# 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC > Briefs, arguments, decisions, and more. URL: https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Abay_mills%3A6323f3625189d515 ## Record - **Collection:** Tribal code - **Document type:** Tribal code ## Text 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 1 | Page Bay Mills Indian Community The Big Green Up Report 2022 Energy Efficiency Waste Characterization Single-Use Items Survey Building Recycling Efforts Procurement Policy Green Building Recommendations Stormwater Management Infrastructure 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 2 | Page To assess current energy and waste trends across Bay Mills Indian Community’s government, education, enterprise, and business holdings operations. Priorities include, identifying areas for improving energy efficiency, determining most feasible materials for landfill diversion through waste characterization studies, single-use item surveys, greener procurement policies and building recycling efforts, developing a green buildings checklist and assessing storm water management infrastructure to create sustainability standards for future development. This assessment was completed in an effort to create long-lasting, energy-conscious practices and positively affect the quality of the natural environment. Prepared by: BMIC Green Infrastructure Committee Brianna Gunka, Jennifer Parks, Aubrey Maccoux-LeDuc, Carmen Kincaid and assistance from the Superior Watershed Partnership 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 3 | Page Table of Contents Executive Summary 6 Chapter 1.0 Introduction 8 Chapter 1.1 Project Background and Description 9 Chapter 1.2 Project Scope 9 Chapter 2.0 Energy Assessment 10 2.1 Energy Assessment Methods 10 2.1.i Billing and Historical Use Assessment Methods 10 2.1.ii Energy Efficiency Assessment of 2022 by Superior Watershed Partnership—Methodology 12 2.2 Energy Assessment Results 14 2.2.i Energy Assessment Results of 2011 14 2.2.ii Energy Assessment Results of 2022 18 2.3 Recommendations of the Energy Assessment 2022 27 Chapter 3.0 Waste Assessment 29 3.1 Description of Current Waste Management Practices 29 3.2 Waste Assessment Results 30 3.3 Waste Characterization Study of 2020-- community 31 3.4 Waste Characterization Study of 2022—BMRC 36 3.5 Single-Use Item Survey 39 3.5.i Single-Use Item Survey Methods 39 3.5.ii Single-Use Item Survey Results 39 3.5.iii Single-Use Item Recommendations 41 3.6 Building Recycling 41 3.6.i Building Recycling Survey Methods 41 3.6.ii Building Recycling Survey Results 42 3.6. iii Building Recycling Recommendations 43 Chapter 4. Procurement 44 4.1 Procurement Policy Recommendations 45 4.2 Proposed Procurement Policy 46 Chapter 5. Green Buildings and Grounds 55 5.1 Definitions 55 5.2 Background 56 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 4 | Page 5.3 Green Building Recommendations and Checklist 58 Chapter 6. Stormwater Management Infrastructure and Roads Network 65 6.1 Stormwater Management Recommendations 68 References 69 Appendix A: Energy Conservation Measures 70 Appendix B: Energy Efficiency Assessment of 2022 71 B.1 Tribal Administration (12140 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.2 Biological Services and Conservation Depts (11801 Plantation Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.3 BMIC Public Works (5463 S Nbiish Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.4 Advanced Office Technologies (12061 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.5 Boys and Girls Club of Bay Mills (12435 Industrial Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.6 BMIC Justice Center (12449 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.7 Bay Mills Head Start Child Development (12471 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.8 Armella B Parker Elder Center/ History Department (12485 W. Lakeshore Dr) defined. Error! Bookmark not B.9 Commodity Foods (12497 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.10 Mukwa Health and Fitness Center (12400 W. Spectacle Lake Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.11 BMIC Culture Department (12498 W. Tower Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.12 Bay Mills Housing Authority (3095 S. Towering Pines Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.13 Ojibwe Charter School (11507 W. Industrial Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.14 Bay Mills Resort and Casino (11386 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.15 Wild Bluff Golf Course (11335 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.16 Bay Mart Gas Station (10001 W. Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.17 Four Seasons Market and Deli (9253 W. 6 Mile Rd) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.18 Bay Mills Fire Crew, Migizi Hall (1895 S Iroquois Row) Error! Bookmark not defined. B.19 Ellen Marshall Health Center (12455 Lakeshore Dr) Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix C: Excerpts from 2011 Energy Efficiency Study 121 C.1 BMIC Current Tribal Administration Building 127 C.2 Ojibwe Charter School original building 137 C.3 Waishkey Center 146 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 5 | Page Executive Summary In December, 2021, President Gravelle directed the Green Infrastructure Committee to assess current energy and waste trends across government, enterprise, and business holdings operations. The Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC) Energy and Waste Study was conducted over a 12-month period, beginning January, 2022. This final report was submitted to the Bay Mills Indian Community Executive Council on January 23, 2023. The project scope included conducting energy audits and reviewing two years of energy use bills of BMIC facilities, conducting a waste characterization study for the Bay Mills Resort & Casino, assessing current procurement and use of single-use goods, determining recycling efforts in BMIC facilities, developing a green buildings checklist and procedure policy for future development, and assessing storm water management across the reservation. The ultimate goal of the study is to better understand energy consumption and waste generation, and identify methods of increasing efficiency and sustainability across BMIC entities to create long lasting practices that consider changing climatic changes and weather patterns while positively affecting the quality of the natural and built environment. In June, 2022, the Green Infrastructure Committee secured a Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy Community Energy Management Program grant, allowing BMIC to contract with the Superior Watershed Partnership to complete the energy audits and waste characterization study. Over a period of six weeks, Superior Watershed Partnership staff conducted 24 energy audits using the Department of Energy’s Building Energy Asset Score Tool, and sorted approximately 975 lbs of Bay Mills Resort and Casino waste using the EPA’s waste characterization data collection log and standard operating procedures. The energy audits and related power consumption analyses conducted for this study revealed numerous significant energy conservation and efficiency opportunities for all of the subject buildings. In addition, many of the energy conservation measures require no cost and serve to help balance other measures requiring capital investment. Reoccurring deficiencies relating to heating, cooling and thermostat inefficiencies, powering computers, lighting, items linked to weatherization and numerous other items were encountered that can be mitigated with the energy conservation measures developed in the following document. The waste characterization study, single-use item survey and facility recycling survey brought to light many areas where improved recycling practices, greener procurement practices and use of reusable items can be implemented to divert materials from entering the landfill. In 2021 alone, Bay Mills Indian Community as a whole, procured over $19.6 million in goods. Bay Mills Indian Community’s existing Procurement Policy was designed to ensure that supplies, services, and construction are procured at the most favorable prices available to BMIC, not taking into consideration the environmental implications of such purchases. The Green Infrastructure Committee developed a draft Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) policy to work in concert with the current procurement policy, to ensure that future procurement is assessed in terms of favorable pricing and environmental preferability. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 6 | Page In recent years, BMIC completed several new development projects; including, the Health Center, Elder’s Housing, Boys and Girls Club, Maintenance, and Public Works. In addition, BMIC redeveloped old Maintenance into Boys and Girls Club offices, Great Lakes Composite Institute into Northern Lights Cannabis Company, and is in the process of redeveloping the old health center into a new Administration facility. In the next several years, BMIC will develop housing on Plantation Hill, additional Elders Housing, another Boys and Girls Club facility, a Waste Transfer Station, a long-term care facility, storage units, a fish ice shack, a dental clinic, Justice Center and Commodity Foods expansions, Child Development Center expansion, and a BMRC expansion. In addition, the Kings Club Casino, Chippewa Landing, Riverview Park, and properties in Brimley will be redeveloped. Extensive development and redevelopment presents the opportunity for Bay Mills Indian Community to take a proactive approach to development by prioritizing sustainability and a healthy built environment through thoughtful design. To facilitate this effort, the Green Infrastructure Committee compiled a Procedural Checklist for Development and Redevelopment, and Green Elements Building Checklist. Together, these documents will guide future infrastructure efforts by ensuring 1) due diligence steps are completed prior to development, and 2) infrastructure is designed to be more efficient, provide a healthier indoor environment, minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment, and ensure long-term resiliency of the structure. A dozen road-stream-crossing culverts were surveyed on Bay Mills trust lands. Of the crossings surveyed two are high priority due to their eroding nature and impacts on fish passage in the stream. An additional four are ranked as medium priority for repair or replacement. Improvements at these locations will benefit stormwater management needs and create a more natural condition for fish in the stream. Two supplemental reports on energy use at Bay Mills buildings were completed. Highlights of these reports, with details for each building, are included in Appendices B through C. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 7 | Page Chapter 1.0 Introduction Bay Mills Indian Community is located in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and in a climate that is characterized by long cold winters that require heating homes and workplaces for much of the year. In addition to cold temperatures, exposure to strong north winds directly off Lake Superior and short winter daylight means additional energy use to offset these conditions. These conditions contribute to an intensive use of energy to overcome cold and darkness in buildings with design, heating, cooling, and lighting system inefficiencies. Increasing the energy efficiency of Bay Mills Indian Community buildings that are so dependent on energy for heating, lighting and numerous other uses is an important first step in reducing the use of carbon-based energy and costly energy expenditures. Energy efficiency measures are often called the “low hanging fruit” of an energy program because of the often-significant reductions for relatively low capital expenditures. Waste characterization studies provide important data regarding solid waste generation and landfill diversion opportunities. Assessing the waste streams generated by BMIC informs recycling and procurement decisions by determining which material streams can be landfill diverted through improved recycling opportunities and green procurement policies. Determining recycling availability and use of disposable single-use items in facilities also provides data to assist with recommendations and support for improved recycling opportunities for various departments and buildings. Future consequences and the practice of thinking forward seven generations are tied to strong family and environment values within the Bay Mills Indian Community. This project is integrated with these values because it plans for actions to positively affect the health and wellbeing of family, community and the environment. Reducing the amount of energy that originates from a source like that of coal fired electricity plants is very much in line with BMIC’s values. Lowering electricity use lowers air emissions and leads to improved health especially for a population that consumes high amounts of fish. Mercury can be traced from coal fired electricity plants, deposited to the surface, ingested by living organisms, accumulated within living organisms and consumed by people. People that consume high amounts of fish, like Bay Mills Indian Community members, are at higher risk of consuming mercury in this way. Reductions in carbon dioxide and particulate matter similarly influence positive changes for current and future generations. The benefits from the energy and waste reduction measures in this project include sustainable monetary savings, air emission and pollution reduction and strong integration with cultural values. Monetary savings from reduced energy bills and landfill expenditures would be a significant benefit from the implementation of this project’s findings. These savings offer various future opportunities including reinvestment into expanding and continuing energy efficiency measures, weatherization, investment into renewable energy production systems and increased recycling. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 8 | Page This study and resulting recommendations create opportunities for reducing air emissions, pollution and environmental degradation that occurs with mining and drilling operations. Numerous environmental benefits would be associated with the implementation of this project’s results with reductions of mercury, carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen oxides reduction, carbon monoxide reduction, particulate matter reduction, erosion, sedimentation and others. The anticipated cultural benefits of the proposed project would uphold the belief that stewardship of our environment and resources is vital. Continuously working towards care of the environment is a core value and would be part of the benefit of energy efficiency and energy reduction objectives of this project. Chapter 1.1 Project Background and Description In December, 2021, President Gravelle directed the Green Infrastructure Committee to assess current energy and waste trends across government, enterprise, and business holdings operations. Priorities included improving energy efficiency and use, and reducing waste entering the landfill. Chapter 1.2 Project Scope The Green Community Assessment and Recommendations report was conducted over a 12month period, beginning January 2022, and ending December, 2022. The study focused on six key areas: conducting an energy audit, conducting a waste audit, determining single-use product use, determining recycling efforts in BMIC facilities, developing a green buildings checklist, developing procedures that promote sustainability and assessing storm water management. Due to modified building usage during the COVID-19 pandemic, this assessment tried to use records less impacted by changes in building usage and staff behavior. Generally, researchers preferred to use records from 2018-2019 and 2020-2021. Some records were also chosen for analysis because buildings were newly acquired or renovated; in those cases, 2021 data was analyzed. Further explanation of record analysis is described in relevant sections below. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 9 | Page Chapter 2.0 Energy Assessment 2.1 Energy Assessment Methods An energy assessment was first completed in 2011. Some of the buildings surveyed at the time have been significantly remodeled or repurposed since then. Some have also been renamed over the past decade. The table below highlights the old and new names for these buildings. Table 2.1. Building Name Comparison 2011 Survey Building Name Tribal Administration Building Ellen Marshall Health Center BMIC Charter School Waishkey Center Community Building Bay Mills Community College Library Bay Mills Community College Admin. Bay Mills Community College Mikanuk 2022 Survey Building Name Tribal Administration Building Future Admin OCS Waishkey Center Library Adikameg Hall Mikanuk 2.1.i Billing and Historical Use Assessment Methods The Bay Mills Indian Community Energy Efficiency Feasibility Study of 2011 was accomplished by collecting historical energy consumption data, analyses of historical energy use data, detailed energy audits including occupant and building manager interviews, thermography evaluation, itemized energy consumption calculations, energy conservation and energy efficiency alternatives research, energy conservation measure choice, energy conservation measure savings and cost calculations and community awareness throughout the project. These efforts were utilized with the objective of reducing each building’s energy consumption by 30% or greater. Before looking at each building’s current energy use it was important to look at past energy use in the form of electricity and natural gas utility bills. Two years of previous utility bills were averaged together and formed the numbers representing existing energy use. This will serve as a baseline for comparison to energy conservation measures. In addition to yearly energy use, plotting historical monthly use was analyzed to determine increases associated with seasonal loads tied to heating and cooling. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 10 | Page Figure 2.1.i Map of Bay Mills Indian Community Main Reservation The study completed in 2022 followed a similar format. Records from 2021 and 2019 were used to determine current energy usage. Due to COVID-19, records from 2019 were used in place of 2020. This gives a more complete illustration of energy usage as many buildings were being used significantly less in 2020. For consistency, one year was the December of the previous year included with January-November bills of that year. For example, “2021” was December 2020 combined with January through November 2021. All buildings included in the billing assessment used records from 2021. While researchers hoped to assess the billed utility use of all Bay Mills buildings, that was not possible at the time. Numerous buildings, departments, programs have been in the midst of moves, reorganizations, and/ or renovations in the last three years. For this reason, major facilities such as the health center or Northern Lights were not included in this portion of the assessment. Additionally, data for some buildings was not in time to be included in analysis, such as the Housing Authority office. Still other buildings are combined in aspects of their utility billing and where therefore combined for simplicity in this assessment, such as the BMCC Main Campus buildings. The table below lists the primary buildings that were included in the assessment. They are grouped by primary manager for the facility and not necessarily by department(s) using the facility. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 11 | Page Table 2.1.i. Buildings Assessed for Energy Efficiency in 2022 GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES Tribal Admin. Building / Kings Club Future Admin (12124 Lakeshore) Elders/History Dept Culture Dept Justice Center Head Start Child Center AOT Biological Services/Conservation Dept Commodity Foods Public Works (5463 Niibish) Maintenance (5414 Niibish) Ojibwe Charter School Waishkey Center BMCC Main Campus (Library + Mikanuk) BMCC West Campus: Trades Mukwa Fitness Center Waishkey Bay Farm BMCC Migizi Hall ENTERPRISE AND BUSINESS HOLDINGS Bay Mart gas station Four Seasons Market & Deli Wild Bluff Golf Course Wild Bluff Mntn/ Cart Barn Laundry Bay Mills Resort and Casino 2.1.ii Energy Efficiency Assessment of 2022 by Superior Watershed Partnership—Methodology In 2022, Bay Mills Indian Community contracted with Superior Watershed Partnership and the Great Lakes Climate Corps to perform an assessment on building energy usage and efficiency. The full report is available in Appendix B. Table 2.1.ii.Building with DOE Score and Potential Cost Savings_ Building and Address DOE Score Potential Cost Savings GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS Tribal Administration (12124 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 1% Biological Services/Conservation (11801 Plantation Rd) 9.0/10 11% Public Works (5463 S Nbiish Rd) 6.5/10 2% Advanced Office Technologies (12061 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 14% Waishkey Center/ Boys & Girls Club (11435 W. Lakeshore Dr) 7.5/10 4% Tribal Justice Center (12449 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 16% Elder Center/ History (12485 W. Lakeshore Dr) 7.5/10 2% Commodity Foods (12497 W. Lakeshore Dr) 8.0/10 1% Housing Authority (3095 S. Towering Pines Rd) 8.0/5 11% 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 12 | Page Culture Department (12498 W. Tower Rd) 10/10 12% Maintenance Building (5414 S Nbiish Rd.) 0/0 5% Ellen Marshall Health Center (new) (12455 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 1% Head Start Child Care Center (12471 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 14% Ojibwe Charter School (11507 W. Industrial Dr) 6.0/10 >50% BMCC Migizi Hall (Fire Crew building) (1895 S Iroquois Row) 9.5.10 3% Bay Mills Community College (12214 W. Lakeshore Dr) 8.0/10 10% Waishkey Bay Farm (10135 W. Mills Rd.) 5.0/10 10% Mukwa Health/ Fitness Center (12400 W. Spectacle Lake Rd) 9.0/10 1% Bay Mills Resort & Casino (11386 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 11% Wild Bluff Golf Course (11335 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 14% Bay Mart Gas Station (10001 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 2% Northern Light Cannabis Company (2735 W. M-28, Dafter) 9.5/10 2% Four Seasons Market & Deli (9253 W. 6 Mile Rd) 10/10 13% EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ENTERPRISES GLCC surveyors with energy efficiency scoring certifications from the Department of Energy (DOE), along with a contractor-partner, utilized a DOE’s Building Energy Score Data Collection tool for building assessments. The Asset Score assesses the energy efficiency of these assets and identifies opportunities for improvement. Using building information input by the user, the tool runs a building energy simulation and generates a report. Throughout the process, the surveyors completed DOE data collection sheets for each building. The tool had the capability of assessing physical and structural energy efficiency. Measurements were taken of building envelope, orientation, and window area. Through the use of various sensors and detectors, the efficiency of windows and light fixtures was determined. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment was also inspected. The efficiencies for HVAC equipment was calculated using nameplate data and through data provided by manufacturers. BMIC Public Works Department and the History Department provided information about the age and features of buildings. Using the DOE’s Online Asset Scoring System, each building was given a rating on a scale of one to ten. This system does not take into account occupant behavior or operations. This does allow for the comparison of buildings, but fails to consider the functions of buildings. The measures taken to decrease energy consumption should outweigh the cost both financially and environmentally of the proposed improvements, but it is not clear if that was taken into consideration. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 13 | Page The DOE tool is useful, but limited and should not be considered the only measure of efficiency building assessment. The DOE Asset Scoring Tool applies standard assumptions concerning miscellaneous loads (e.g., office equipment, vending machines) based on building type. Building-specific energy and operational costs are not included in the calculation of the building score. The Asset Score Report contains estimated annual building energy usage and estimated savings associated with identified energy efficiency measures. These estimates are based on average regional utility rates and standard assumptions about operational factors such as occupancy density, hours of operation, and miscellaneous loads (such as office equipment). Currently, the Asset Scoring Tool does not include on-site renewable energy generation in the calculation. This tool may be increasingly useful if more detailed information is inputted into the tool. But when only basic information is inputted, it may be challenging to compare buildings with great differences in design and operation, for example the Tribal Office compared to the Public Works building. Additionally in some buildings, limited recommendations for improvement may be offered by the tool if the building and appliances are fairly new, and/or if the building design would have to be significantly altered to improve efficiency (for example, large garage spaces). 2.2 Energy Assessment Results 2.2.i Energy Assessment Results of 2011 The results of the 2011 baseline energy assessment indicate that of the Ellen Marshall Health Center, Tribal Administration Building and the BMIC Charter School have ranking scores available within Energy Star’s Portfolio Manager. The ranking of these three facilities show the Charter School is average in energy consumption, Ellen Marshall Health Center consumes more than average and the Tribal Administration Building consumes less energy than average buildings with similarly characterized use. While the remaining buildings don’t have available ranking scores compared to their “peers” they do have Energy Intensity values. Energy Intensity and “peer” rankings (for buildings with available score) are shown in the following table that compares and summarizes each building’s energy consumption. None of the BMIC facilities were eligible for an Energy Star EPR. Based on each facility’s energy use, estimates of greenhouse gas emissions were generated using Energy Star Portfolio Manager. The College consumed the most total site energy and also generating the greatest amount of GHG emissions at 411 MT CO2-e in 2011 and was close followed by the Ellen Marshall Health Center at 400 MT CO2-e. The total annual GHG emissions was 1,292 MT CO2-e, which to put in more tangible terms is equivalent to the annual emissions from 269 cars or the amount of carbon sequestered annually 1,059 acres of forest.7 The following table and charts illustrate the current state of energy consumption in the subject buildings. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 14 | Page Table 2.2.i: 2011 Building Energy Performance Building Energy Performance Energy Performance Rating (1-100) Site Energy Intensity/National Median (kBtu/ft2/yr) Source Energy Intensity/National Median (kBtu/ft2/yr) Total Annual Site Energy (kBtu) Total Annual GHG Emissions (MT CO2-e) 85 51/82 118/189 (-38%) 586,009 81 44 111/104 227/213 (+7%) 3,329,503 400 52 106/109 165/170 (-2%) 1,717,715 150 NA 88/39 145/100 (+45%) 2,589,427 242 BMCC Library BMCC (old) Admin Building NA 65/104 139/244 (-43%) 429,411 55 NA 70/104 186/244 (-24%) 926,286 148 BMCC Mikanuk NA 157/104 308/244 (+26%) 1,880,608 216 Building Tribal Admin Building (12140) Ellen Marshall Health Center (12142) Ojibwe Charter School Waishkey Center Building Source: Energy Star Portfolio Manager 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 15 | Page Current Individual Building Energy Consumption $70,000 $3.50 A $60,000 n $50,000 n u $40,000 a $30,000 l $20,000 $3.00 C o $2.50 s $2.00 t $ $1.50 $10,000 $0 BMIC Admin Health Center Waishkey Center Charter School BMCC Admin BMCC Mikanuk BMCC Library Building $1.00 f t $0.50 2 $0.00 Annual Energy $ Energy Cost/Floor Area Figure 2.2.i.A. 2011 Individual Building Energy Consumption 20000 18000 16000 14000 c 12000 c 10000 f 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 Natural Gas Consumption $1.20 C o $0.80 s t $0.60 $1.00 Tribal Admin. Building Health Center Waiskey Center Charter School BMCC Admin Building Mikanuk Building Library History Dept $0.40 f $0.20 t 2 $0.00 2009/2010 2010/2011 Cost/Floor Area 2009/2010 Cost/Floor Area 2010/2011 Figure 2.2.i.B: 2011 Natural Gas Consumption per Building 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 16 | Page Electricity Consumption 450,000 $2.50 400,000 $2.00 350,000 300,000 KWH $1.50 250,000 Cost ft2 $1.00 200,000 150,000 100,000 $0.50 50,000 0 Health Center Tribal Admin. Building 2009/2010 Waiskey Center 2010/2011 Charter School BMCC Admin Mikanuk Building Cost/Floor Area 2009/2010 Library $0.00 Cost/Floor Area 2010/2011 Figure 2.2.i.C: 2011 Electricity Consumption per Building Annual Energy Expenditures BMIC Admin, $12,706 BMCC, $67,494 Health Center, $65,627 Charter School, $24,235 BMIC Admin Health Center Waishkey Center, $42,232 Waishkey Center Charter School BMCC Figure 2.2.i.D: 2011 Annual Energy Expenditures per Building 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 17 | Page Annual Energy $ After ECMs 100% 90% 80% 70% AXIS TITLE 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% BMIC Admin Health Center Waishkey Center Charter School BMCC Savings $6,333 $23,880 $10,734 $10,171 $28,181 Annual Energy $ $6,373 $41,747 $31,498 $14,064 $39,313 Figure 2.2.i.E: 2011 Annual Energy Savings after Energy Conservation Measures per Building 2.2.ii Energy Assessment Results of 2022 This assessment was performed for 26 total buildings. Due to this large number, results are grouped below by building type. Total building gas consumption, electrical consumption, combined energy costs and their relative square footage have been compared in the figures below. Summary Results of Billing/ Use Assessment Results in the graphs below reflect expected numbers. Numerous buildings are well-known to have high energy usage due to their building use, for example, BMRC. Others are known to have higher energy use and costs due to the age of the building and presumed poor insulation envelop. The graphs below also reflect anticipated energy use changes. For example, Kings Club casino (a combined energy bill with Tribal Admin) was open in 2019, but was closed in 2021; therefore the electrical use was significantly reduced. Other changes reflect building renovations such as new windows (AOT) or roofing (OCS). In a handful of cases, facility use increased in 2021 and as a result, energy use increased. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 18 | Page Gas Consumption: Government Operations (A) $2.20 18,000 16,000 $1.70 12,000 $1.20 10,000 Cost/ft² Combined Annual CCF 14,000 8,000 $0.70 6,000 4,000 $0.20 2,000 $(0.30) - 2019 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.A. 2022 Government Operations Gas Consumption (A). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 19 | Page Gas Consumption: Education Facilities(B) Gas Consumption: Enterprises & Business Holdings (C) $5.00 $4.50 120,000 $5.00 140000 $4.50 120000 $4.00 $4.00 $3.00 80,000 $2.50 60,000 $2.00 $1.50 40,000 $1.00 20,000 $3.50 $3.00 80000 $2.50 60000 $2.00 $1.50 40000 $1.00 20000 $0.50 $0.50 $- - 2019 Combined Annual CCF 100000 $3.50 Cost/ft² Combined Annual CCF 100,000 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.B 2022 Educational Facilities Gas Consumption (B). Consumption (C). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC $- 0 2019 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.C. 2022 Enterprises & Business Holdings Gas 20 | Page Cost/ft² 140,000 600,000 $3.00 500,000 $2.50 400,000 $2.00 300,000 $1.50 200,000 $1.00 100,000 $0.50 Cost/ft² Annual kWh Electricity Consumption: Government Operations (A) $- - 2019 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.D. 2022 Government Operations Electricity Consumption (A). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 21 | Page Electricity Consumption: Educational Facilities (B) Electricity Consumption: Enterprises & Business Holdings (C) $3.00 500,000 $2.50 $7.00 4,500,000 4,000,000 $6.00 3,500,000 $2.00 $1.50 200,000 $1.00 Annual kWh 300,000 3,000,000 Cost/ft² Annual kWh 400,000 $5.00 $4.00 2,500,000 $3.00 2,000,000 1,500,000 Cost/ft² 600,000 $2.00 1,000,000 $0.50 100,000 $- - 2019 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.E. 2022 Educational Facilities Electricity Consumption (B). Electricity Consumption (C). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC $1.00 500,000 $- - 2019 2021 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Cost ft2 Figure 2.2.ii.F. 2022 Enterprises & Business Holdings 22 | Page Annual Energy Cost Combined Energy Costs: Government Operations (A) $100,000 $5.00 $90,000 $4.50 $80,000 $4.00 $70,000 $3.50 $60,000 $3.00 $50,000 $2.50 $40,000 $2.00 $30,000 $1.50 $20,000 $1.00 $10,000 $0.50 $- $0.00 Annual $ 2019 Annual $ 2021 Cost ft2 2019 Cost/ ft² 2021 Figure 2.2.ii.G. 2022 Government Operations Individual Government Operations Energy Consumption (A). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 23 | Page Combined Energy Costs: Enterprises and Business Holdings (C) Combined Energy Costs: Educational (B) $80,000 $4.00 $70,000 $3.50 $60,000 $3.00 $50,000 $2.50 $40,000 $2.00 $30,000 $1.50 $20,000 $1.00 $10,000 $0.50 $- $0.00 $9.00 $500,000 $8.00 $400,000 $7.00 $6.00 $300,000 $5.00 $4.00 $200,000 $3.00 $2.00 $100,000 $1.00 $0.00 $- Annual $ 2019 Annual $ 2021 Annual $ 2019 Annual $ 2021 Cost ft2 2019 Cost/ ft² 2021 Cost ft2 2019 Cost ft2 2021 Figure 2.2.ii.H. 2022 Educational Facilities Individual Government Operations Energy Consumption (B). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC Annual Cost/ft² $4.50 Annual Energy Cost $90,000 $10.00 Annual Cost/ft² $5.00 Annual Energy Cost $100,000 Figure 2.2.ii.I. 2022 Enterprises & Business Holdings Individual Government Operations Energy Consumption (C). 24 | Page Summary Results of Energy Efficiency Assessment (by Superior Watershed Partnership) All of the buildings audited utilize air conditioners, chillers, heat pumps, furnaces, and boilers for cooling and heating these properties. The efficiency and quality of technology used in newer available iterations of this equipment have improved dramatically over the past forty years. Most units currently in use at BMIC do not warrant replacement based on energy savings alone. However, the useful life of air conditioners is 12 to 15 years and over 20 for furnaces and boilers. Therefore, building managers should keep track of repair bills; once they become comparable to replacement rates, upgrading to the most efficient equipment available should be considered. Many buildings are only occupied 40 to 50 hours per week. Programmable thermostats should be used to maintain lower temperatures during the unoccupied hours during the heating season. Air conditioners should be turned off. After a general upgrade to LED lighting, lighting fixtures should be linked to occupancy sensors to reduce waste. The new Ellen Marshall Medical Center does have a Building Management System which has the capability of saving energy through supply-demand alignment; this model should stand as an example to other buildings as they are upgraded. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 25 | Page Table 2.2.ii. Building with DOE Score and Potential Cost Savings Building and Address DOE Score Potential Cost Savings GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS Tribal Administration (12124 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 1% Biological Services/Conservation (11801 Plantation Rd) 9.0/10 11% Public Works (5463 S Nbiish Rd) 6.5/10 2% Advanced Office Technologies (12061 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 14% Boys & Girls Club/ Waishkey Center (11435 W. Lakeshore Dr) 7.5/10 4% Tribal Justice Center (12449 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 16% Elder Center/ History (12485 W. Lakeshore Dr) 7.5/10 2% Commodity Foods (12497 W. Lakeshore Dr) 8.0/10 1% Housing Authority (3095 S. Towering Pines Rd) 8.0/5 11% Culture Department (12498 W. Tower Rd) 10/10 12% Maintenance Building (5414 S Nbiish Rd.) 0/0 5% Ellen Marshall Health Center (12455 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 1% Head Start Child Care Center (12471 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 14% Ojibwe Charter School (11507 W. Industrial Dr) 6.0/10 >50% BMCC Migizi Hall (Fire Crew building) (1895 S Iroquois Row) 9.5.10 3% Bay Mills Community College (12214 W. Lakeshore Dr.) 8.0/10 10% Waishkey Bay Farm (10135 W. Mills Rd.) 5.0/10 10% Mukwa Health/ Fitness Center (12400 W. Spectacle Lake Rd) 9.0/10 1% Bay Mills Resort & Casino (11386 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 11% Wild Bluff Golf Course (11335 W. Lakeshore Dr) 10/10 14% Bay Mart Gas Station (10001 W. Lakeshore Dr) 9.0/10 2% Northern Light Cannabis Company (2736 M-28, Dafter) 9.5/10 2% Four Seasons Market & Deli (9253 W. 6 Mile Rd) 10/10 13% EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES ENTERPRISES 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 26 | Page 2.3 Recommendations of the Energy Assessment 2022 This energy efficiency audit elicited useful and actionable data for 23 BMIC-owned properties constructed between 1981 and 2022. While the body of this report contains building-specific assessments and recommendations, several emergent recommendations, which apply to all or most structures considered, are worth noting. Recommendations from billing study: The billing assessment showed that the Bay Mills Resort and Casino was by far the greatest energy user. Followed by the Waishkey Center, BMCC Main Campus, and OCS. However, when cost per square foot of building was analyzed Bay Mart, Bay Mills Laundry & Linen, and Four Seasons are the largest energy users. Of government operations Public Works, Commodity Foods, and Maintenance Departments were the highest energy users per square foot. Energy use total costs and cost per square foot was very high in OCS in 2019 but dropped dramatically in 2021 with the installation of the new roof. Additional assessments on insulation, appliance upgrades and other energy-reducing measures should be explored. However, some buildings will struggle due to their high energy consumption purely due to the nature of building use (for example, the Laundry will always, by its nature, be operating energy-intensive appliances.) In general, a number of steps may be taken to reduce energy consumption. Additional assessment using more applicable methods could be done on the aforementioned buildings, prioritizing those with the highest usage/ square foot. Following the additional assessment, upgrades will be quantified. Upgrades will then be completed after being prioritized from most to least impactful or achievable. For some buildings, significant changes may not be realistic, such as those with larger work spaces that need to be heated/cooled to allow acceptable working conditions. For others, impactful changes may be as simple as adjusting the thermostat in areas with little use or improving insulation. All of the buildings audited utilize air conditioners, chillers, heat pumps, furnaces, and/or boilers for cooling and heating these properties. The efficiency and quality of technology used in newer available iterations of this equipment have improved dramatically over the past forty years. Prior to 2000, the SEER (Season Energy Efficiency Ratio) rating for air conditioners and heat pumps when cooling was 10; in 2015, it increased to 14, a 40% increase in efficiency. Now, there are units available with a SEER as high as 22. HSPF (Heating Seasonal Performance Factor) is used to rate heat pumps during the heating season. Before 2000, the standard was 6.7. It was raised to eight in 2015. High-end units are now available with an HSPF of 13, almost double the old standard. Similarly, furnace and boiler efficiency standards have gone from 81% to 91%. There are many models available with 95+ % efficiency. Most units currently in use at BMIC do not warrant replacement based on energy savings alone. However, the useful life of air conditioners is 12 to 15 years and over 20 for furnaces and boilers. Therefore, building managers should keep track of repair bills; once they become comparable to replacement rates, upgrading to the most efficient equipment available should be considered. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 27 | Page Many buildings are only occupied 40 to 50 hours per week. Programmable thermostats should be used to maintain lower temperatures during the unoccupied hours during the heating season. Air conditioners should be turned off. After a general upgrade to LED lighting, lighting fixtures should be linked to occupancy sensors to reduce waste. The new Ellen Marshall Medical Center does have a Building Management System which has the capability of saving energy through supply-demand alignment; this model should stand as an example to other buildings as they are upgraded. Building by building recommendations for each building are described in Appendix B. Table 2.3. Upgrades Recommended in SWP Report Recommended Upgrades to Make Now Recommended Upgrades to Make as Existing Appliances Fail Transition to LED lighting Replace AC units and chillers Install occupancy sensors for light fixtures Replace heat pumps, furnaces, and boilers Programmable thermostats programmed for business hours Improvements to building envelope (insulation) 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 28 | Page Chapter 3.0 Waste Assessment 3.1 Description of Current Waste Management Practices Solid waste and recycling is managed in varied ways depending on the facility. BMIC Maintenance Department operates a waste transfer station which serves numerous government operations buildings as well as residents in the community. A complete description of these operations is available in the BMIC Solid Waste Management Plan (2022 BMIC). ● Solid Waste: The solid waste program in place consists of a manned transfer and compacting station located at the Maintenance grounds. This transfer station is manned 8 hours a day from Tuesday to Saturday. Maintenance staff performs curbside pickup at 8 locations including BMIC Administration offices and buildings. For all other residents, waste is disposed of using the “dollar a bag” policy. Once waste is collected at the transfer station and compacted, it is collected by GFL Environmental and taken to the Dafter Landfill. ● General Recycling: There is currently stationed at the BMIC Maintenance Transfer Station a self-sort recycling trailer. Residents can self-sort plastic, metal, glass and paper at this unit. Recycled materials are taken to Chippewa County Recycling in Sault Ste. Marie and recycled at no cost to the BMIC. There exists a second recycling trailer that is rotated into place while the first is being taken into Sault Ste. Marie to be emptied or undergoing maintenance. ● Cardboard Recycling: Starting in 2017 the BMIC initiated a corrugated cardboard recycling program. The maintenance department acquired a bailer and procured some space on the south end of the maintenance building for storage. The cardboard is bailed and stacked then ultimately loaded into a semi for transportation to a paper mill in Manistique. The frequency of pickup of this cardboard is variable and determined by several factors including how much storage room is present, weather conditions for storage, and pickup availability. This endeavor has and will continue to eliminate cardboard from entering into the waste stream. ● Electronic Waste: Electronic waste is collected throughout the year. This is a free service to Tribal Members. Other community members are encouraged to provide a donation at the time of drop off of their e-waste. This collection program is supported by the Michigan Department of Environmental, Great Lakes and Energy (EGLE). Through this program, BMIC is provided boxes and pallets for collection, shipping services and recycling of most materials free of charge. Disposal of some miscellaneous items do include a charge. The donation request is to cover the expense of disposal of these items. ● Special Collections: Currently there are several special collection events that happen at the BMIC on a recurring basis. There is a spring and fall cleanup available for residents where they can dispose of large or bulky items at no cost to themselves. These are large events which are widely participated in. Additionally, there is a regular Household Hazardous Waste collection event which is held in the spring and fall each year where residents can, at no charge, drop off these materials to the BMIC Biological staff for appropriate disposal. Drop-off for the recycling of tires is available to residents from spring to October 15 at the Maintenance Building. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 29 | Page Waste Generators The following tribal buildings and residential areas have been identified as the main “waste generators” at BMIC. These generators utilize 13 waste disposal containers, including 4, 6, and 8 yard dumpsters, as well as 2 trash compactors and a cardboard recycling compactor. As mentioned in section 3.1 many of these generators are responsible for their own waste collection and do not currently utilize the facilities at the BMIC Waste Transfer Station. Table 3.1.i. Waste Generator Locations and Fate of Waste Generated BMIC GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS Advanced Office Technologies (AOT) Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Maintenance Department Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Ellen Marshall Health Center Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Tribal Administration Building Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Commodities Distribution Building Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Elders Center/ History Dept Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor Head Start/ Child Development Center GFL pickup Cultural Center GFL pickup Emergency Medical Connection GFL pickup Housing Authority GFL pickup Public Works/Construction GFL pickup EDUCATION FACILITIES Bay Mills Community College (collectively) GFL pickup Ojibway Charter School GFL pickup Waishkey Center Maintenance Transfer Station Compactor ENTERPRISES & BUSINESS HOLDINGS Bay Mart Store GFL pickup, Cardboard to Maintenance Transfer Station Bay Mills Resort and Casino Laundry and Linen BMRC Compactor, Cardboard to Maintenance Transfer Station BMRC Pickup Wild Bluff Golf Course GFL pickup OTHER Residential Curbside Pickup GFL pickup The dumpsters and compactors are emptied by GFL Inc., (SS), on either a weekly or bi-weekly basis. Each container, after a conducting walk through examinations, averaged 70% capacities prior to pick up. 3.2 Waste Assessment Results Below are figures showing a yearly total of the amount of waste generated by the key generators on the BMIC; those being the Bay Mills Resort and Casino Enterprises (BMRC) and the Municipal Waste Transfer Station located at the Bay Mills Maintenance Department. The records here comprise a 12 month period from December 2018 to December 2019. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 30 | Page Figure 3.2.i.A: Bay Mills Resort and Casino Monthly Tonnages of Waste Figure 3.2.i.B: Monthly Tonnage of waste disposed of (* denotes a special cleanup event) 3.3 Waste Characterization Study of 2020—Community In September of 2020 a waste audit was conducted with waste from the BMIC Maintenance Waste Transfer Station. The waste audit performed was intended to characterize the amount of waste being disposed of at the facility, and to determine if, and to what extent, recycling and other waste sorting practices were being utilized by BMIC residents. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 31 | Page There were plans to conduct a waste audit for the casino waste streams in order to determine if BMIC enterprises could be better incorporated into recycling efforts on the reservation. Due to complications from Covid-19 pandemic and how the casino tourism was affects by this event it was deemed that data collected from enterprise sources would not be representative of a typical season’s business. It should also be noted that the sort took place during the Covid-19 pandemic; it was determined that since the bulk of waste is from private residences, that the waste stream obtained from the Maintenance Waste Transfer station would be representative of typical use. Waste was collected in a 16ft enclosed trailer for the week leading up to the sort. In all a total of 9 volunteers composed of BMIC, ITCMI, and EPA staff were able to sort through a total of 677 lbs of waste over the course of an 8 hour day. The waste was sorted into 26 categories. These categories were chosen to determine what waste could potential be removed from the waste stream and recycled with increased infrastructure, outreach, and/or education. The categories that were used as part of the study were chosen to identify recycling facilities that could be immediately available to the BMIC through outside contracts and to determine what types of alternative waste disposal could be feasible for the BMIC to implement directly. Figures 3.3.i and 3.3.ii Staff sorting waste at 2020 characterization survey. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 32 | Page BMIC Waste Audit Results 2020 Results of characterization are listed below. Many pounds of recyclable items were found in the garbage. When these percentages are extrapolated across the costs of a year, the costs of recyclable items being sent to landfill is in the tens of thousands. If BMIC recycled all materials that are accepted throughout the local area (at the BMIC WTS and Chippewa County Recycling Center), approximately $24,000 could be saved per year in disposal costs. Additional money could be saved if recycling efforts were made during clean-up weeks as well. • • • • Other waste/ true garbage: Other waste comprised approximately 15% of the total waste at BMIC. This included items that could not be diverted from a landfill. Examples include diapers, trash bags, and other non-recyclable or non-compostable materials. Paper: The paper stream was almost completely free of corrugated cardboard. Newsprint/paper and recyclable paper/craft/paperboard was approximately 50lbs and 7.5% of the total waste stream. Non-recyclable paper was represented by plastic coated paper, mostly in the form of packaging of food/medicines. Even with these nonrecyclable paper products over 50% of the total 97lbs of paper waste is considered to be recyclable. Plastic Waste: While plastics made up 19% of the total waste in the study there was a minimal amount of recyclable materials found. Only approximately 2% each of total waste was easily recyclable plastic (HDPE, PET, and #3-7 plastics). Most of the plastic in the general waste stream (54 of a total of 127lbs of plastic) was attributed to film and flexible packaging, which is not generally considered recyclable with typical facilities. Most of the EPS foam identified in the waste stream is attributed to foam food service containers which were identified to be from home meal delivery to school age children and elders during the Covid-19 pandemic; thus, this amount of EPS foam in the waste stream is not considered typical. Due to a lack of PET, HDPE and other plastic containers in the waste stream it seems that the recycling efforts at the BMIC are being utilized effectively by residents. Organic waste: As is shown in the totals from the waste audit conducted the largest category of waste that was represented was organic waste. At ~33% of the total waste stream the vast majority of waste is organic in nature. Two thirds of the organic waste are food scraps while approximately one third of all organic waste is compostable fibers (napkins, paper towels, etc.). While much of the organic waste was not of a composition that could be recycled by conventional means there was a large amount of food waste that could be reused through the use of a digester. There were many materials, such as paper-based materials, and coffee grounds that, if separated from the main waste stream, could potentially be part of a community recycling program. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 33 | Page Figure 3.3.iii: 2020 BMIC Community Percentage of Major Waste Categories. Table 3.3.i 2022 BMIC Waste Audit Totals Waste Category Percentage Other/ true garbage Paper Plastic Glass Organics Metals Textiles HHW Construction 15% 15% 19% 7% 34% 5% 3% 0% 2% Annual Garbage Tipping Fee 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC Annual Cost $ 5,625.00 $ 5,625.00 $ 7,125.00 $ 2,625.00 $ 12,750.00 $ 1,875.00 $ 1,125.00 $ $ 750.00 = $37,500.00 34 | Page Table 3.3.ii 2022 BMIC Waste Audit Totals (detailed) 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 35 | Page 3.4 Waste Characterization Study of 2022—BMRC In June 2022 a waste audit was conducted with waste from the Bay Mills Resort and Casino (BMRC). The waste audit was intended to characterize the amount of waste being disposed of by the hotel, casino, kitchen/restaurants and offices at BMRC and to determine if, and to what extent, recycling and other waste sorting practices were being utilized by BMRC. Garbage waste was collected in a 16ft enclosed trailer during the weekend leading up to the sort. Items already intended for recycling and/or bottle return were not included in this characterization. BMRC was at approximately 50% capacity during the weekend that the waste was collected for the audit. In all, a total of 9 volunteers comprised of BMIC staff and the Great Lakes Climate Corps members were able to sort through a total of 976.5 lbs of waste over the course of 6 hours. The waste was sorted into 26 categories. These categories were used to determine which waste streams could be diverted through increased recycling infrastructure, outreach, and education. These also help identify recycling facilities that could be immediately available to BMRC through outside contracts and to determine what types of alternative waste disposal could be feasible for the BMRC to implement directly. BMRC Waste Audit Results 2022 Results of characterization are listed below. Many pounds of recyclable items were found in the garbage. When these percentages are extrapolated across the costs of a year, the costs of recyclable items being sent to landfill is in the tens of thousands. If BMRC recycled all materials that are accepted throughout the local area (at the BMIC WTS and Chippewa County Recycling Center), approximately $23,000 could be saved per year in disposal costs. Other waste/ true garbage: Other waste comprised approximately 20% of the total waste at BMRC. This included items that could not be diverted from a landfill. Examples include diapers, trash bags, and other non-recyclable or non-compostable materials. ● Organic waste: As shown in the totals from the waste audit conducted at BMRC, the largest category of waste that was represented was organic at approximately 31% of the total waste stream. Approximately one half of the organic waste was food scraps while the other half was compostable fibers, mainly brown paper towels from the public restrooms. While much of the organic waste was not of a composition that could be recycled by conventional means there was a large amount of organic waste that could be diverted from the landfill through the use of a digester. ● Plastic Waste: Plastics made up 18% of the total waste in the study. The majority of plastics included materials that could be recycled at the Chippewa County Recycling Facility such as Plastics # 2-7 and PET. PET was mainly clear plastic bottles including water bottles. Much of the plastic by volume included film and flexible packaging, which is not generally considered recyclable with typical facilities. Most of the EPS foam identified in the waste stream was attributed to foam food service to-go containers. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 36 | Page Figure 3.4.i 2022 BMRC Percentage of Major Waste Categories. Table 3.4.i 2022 BMRC Waste Audit Totals Waste Category Percentage Other/ true garbage Paper Plastic Glass Organics Metals Textiles HHW Construction 20.43% 12.85% 17.72% 9.06% 30.93% 3.02% 2.51% 2.25% 1.23% Annual Garbage Tipping Fee 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC Annual Cost $ 6,741.90 $ 4,240.50 $ 5,847.60 $ 2,989.80 $ 10,206.90 $ 996.60 $ 828.30 $ 742.50 $ 405.90 = $33,000.00 37 | Page Table 3.4.ii 2022 BMRC Waste Audit Totals (detailed) 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 38 | Page 3.5 Single-Use Item Survey 3.5.i Single-Use Item Survey Methods In a survey separate, but similar to the waste characterization studies, an assessment of singleuse items was made for each building. Due to the waste management method for each facility, these items may not have been captured in the characterization studies. Examples of singleuse items range from napkins to small shampoo bottles to plastic to-go forks and many others. For each facility, the top ten items were listed. In specialized facilities, such as the Health Center, the survey was restricted to employee break room areas so medical supplies were excluded. 