightened risk: 1. Health Disparities – Indigenous populations, including the Oneida Nation, experience higher rates of chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory issues. These conditions increase the severity of infectious diseases like COVID-19. 2. Limited Healthcare Access – While the Oneida Nation has healthcare services, Indigenous communities often have fewer medical facilities, limited specialized care, and underfunded health programs, making it harder to respond effectively to a pandemic. 3. Multigenerational Households – Many Oneida families live in multigenerational homes, which can facilitate virus spread and increase the risk of severe outcomes for elders, who hold important cultural and historical knowledge. 4. Economic Challenges – Economic disparities, including higher poverty rates and job insecurity, can make it more difficult for individuals to take protective measures, such as staying home from work or accessing medical care. 5. Cultural and Community Practices – The Oneida Nation, like many Indigenous groups, places strong emphasis on community gatherings, ceremonies, and traditions. These events are vital for cultural preservation but can also increase the risk of disease transmission during a pandemic. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a medium risk/severity from pandemics. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury 56 deaths resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic were recorded for the Oneida Nation by Enrollments from 03/12/2020 to 05/11/2023 based on death certificates. No data on injuries was collected or reported. Critical Facilities No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to pandemics. However, additional response will likely be required from a number of the Oneida Nation services during an outbreak, including health department, emergency services, behavioral health services, emergency management, tribal government and leadership, elder services, family and youth services, food distribution and assistance programs, schools, housing, public works, tribal employment and workforce, and business and economic development. Economic Impacts The COVID-19 pandemic had significant economic impacts on the Oneida Nation. As a sovereign nation with businesses, government services, and a workforce dependent on both tribal and external economies, the pandemic disrupted multiple sectors and caused loss of revenue from Tribal enterprises, job losses and economic hardship, increased demand for social services, disruptions to government funding and programs, and long-term economic recovery challenges. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-25 To address these challenges, the Oneida Nation leveraged federal relief funds, adapted business strategies, and prioritized community support programs to stabilize and rebuild the economy postpandemic. ACTIVE THREAT An active threat refers to a situation in which an individual or group is actively causing harm or posing an immediate danger to people, property, or operations. This can include incidents such as an active threat, armed intruder, violent attack, or any other scenario where there is an ongoing and immediate risk of harm. Past Occurrences The Oneida Nation Police Department recalls three active threat incidents over the past decade. One incident in 2021 at the Oneida Casino Hotel resulted in three deaths – two employees and the threat. The other two incidents were minor and had little impact. Based on Police Department recollections of previous hazard occurrences, the Oneida Nation experiences less than one active threat per year. Vulnerability Oneida Nation has vulnerabilities to an active threat as it operates various public buildings, such as tribal offices, schools, healthcare facilities, and casinos. Additionally, there are vulnerabilities at community gatherings. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a medium risk/severity from active threats. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury Three deaths have been reported for active threats for the Oneida Nation over the past decade. All three deaths were a result of one incident in 2021 at the Oneida Casino Hotel. Critical Facilities There is no significant risk to critical facilities from an active threat. Economic Impacts The economic impact of active threats may include costs associated with mobilizing internal and external resources to stop the attack, correct vulnerabilities, notify affected individuals, and provide identity protection or other support. Additional expenses may arise from business interruptions and revenue losses, especially for costs not covered by insurance. There may also be intangible losses, such as damage to the trust of the public, employees, or stakeholders—and the substantial efforts and resources required to rebuild that trust. