# THE FLANDREAU SANTEE SIOUX TRIBE’S > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aflandreau_santee_sioux%3A22d069c20d84d13a ## Record - **Collection:** Tribal code - **Document type:** Tribal code ## Text THE FLANDREAU SANTEE SIOUX TRIBE’S REQUEST FOR PROPOSALS FOR FLOOD MITIGATION PROJECT SCOPING DATED MAY 5, 2025 REQUESTED BY: NATURAL RESOURCES/EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AND TRIBAL HOUSING DEPARTMENT Proposals due no later than: July 2, 2025 I. OVERVIEW AND BACKGROUND a. Introduction: The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (the “Tribe” or “FSST”) Indian Reservation is located in the eastern region of South Dakota and borders the eastern edge of Minnesota. The reservation contains approximately 7,000 acres located along and near the Big Sioux River in Moody County, South Dakota and around South Dakota. This project focuses on reservation land located within Flandreau city limits and is roughly the size of a quarter section, or 160 acres. (See page 59 of Attachment 1.) The area includes residential housing, government buildings, business enterprises, and an undeveloped area. The project area has a high water table and is subject to heavy precipitation. These factors, along with poor drainage, often result in flooding in the area east of the Royal River Casino and Hotel. This causes damage to roads, tribal buildings, and tribal housing. (See the photographs taken in June 2024 in Attachment 2.) The Tribe seeks professional services to project scope a solution that mitigates losses from these water hazards. Project scoping will provide FSST with a conceptual design of a preferred, cost-effective solution to known flooding problems. The scoping will involve formal engineering, environmental feasibility, and benefit cost analysis. It will advance the understanding of the flooding and will propose a solution that meets technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness. The solution must reduce threats to the health, welfare, and security of FSST citizens before they occur or re-occur. The Flandreau Santee Sioux Executive Committee, in conjunction with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), produced the “Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2022-2026”, also referred to as the “PDM”, which is a standard Tribal Multi-Hazard Mitigation Plan. The document is a strategic planning tool for use by the Tribe in efforts to mitigate against future disaster events, such as those listed above. It is attached to this document with annotations relevant to this project. In 2022, the Tribe was selected to receive Building Resilient Infrastructure and Communities (BRIC) hazard mitigation assistance funding to conduct the project scoping. The Tribe is also a participant in BRIC Direct Technical Assistance (DTA) to support award management, contracting, and future project application development. BRIC DTA can support several components of flood mitigation project scoping activities including project benefit-cost analysis, data analysis, and technical feasibility. FEMA DTA can support the FSST’s chosen contractor with these project components and specifics of these components will be further specified in coordination with this contract once the contractor has been selected. The selected contractor must collaborate with FSST staff and FEMA partners. Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe – Request for Proposals Page 2 of 6 b. Project Scope: The scope of work to be completed includes the following: • Hydrology and Hydraulics (H&H) o Initial Data Collection  Review existing as-built drainage plans and H&H reports for the project area.  Gather inventory of existing open and closed conduit drainage features and structures within the project area, field survey elevations of up to 10 key drainage system structures and prepare map depicting approximate location.  Gather available GIS/LiDAR data within the project area (e.g., existing topographic contours and/or digital elevation model (DEM) data, recent aerial orthophotography, land cover characteristics, building footprints, roadways, parcel boundaries/attributes, utility information, soils characteristics, delineated wetlands).  Use existing available GIS/LiDAR data to validate the project area boundary, develop cross sections of the drainage swales, and create site maps with existing contours, roads, utilities, and buildings. o Scoping Engineering Design and Reports  Site visit with the Tribe to identify areas of previous flooding and/or poor drainage.  H&H analysis: • Hydrology based on available GIS data and Atlas 14 precipitation data for the 5-, 10-, 25-, 50-, 100-year recurrence interval or as required by local and/or State standards. • Coordination with tribal representatives in delineating areas of future development. • Hydraulic analysis to estimate existing flood elevations for the multiple recurrence intervals with inundation mapping.  Alternative analysis to identify at least three (3) practical alternative solutions (including a no-action alternative). Coordination with tribal representatives and FEMA is required as part of the alternative analysis. • Alternative analysis should include an evaluation of offsite impacts, with the goal being to minimize offsite and upstream/downstream impacts (discharge to river and adjoining properties). Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe – Request for Proposals Page 3 of 6 • • • Consideration for impacts of future development and climate change. Hydraulic analysis to estimate after mitigation flood elevations for the multiple recurrence intervals with inundation mapping for each alternative. Before and after mitigation conditions should be provided for key residential and non-residential structures. Architecture and Engineering (A&E) o Conceptual design drawings (10%-level) and report with alternative analysis, identify structural and non-structural mitigation measures.  Develop alternatives identified in the H&H study and the conceptual design report.  Select preferred alternative.  Perform cost estimates of the alternatives and preferred alternative.  Develop conceptual design drawing of the preferred alternative. o Environmental Study: Provide an environmental investigation with report and regulatory analysis. o Archeological and Historic Preservation Study: Provide an archeological and historic preservation investigation with report. o Benefit Cost Analysis (BCA): Coordinate with FEMA Region 8 Direct Technical Assistance staff to provide information developed in the H&H and A&E tasks to create a BCA in FEMA’s BCA Toolkit 6.0. All tasks outlined in the scope above should attain relevant goals set forth in Chapter 5 of the PDM, Mitigation Strategy, highlighted in tables 5.1, 5.2, and 5.3. This knowledge will help identify solutions that can significantly increase the resiliency of FSST resources and reduce threat to life and property. II. COMPENSATION AND PAYMENT TERMS FSST will pay the Contractor a fixed fee to be negotiated. Precise amounts of a payment terms for these fees will be negotiated by FSST once a Contractor is selected. Only costs directly related to the project will be paid. Project scoping includes professional fees and services, travel costs, and supplies. Relevant expenses will be reimbursed at the federal rate, i.e. mileage. III. PROPOSAL REQUIREMENTS a. Firm Background/Biography b. Key Personnel and Consultants Resumes Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe – Request for Proposals Page 4 of 6 c. Project Experience d. Work Plan to Complete Scope of Work & Schedule e. Summary of Services and Fees IV. EVALUATION CRITERIA FSST will evaluate responsive proposals based on the following criteria: a. Previous relevant experience performing project scoping for communities, tribes, schools, and institutions of similar size and characteristics to those of FSST. (30 points) b. Experience and qualifications of technical and management teams. (30 points) c. References. (30 pts) and d. Proposed pricing. (10 pts) The following preferences, ranked in order, are permitted in selecting proposals when they are similarly qualified: a. b. c. d. e. f. g. FSST Tribal Member Veteran FSST Tribal Member Lineal Descendants and Spouses of FSST Tribal Members Other Native American Veteran Other Native American Other ethnic minorities and Veterans Open Selection The Tribe may request verification of a preferred status. V. TIMELINE Activity Date RFP Released May 5, 2025 Deadline to Submit Questions about the RFP May 22 2025 Q&A Document Released June 2, 2025 Proposal Due Date July 2, 2025 RFP Proposal Evaluation July 7 2025 Notification Letter Sent to Proposers July 21, 2025 Contract Award and Start of Project August 1, 2025 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe – Request for Proposals Page 5 of 6 Findings Due/Project Finished II. December 31, 2025 RFP DEADLINE TO SUBMIT QUESTIONS AND Q&A DOCUMENT Any questions pertaining to the RFP may be submitted by email to Mark Allen (mark.allen@fsst-nsn.gov), with a copy to Leah Fyten (leah.fyten@fsst-nsn.gov) by April 4, 2025. Final answers will be provided via a Q&A document emailed back to the inquirer by the date listed in Section IV. VI. SUBMITTAL INSTRUCTIONS AND ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION a. Official points of contact: The following individuals are the official points of contact for this RFP. These individuals are the only authorized contact permitted to communicate on behalf of FSST about this RFP. Mark Allen, Emergency Management Coordinator Emergency Management, Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe mark.allen@fsst-nsn.gov 605-573-4272 Leah Fyten, Executive Director Housing Department, Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe leah.fyten@fsst-nsn.gov 605-997-2194 b. Deadline: The deadline for receipt of proposals is 5:00 p.m. Central Standard Time on July 2, 2025. c. Submission Instructions: All proposals must be submitted via email to Mark Allen and Leah Fyten. All Proposals shall be labeled “FSST Flood Mitigation Project Scoping” and must address all the evaluation factors to be considered responsive. VII. APPENDIX Attachment 1, FSST Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2022 – 2026. Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe – Request for Proposals Page 6 of 6 Attachment 1 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan 2022-2026 Prepared by: First District Association of Local Governments 418 18th Ave NE Watertown, SD 57201 Phone: 605-882-5115 Fax: 605-882-5049 www.1stdistrict.org For: Federal Emergency Management Agency TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 • Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 1 • Authority for Pre-disaster Mitigation Plan ......................................................................................... 2 • Purpose ............................................................................................................................................ 2 • Use of Plan ....................................................................................................................................... 2 • Scope of Plan ................................................................................................................................... 3 • What is Hazard Mitigation ................................................................................................................ 3 • Tribal Profile ..................................................................................................................................... 4 o History ........................................................................................................................................ 4 o Geographic Setting .................................................................................................................... 5 o Population and Housing ............................................................................................................ 5 o Social and Economic Description .............................................................................................. 8 o Physical Description and Climate .............................................................................................. 8 o Hydrology................................................................................................................................... 9 o Transportation and Utility Infrastructure .................................................................................... 9 o Medical and Emergency Services ........................................................................................... 10 o Technology & Data Collection Capabilities ............................................................................. 11 CHAPTER 2 – PREREQUISITES .............................................................................................................. 13 • Adoption by Local Governing Body ................................................................................................ 13 • Tribal Jurisdiction Plan Participation .............................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER 3 – PLANNING PROCESS ...................................................................................................... 15 • Background .................................................................................................................................... 15 • Documentation of Planning Process .............................................................................................. 16 o Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 16 o Planning Framework ................................................................................................................ 16 o Risk Identification & Assessment/Mitigation Strategy/Review of Plan .................................... 19 CHAPTER 4 – RISK ASSESSMENT ......................................................................................................... 22 • Identification of Hazards................................................................................................................. 22 • Types of Natural Hazards in the PDM Jurisdiction Area ................................................................ 23 • Hazard Profile ................................................................................................................................ 27 o Dam Failure ............................................................................................................................. 28 o Drought .................................................................................................................................... 29 o Wildfire ..................................................................................................................................... 30 o Flood ........................................................................................................................................ 