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-26 CIVIL/SOCIAL UNREST AND TERRORISM Civil and social unrest refers to large-scale public disturbances caused by dissatisfaction with political, social, or economic conditions. This can include protests, demonstrations, strikes, riots, or violent clashes between groups. Unrest often arises in response to government policies, social injustices, economic hardships, or other grievances. While some protests remain peaceful, unrest can escalate into looting, vandalism, or violent confrontations with law enforcement or opposing groups. Terrorism involves the use of violence, threats, or intimidation to achieve political, religious, or ideological objectives. It can be carried out by individuals, groups, or state-sponsored actors. Terrorist acts often target civilians, government institutions, or symbolic locations to instill fear, gain attention, or pressure governments into action. Both civil/social unrest and terrorism pose risks to public safety and infrastructure, but they differ in motivation and execution—unrest stems from public discontent, whereas terrorism is typically premeditated and ideologically driven. However, Oneida Nation will address the vulnerabilities and identify mitigation strategies the same for both hazards. Past Occurrences According to the Oneida Nation Police Department, there have been no reported incidents of civil/social unrest or terrorism within the past decade. Vulnerability Civil/social unrest and terrorism expose vulnerabilities in both physical and digital infrastructure, public safety, and social cohesion. These threats can disrupt essential services, damage property, and create widespread fear, especially where there are existing divisions or distrust in authorities. Economic stability may also be at risk, as businesses, transportation, and tourism are often directly affected. The spread of misinformation, cyberattacks, and inadequate emergency responses can further escalate the situation, while weakened legal and political systems may struggle to contain or address the violence. In such environments, public health systems can become overwhelmed, and communities may face long-lasting psychological and economic impacts. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a low risk/severity from civil/social unrest or terrorism. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for civil/social unrest or terrorism for the Oneida Nation. Critical Facilities There is no significant risk to critical facilities from civil/social unrest or terrorism. Economic Impacts Civil or social unrest and terrorism can lead to significant economic impacts, including property damage, emergency response costs, and business disruptions that result in lost revenue and higher Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-27 insurance premiums. Longer-term effects may include reduced investment, declining property values, job losses, and increased security expenses. HAZARDOUS SPILLS A spill is a discharge (i.e. spilling, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, dumping, etc., to land, air, or water) that is typically a one-time event or occurrence, and usually inadvertent. A hazardous spill is a discharge of a substance that can cause harm to human health and safety, or the environment, because of where it is spilled, the amount spilled, its toxicity, or its concentration. Even common products such as milk, butter, corn, etc., may be considered a hazardous substance if discharged to a sensitive area. Wis. Stat. 292.11(2) and Wis. Admin. NR 706.05 require individuals and entities that possess or control a hazardous substance, or that cause the discharge of a hazardous substance to the environment, to notify the Wisconsin DNR immediately about the discharge. Wis. Stat. 292.99 authorizes penalties up to $5,000 for each violation of the notification requirement. Past Occurrences According to the Wisconsin DNR’s online Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking System (BRRTS) database, the Oneida Nation has potentially experienced up to 770 hazardous spill events in the last 16 years from 2000 to 2026. The total reflects all spills in Outagamie and Brown counties, as the dataset does not yet isolate those within Oneida Nation. The total also does not include manure spills as they are addressed as a separate human-caused hazard. Most spills were the result of vehicle accidents and were immediately cleaned up. There were also a few that were the result of accidents involving non-PCB transformers being hit. Hazardous spills include all substance spills as well as reported spills of a negligible quantity or those having minimal impact. Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported in BRRTS, the Oneida Nation potentially experiences up to about 48 hazardous spill events per year. Vulnerability The Oneida Nation is vulnerable to hazardous spills via transportation corridors, particularly highways that traverse the area, and the significant amount of agricultural activity (57% of the land use) within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Risks are present from spills of agricultural products including fertilizers, pesticides and anhydrous ammonia; and any number of other hazardous substances being transported through the Oneida Nation Reservation via highways. Additionally, a review of BRRTS shows that there are incidents in neighboring areas involving large dairy farms and/or other food processing facilities that have the potential to cause damage to Oneida Nation resources. Sanamax, a rendering plant just outside the northeast corner of the Oneida Reservation, frequently reports road spillages from vehicles transporting into and out of the facility. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a low risk/severity from hazardous spills. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-28 Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for hazardous spills for the Oneida Nation. Critical Facilities No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to hazardous spills. However, additional response will likely be required from a number of the Oneida Nation services during an event, including Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division; Emergency Management; Risk Management; Division of Public Works; and the Communications Dept.; as well as Wisconsin DNR and EPA. Depending on the severity of the spill, hospitals and fire departments could be impacted from response and care of victims. Economic Impacts The cost of response and cleanup of a hazardous spill depends heavily on what product is spilled and where it occurs. For example, a few gallons of paint spilled on a flat parking lot would require minimal effort and cost to cleanup, while the cost of cleaning up a tractor trailer that spilled hundreds of gallons of ethylene glycol into a waterway could easily reach over $100,000. Costs will be incurred for the staff resources for various departments and agencies that need to respond to, document, and report the incident. There will also be costs incurred for staff time, supplies, and equipment needed to protect human health and the environment, and to clean up the substance as efficiently and effectively as possible. MANURE SPILLS A manure spill is a subset of a hazardous spill; however, due to the significant impact and frequency of occurrence within the Oneida Nation, it has been added as a separate human-caused hazard. A manure spill is a discharge of animal waste into the environment in a manner that exceeds the rate of nutrient uptake by plants, or it has been applied in a manner that has not been identified in the “Nutrient Management Plan.” Manure spills may occur during manure storage, transportation, and land application. Past Occurrences According to the Wisconsin DNR’s online Bureau for Remediation and Redevelopment Tracking System (BRRTS) database, the Oneida Nation has experienced 71 manure spill events in the last 16 years from 2010 to 2026. Most were the result of vehicle accidents and were immediately cleaned up. Two events, the Meadowview Dairy spill and the Robertson spill were significant. The Meadowview dairy spill sent approximately three million gallons of liquid manure into Coyote Run in 2014. The Robertson spill sent 300,000 gallons of liquid manure into Silver Creek in 2018. Based on previous hazard occurrences as reported in BRRTS, the Oneida Nation experiences approximately four manure spills per year. Vulnerability With 37,366 acres of the Oneida Nation Reservation in agriculture (57% of the land use), there is a significant vulnerability to the threat of manure spills during storage, transportation, and land Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-29 application. Additionally, there are large dairy farms on neighboring lands that present additional risk for manure spills during transportation through the Oneida Nation. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a low risk/severity from manure spills. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for manure spills for the Oneida Nation. Critical Facilities No critical facilities are particularly vulnerable to manure spills. However, additional response will likely be required from a number of Oneida Nation services during an event, including Land, Environmental, Agriculture, and Food as Medicine Division; Emergency Management; Risk Management; Division of Public Works; and the Communications Department; as well as Wisconsin DNR and EPA. Economic Impacts The cost of response and cleanup of a manure spill depends heavily on the quantity that is spilled and where it occurs. Costs will be incurred for the staff resources for various departments and agencies that need to respond to, document, and report the incident. There will also be costs incurred for staff time, supplies, and equipment needed to protect the environment, and to clean up the substance as efficiently and effectively as possible. AIRPLANE CRASH An airplane crash refers to an event in which an aircraft fails to operate properly and results in a sudden, often catastrophic, impact with the ground, water, or other objects. This can occur due to a variety of factors, including mechanical failure, human error, adverse weather conditions, or external causes, such as a collision. Airplane crashes typically lead to significant damage to the aircraft, and in many cases, loss of life or serious injury to passengers and crew. The severity of the crash can vary from minor incidents to major disasters, depending on the circumstances and the nature of the failure. Although the Green Bay Austin Straubel International Airport is not owned or managed by the Oneida Nation, it is located within the Reservation boundaries. Past Occurrences According to the Oneida Police Department, the Oneida Nation has experienced one airplane crash in the last 16 years from 2010 to 2026. The incident did not result in any deaths or injuries as the aircraft was able to land safely in a field near the airport. Vulnerability The Oneida Nation, with an airport located within its boundaries, faces the vulnerability of an airplane crash occurring. While the airport is owned by Brown County, any crash could pose significant risks to the surrounding community, including property damage, loss of life, and environmental hazards such as fuel spills or fires. The proximity of the airport means that the Nation’s residents and infrastructure could be directly impacted by such an event, requiring swift Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-30 emergency response and recovery efforts. Additionally, the psychological and economic toll of a crash could affect the local population, even if the Oneida Nation is not directly responsible for the airport’s operations. Based on the perceived risk to the community as determined by the Steering Committee, the Oneida Nation has a low risk/severity from airplane crashes. Impacts from Hazard Death and Injury No incidents of death or injuries have been reported for airplane crashes for the Oneida Nation. Critical Facilities No Oneida Nation owned critical facilities are directly threatened by an airplane crash. Economic Impacts Though the airport is not operated by the Oneida Nation, an airplane crash on reservation land could cause economic costs including emergency response, environmental cleanup, damage to infrastructure, and disruption to local businesses. Indirect effects may include reduced tourism, lower property values, and impacts on economic development. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 3-31 100 & 500 Year Floodplains Legend 100 Year Floodplain GIS Critical Facilities_26-0430 Date: 05/12/2026 500 Year Floodplain Reservation Boundary Roads Streams Vantor Critical Facilities Within Floodplain Legend 100 Year Floodplain Critical Facilities Roads GIS Critical Facilities_26-0430 Date: 05/12/2026 Streams ANR Pipeline (Energy) Technology Infrastructure (Communications) Earthstar Geographics Reservation Boundary CHAPTER 4 - MITIGATION STRATEGY The mitigation strategy outlines the activities that the Oneida Nation would like to implement in order to reduce their risk from hazards. The mitigation strategy is made up of the mitigation goals, mitigation actions, and a strategy for implementation. These components provide a framework to identify, prioritize, and implement actions to reduce risk to people and property from hazards. This chapter also identifies the mitigation strategies that have been completed for the Oneida Nation and resources available for mitigation. PLAN GOALS The following mitigation goals have been developed for the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. They offer overarching guidance aimed at mitigating hazards within the Oneida Nation Reservation. Goal 1. Minimize human, economic, and environmental disruption from hazards. Goal 2. Implement policies and programs designed to reduce or eliminate the impacts of hazards on people and property. Goal 3. Enhance public education, training, and outreach about disaster resiliency and expand public awareness of hazards and their impact. Goal 4. Enhance intergovernmental cooperation with surrounding counties and communities in hazard mitigation efforts and response to hazards and disasters. Goal 5. Promote and enhance the use of natural resource protection measures as a means to reduce the impacts of hazards on people and property. COMPLETED MITIGATION STRATEGIES Eight mitigation strategies have been completed since adoption of the 2020-2025 Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. The completed mitigation strategies included the following: • Acquired GIS datasets including power substations and areas served, broadband transmitters, and cell towers. • Completed stormwater improvement project on Finger Lake Dam. • Assessed capability to provide food during sheltering. • Developed pandemic/infectious disease plan. • Provided GIS data access and sharing to Emergency Management. • Improved access to shelter in Green Earth mobile home park (increased size and provided more reliable access). • Developed a plan to address cybersecurity threats. • Regarding pandemics, SOPs were developed to enable employees to work from home when close contact becomes risky. Also, discussions were completed to evaluate the need for safety glass at retail locations to protect employees from exposure. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-1 MITIGATION RESOURCES The Oneida Nation has a number of divisions and departments that enforce policies, execute programs, and provide resources that support the mitigation strategy for reducing potential losses identified in the risk assessment. These authorities have been identified under the ‘Responsible Parties’ in the mitigation strategy tables. OPTIONS FOR FUNDING MITIGATION Hazard mitigation programs and projects can be funded in a variety of ways with funding from Tribal, public, and private programs, including local budgets, grants, or loans. The following is a list of potential funding programs that may be available to fund mitigation strategies identified in this plan. Federal Funding Programs: • EDA Public Works and Development Facilities (https://www.eda.gov/programs/edaprograms/) • FEMA Assistance to Firefighters Grant (https://www.fema.gov/grants/preparedness/firefighters) • FEMA Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) (https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/building-resilient-infrastructure-communities) • FEMA Flood Mitigation Assistance Program (https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/floods) • FEMA Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) (https://www.fema.gov/grants/mitigation/hazard-mitigation) • U.S. DOT Hazardous Materials Emergency Preparedness (https://www.phmsa.dot.gov/grants/hazmat/hazardous-materials-emergency-preparednesshmep-grant) • U.S. Department of Education Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (https://www2.ed.gov/programs/dvpemergencyresponse/index.html) State