31 o Hail .......................................................................................................................................... 33 o Lightning .................................................................................................................................. 34 o Tornado ................................................................................................................................... 34 o Extreme Temperatures ............................................................................................................ 35 o Thunderstorm and High Wind.................................................................................................. 37 o Winter Storms .......................................................................................................................... 38 • Assessing Vulnerability: Overview ................................................................................................. 40 • Assessing Vulnerability: National Flood Insurance Program Compliance ..................................... 45 • Assessing Vulnerability: Repetitive Loss Properties ...................................................................... 46 • Assessing Vulnerability: Severe Repetitive Loss Properties ......................................................... 47 • Assessing Vulnerability: Identifying Structures .............................................................................. 47 • Assessing Vulnerability: Community Capabilities .......................................................................... 49 • Assessing Vulnerability: Estimating Potential Losses .................................................................... 53 o Flooding ................................................................................................................................... 55 o Tornado ................................................................................................................................... 55 FSST – Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan ii • • Assessing Vulnerability: Analyzing Development Trends ............................................................. 56 Unique or Varied Risk Assessment ............................................................................................... 57 CHAPTER 5 – MITIGATION STRATEGY .................................................................................................. 60 • Mitigation Overview ........................................................................................................................ 60 • Implementation of Mitigation Actions ............................................................................................. 77 CHAPTER 6 – PLAN MAINTENANCE ...................................................................................................... 78 • Monitoring, Evaluating, and Updating the Plan .............................................................................. 78 • Continued Public Participation/Involvement................................................................................... 78 • Annual Reporting Procedures ........................................................................................................ 79 • Five-Year PDM Review .................................................................................................................. 79 • Plan Amendments .......................................................................................................................... 79 • Incorporation into Existing Planning Mechanisms ......................................................................... 80 • Potential Funding Sources ............................................................................................................. 80 • Federal ........................................................................................................................................... 81 • Local ............................................................................................................................................... 83 • Non-Governmental ......................................................................................................................... 83 LIST OF TABLES 1.1: 2.1: 2.2: 2.3: 3.1: 3.2: 3.3: 4.1: 4.2: 4.3: Local Entities ........................................................................................................................................ 6 Plan Participants ................................................................................................................................ 13 Dates of Plan Adoption ...................................................................................................................... 13 Record of Participation ...................................................................................................................... 14 Participation in Plan Development .................................................................................................... 17 Opportunities for Public Comment .................................................................................................... 19 Record of Review (Summary) ............................................................................................................ 21 Significant Hazard Occurrences 2012-2021 ...................................................................................... 22 Hazards Categorized by Likelihood of Occurrence .......................................................................... 23 Presidential Disaster Declarations in South Dakota Including Flandreau Santee Sioux Nation ......................................................................................... 28 4.4: Dam Locations in Moody County ...................................................................................................... 29 4.5: Moody County 10-year Drought History............................................................................................. 29 4.6: Moody County Structural, Vehicle and Outside (Wildfire) Department Responses .......................... 31 4.7: Moody County 10-year Flood History ................................................................................................ 31 4.8: Moody County 10-year Hail History .................................................................................................. 33 4.9: Moody County 10-year Lightning History .......................................................................................... 34 4.10: Moody County 10-year Tornado History ........................................................................................... 35 4.11: Moody County 10-year Extreme Temperatures History ................................................................... 35 4.12: Moody County 10-year Thunderstorms/High Wind History .............................................................. 37 4.13: Moody County 10-year Snow and Ice Storms History ...................................................................... 39 4.14: Overall Summary of Vulnerability by Jurisdiction ............................................................................... 41 4.15: Communities Participating in the National Flood Program ................................................................ 46 4.16: National Flood Insurance Program Statistics ..................................................................................... 46 4.17: Critical Infrastructure in Flandreau Santee Sioux Nation ................................................................... 48 4.18: Administrative and Technical Capabilities ......................................................................................... 50 4.19: Capabilities of Growth Guidance Instruments ................................................................................... 51 4.20: Moody County (Rural Area) Estimated Potential Dollar Losses to Vulnerable Structures ................ 54 4.21: Flandreau Estimated Potential Dollar Losses to Vulnerable Structures ............................................ 54 4.22: HAZUS-MH Base Flood (1 Percent Chance) Loss Estimation Results (2019) ................................. 54 4.23: Moody County Annualized Losses from Tornadoes .......................................................................... 56 4.24: City of Flandreau Potential Floodplain Development – By Land Use Type ....................................... 56 5.1: Actions/Projects to Reduce Flood Risk through Policy Implementation ............................................ 62 FSST – Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan iii 5.2: Actions/Projects to Change the Characteristics or Impacts of Flood Hazards .................................. 63 5.3: Actions/Projects to Reduce Loss Potential of Infrastructure to Flood Hazards ................................. 64 5.4: Actions/Projects to Reduce Severe Weather Risk through Policy Implementation ........................... 64 5.5: Actions/Projects to Change the Characteristics or Impacts of Severe Weather Hazards ................. 65 5.6: Actions/Projects to Reduce Loss Potential of Infrastructure to Severe Weather Hazards ................ 65 5.7: Actions/Projects to Reduce Fire and Drought Risk Through Policy Implementation ......................... 67 5.8: Actions/Projects to Reduce Loss Potential of Infrastructure to Fire and Drought Hazards ............... 67 5.9: Actions/Projects to Change the Characteristics or Impacts of Fire and Drought Hazards ................ 68 5.10: Technological Activities ...................................................................................................................... 68 5.11: Planning Activities .............................................................................................................................. 69 5.12: Administration/Coordination Activities ................................................................................................ 69 5.13: Proposed Mitigation Activities ............................................................................................................ 72 LIST OF FIGURES 1.1: 1.2: 1.3: 1.4: 4.1: 4.2: 5.1: 5.2: Political Map ......................................................................................................................................... 7 2019 Flood Event ............................................................................................................................... 11 2019 Flood Event ............................................................................................................................... 12 2019 Flood Event ............................................................................................................................... 12 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Hazard Vulnerability Map (within Moody County) ............................. 58 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Hazard Vulnerability Map (within City of Flandreau) ........................ 59 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Potential Mitigation Project Map (within Moody County) .................. 75 Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Potential Mitigation Project Map (within City of Flandreau) ............. 76 APPENDIX • • • • • Appendix A - Resolution of Adoption ............................................................................................. 85 Appendix B - PDM Planning Team Meeting Records ................................................................... 88 Appendix C – Hazard Identification/vulnerability Worksheets ..................................................... 101 Appendix D - Comprehensive Land Use Maps ............................................................................ 106 Appendix E - References ............................................................................................................. 109 FSST – Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan iv CHAPTER 1 ꟾ INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe (Tribe or FSST) is vulnerable to natural hazards that have the possibility of causing serious threat to the health, welfare, and security of our citizens. The cost of response and recovery, in terms of potential loss of life or loss of property, from potential disasters can be lessened when attention is turned to mitigating their impacts and effects before, they occur or re-occur. The Flandreau Santee Sioux Executive Council, in conjunction with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), has agreed to produce this plan to assist the Tribe in their mission to mitigate losses from natural hazards throughout reservation and the communities located therein. This plan is the first development of a Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan (PDM) for the Tribe. The document will serve as a strategic planning tool for use by the Tribe in efforts to mitigate against future disaster events. The plan identifies and analyzes the natural disasters that may occur in the Tribe’s jurisdiction in order to understand the Tribe’s vulnerabilities and propose mitigation strategies that minimize future damage caused by those hazards. This knowledge will help identify solutions that can significantly reduce threat to life and property. The plan is based on the premise that hazard mitigation works. With increased attention to mitigating natural hazards, communities can do much to reduce threats to existing citizens and avoid creating new problems in the future. In addition, many mitigation actions can be implemented at minimal cost. There have been 625 Major Presidential Disaster Declarations (all hazards) proclaimed in the United States, of those 625 declarations, 21 have occurred fully or partially within the state of South Dakota. With five of those declarations including all or portions of Moody County, the Tribe is no stranger to natural and man-made disasters. In order to prevent and reduce the cost that is incurred by businesses, citizens, and property owners from these disasters, the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan was developed. This plan identifies hazards that occur throughout the FSST reservation and mitigation projects that will aid in preventing and reducing the effects of those disasters on the property and lives within. Special consideration has been given to critical infrastructure through the reservation. This is not an emergency response or emergency management plan. Certainly, the plan can be used to identify weaknesses and refocus emergency response planning. Enhanced emergency response planning is an important mitigation strategy. However, the focus of this plan is to support better decision making directed toward avoidance of future risks and the implementation of activities or projects that will eliminate or reduce the risk for those that may already have exposure to a natural hazard threat. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 1 AUTHORITY FOR PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN In October of 2000, the Disaster Mitigation Act (DMA2K) was signed to amend the 1988 Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Section 322 (a-d) requires that local governments, as a condition of receiving federal disaster mitigation funds, have a pre-disaster mitigation (PDM) plan in place that: 1. Identifies hazards and their associated risks and vulnerabilities; 2. Develops and prioritizes mitigation projects; and 3. Encourages cooperation and communication between all levels of government and the public. The objective of this plan is to meet the hazard mitigation planning needs for the Tribe and participating entities. Consistent with the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s guidelines, this plan will review all possible activities related to disasters to reach efficient solutions, link hazard management policies to specific activities, educate and facilitate communication with the public, build public and political support for mitigation activities, and develop implementation and planning requirements for future hazard mitigation projects. PURPOSE The Tribe PDM is a planning tool to be used by the Tribe, as well as other local, state, and federal units of government, in their efforts to fulfill federal, state, and local hazard mitigation planning responsibilities; to promote pre and post disaster mitigation measures, short/long range strategies that minimize suffering, loss of life, and damage to property resulting from hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions to which citizens and institutions within the county are exposed; and to eliminate or minimize conditions which would have an undesirable impact on our citizens, economy, environment, or the well-being of the Tribe. This plan will aid tribal agencies and officials in enhancing public awareness to the threat hazards have on property and life, and what can be done to help prevent or reduce the vulnerability and risk of the Tribe’s jurisdiction. USE OF PLAN The plan will be used to help the Tribe and their elected and appointed officials: • Plan, design and implement programs and projects that will help reduce their community’s vulnerability to natural hazards. • Facilitate inter-jurisdictional coordination and collaboration related to natural hazard mitigation planning and implementation. • • Develop or provide guidance for local emergency response planning. Be compliant with the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 2 SCOPE OF PLAN • Provide opportunities for public input and encourage participation and involvement regarding the mitigation plan. • • • • Identify hazards and vulnerabilities within the Tribe jurisdictions. • • • • Prioritize and evaluate each strategy/objective. Combine risk assessments with public and emergency management ideas. Develop goals based on the identified hazards and risks. Review existing mitigation measures for gaps and establish projects to sufficiently fulfill the goals. Review other plans for cohesion and incorporation with the PDM. Establish guidelines for updating and monitoring the plan. Present the plan to the Flandreau Santee Sioux Executive Council for adoption. WHAT IS HAZARD MITIGATION? Hazard mitigation is defined as any cost-effective action(s) that has the effect of reducing, limiting, or preventing vulnerability of people, property, and the environment to potentially damaging, harmful, or costly hazards. Hazard mitigation measures, which can be used to eliminate or minimize the risk to life and property, fall into three categories. First are those that keep the hazard away from people, property, and structures. Second are those that keep people, property, and structures away from the hazard. Third are those that do not address the hazard at all but rather reduce the impact of the hazard on the victims such as insurance. This mitigation plan has strategies that fall into all three categories. Hazard mitigation measures must be practical, cost effective, and environmentally and politically acceptable. Actions taken to limit the vulnerability of society to hazards must not in themselves be more costly than the value of anticipated damages. The primary focus of hazard mitigation actions must be at the point at which capital investment decisions are made and based on vulnerability. Capital investments, whether for homes, roads, public utilities, pipelines, power plants, or public works, determine to a large extent the nature and degree of hazard vulnerability of a community. Once a capital facility is in place, very few opportunities will present themselves over the useful life of the facility to correct any errors in location or construction with respect to hazard vulnerability. It is for these reasons that zoning and other ordinances, which manage development in high vulnerability areas, and building codes, which ensure that new buildings are built to withstand the damaging forces of hazards, are often the most useful mitigation approaches a jurisdiction can implement. Previously, mitigation measures have been the most neglected programs within emergency management. Since the priority to implement mitigation activities is generally low in comparison to the perceived threat, some important mitigation measures take time to implement. Mitigation success can be achieved, however, if accurate information is portrayed through complete hazard identification and impact studies, followed by effective mitigation management. Hazard mitigation is the key to eliminating long-term risk to people and property in South Dakota from hazards and their effects. Preparedness for all hazards includes: response and recovery plans, training, development, management of resources, and mitigation of each jurisdictional hazard. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 3 This plan evaluates the impacts, risks, and vulnerabilities of natural hazards within the jurisdictional area of the entire Tribe. The plan supports, provides assistance, identifies and describes mitigation projects for the jurisdictions who participated in the plan update. The suggested actions and plan implementation for local governments could reduce the impact of future natural hazard occurrences. Lessening the impact of natural hazards can prevent such occurrences from becoming disastrous but will only be accomplished through coordinated partnership with emergency managers, political entities, public works officials, community planners, and other dedicated individuals working to implement this program. TRIBAL PROFILE History The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe is comprised primarily of descendants from the Mdewakantonwan and Wahpekute bands from the Isanti division of the Great Sioux Nation. They commonly refer to themselves as Dakota, which means friend or ally. The Isanti are comprised of four bands that lived on the eastern side of the Great Sioux Nation. They were a river-plains people who did some farming and buffalo hunting. At the time of European contact, the Dakota lived in Minnesota and Wisconsin. After many years of semi-nomadic existence, due to pressure from white settlers, the Santee ceded their land and entered a reservation in 1851. One of the most prominent figures of the Flandreau Santee Sioux was Chief Little Crow (18101863). Little Crow spent much of his life in Minnesota, where he was the head of a Santee band. He was a bold and passionate orator and established himself as a spokesman for his people. After becoming chief, around 1834, he sought justice for his people, but also tried to maintain relations with non-Indians. In 1862, he led the uprising, now known as the Minnesota Santee Conflict or Dakota War of 1862, protesting starvation and the loss of promised land payments from the federal government. The uprising was crushed quickly, and Little Crow was killed the following year. Hundreds of other Indians were sentenced to death, but after some pardons were granted, thirty-eight (38) Dakotans were hung the day after Christmas that year in the largest mass hanging in U.S. history. After the uprising against reservation life in Minnesota, the remaining Dakota survivors were exiled from Minnesota and taken as prisoners to Fort Thompson, South Dakota and Davenport, Iowa. In 1866, the two groups from Fort Thompson and Davenport were re-united at Santee Agency at the mouth of the Niobrara in Nebraska. In 1869, twenty-five families settled in Flandreau and gave up their tribal rights and annuities at Santee and became citizens of the United States. In a clever move, they took advantage of the Homestead Act and acquired land in the area known as Prairie Coteau, along the Big Sioux River near the border of Minnesota. Because many had converted to Christianity while in captivity, shortly after settling in 1873, they built a little Presbyterian Church and were joined by fifteen additional families. Today the church is one of the oldest continually used churches in South Dakota, located in present-day Flandreau. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 4 The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe was formally organized and recognized under the authority of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. The Corporate Charter was approved by the Secretary of the Interior in April and duly ratified by tribal vote on October 31, 1936. Today, the Tribe’s history is on display at the Moody County Museum in the City of Flandreau and the Four Winds Cultural Center just north of the City on the Flandreau Indian School campus. Both locations contain a collection of artifacts, memorabilia, and other historical materials about the Dakota people. Geographic Setting The Flandreau Santee Sioux Indian Reservation is located in the eastern region of South Dakota and borders the eastern edge of Minnesota. The reservation contains approximately 2,500 acres located along and near the Big Sioux River in Moody County, South Dakota. This region is commonly referred to as the Prairie Coteau, which consists primarily of undulating or gently rolling hills. FSST also owns ceremonial land in the Black Hills near Deadwood, South Dakota. However, this plan will focus on Flandreau reservation lands within Moody County. Population and Housing Due to the Covid-19 Pandemic, most data from the 2020 Decennial Census was not available for comparison. At the time of the drafting of this plan, 2020 Decennial Redistricting data for total population based on race and total housing occupancy status was available. The 2010 Decennial Census and the 2015-2019 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates were used for all other data comparisons and conclusions. The Flandreau reservation lies within Moody County in east-central South Dakota north of Minnehaha County, south of Brookings County, east of Lake County and immediately west of the Minnesota/South Dakota border. Estimated Tribal enrollment of on and off reservation members is 765, according to FSST staff, with 415 tribal members living within the reservation lands (2020 Decennial US Census Redistricting Data). Based on percentages from 2010 Census, it is approximated that 199 members are male and 216 are female, with approximately 8% of the population being older than age 65. Education levels of persons aged 25 and older include 83% high school graduates and 13% with a bachelor’s degree or higher (ACS Census Bureau). According to the 2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (US Census), the Flandreau reservation holds a total of 160 housing units within the Flandreau reservation. Of those total units, 142 units are occupied with 18 left vacant. In 2010, the total number of housing units was 156, with the majority of occupied housing units being renter occupied. Almost all vacant units were “for rent” units. The average household size is 3 persons for both owner and renter occupied households. Because total housing units and population in 2020 is relatively unchanged from 2010, it is likely that the housing trends listed from 2010 will continue through 2020. The Tribe manages a total of 141 units within the reservation, with 100 of those being rental units. The unit types range from 35 single-family homes, 3 duplex homes, 2 fair market rent homes, 15 apartments (total of 51 low-income rental units), Tate Win Assisted Living Complex (23 rental units), and 6 Inkpa Duta Complexes (24 fair market rent units). FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 5 Table 1.1 shows the population and number of housing units of the Tribe, the City of Flandreau, and Moody County. The reservation’s population and number of housing units has remained relatively the same since 2000 with minimal increases. Table 1.1: Local Entities Name Population Location Housing Units 44 02' 57'' N Flandreau 2,372 1,072 96 35 43'' W Flandreau Santee 44 02’ 26” N 415 160 96 35’ 56” W Sioux Tribe 43 58' 40'' N Moody County 6,336 2,728 96 39' 50'' W Source: 2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (US Census), www.Lat-Long.com. Figure 1.1 contains a map of the Flandreau reservation. The majority of reservation lands surround the City of Flandreau. Flandreau is the population center and county seat for Moody County, which is situated 7 miles east of Interstate 29 at the intersection of South Dakota Highway 13 and 32. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 6 Figure 1.1: Political Map FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 7 Social and Economic Description Most nearby communities have limited retail and service sectors, which provide basic needs to the Tribe’s members. A large majority of Flandreau reservation residents work locally and have less than a fifteen-minute commute to work. Major employers for the Flandreau reservation include the Flandreau Indian School, tribal government (administration, health care, education centers), and Royal River Casino. All of these employers are located within the city limits of Flandreau. Farming and leasing of acreages provides the Tribe with income as well. As of 2019, the Tribe’s unemployment rate was estimated at 7.4% (Census Bureau), which is a 30% decrease from the unemployment rate recorded by the DOI in 2005. However, the Tribe’s unemployment rate is still three times higher than that of the State of South Dakota. Medium household income is estimated to be $41,250, which is an 8.4% increase from the median household income of $35,500 in 2005. The Tribe reconstructed their traditional powwow grounds and now host the Flandreau Santee Sioux Annual Wacipi each summer. The event serves as a cultural and spiritual gathering place for Native Americans each summer and has grown into a major regional tourist activity. The Tribe also developed a buffalo herd and continues to operate a farming operation in the rural area near the City of Flandreau. Physical Description and Climate The Flandreau reservation is centrally located along the eastern boundary of South Dakota in Moody County, with the Big Sioux River, Mud Creek and Flandreau Creek running through the reservation lands. The topography is generally smooth with a few rolling surfaces. The reservation is located within the region generally classified as mild and dry continental or Steppe with four well-defined seasons. The weather can be quite changeable with large day to day temperature variations, particularly from the fall to the spring. Days with severe winter cold and summer heat are typical. Normally the temperature is moderate until the beginning of July, after which short, hot periods are experienced until the end of August. The freeze-free period is the number of days between the average last occurrence of freezing temperatures in the spring and the average first occurrence of 32 degrees F or lower in the fall. The length of the freeze-free period approximates the length of the growing season which ranges from 130 days or more between May 21st and September 21st. Topography and local weather conditions can produce subfreezing temperatures at the ground surface while the air temperature a few feet above the ground remains above 32 degrees F. Annual average precipitation is 26.6 inches, with over 75% of the precipitation falling from May through September. Precipitation can vary significantly from year to year, and location to location within a given year. The heaviest most intense precipitation often occurs with localized downpours associated with thunderstorms in June through August. Significant flash flooding can result from these downpours with over 3 inches of precipitation reported in a few events. Widespread heavy precipitation events of 1 to 2 inches can occur every few years and is most common from April through June and September through early November. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 8 Average winter snowfall ranges up to 31.2 inches. The heaviest snowstorms often occur from late March through May or mid-October to mid-November. These storms can produce more than 12 inches of snow and are often made more severe as temperatures are warmer, and therefore the snow is heavier and more difficult to travel in and remove. These storms are often accompanied by high winds resulting in blizzard conditions. In spring these storms can coincide with the calving season resulting in livestock loss. Mid-winter snowstorms in general produce less than 6 inches of snow, but heavier amounts to 19 inches or more have occurred. Despite the generally lighter amounts and drier snow, high winds can result in blizzard conditions. Even without falling snow, in the colder conditions of mid-winter, high winds can pick up loose snow, resulting in local ground blizzards. Severe thunderstorms are common from June into early September. Typically, the greatest hazards associated with these thunderstorms are very highs winds and large hail. Damage to structures and crops occurs every summer from these storms. Tornadoes have been reported but are relatively rare. An important element of the climate in this area is the often-windy conditions. Average wind speeds range from 10 to 15 mph depending on the exposure of the location. The average and peak sustained winds tend to be stronger over higher more exposed terrain. The highest wind gusts often occur with thunderstorms during the summer, with gusts over 60 mph occurring every year. The highest sustained winds tend to occur in the spring and fall, with sustained winds over 40 mph occurring every year. Moody County reached straight line wind speeds in excess of 70 mph within the last ten years. For the purposes of this hazard assessment and mitigation plan, weather is of interest when it threatens property or life and thus becomes a hazard. The National Weather Service (NWS) provides short-term forecasts of hazardous weather to the public. In addition to issuing tornado and severe thunderstorm watches, the NWS also produces regularly scheduled severe weather outlooks and updates on various forms of hazardous weather including heavy rain and winter storms. Hydrology The water drainage is concentrated entirely in the Big Sioux River Basin, which includes many smaller intermittent tributaries. Within all of Moody County there are 357.4 stream miles. Moody County is in the physiographic region of South Dakota known as the Prairie Coteau. In most places, the drop from the general upland to stream bottom is abrupt. This is most noticeable along the Big Sioux River where a drop ranging from 100 to 200 feet frequently occurs within a quarter or half-mile. Transportation and Utility Infrastructure There is limited data on the total number of road miles within Flandreau reservation. Moody County’s road network is composed of a total of 1,036 miles including federal and state highways, county roads, township roads, municipal street systems, and private roads. The rural road system performs two basic functions: (1) providing general mobility for the residents in rural areas, and (2) accommodating the movements of agricultural products to market. The rural transportation system was not designed to accommodate large volumes of traffic on a daily basis. The transportation choices are limited to mostly private automobiles traveling over state highways and county roads. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 9 South Dakota Highway 32 is one of the main east-west routes through the county. This highway connects the City of Flandreau with the north-south running Interstate 29. The main north-south route running through the Flandreau reservation is South Dakota Highway 13. This highway intersects Highway 32 in Flandreau and east-west Highway 34 to the south. There is one small airport located in Flandreau. The airport is used primarily by local pilots, crop sprayers, and other light aircraft. The airport does not have any nav-aid or flight service capabilities. There are no major railroads in or near the Flandreau reservation. The Big Sioux Community Water System serves the majority of all rural residences. The City of Flandreau operates its own municipal water system. Regarding wastewater disposal, Flandreau operates its own municipal wastewater collection and treatment system. Rural residences rely on individual septic tanks and drainfields. Electric power is provided to rural residents by Otter Tail Power and Sioux Valley Energy. The City of Flandreau operates their own municipal power system. MidAmerican Energy operates a natural gas transmission line through Moody County providing natural gas to businesses and residents in Flandreau. Telephone service is provided by Interstate Telephone Company (ITC), Wow!, Golden West, Century Link and Media Com. Cellular phone service is available in most parts of Moody County, but there are still places in the county where signals are weak. Medical and Emergency Services There is one hospital located in Flandreau (Avera Flandreau Medical Center) that serves the needs of the surrounding area. The Tribe does have the benefit of having the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribal Health Clinic also located in Flandreau. This is an ambulatory facility of the Indian Health Service. The facility is unique in the fact that it offers medical and dental services to the tribal community. Also, there are two long-term care facilities in Flandreau: Edgewood Assisted Living and Riverview Healthcare Center. The Tribe is governed by a seven-member Executive Committee or Tribal Council. The Tribe and the City of Flandreau have their own police departments that coordinate law enforcement services. The Moody County Sheriff and his deputies also provide law enforcement throughout the county. The Emergency 9-1-1 Center in Flandreau provides 911 services to the Moody County Sheriff’s Department and other area agencies as well. Those agencies include: • • • • Moody County Ambulance Service Moody County Emergency Management Three county volunteer fire departments (Flandreau, Colman, and Trent) South Dakota Highway Patrol FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 10 Technology and Data Collection Capabilities The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe purchased drone equipment to aid in disaster response. Drone technology offered the Tribe a low-cost and simple way to collect high-quality geospatial and aerial data after a disaster. The term “drone” refers to an unpiloted aircraft, also referred to as an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Drones can range from being remotely controlled or fly autonomously relying on sensors or software to calculate its movements. Originally developed for military and aerospace industries, drones have gained popularity in the civilian consumer market because of their ability to enhance levels of safety and efficiency, while decreasing risk and potential loss of life. The Tribe intends to use the drone to help disaster responders rapidly identify impacted areas, determine the extent of damage and size of affected area, and create safe access routes to the disaster area. The drone-collected data can also be used for future pre-disaster mitigation constructure and infrastructure projects, such as identifying locations for a tornado shelter or preventing structures from being placed in historically flood-prone areas. The Tribe used drone equipment to capture images of widespread flooding from the Big Sioux River that occurred in March and April of 2019. Most of the land affected was pasture or agricultural-related. However, there were at least two rural, single-family residences that were completely surrounded by flood waters from Flandreau Creek. Figure 1.2: 2019 Flood Event 228th Street North of FSST Powwow Grounds (Aerial View Looking Northeast) FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 11 Figure 1.3: 2019 Flood Event Area Northeast of FSST Powwow Grounds (Aerial View Looking North from West Side of Powwow Grounds) Figure 1.4: 2019 Flood Event FSST Powwow Grounds (Aerial View Looking East) FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 12 CHAPTER 2 ꟾ PREREQUISTES ADOPTION BY LOCAL GOVERNING BODY The local governing body that oversees the development of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Pre-Disaster Mitigation Plan is the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Executive Council. The Council has tasked the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Emergency Management Coordinator with the responsibility of ensuring that the PDM is compliant with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Guidelines and corresponding regulations. TRIBAL JURISDICTIONAL PLAN PARTICIPATION Requirement 201.7(c)(6). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – E1. Requirement 201.7(c)(5). Local Mitigation Plan Review Tool – E2. This plan serves the entire geographical area located within the boundaries of the Flandreau reservation. Because the Tribe often collaborates with Moody County and the City of Flandreau, both entities elected to participate in the planning process for the development of the Tribal PDM as partners. Table 2.1 shows the participating local jurisdictions. Table 2.1: Plan Participants Participants Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Partners City of Flandreau Moody County The Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe will pass a resolution to adopt the new PDM plan. The date of adoption by resolution is shown in Table 2.2. Table 2.2: Dates of Plan Adoption by Jurisdiction Jurisdiction Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Date of Adoption 06/08/2022 Representatives from FSST, the city of Flandreau, Moody County, local fire departments, and local businesses were invited to the planning meetings. Those in attendance provided valuable perspective on the elements required for the plan. All representatives in attendance took part in the risk assessment exercise at the July 29th, 2021 kickoff meeting. Representatives in attendance took information from the PDM planning meetings back to their respective councils/organizations and presented the progress of the plan development. Representatives of the PDM Team met with First District staff to provide feedback and oversight into the draft plan. Those participants identified in Table 2.1 that did not attend a PDM Planning Team meeting, participated in the planning process by reviewing information relevant to their communities and providing feedback by email or telephone conversations. A final meeting was held to make final comments and corrections and provide a motion to submit the plan to FEMA. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 13 The Tribe also presented the Resolution of Adoption to their council and will pass the resolution upon FEMA approval of the PDM update. The Resolution is included in the Appendix. Table 2.3 was derived to help define “participation” for adopting the plan. To be considered “participating,” the jurisdiction must have at least seven of the ten participation requirements fulfilled. Table 2.3: Record of Participation Nature of Participation Attended Meetings or work sessions (a minimum of 1 meeting will be considered satisfactory). Submitted inventory and summary of reports and plans relevant to hazard mitigation. Submitted the Risk Assessment Worksheet. Submitted description of what is at risk (including local critical facilities and infrastructure at risk from specific Hazards worksheet). Submitted a description or map of local land-use patterns (current and proposed/ expected). FSST Developed goals for the community. ◼ Developed mitigation actions with an analysis/ explanation of why those actions were selected. Prioritized actions emphasizing relative cost-effectiveness. ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ NA ◼ ◼ Reviewed and commented on draft Plan. ◼ Hosted opportunities for public involvement (allowed time for public comment at a minimum of 1 tribal council meeting after giving a status report on the progress of the PDM update). ◼ FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 14 CHAPTER 3 ꟾ PLANNING PROCESS BACKGROUND The effort that led to the development of this plan is part of the larger, integrated approach to hazard mitigation planning in South Dakota that is led by the South Dakota Office of Emergency Management. Production of the plan was the ultimate responsibility of the FSST Emergency Management Coordinator, who served as the tribe’s point of contact for all activities associated with this plan. Input was received from the PDM Planning Team that was put together by the Emergency Management Coordinator and whose members are listed below in Table 3.1. The plan itself was written by an outside contractor, First District Association of Local Governments (First District) of Watertown, South Dakota, one of the state’s six regional planning entities. The office has an extensive amount of experience in producing various kinds of planning documents, including municipal ordinances, land use plans, and zoning ordinances, and it is an acknowledged leader in geographic information systems (GIS) technology in South Dakota. First District assisted the Tribe in the development of their first PDM. The following staff members of the First District Association of Local Governments participated in the production of 2022 plan. Payton Carda, Planner/Economic Development Officer, was the project manager of the plan. Carda attended the PDM Planning Team meetings as the plan was being developed. Amy Arnold, Geographic Information Systems Planner, produced all the maps for the plan. Luke Muller, Planner, directed the floodplain risk analysis (see next section) and completed the county land cover analysis discussed in the previous chapter. Additional research and information gathering were provided by Payton Carda. Several other individuals at the state level provided additional support and information that was quite useful, which include: • Marc Macy, South Dakota National Flood Insurance Program Coordinator – provided classification and information regarding value and number of flood insurance policies and claims, as well as guidance and direction as the plan was being developed. • South Dakota State Fire Marshall Office – provided information on fire events in Moody County. The Flandreau Santee Sioux reservation is located within this county. • Whitney Kilts, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Dam Safety – provided information on dams located in Moody County. The Flandreau Santee Sioux reservation is located within this county. • SD Department of Transportation – provided bridges and road mileage information within Moody County. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 15 DOCUMENTATION OF THE PLANNING PROCESS Methodology Mitigation planning is a process that communities use to identify policies, activities, and tools to implement mitigation actions. The process that was used to develop this plan consisted of the following steps: • • • • • Planning Framework Risk Identification and Assessment Mitigation Strategy Review of Plan Plan Adoption and Maintenance Planning Framework The planning framework component identified five objectives: • • • • • Develop Plan to Plan; Establish PDM Planning Team Define Scope of the Plan; Identify Governmental Entities/Stakeholders; and Develop Mitigation Strategies Funding from FEMA to prepare the mitigation plan was awarded to the Tribe in December 2020. Once funding was secured, the Flandreau Santee Sioux Emergency Management Coordinator and the First District functioned as the initial PDM Planning Team in order to discuss the strategy to be used to develop the plan. The first task was to identify those entities/stakeholders that would have direct and indirect interests in the update of the PDM. Prior to the first public informational meeting, the FSST Emergency Management Coordinator wrote emails to all the stakeholders, community organizations, municipalities, emergency responders, and concerned residents who might wish to volunteer their time and serve on a committee, and to those who would act as a resource for the PDM Planning Team. The Emergency Manager in the adjoining county (Moody County) was extended an invitation via email. The emails included a brief description of the PDM. Public input was solicited via notices regarding the PDM planning process in local media outlets and via the Internet. Each individual who was contacted for the PDM Planning Team had at least one of the following attributes to contribute to the planning process: • • • Significant understanding of how hazards affect the Tribe and participating jurisdictions. Substantial knowledge of the Tribe’s infrastructure system. Resources at their disposal to assist in the planning effort, such as maps or data on past hazard events. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 16 Table 3.1 lists the PDM Planning Team members and their attendance at the planning meetings, all of which were open to the public, which were held as the plan was being developed. An agenda was sent out to the PDM Planning Team prior to each meeting, and the meeting minutes were sent to them afterward to keep everybody informed of what was discussed and any decisions that were made. Table 3.1: Participation in Plan Development Invited Last Name Anderson First Name Entity Represented Meeting Attendance Job Title Meeting 1 Scott FSST Land Management Land Manager Albers Terry Moody County Emergency Management Emergency Director (2021) Allen Mark FSST Emergency Management EM Coordinator Alvarez Emily FEMA Mitigation Division Community Planner Arnold Brian FSST Police Department Police Chief Bernard Randy FSST Land Management Officer Carda Payton First District Association of Local Governments Planner Charles Jerrick Moody County Emergency Management Emergency Direction (2022) Edwards Nicole FEMA Mitigation Division Tribal HMA Specialist Fisherman Elizabeth FSST Housing Authority Executive Director Huston Joan FEMA Mitigation Division Senior Tribal Mitigation Specialist ◼ Cynthia FSST Health Center Chief Executive Officer ◼ Jacobs Kitto Bill FSST Maintenance Director Tribal Historic Preservation Officer Kills-A-Hundred Garrie FSST Historic Preservation Marshall Shelli FSST Housing Nelson Steve Royal River Casino & Hotel Compliance Officer Poller Alan FSST Police Department Officer Reider Anthony FSST Executive Council Schrader Jon FSST Executive Council Spade Tim FSST FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN Meeting 2 Meeting 3 Meeting 4 ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Housing Authority Executive Council President Executive Council Member ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Water Quality Specialist 17 Leadership and guidance in the planning effort and at the planning meetings was provided by the First District staff and the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Emergency Management Coordinator. By request of the Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe, all meetings were held virtually due to concerns over spread of the ongoing COVID-19, or coronavirus, Pandemic. An agenda was distributed to each PDM Planning Team member prior to each meeting, but free-flowing discussion was always encouraged. When PDM Planning Team members had questions about a topic of discussion, either First District staff or the Emergency Management Coordinator provided supporting information. Generally speaking, the planning process associated with the plan’s development was relaxed and informal. No subcommittees were formed, and all decisions were made by mutual consensus of the PDM Planning Team members - no votes were taken, or motions made. Everyone’s opinion was respected, nobody was discouraged from voicing their opinion, and no one was made to feel any less important than anyone else. As the PDM Planning Team was being assembled, arrangements were made for the first PDM Planning Team meeting, which took place over a public teleconference over Zoom on July 29th, 2021. An agenda was distributed to prospective PDM Planning Team members. The Appendix includes a copy of each meeting agenda, an attendance sheet from each meeting, and the minutes from each meeting. Those who attended the July 2021 meeting for the PDM development were asked to volunteer to serve on the PDM Planning Team. The PDM Planning Team was tasked with fostering coordination between the various entities involved; reviewing the drafts and providing comments after First District Association of Local Governments staff drafted the plan. There were no external contributors such as contractors or private businesses. The representatives were asked to share the progress of the plan at their entities’ meetings and to ensure that those attending the meetings were aware that they are invited to make comments on and participate in the process of updating the new plan. Comments provided by local residents at the tribal council and PDM Planning Team meetings were collected and incorporated into the plan. Representatives who did not attend a PDM Planning Team meeting were informed of meeting outcomes and provided comment during the drafting stages and as the First District continued to meet with the PDM Planning Team. The public was provided several opportunities to comment on the plan during the drafting stages at the PDM Planning Team meetings. There were several work sessions and public hearings held to keep the public updated and involved in the plan. Primarily, public input included the involvement in hazard assessment and mitigation projects. Those who were most involved were the representatives of the PDM Planning Team and representatives from the Executive Council. Table 3.2 identifies the location and date of each opportunity that was provided for the public to comment and how it was advertised. The first meeting of the PDM Planning Team served to introduce the participants to the concept of mitigation planning; why the plan was being drafted and how the process would proceed in the months to come (scheduling, assigning responsibilities, etc.). The meeting also included a review of the main sections of the plan, which led to two important decisions. The PDM Planning Team decided that: FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 18 • Detailed information and data regarding the risk assessment was needed, detailed informative tables and maps would be helpful, and the mitigation strategy needed to be well thought out. • The risk identification and assessment as well as the identification of critical infrastructure and local goals and objectives should be completed by the First District prior to the second meeting of the PDM Planning Team. Table 3.2: Opportunities for Public Comment Location of Opportunity Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe Type of Participation Date How Was Meeting Advertised PDM Meeting Public Notice 07/29/2021 ◼ ◼ 10/20/2021 ◼ ◼ 02/15//2022 05/02/2022 ◼ ◼ ◼ ◼ Website PDM Grant Application 2020 ◼ ◼ Risk Identification & Assessment/Mitigation Strategy/Review of Plan Requirement 201.7(c)(1). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – A1. Requirement 201.7(c)(1)(ii). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – A3. Requirement 201.7(c)(1)(iii). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – A4. The Risk Identification and Assessment component identified three objectives: Collect and Organize Data, Develop GIS Data, and Analyze Data. The Mitigation Strategy component identified five objectives: Review other plans, Formation of Goals/Objectives, Compile existing resources to accomplish goals/objectives, Public development of Goals/Objectives, and PDM Planning Team development of goals/objectives. The development of PDM component identified three objectives: Writing of PDM, Public Review of PDM, and PDM Planning Team Review of PDM. Based upon the discussions and information provided at the first meeting, the Planning Team determined that identification of Critical Infrastructure and discussion of the PDM Risk Assessment were a top priority to complete prior to formulation of Mitigation Strategies and other sections of the Plan. These items were discussed prior to the end of the first meeting. Before the second meeting, First District Staff created the Introduction, Pre-requisites, Risk Assessment, Mitigation Strategy, and Plan Implementation components of the PDM. At the second meeting held in October 2021, staff members/representatives from FSST were asked to discuss development trends and develop mitigation goals. First District staff also conducted research regarding the history of disaster events affecting the Flandreau reservation in Moody County. Meeting dates are referenced in Table 3.2. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 19 First District also conducted a technical review of existing documents. This review incorporated existing plans, studies, reports, technical information, zoning, and flood damage prevention ordinances into the PDM development. However, the Tribe was lacking many of these planning documents. Because of this, planning documents related to Moody County and the City of Flandreau were included since some reservation lands are located within these jurisdictions. Additionally, the 2020 Moody County PDM plan was used as a resource for the new FSST plan because most of the natural hazard profile research would be the same due to shared location. In addition to the PDM, the First District reviewed several other existing documents including but not limited to the State of South Dakota Hazard Mitigation Plan and Flood Insurance Rate Maps for the nearby local jurisdictions. A summary of the technical review and incorporation of existing plans is included in Table 3.3. The list of hazards that the PDM Planning Team decided to focus on is presented in Chapter 4. A profile of each of the hazards was begun at this meeting. Discussion also occurred regarding the existing strategies being used to mitigate each hazard, with a particular emphasis on the critical and essential facilities within the community. The PDM Planning Team also dealt with the Mitigation Strategy at the October 2021 meeting. Formation of the strategy began with a review of the results of the risk assessment, which led to discussion about the goals to be achieved with the mitigation plan. The list of goals is included in Chapter 5. At the third PDM Team meeting held on February 15th, the PDM Planning Team reviewed the updates prepared by the First District. This included first a review of the hazards identified in the State of South Dakota Hazard Mitigation Plan. First District staff also provided an overview of the information regarding community history, critical facilities, risk identification, hazard vulnerability and mitigation goals identified by the Tribe. At the meeting, the PDM Planning Team reviewed goals developed by the emergency management office and the list of proposed actions developed at the previous meeting. The rest of the meeting was spent reviewing the priorities and the mitigation actions identified by the participating entities. There was also discussion on how the plan would be implemented. It was emphasized that cooperation between the Tribe and the neighboring jurisdictions was especially important, and discussion occurred about how this could best be achieved. Representatives from the jurisdictions were made aware of the critical role they needed to play to ensure the success of the mitigation strategy, such as implementing specific mitigation actions. The Emergency Management Coordinator emphasized the importance of ensuring that no local decisions be made, or actions taken contrary to the goals of this plan. Additionally, responsible parties were identified for reporting on progress being made to implement the proposed mitigation actions, for evaluating the plan’s overall effectiveness, and for getting the public more involved in the planning process. At the end of the meeting the First District was instructed to conduct an internal review of the document and instructed to post the updated draft plan on the First District Association of Local Governments and Flandreau Santee Sioux Tribe websites. On March 15th, 2022, a preliminary draft of the plan was posted on the First District website. Notice was emailed to all of the participants and to the emergency manager in neighboring Moody County. All members of the FSST Executive Council were also notified. Everyone who received an email copy of the plan draft was allowed at least forty-five days to comment on the draft. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 20 The fourth and final meeting of the PDM Planning Team was subsequently held on May 2nd, 2022 to review and discuss the final draft as amended based upon comments from the planning team and community. At the meeting, the PDM Planning Team recommended that the plan be submitted to FEMA. The final draft of the plan was again posted on the First District Association of Local Governments website and emailed to all of the participants. Table 3.3: Record of Review (Summary) Referenced in Plan Existing Program/Policy/Technical Documents Flandreau Flandreau Santee Sioux Moody County Comprehensive Plan ✓ NA ✓ Capital Improvement Plan O NA NA Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance ✓ NA ✓ Pg. 45-47 Economic Development Plan NA NA NA Pg. 69-71 Local Emergency Operations Plan C C ✓ Pg. 19 Transportation Plan C BIA ✓ Pg. 9-10 Flood Insurance Studies or Engineering studies for streams ✓ ✓ ✓ Pg. 45-47 Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (by the local Emergency Management Agency) ✓ ✓ ✓ Pg. 22 Emergency Operations Plan C C ✓ Pg. 45 Zoning Ordinance ✓ NA ✓ Pg. 50-51 Site Plan Review ✓ ✓ ✓ Pg. 68 Subdivision Ordinance ✓ NA ✓ Pg. 51 Drainage Ordinance NA NA ✓ Pg. 51 Floodplain Ordinance ✓ NA ✓ Pg. 51 Existing Land Use maps ✓ NA ✓ State Hazard Mitigation Plan ✓ ✓ ✓ Appendix E All Chapters Appendix E NA The jurisdiction does not have this program/policy/technical document. O The jurisdiction has the program/policy/technical document but did not review/incorporate it in the mitigation plan. C The jurisdiction is regulated under the County’s policy/program/technical document. BIA The jurisdiction is regulated under the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ policy/program/technical document. ✓ The jurisdiction reviewed the program/policy/technical document. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 21 CHAPTER 4 ꟾ RISK ASSESSMENT IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS Requirement 201.7(c)(2)(i). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – B1. In this chapter, the hazards that were identified by the PDM Planning Team as having the most significance for the Tribe are analyzed. As part of the analysis, various maps and tables were produced and are included within this chapter. The planning participants began the risk assessment process by reviewing the State of South Dakota Hazard Mitigation Plan. The PDM Planning Team choose to review records of hazard events that have occurred throughout all of Moody County, due to the lack of recorded weather data that has occurred within FSST lands. The PDM Planning Team reviewed records of hazard events that have occurred since 2000, relying primarily on data from the National Climatic Data Center’s Storm Events Database. A summary of the findings for significant hazard occurrences from the past ten years is provided below in Table 4.1. The PDM Planning Team also identified potential hazards by observing development patterns, interviews from adjacent towns, public meetings, PDM work sessions, previous disaster declarations and research of the history of hazard occurrences located within Moody County. Table 4.1: Significant Hazard Occurrences 2012-2021 # of Occurrences Since 2012 Source Drought 13 NOAA & University of Nebraska-Lincoln Wildfire/Forest Fire 104 State Fire Marshall's Office Flood 32 NOAA Hail 22 NOAA Lightning 4 NOAA Tornado 3 NOAA Temperature Extremes 15 NOAA Thunderstorm and High Wind 32 NOAA Winter Storms 31 NOAA Type of Hazard Hazards were analyzed in terms of the hazard’s probability of occurrence in the county. The PDM Planning Team were asked to complete worksheets that categorized hazards by the likelihood of occurrence for either their specific geographical location, or for county-wide risks. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 22 Every possible hazard or disaster was evaluated and placed into one of three separate columns depending on the likelihood of the disaster occurring in the PDM jurisdiction. Hazards that occur at least once a year or more were placed in the High Probability column; hazards that may have occurred in the past or could occur in the future but do not occur on a yearly basis were placed in the low probability column; and hazards or disasters that have never occurred in the area before and are unlikely to occur in the PDM jurisdiction any time in the future were placed in the Unlikely to Occur column. While man-made hazards were discussed briefly during the completion of the worksheets, the PDM Planning Team decided to eliminate man-made hazards from the PDM because those types of hazards are difficult to predict and assess due to wide variations in the types, frequencies, and locations. Types and scopes of manmade hazards are unlimited. Due to the topographical features of Moody County and the nature of the natural hazards that affect the geographical area covered by this PDM, most areas of the county have similar likelihood of being affected by the natural hazards identified. Only the natural hazards from the High Probability and Low Probability Columns will be further evaluated throughout this plan, with an emphasis on the High Probability hazards. All hazards in the Unlikely to Occur column will not be further evaluated in the plan. Table 4.2 is an adjusted list of hazards produced from the FEMA worksheets completed by the PDM Planning Team. Table 4.2: Hazards Categorized by Likelihood of Occurrence High Probability Freezing Rain/Sleet/Ice Strong Winds Thunderstorm Heavy Snow Low Probability Drought Extreme Cold Extreme Heat Hail Heavy Rain Lightning Rapid Snow Melt Tornado Urban Fire Wildfire Unlikely to Occur Dam Failure Earthquake* Flood Ice Jam Landslide Subsidence * Earthquakes are marked with an asterisk because they occur but are so small that the effects are minimal. Thus, mitigation measures specifically for earthquakes are not a priority. TYPES OF NATURAL HAZARDS IN THE PDM JURISDICTION AREA Requirement 201.7(c)(2)(i). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – B1. Some descriptions of the natural hazards likely to occur in FSST jurisdiction were taken directly from the 2020 Moody County PDM because the FSST reservation lies within the boundaries of Moody County. Most of the descriptions were revised for better clarity. For the purpose of consistency throughout the plan, additional definitions were included to reflect all the hazards that have a chance of occurring in the area and all the hazards are alphabetized. For all the hazards identified, the probability of future occurrence is expected to be the same for all the jurisdictions covered in the PDM. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 23 Blizzards are a snowstorm that lasts at least three hours with sustained wind speeds of thirty-five miles per hour (mph) or greater, visibility of less than one-quarter mile, temperatures lower than 20°F and white out conditions. Snow accumulations vary, but another contributing factor is loose snow existing on the ground which can get whipped up and aggravate the white out conditions. When such conditions arise, blizzard warnings or severe blizzard warnings are issued. Severe blizzard conditions exist when winds obtain speeds of at least forty-five mph plus a great density of falling or blowing snow and a temperature of 10°F or lower. At least one blizzard should occur each year within Moody County. Drought is an extended period of months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. Generally, this occurs when a region receives consistently below average precipitation. It can have a substantial impact on the ecosystem and agriculture of the affected region. Although droughts can persist for several years, even a short, intense drought can cause significant damage and harm the local economy. This global phenomenon has a widespread impact on agriculture. The chance of drought events occurring annually is low. Dam Failure Dams function to serve the needs of flood control, recreation, and water management. During a flood, a dam’s ability to serve as a control agent may be challenged. An excessive amount of water may result in a dam breach, simply an overflowing. Dams that are old or unstable, dams that receive extreme amounts of water, or dams that get debris pile-up behind their face may result in dam failure, a cracking and/or breaking. Moody County has five (5) dams, with none of the dams having the potential to endanger lives or damage property. Dam failure was considered unlikely to occur by the PDM Planning Team, however, is detailed here because it was determined to be the most likely of the “Unlikely to Occur” hazards. Earthquakes are a sudden rapid shaking of the earth caused by the shifting of rock beneath the earth's surface. Earthquakes can cause buildings and bridges to collapse, disrupt gas, electric and phone lines, and often cause landslides, flash floods, fires, avalanches, and tsunamis. Larger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks and are followed by vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks. The underground point of origin of an earthquake is called its focus; the point on the surface directly above the focus is the epicenter. The Richter Scale measures earthquake intensity. The potential for an earthquake to occur within Moody County is less than 1% annually. Extreme Cold What constitutes extreme cold and its effects can vary across different areas of the country. In regions relatively unaccustomed to winter weather, near freezing temperatures are considered “extreme cold,” however, Eastern South Dakota is prone to much more extreme temperatures than other areas in the country. Temperatures typically range between zero degrees Fahrenheit and 100 degrees Fahrenheit, so extreme cold could be defined in the Moody County PDM jurisdiction area as temperatures below zero. The Wind Chill Chart is used to measure extreme cold. At least one extreme cold event should occur each year. Extreme Heat, also known as a Heat Wave, is a prolonged period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. There is no universal definition of a heat wave; the term is relative to the usual weather in the area. Temperatures in Moody County have a very wide range typically between 0 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit, therefore anything outside those ranges could be considered extreme. The term is applied both to routine weather variations and to extraordinary spells of heat which may occur only once a century. The Heat Index measures the impact of extreme heat on people and livestock. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 24 Flooding is an overflow of water that submerges land, producing measurable property damage or forcing evacuation of people and vital resources. Floods can develop slowly as rivers swell during an extended period of rain, or during a warming trend following a heavy snow. Even a very small stream or dry creek bed can overflow and create flooding. Two different types of flooding hazards are present within Moody County. 1. Inundation flooding occurs most often in the spring. The greatest risks are realized typically during a rapid snowmelt, the time before ice is completely off all of the rivers. 2. Flash flooding is more typically realized during the summer months. This flooding is primarily localized, though enough rain can be produced to cause inundation flooding in areas along the Big Sioux River and its tributaries. Heavy, slow-moving thunderstorms often produce large amounts of rain. The threat of flooding would be increased during times of high soil moisture. National Flood Insurance Rate maps designate 100-year and 500-year floodplain zones. Areas subject to inundation by the 1-percent-annual-chance flood event are designated 100-year floodplain. Moderate risk areas within the 0.2-percent-annual-chance floodplain are designated 500-year floodplain. Moody County should anticipate having one flood event each year. Freezing Rain/Ice occurs when temperatures drop below thirty degrees Fahrenheit and rain starts to fall. Freezing rain covers objects with ice, creating dangerous conditions due to slippery surfaces, platforms, sidewalks, roads, and highways. Sometimes ice is unnoticeable and is then referred to as black ice. Black ice creates dangerous conditions, especially for traffic. Additionally, a quarter inch of frozen rain can significantly damage trees, electrical wires, weaken structures, and other objects due to the additional weight bearing down on them. Hail is formed through rising currents of air in a storm. These currents carry water droplets to a height at which they freeze and subsequently fall to earth as round ice particles. Hailstones usually consist mostly of water ice and measure between 5 and 150 millimeters in diameter, with the larger stones coming from severe and dangerous thunderstorms. Moody County has a 100% potential for hail occurring each year. Heavy Rain is defined as precipitation falling with intensity in excess of 0.30 inches (0.762 cm) per hour. Short periods of intense rainfall can cause flash flooding while longer periods of widespread heavy rain can cause rivers to overflow. At least one heavy rain event will occur in Moody County annually. Ice Jams occur when warm temperatures and heavy rain cause snow to melt rapidly. Snow melt combined with heavy rains can cause frozen rivers to swell, which breaks the ice layer on top of the river. The ice layer often breaks into large chunks, which float downstream and often pile up near narrow passages and other obstructions, such as bridges and dams. Landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal, and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 25 Lightning results from a buildup of electrical charges that happens during the formation of a thunderstorm. The rapidly rising air within the cloud, combined with precipitation movement within the cloud, results in these charges. Giant sparks of electricity occur between the positive and negative charges both within the atmosphere and between the cloud and the ground. When the potential between the positive and negative charges becomes too great, there is a discharge of electricity, known