Funding Programs: • Wisconsin Department of Administration Emergency Solutions Grant, Housing Assistance Program (https://doa.wi.gov/Pages/LocalGovtsGrants/Emergency-Solutions-GrantTransitional-Housing-Program-Homelessness-Prevention-Program-ETH.aspx) • Wisconsin DNR Forest Fire Protection (FFP) Grant Program (https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/ForestFireProtection.html) • Wisconsin DNR Municipal Flood Control Grant Program (https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/MunFloodControl.html) • Wisconsin DNR Surface Water Grant Program (https://dnr.wisconsin.gov/aid/SurfaceWater.html) Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-2 HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES Tables 4.1-4.17 list the mitigation strategies that Oneida Nation has identified to reduce the impact of natural and human-caused hazards. Each table lists mitigation strategies for a specific hazard, the project prioritization, the estimated project timeline, and responsible parties. The Oneida Nation Emergency Management will monitor the implementation of mitigation actions. Completed or revised projects will be documented in future five-year updates of the Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan. A cost-benefit analysis was not prepared for any identified mitigation strategy but will be undertaken as needed when the project is pursued. STRATEGY PRIORITIZATION As part of the mitigation strategy, each project was prioritized by the Steering Committee. By consensus, the Steering Committee assigning a prioritization rank of “high,” “medium” or “low” to each strategy based on need, potential funding, and anticipated support for the project. The following tables include the identified mitigation strategies for both natural and human-caused hazards for each hazard type. Table 4.1: All Hazards Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Develop a standard for numbering builidng doors on occupied buildings. Conduct risk assessment to complete a Continuity Plan. Add a permanent siren near Oneida Lake area for campers. Priority All Hazards Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Comments Division of Public Works High 2026 High 2026 High 2026-2028 Develop Continuity Plan. High 2026-2029 Aquire towers to improve range, add computer aided dispatch -potential for StarLink integration. High 2026-2031 Police; Digital Technology Services 2026-2031 Will need to define how notifications work internally and externally. Communications Department Will need to include a and all Nation Departments process for people to check into reception centers. Community Communications Plan for information management. High Risk Management; EM; DTS; Finance Division of Public Works; and Currently using a portable siren. Emergency Management Oneida Comprehensive Health Division (OCHD) has hired a consultant to Emergency Management assist in development of division specific Continuity Plan Workshop in May 2025. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 Currently relying on Brown County's digital system. 4-3 Table 4.1 (cont’d): All Hazards Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority All Hazards (cont'd) Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Comments Establish procedures for dealing with the collection and disposal of large volumes of after-storm solid waste debris. High 2026-2031 Division of Public Works; Police Department; Land, Develop Debris Environmental, Agriculture and Management and Food as Medicine DivisionRemoval Plan. Conservation Department Develop a community lifeline chart and risk assessment resource list. High 2027-2028 Working on getting Communications Department; community lifeline poster Community Development Area developed. 2028-2030 Brown and Outagamie Counties; Community To be developed after the Development Area; Emergency Continuity Plan. Management; Public Health Develop a mass evacuation plan. Maintain public shelter designation in order to provide centers with proper shelter amenities and transportation availability. High High Emergency Management; American Red Cross; Review Annually Community Development Area Shelters are listed in Emergency Response Plan. American Red Cross is a partner with Oneida Nation on this effort. Promote the use of weather radios in all schools and in all homes, and provide education on use. High Ongoing Emergency Management; Brown and Outagamie counties Emergency Management; local TV stations Evaluate tools and methods to improve interoperability efficiency and effectiveness. High Ongoing Police Department Ongoing Land, Environmental, Funding for Agriculture and Food as implementation will be a Medicine Division, Division of challenge. Public Works, Housing Address stormwater management issues. Maintain a list of staging areas and dumpsters to address waste after a disaster. Coordinate with support agencies through the implementation of the Oneida Nation Emergency Response Plan. Medium High Medium Medium Review Annually Division of Public Works Ongoing Emergency Management; all departments; American Red Cross Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 Emergency Response Plan updated 2025. Updated annually. Dept Emergency Action Plans are being updated. 4-4 Table 4.1 (cont’d): All Hazards Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority All Hazards (cont'd) Timeline Responsible Dept/Entities Continue public education and outreach regarding emergency preparedness. Medium Ongoing Manage removal of ash trees that create hazardous situations. Medium Ongoing Maintain a list of buildings to be used for reception centers. Low 2026-2031 Ensure registration and provide updates under the Brown and Outagamie counties 211 Information System. Review and update the Oneida Emergency Response Plan. Maintain power lines through proper maintenance and efficient response to fallen power lines. Continue coordinating with Amateur Radio Emergency Services (ARES)/Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES). Develop a calendar of upcoming outreach activities. Comments Community Health Services is currently collaborating with Cultural Heritage to develop a Emergency Management; culturally appropriate American Red Cross; Police community preparedness Department; Community Health inititive - translating some Services; Land, Environment, of the organized Agriculture and Food as preparedness slogans Medicine Division; Division of into the Oneida Public Works; Employee Health Language. Additionally, Nursing collaboration with Elder Services to talk about preparendess activitites at their events. Env. Restorations Project Manager will work with Conservation and outside Land, Environmental, contractors to Agriculture and Food as remove/plant trees. Medicine Division; Grounds Yearly contract exists to work with a contractor to Keeping; Housing prioritize tree removal. Priority will vary based on location and impacts. Oneida owned buildings where people can check Human Services & Public in during disasters to Health confirm/document that they are safe. Low Review Annually Emergency Management Low Review Annually Emergency Management Low Low Low Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing WEC Energy Group; ATC Oneida Nation is a partner with 211. Completed annually as a deliverable of the EMPG. Utilities has a program to maintain powerlines based on utility-defined needs/priorities. Emergency Management; ARES/RACES Effective process in place using area radio and television stations. EM coordinates with ARES/RACES and is invited to their monthly meetings. Emergency Management EM holds events annually along with the FEMA preparedness calendar for monthly topics. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-5 Table 4.2: Winter Storm Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Present a parking ordinance to the LOC to not allow parking on Nation's roads during snow emergencies. Ensure plowing and salting equipment is operational and available to handle potential emergencies. Maintain tree trimming program. Winter Storm Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Low 2026 DPW Low Ongoing Division of Public Works; Aging and Disability Services Low Ongoing WEC Comments Legislation may take time to develop. On tribal roads only and Tribal owned properties. Table 4.3: Tornado/Strong Wind Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Tornado/Strong Wind Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Ensure that there are emergency/safety plans for each occupied facility. High Ongoing Address hazard trees (such as those impacted by EAB). High Ongoing Need additional funding to manage downed and hazardous trees. Inventory Oneida-owned homes that do not have basements. Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other necessary clean-up after a storm. Comments EAPs are reviewed and updated annually. All Management from each facilities are being occupied Oneida faclity reviewed to ensure they have KNOX boxes. An Env. Restorations Project Manager has been hired and he is working on biding out a Land, Environmental, Forest Inventory and Agriculture and Food as when complete will Medicine Division, Division of contract to have a Public Works, Housing Forestry Management Plan developed. Estimate two year for completion of plan. Medium 2026-2028 Comprehensive Housing Division; Division of Public Works; Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division-Conservation; Intergovenmental Affairs Low 2026-2031 Housing; Community Development Area Storm shelters are intergrated into new developments. Ongoing Division of Public Works; Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division; Police Department; Neighboring Fire Depts Have cooperative agreements with most surrounding municipalities. Low Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-6 Table 4.4: Extreme Cold Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Maintain programs to check on the elders and functional needs residents during extreme cold events. Maintain a list of elders, homebound, and functional needs residences and other populations vulnerable to extreme cold. Priority Medium Low Extreme Cold Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Aging and Disability Services; Community Health Ongoing Services; local hospital programs Ongoing Aging and Disability Services; Community Health Services Comments Aging and Disability will check in by calling those on the list. Table 4.5: Flood Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Develop a database of trained employees for Damage Assessment. Evaluate stormwater detension facilities for repairs/upgrades. Priority High High Flood Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) 2026-2027 Division of Public Works; Transit 2026-2031 Division of Public Works; Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division Comments Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division and Emergency Management are in the process of securing a grant from WEM to address flood mapping. Utilize floodplain mapping to update existing flood maps and data sources to better determine Medium areas and facilities susceptible to recurring flooding. 