as lightning. Lightning bolts reach temperatures near 50,000˚ F in a split second. The rapid heating and expansion, and cooling of air near the lightning bolt causes thunder. There is a 100% chance of lightning occurring in Moody County each year. Severe Winter Storms deposit four or more inches of snow in a twelve-hour period or six inches of snow during a twenty-four-hour period. Such storms are generally classified into four categories with some taking the characteristics of several categories during distinct phases of the storm. These categories include freezing rain, sleet, snow, and blizzard. Generally winter storms can range from moderate snow to blizzard conditions and can occur between October and April. The months of May, June, July, August, and September could possibly see snow, though the chance of a storm is very minimal. Like summer storms, winter storms are considered a weather event not a natural hazard, and thus will not be evaluated as a natural hazard throughout this PDM. Sleet does not generally cling to objects like freezing rain, but it does make the ground very slippery. This also increases the number of traffic accidents and personal injuries due to falls. Sleet can severely slow down operations within a community. Not only is there a danger of slipping, but with wind, sleet pellets become powerful projectiles that may damage structures, vehicles, or other objects. Snow is a common occurrence throughout Moody County during the months from October to April. Average annual snowfall for within the county is about thirty inches. Accumulations in dry years can be as little as five to ten inches, while wet years can see yearly totals up to eighty inches. Snow is a major contributing factor to flooding, primarily during the spring months of melting. Strong winds are usually defined as winds over forty miles per hour, are not uncommon in the area. Winds over fifty miles per hour can be expected twice each summer. Strong winds can cause destruction of property and create safety hazards resulting from flying debris. Strong winds also include severe localized wind blasting down from thunderstorms. These downward blasts of air are categorized as either microbursts or macrobursts depending on the amount geographical area they cover. Microbursts cover an area less than 2.5 miles in diameter and macrobursts cover an area greater than 2.5 miles in diameter. Multiple strong wind events will occur throughout Moody County annually. Subsidence is defined as the gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land. The opposite of subsidence is uplift, which results in an increase in elevation. There are several types of subsidence such as dissolution of limestone, mining-induced, faulting induced, isostatic rebound, extraction of natural gas, groundwater related, and seasonal effects. Summer Storms are generally defined as atmospheric hazards resulting from changes in temperature and air pressure which cause thunderstorms that may cause hail, lightning, strong winds, and tornados. Summer storms are considered a weather event rather than a natural hazard; therefore, summer storms are not evaluated as a natural hazard throughout this PDM. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 26 Thunderstorms are formed when moisture, rapidly rising warm air, and a lifting mechanism such as clashing warm and cold air masses combine. The three most dangerous items associated with thunderstorms are hail, lightning, and strong winds. Tornados are violent windstorms that may occur singularly or in multiples as a result of severe thunderstorms. They develop when cool air overrides warm air, causing the warm air to rapidly rise. Many of these resulting vortices stay in the atmosphere, though touchdown can occur. The Fujita Tornado Damage Scale categorizes tornadoes based on their wind speed: • • • • • • • F0=winds less than 73 m/h F1=winds 73-112 m/h F2=winds 113-157 m/h F3=winds 158-206 m/h F4=winds 207-260 m/h F5=winds 261-318 m/h F6=winds greater than 318 m/h Wildfires are uncontrolled conflagrations that spread freely through the environment. Other names such as brush fire, bushfire, forest fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, vegetation fire, and wildfire may be used to describe the same phenomenon. A wildfire differs from the other fires by its extensive size; the speed at which it can spread out from its original source; its ability to change direction unexpectedly; and to jump gaps, such as roads, rivers, and fire breaks. Fires start when an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material that is subjected to sufficient heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. Ignition may be triggered by natural sources such as a lightning strike or may be attributed to a human source such as “discarded cigarettes, sparks from equipment, and arched power lines. The Keetch-Byram Drought Index assesses the risk of fire due to drought. Multiple wildfires will occur in Moody County annually. Climate Change is a long-term change in the earth’s climate, especially a change due to an increase in the average atmospheric temperature. In particular, a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels. Rising temperatures may lead to more climate and weather hazards of greater intensity such as flooding, droughts, severe storms, and winter storms. Many scientists consider climate change a global phenomenon. HAZARD PROFILE Requirement 201.7(c)(2)(i). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – B1. Requirement 201.7(c)(2)(i). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – B2. Requirement 201.7(c)(2)(ii). Tribal Mitigation Plan Review Tool – B3. A listing of weather events having occurred specifically within the Flandreau Santee Sioux Reservation is unavailable, due to lack of reporting. Additionally, the FSST lands are spread across several areas of Moody County. Therefore, each natural hazard section will list all weather events recorded within Moody County. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 27 It should be stated that most of the hazards identified in the previous section have the potential of occurring anywhere in Moody County. A brief section about the history of each hazard’s occurrence in the county is provided. Table 4.3 below shows all of the Presidential Disaster Declarations that have involved Moody County, including FSST. Information on previous occurrences – the location, the extent (i.e., magnitude or severity) of each hazard, and probability of future events (i.e., chance or occurrence) are listed individually by the type of hazard in the following tables. Table 4.3: Presidential Disaster Declarations in South Dakota Including Flandreau Santee Sioux Nation Date Disaster Dec # 4/18/1969 6/11/1984 7/2/1992 7/19/1993 5/26/1995 1/5/1996 1/10/1997 4/7/1997 5/17/2001 7/9/2008 5/13/2010 11/2/10 5/13/2011 6/7/2019 257 717 948 999 1052 1075 1156 1173 1375 1774 1915 1947 1984 4440 11/18/2019 4/5/2020 4469 4527 Type Flooding Severe Storms and Flooding Flooding, Severe Storms, and Tornadoes Severe Storms, Tornadoes and Flooding Flooding Severe Winter Storm Severe Winter Storm and Blizzard Severe Winter Storm and Severe Flooding Severe Winter Storm and Flooding Severe Storm and Flooding Flooding Severe Storm and Flooding Flooding Severe Winter Storm, Snowstorm, and Flooding Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding Covid-19 Pandemic Total Damage FEMA Disaster Relief Costs $4,599,306 $53,068,748 $35,649,349 $13,085,649 $19,455,263 $87,069,429 $3,907,074 $8,127,856 $1,074,522 $7,154,975 $45,736,034 $5,097,840 $4,716,310 $21,498,619 $1,079,972 $52,090,678 $67,597,521 $17,035,740 Ongoing $24,424,135 $6,330,686 SOURCE: http://www.fema.gov/disaster/declarations While the PDM Planning Team reviewed all hazard occurrences that have been reported in the last 100 years, the list for some of the hazards was extremely long. The information provided in the tables is not a complete history report, but rather an overview of the hazard events which have occurred over the last ten years. The PDM Planning Team felt the hazard trend for the last ten years could be summarized in this section. DAM FAILURE Dam breach or failure is of lesser concern for the members of FSST than flooding. Moody County has a number of dam structures, which are not considered a risk to residents, but are used to control or regulate flow from one water body to another. The South Dakota Department of Environment and Natural Resources has identified five (5) dams in Moody County. They include Jacobs Dam, Bauske Dam, Loiseau Dam, Paulson Dam, and Warren Jackson Dam. Further, there is a spillway in the northern portion of Flandreau on the Sioux River however is not considered a high risk since there are no structures or people affected downstream. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 28 4.4 Dam Locations in Moody County Ownership Type Location NW1/4 SW1/4 5-T107N-R47W SW1/4 NW1/4 8-T107N-R48W SW1/4 NE1/4 20-T107N-R48W SE1/4 SE1/4 31-T108N-R47W SW1/4 NW1/4 2-T106N-R49W Private Private Private Private Private Water Body Mud Creek - tributary Big Sioux River - tributary Big Sioux River - tributary Mud Creek - tributary Squaw Creek - tributary DROUGHT South Dakota's climate is characterized by cold winters and warm to hot summers. There is usually light moisture in the winter and marginal to adequate moisture for the growing season for crops in the eastern portion of the state. Semi-arid conditions prevail in the western portion. This combination of hot summers and limited precipitation in a semi-arid climatic region places of South Dakota present a potential position of suffering a drought in any given year. The climatic conditions are such that a small departure in the normal precipitation during the hot peak growing period of July and August could produce a partial or total crop failure. The fact South Dakota's economy is closely tied to agriculture only magnifies the potential loss which could be suffered by the state's economy during drought conditions. Roughly every fifty years a significant drought is experienced within Moody County, while many less severe droughts can occur at times every three years. Table 4.5 identifies the ten-year drought history for the County. Data regarding droughts is only available at the county level. Table 4.5: Moody County 10-Year Drought History Location Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Moody County Date Start 07/10/2012 07/17/2012 09/04/2012 10/16/2012 11/13/2012 04/16/2013 09/24/2013 06/02/2015 07/18/2017 10/06/2020 06/08/2021 08/03/2021 09/07/2021 Date End 07/17/2012 09/04/2012 10/16/2012 11/13/2012 04/16/2013 05/28/2013 10/08/2013 04/14/2015 08/15/2017 03/09/2021 07/13/2021 08/31/2021 09/28/2021 Type Moderate Drought Severe Drought Severe Drought to Extreme Drought Extreme Drought Severe Drought to Extreme Drought Moderate to Severe Drought Moderate Drought Moderate Drought Moderate Drought Severe Drought Severe Drought Extreme Drought Severe Drought Crop Damage 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 185.00K 255.00K 11.00K 8.00K SOURCE: http://droughtmonitor.unl.edu; http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 29 Major Drought Occurrences: • July 2012 to April 2013 – Drought conditions continued over all the area with below normal rainfall keeping soil conditions dry. Stress on crops continued even though August was less hot than July, with temperatures averaging only a little above normal. Crop damage was quite evident, though the amount of reduced yields and other damage which might become evident at harvest was uncertain. While reported water supply problems were not extreme, many local governments had water use restrictions in place. Drought was generally listed as severe to extreme for the area and was being compared to the worst of the dust bowl years, though not yet over as long a time period. Below normal rainfall continued to aggravate existing long-term dry soil conditions, and stress on crops continued despite less hot weather than in July. Crop damage including certain reduced crop yields was very apparent, although the amount of yield reduction and other damage was still highly uncertain before harvest. Corn continued to be the crop suspected of enduring the most damage, with some recovery potential for soybeans in the less hot weather. The drought was also leading to local water use restrictions. • October 2020 – Moderate drought evolved to severe drought conditions early in the month due to very warm and dry conditions. Precipitation continued well-below normal across southeast South Dakota, to around 50% of normal in Flandreau. Many areas experienced crop damage. WILDFIRE A strong possibility exists for simultaneous wildfire emergencies during droughts. While researching the hazard occurrences that have taken place in Moody County, it became evident that the information found on the NOAA website was incomplete. Therefore, other sources were contacted whenever possible. Specifically, NOAA had only one occurrence listed for wildfires in Moody County, but the State Fire Marshal’s Office (SFMO) was contacted to verify that information. The SFMO information is derived from the reports submitted by the local fire departments who respond to the fires. Representatives from the SFMO explained that since many of the fire departments in the County are Volunteer Fire Departments many times wildfires are extinguished, and reports are never filed with the State. Thus, the information provided by the SFMO is not entirely complete either. For the purpose of this PDM, we have used the numbers provided by the SFMO as a point of reference in determining the likelihood of a wildfire hazard occurrence within the jurisdiction. The information provided by SFMO identifies 47 structure fire responses, 50 vehicle fire responses, and 104 outside fire responses reported from 2011-2020. The cause of the outside fires is not listed, so it is not known for certain whether all or some of these fires resulted due to a natural hazard occurrence or as a result of human behavior. Additionally, SFMO provided information about the number of injuries and fatalities reported as a result of these fires. According to the records provided, from 2011 to 2020 one civilian injury, one civilian death, and zero fire service deaths or injuries were attributed to fires in Moody County. Table 4.6 identifies the number of fire department responses to structural, vehicle, and outside fires that have been experienced within Moody County. It should be noted that the number of responses does not necessarily mean that there were 104 outside (wildfire) fires as some fires required multiple departments to respond. The data compiled by the SMFO is not discriminate enough to determine whether a fire can be classified as an urban fire or wildfire. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 30 Table 4.6: Moody County Structural, Vehicle and Outside (Wildfire) Department Responses Year Structural Fires Vehicle Fires Outside Fires 4 3 8 2011 8 0 16 2012 0 2 7 2013 5 7 8 2014 9 7 12 2015 2 11 11 2016 3 2 18 2017 5 5 8 2018 4 3 0 2019 7 10 16 2020 47 50 104 Total SOURCE: South Dakota State Fire Marshal Office Total Fire $ Loss $191,000 $119,500 $3,500 $0 $40,000 $26,000 $71,000 $66,500 $111,000 $191,000 $819,500 FLOOD Flooding is a temporary overflow of water onto lands not normally covered by water producing measurable property damage or forcing evacuation of people and resources. Floods can result in injuries and even loss of life when quickly moving water is involved. Six inches of moving water is enough to sweep a vehicle off a road. Disruption of communication, transportation, electric service, and community services, along with contamination of water supplies and transportation accidents are very possible. Table 4.7 is a flood history in Moody County from 2012-2021. The table was narrowed down to only include flooding that occurred in proximity to the FSST lands. Table 4.7: Moody County 10-year Flood History Location or County Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Muni Airport Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau 06:00 04:00 00:00 09:00 05:00, 09:00, 17:00 00:00 18:00 00:00 06:00 Property Damage 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K Crop Damage 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 16:00 03:00 01:00, 09:00 11:00, 21:00, 23:00 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K Date Time 05/06/2012 03/23/2018 04/01/2018 04/21/2018 04/23/2018 05/01/2018 06/25/2018 07/01/2018 07/20/2018 09/20/2018 09/21/2018 03/19/2019 03/20/2019 FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 31 Location or County Flandreau Flandreau Muni Airport Flandreau Muni Airport Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Muni Airport Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Storla Flandreau Flandreau 00:00 Property Damage 0.00K Crop Damage 0.00K 04/06/2019 06:00 0.00K 0.00K 04/16/2019 05/01/2019 05/28/2019 06/01/2019 07/02/2019 07/11/2019 07/12/2019 08/01/2019 08/18/2019 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 09/11/2019 05:00 00:00 00:30 00:00 22:00 11:00 13:00 00:00 22:00 05:30, 07:00, 08:00, 11:30 350.00K 100.00K 09/11/2019 10/05/2019 12/13/2019 03/08/2020 03/09/2020 03/27/2020 04/01/2020 23:00 04:00 19:00 03:30 06:00 20:00 00:00 5.00K 5.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K Date Time 04/01/2019 SOURCE: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents Major Flood Occurrences: • General History: Typically, the most significant damage comes from poor runoff and saturated ground. However, ground saturation, rising water in potholes, ditches, and sloughs represent a higher historic problem. Flooding occurs primarily in the Sioux River Basin. Flooding, as a natural hazard, has been a part of the county’s conflict with nature throughout history. Moody County has this river traversing near the communities of Egan, Flandreau, Trent, and the Flandreau Reservation. Several creeks feed into the river that can cause municipal flooding and township and county roads can be washed out. The spring flood danger period generally occurs during March and April. A wet fall, early freeze with saturated ground at the time of freezing, heavy winter precipitation, and warm rains during and after spring thaw add to the seriousness of the spring flooding situation. Spring flooding along the Big Sioux River in Moody County is a yearly event in that the normal winter snow melt is likely to push the river beyond flood stage. o Flandreau – The City of Flandreau experiences flooding 1 mile east of town affecting a city park, golf course, and some private residents. Preventative measures are taken until the water recedes since this is generally a yearly event based on snow and rain amounts. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 32 • o Flandreau Santee Sioux – The Tribe experiences flooding on properties along the Big Sioux River. Areas often affected are the Powwow Grounds and some private residences 2 miles north of Flandreau and some private residences 1 mile east of Flandreau. Preventative measures are taken until the water recedes since this is generally a yearly event based on snow and rain amounts. o Moody County – Roads, culverts, and bridges are periodically affected by flooding either by sloughs or roads and bridges on the Sioux River. Erosion along bridge abutments is a continual problem. September 2019 - Spurred by a period of excessive precipitation from September 10-12 that resulted in 5 to 10 inches of rainfall in the middle to upper reaches of the Big Sioux River Basin, extreme rises occurred mid-month, with many basin locations reaching record stages. Recreational usage of the Big Sioux River, Split Rock Creek, and Skunk Creek (in Moody, Minnehaha, Lincoln, and Union counties) was banned for much of the remainder of the month. Numerous county roads and bridges were inundated, with a few farm outbuildings engulfed in water. Agricultural flooding was extensive. HAIL Table 4.8 indicates twenty-two (22) hail occurrences by location throughout Moody County since 2012. However, the information provided by the NOAA website was incomplete due to inconsistent reporting of damage after such hazards occurred. Obviously, with such a high number of occurrences it is reasonable to expect that at least some property or crop damage was sustained in the communities during some of the occurrences, even though the damage may not have been reported or recorded. It is possible that such damage was not reported because it was believed to be insignificant at the time, or because those responsible for reporting such information did not report to the proper agencies. Because of this, all Moody County recorded events were included in the table. One event in July of 2020 reported $137,000 in property damage. Since 2012 there have been 16 events with hail of at least one inch in diameter, including 1 event with hail exceeding 1.75 inches in diameter. Table 4.8: Moody County 10-year Hail History Location Date Time Hail Magnitude Property Damage Crop Damage Flandreau Flandreau Colman Colman Flandreau Municipal Airport Flandreau Municipal Airport Trent Trent Trent Flandreau Colman 03/19/2012 03/19/2012 05/05/2012 05/05/2012 12:24 12:26 09:20 20:30 1.00 in. 0.75 in. 0.75 in. 1.00 in. 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 06/29/2012 16:40 0.75 in. 0.00K 0.00K 06/29/2012 06/22/2013 07/19/2014 07/19/2014 07/24/2014 06/03/2015 16:47 21:08 07:35 07:36 12:32 06:28 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 0.88 in. 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 1.25 in. 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 33 Location Flandreau Colman Flandreau Flandreau Trent Colman Flandreau Flandreau Colman Colman Colman Date Time Hail Magnitude Property Damage Crop Damage 06/09/2015 06/11/2017 06/11/2017 06/11/2017 08/13/2017 06/11/2019 07/20/2020 04/05/2021 08/05/2021 08/05/2021 08/05/2021 17:57 05:05 05:20 05:23 16:56 15:00 18:55 18:45 18:15 18:43 18:53 0.88 in. 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 1.75 in. 0.75 in. 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 1.00 in. 1.50 in. 1.50 in. 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 0.00K 137.00K 0.00K 0.00K 5.00K 0.00K SOURCE: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents LIGHTNING The extent or severity of lightning can range from significant to insignificant depending on where it strikes and what structures are hit. Water towers, cell phone towers, power lines, trees, and common buildings and structures all have the possibility of being struck by lightning. People who leave shelter during thunderstorms to watch or follow lightning also have the possibility of being struck by lightning. According to NOAA the lightning history for the past twenty years denotes four (4) occurrences where damage was reported (See Table 4.9); however, possibility exists that the information reported is incomplete. It is also important to note that while only four occurrences of lightening related damage was reported, lightning strikes are very common in all South Dakota counties and reservations. Table 4.9: Moody County 20-year Lightning History Location Colman Flandreau Colman Flandreau Date Time Property Damage 06/03/2000 06/10/2002 09/30/2009 5/10/2011 15:30 16:00 20:30 1:30 70.00K 5.00K 1.00K 20.00K SOURCE: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents TORNADO The annual risk for intense summer storms is very high. All areas of Moody County, including FSST lands, are susceptible to summer storms. Warning time for summer storms is normally several hours, sufficient for relocation and evacuation, if necessary. However, tornadoes may occur with little or no warning. Between the years of 1956 and 2021, the County confirmed ten (10) tornadoes. Table 4.10 includes the tornado history in the County since 2000. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 34 Table 4.10: Moody County 20-year Tornado History Date Time Type Magnitude Property Damage 06/24/2003 09/16/2006 06/05/2008 21:50 15:56 20:00 Tornado Tornado Tornado F0 F0 EF1 0.00K 0.00K 10.00K Location Egan Colman Trent SOURCE: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents Major Tornado Occurrences: • June 2008 – Thunderstorms produced numerous events of tornadoes, large hail, and damaging winds over southeast South Dakota from late morning through the evening of June 5th. Near Trent, South Dakota, a tornado blew a 40 by 100-foot metal machine shed a quarter mile, destroyed an outbuilding, and damaged trees. Each year, many storms and a few tornadoes affect Moody County. Summer storms usually produce a wide range of damage making damage estimates very difficult. A complete listing of all summer storms having occurred within Moody County, and more specifically FSST lands, is not possible due to inaccurate reporting. The National Weather Service reports online were the primary source for this information. EXTREME TEMPERATURES Extreme temperatures in Moody County are common occurrences. It is expected that at least two times each year there will be extreme heat or extreme cold in the area. Both types of extreme temperature occurrences have dangerous implications to humans, livestock, and critical structures and facilities if certain conditions are present. The following information was found on the NOAA website. It is possible that people in the area have adapted to this type of extreme temperatures and thus such weather events are not reported as often as they occur. It is also possible that the information has only in recent years been tracked or reported. Table 4.11 identifies dates and times of the temperature extremes. However, the location is not specifically identified in the table by jurisdiction due to the vast area across the State of South Dakota affected by extreme temperatures. Table 4.11: Moody County 10-year History of Extreme Temperatures Location Date Time Type Moody County 07/02/2012 11:00 Excessive Heat Moody County 07/16/2012 11:00 Excessive Heat Moody County 12/23/2013 01:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 01/23/2014 05:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 03/02/2014 02:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 01/16/2016 21:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 06/10/2016 11:00 Excessive Heat FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 35 Location Date Time Type Moody County 07/20/2016 12:00 Excessive Heat Moody County 12/30/2017 08:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 01/01/2018 00:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 01/15/2018 00:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 03/03/2019 02:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 06/29/2019 12:00 Excessive Heat Moody County 02/12/2020 19:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill Moody County 02/13/2021 20:00 Extreme Cold/Wind Chill SOURCE: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents Major Extreme Temperature Occurrences: • July 2012 – An excessive heat occurrence took place between July 2nd-6th when record heat and high humidity affected southeast South Dakota. Heat indices rose to 110 degrees across the area. • July 2016 – An excessive heat event took place when very hot and very humid weather, with daytime temperatures reaching the 95-to-100-degree range, brought the heat index to 100 to 115 degrees during the afternoon hours of July 19th-23rd. Emergency rooms at hospitals reported that an unknown number of people suffered heat stress, heat exhaustion, or dehydration, although no lasting heat related illnesses were reported. Dew points in the 70’s over the area reflected the very high humidity, with dew points at a few places peaking at or just above 80 degrees. • March 2019 – The coldest air in recent history started with an unusually strong and cold area of high pressure surged into the northern Plains. Winds were mainly a gusty 20 to 35 mph, and when coupled with temperatures from 10 to 20 below zero, produced a long duration of wind chills colder than 20 below zero. Coldest wind chills were recorded between 0400-0900 on March 3rd, reaching -47 at Flandreau. With these types of temperature extremes, the biggest concern for people is exposure because prolonged exposure means almost certain death. • February 2021 - A massive arctic plunge into the Northern Plains brought almost a week of dangerous and life-threatening wind chills to the region. The worst conditions were recorded between February 13th-16th when wind chills occasionally dropped as low as 35 below to 55 below zero. Numerous record low maximum and minimum temperatures were established. The areal extent of the extreme cold in the central portions of the U.S. led to stress on the power grid, which necessitated several short-term rolling power outages impacting more than 10,000 customers during the peak of the cold. Over this period, wind chill values reached a minimum of -45 at Flandreau. FSST – PRE-DISASTER MITIGATION PLAN 36 THUNDERSTORMS/HIGH WIND Thunderstorms and high wind occurrences in Moody County are also very common. According to the National Climatic Data Center Storm Events database, Moody County experienced sixty-five (65) wind events from 2000-2021. Table 4.12 denotes the extent and severity of such hazards occurring in the last ten years. The Tribe continues to collaborate with Moody County to educate residents on the dangers of such storms through public service announcements and other printed media. Table 4.12: Moody County 10-year History for Thunderstorms/High Wind Location Date Time Type Mag (mph) Property Damage Crop Damage Trent Flandreau Flandreau Flandreau Muni Airport 03/19/2012 05/05/2012 05/05/2012 12:20 20:57 21:00 Thunderstorm Wind Thunderstorm Wind Thunderstorm Wind 5 [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Aflandreau_santee_sioux%3A22d069c20d84d13a. Public record. Not legal advice.