2026-2031 Community Development Area; GIS Maintain a stormwater management plan that includes such remediation techniques as surface detention basins, instreet detention units, and rain gardens. Ongoing Division of Public Works; Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division Medium Ongoing Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Land, Environmental, Medicine Division Agriculture and Food as coordinates with WDNR. Medicine Division; Wisconsin Currently discussing a potential MOU with DNR DNR for waste facilities coordination. Low 2026-2031 Division of Public Works Continue reviewing physical engineering inspection and verification of Fort Howard Sludge Facility impoundment. Develop a storm drain maintenance program. Medium Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 In development 4-7 Table 4.5 (cont’d): Flood Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Flood (cont'd) Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Inventory floodfighting equipment and supplies (equipment, sandbags, sandpits, pumps, etc.) and develop an inventory database. Low 2026-2031 Division of Public Works; Comprehensive Housing Division; Land Management; Utilities Establish list of contractors for floodfighting supplies. Low 2026-2031 Division of Public Work Groundskeeping Ongoing Communications; Division of Public Works; Emergency Management, Comprehensive Housing Provide community outreach about floodproofing techniques for residents and businesses. Ensure appropriate future land use decisions align with the currently adopted version of the — Land Use Policy Framework“ as guided by the Oneida Nation Comprehensive Plan. Implement rural drainage improvements and maintenance for ditches, bridges, and culverts. Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other necessary clean-up after a storm. Low Low Low Low Ongoing All departments Ongoing Community Development Area; Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division Ongoing Grounds Keeping; Police Department; Division of Public Works; Land, Environment, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division; Community Development; Comprehensive Housing Division Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 Comments Sand pits are available at Oneida Lake to fill bags. Groundskeeping will inventory flood response equipment and supplies. Vendor license could be exempted by Purchasing to expedite response. The Oneida Nation Comprehensive Plan is currently in the process of being updated. Any modifications to the — Land Use Policy Framework“ as a result of the Comprehensive Plan update (if any) would be minor. A flooding study was developed for upper Oneida Creek with ACOE to assist with future planning. OPD takes calls about locations and informs Conservation who decides priority for trees. 4-8 Table 4.6: Excessive Heat Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Maintain programs to check on the elders and functional needs Medium residents during excessive heat events. Maintain a list of elders, homebound, and functional needs residences and other Low populations vulnerable to extreme cold. Excessive Heat Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Ongoing Aging and Disability Services; Community Health Services Ongoing Aging and Disability Services; Community Health Services Comments Aging and Disability will check in by calling those on the list. Table 4.7: Dense Fog Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Dense Fog Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Comments Inform the county highway departments and Wisconsin DOT of areas lacking signage, damaged signs, or fading paint on roads. Low Ongoing Annual roadway checks by camera are conducted Tribal Transportation; on physical condition of Community Development Area roads including determining signage and road paint condition. Provide information to area news media in order to broadcast emergency information that addresses safety precautions, including the need to avoid certain corridors or to slow down while traveling during a fog event. Low Ongoing NWS; media; RAVE Table 4.8: Hail Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Maintain a process to check for downed trees and other necessary clean-up after a storm. Priority Low Hail Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Ongoing Division of Public Works; Police Department; Conservation Department Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 Comments DPW only manages trees on the Nation's roads and DPW properties. Housing covers their area and Conservation takes care of trees in wooded areas (ongoing discussion). 4-9 Table 4.9: Drought Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Drought Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Comments Develop a water maintenance or distribution plan. Low 2025-2030 Utilities Review water sample results in private wells and recommend filtration, as needed Low Ongoing Division of Public Works (community wells and septic program) Conducted on wells on a 3-year rotation. Utilities Oneida Nation is covered by four water districts: Oneida Nation, Village of Hobart Water Utility; Ashwaubenon Water and Sewer, and Green Bay Water. Enact water restrictions and monitor water quality, when needed. Low Ongoing Table 4.10: Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Wildland Fire Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Ensure mutual aid fire protection agreements are in place and they include provisions for wildfires. Medium Ongoing Maintain and upgrade roads to allow for adequate access by emergency vehicles and fire equipment. Low Ongoing Comments MABAS agreement is reviewed annually and Intergovenmental Affairs; Service Agreements with Village of Hobart Fire; Town of Brown and Outagamie Oneida Fire; Tri-County Fire; Counties are on Oneida Ashwaubenon Fire; Green Bay Nation website. Env. Fire; Emergency Management; Restorations Project Land, Environmental, Manager working on Agriculture and Food as Forest Management Medicine Division Plan(2 year completion planned). Oneida Nation maintains a fire management plan. Oneida Nation roads are maintained by Oneida Division of Public Works, Division of Public Works; Groundskeeping Department. Brown and Outagamie Transportation Program counties; municipalities develops safety plans for roads and works with WI DOT. Driveway costs are the responsibility of the property owner. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-10 Table 4.10 (cont’d): Wildland Fire Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Priority Wildland Fire (cont'd) Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Continue outreach efforts regarding open burning and fireworks laws. Low Ongoing Government Administration (Communications); Village of Hobart Fire; Town of Oneida Fire; Green Bay Fire; Ashwaubenon Fire; Tri-County Fire, Land, Environmental, Agriculture and Food as Medicine Division; Emergency Management Continue to provide burn ban communications. Refer public to fire danger map as questions arise on burning restrictions. Low Ongoing Wisconsin DNR; Communications; Brown and Outagamie counties Comments Oneida Nation maintains a fire management plan. Table 4.11: Cybersecurity Threat Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Conduct periodic tests of system security by third-party specialist contractor to address vulnerabilities and take steps to mitigate risk. Priority High Cybersecurity Threats Responsible Dept/Entities Timeline (Bold text indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) Ongoing Maintain a plan to address cybersecurity threats. High Ongoing Maintain logging and tracking of all occurences segregated by internal and external threats. High Ongoing Develop a schedule for auditing Medium digital systems. 2025-2026 Assess vehicle cyber threats. 2025-2026 Low Internal Audit; Risk Management; Digital Technology Services Comments Third-party contractors are used to conduct annual penetration tests and also have Continuous Attack Surface Monitoring to address vulnerabilities. Oneida Nation Cyber Incident Response Plan Risk Management; Digital is under development. Technology Services DigiSec is updating with current capabilities. Currently all incidents are Digital Technology Services logged and labeled as internal or external. Risk Management; Digital Technology Services; Internal Plan to maintain annually. Audit Starting discussions to assess what threats may exist due to vehicles DPW Automotive; DTS having more technology as standard equipment including wireless access to the internet. Oneida Nation Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2026-2031 4-11 Table 4.12: Pandemic Mitigation Strategies Mitigation Measures Ensure availability of PPE, ventilators, and medical supplies. Strengthening healthcare systems to handle surges in cases. Priority Medium Pandemic Responsible Dept/Entities (Bold text Timeline indicates Lead Entity, others are supporting) OCHD; Oneida Completed Emergency Management; Purchasing; DPW Medium Ongoing OCHD Maintain vaccination programs. Medium Ongoing OCHD Develop standarized treatments and hospital care guidelines. Medium Ongoing OCHD Provide clear public messaging during a pandemic. Medium OCHD; Oneida Ongoing Communications Dept Continuity Plan is being developed. Medium Comments Mass coordination to obtain needed supplies for response activitites. OCHD organized into an ICS to organize response efforts from the division. Expanded upon exisiting point of dispensing plans to include staff from the broader OCHD. Collaborates with local, state, and federal partners. Developed a public messaging branch in the OCHD ICS. Provided routine community updates on Facebook Live. Community Health Services developed a department specific Continuity Plan. Emergency Management; OCHD is now in the process to Ongoing OCHD develop a divisionwide Continuity Plan, most recently engaging in a Continuity Plan workshop. 2025-2030 Purchasing Vendor management project underway that will include an evaluation. Noncompetitive procurement policies are also being developed to help with purchasing during disaster declaration. 2025-2030 DPW; Purchasing Purchasing will gather input from vendors as they work through their vendor management project. Could be a purchasing team, rather than just DPW. 2025-2030 DPW Infection Preventionist worked with DPW for the entire Division to assure proper disposal of PPE. Disposal plan should be in place at time of purchase. An agr [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aoneida_nation%3Ab9a4af1c1c12473b. Public record. Not legal advice.