3.5.ii Single-Use Item Survey Results The top ten single-use items listed by departments include: toilet paper, trash can bags, bathroom hand paper towels (brown, interfolding), kitchen paper towels (white, roll), facial tissue, food prep gloves, paper/plastic plates/bowls/cups, sanitizing wipes, plastic tableware and Ziplock-type bags. See Table 3.5.ii below for a complete list. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 39 | Page Table: 3.5.ii Single-Use Item Use per Building Ba gs mH a To nd P Kit a che wels per nP ap er Fac To we ial Ti s ls sue Fo od Pre pG lov Pa es pe rP l at es/ San Bo wls itiz /C ing up Wi s pe Pla s sti cT ab lew Zip are loc kB ag Ha s nd San itiz er Na bo sing pk t le t l e ins use Pla sti cW rap Bo ttle dW ate r Tin Fo il Ha nd soa ps bo ingle K-c t tle use up s/S ing le U To se Go Co Bo ffe xes e Alu mi nim un Ba So kin uff gD le C is h up es sw ith Lid s roo an Ba th sh C Tra ile t Pa p er Single-Use Item Consumption To Location AOT x x x x Biological Services x x x Boys and Girls Club x x Casino x x x Charter School x x x x x Child Development/Head Start x x Commodity Foods x x Community College x x Culture Department x x x x Ellen Marshall Building x x Health Center x x x Four Seasons Market and Deli x x Gas Station x x Golf Course x x x History Department/Elder Center x x x Housing Authority x x x Justice Center x x x X Maintenance Department x x Mukwa Fitness Center x x x NLCC x x x Public Works x x x Tribal Administration x x x Waishkey Bay Farm x x x Count 23 23 20 Facilities Using Single-Use Items 100% 100% 87% x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 16 70% 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC x x x x x x x x x 14 61% x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 12 52% x x x x x x x x x x 12 52% x x x x x x x x x x 12 52% x x x 10 43% x x x x x x x x x x x 9 39% x x x x x x x x x x 2 9% 2 9% x x x x x x x x x x x 8 35% x x 7 30% x x x x x x x x 6 26% x 5 22% x x x x 5 22% 40 | Page 4 17% 3 13% 1 4% 3.5.iii Single-Use Item Recommendations Many of the top ten single-use items are necessary health and sanitary items (toilet paper, trash bags, facial tissue, napkins and food prep gloves). Replacing these with reusable items is not recommended in a public or workplace setting. However, other single-use items could be replaced with reusable options that will reduce waste going into the landfill. Table 3.5.iii. Replacement Items for Single Use Items Single-Use Item Reusable Item Bathroom hand paper towel Electric hand dryer Kitchen paper towel Dish cloth Paper plates/bowls/cups Ceramic dishes, glass/stainless steel cups Sanitizing wipes Large glass spray bottle with cloth Plastic tableware Stainless steel silverware Ziplock bags Glass storage containers Hand sanitizer Wall mounted refillable dispenser Plastic wrap Glass storage containers Bottled water Encourage reusable water bottles and refilling from tap Tin foil Glass storage containers Hand soap Wall mounted refillable dispenser K-cups/single use coffee Refillable K-cup coffee filter To-go boxes Stainless or glass dishes Aluminum baking dishes Ceramic baking dishes Soufflé cups/lids Glass storage containers Another option for paper products is to elevate the importance of purchasing recycled products and those certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. 3.6 Building Recycling 3.6.i Building Recycling Survey Methods Departments in each building were asked to self-report if they recycle materials including paper, cardboard, aluminum or metal, plastic or glass. These were recorded on the table below. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 41 | Page 3.6.ii Building Recycling Survey Results A surprising number of buildings practice little to no recycling. Four of the twenty-three buildings surveyed are reported to do no recycling. Cardboard is the most recycled item because the maintenance department provides pick-up service. Of the 23 buildings surveyed, 9 do not recycle paper, 12 do not recycle aluminum/metal, 10 do not recycling plastic and 12 do not recycle glass. Some of these buildings have had recycling sorting bins purchased for them by the Biological Services department in the past. Table 3.6.ii: Recycling available in departmental buildings Recyclable Material Location Paper Cardboard Aluminum/metal Plastic Glass AOT Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Biological Services Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Boys and Girls Club No Yes No Yes No Casino (BMRC) Yes Yes No No No Charter School Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Child Development/Head Start No Yes No No No Commodity Foods No Yes No Yes No Community College Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Culture Department Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ellen Marshall Health Center No Yes No No No Future Admin (old Ellen Marshall) Building Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Four Seasons Market and Deli Yes Yes No No No Gas Station Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Golf Course Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes History Department/Elder Center No Yes No No No Housing Authority Yes Yes Yes No No Justice Center No No No No No Maintenance Department Yes Yes No Yes Yes Mukwa Fitness Center No No No No No NLCC No No No No No Public Works No No No No No Tribal Administration (current) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Waishkey Bay Farm Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 14 9 61% 13 10 57% 11 12 48% No Facilities Recycling 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 19 4 83% 11 12 48% 42 | Page 3.6. iii Building Recycling Recommendations Recycling efforts in all buildings can be improved. Self-sort recycling containers could be made available in each building to promote recycling. These containers must be easily accessible. Internal efforts would need to ensure that janitorial and maintenance crews complete the recycling process by ensuring these recyclables are taken to the waste transfer station and placed in the appropriate recycling storage bins and locations. Lastly, a cultural shift must be made that prioritizes follow-through of all staff and renews trust in the whole waste stream system. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 43 | Page Chapter 4. Procurement In 2021, Bay Mills Indian Community, including Governmental, Enterprise, and Business Holdings operations procured roughly $19.6 million of goods. See Table 4.1.i below for a full breakdown of procurement by entity. Note that, as a result of Coronavirus pandemic relief funding, namely PPP, CARES Act, and ARPA programs, BMIC experienced an influx of funding; therefore, total procurement figures may be atypical. Bay Mills Indian Community’s Procurement Policy want not designed to consider or encourage the purchase of products that are environmentally preferable, but to assure that supplies, services, and construction are procured at the most favorable prices available to BMIC. The goal of the Green Infrastructure Committee in relation to procurement; therefore, is to provide direction for procurement of environmentally preferable products, and to empower government, enterprise, and business holdings entities to factor sustainability into procurement decisions. Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP) are those that have a reduced negative impact on human health and the environment when compared to competing products that serve the same purpose. This comparison may consider raw material acquisition, production, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance or disposal of the product or service. Entity Enterprise Bay Mills Resort and Casino Business Holdings Bay Mart Four Seasons Northern Light Cannabis Company Government General Funds Grants and Contracts (many departments) Procurement of Goods TOTAL $19,609,133.61 $364,052.20 $5,108,349.22 $484,998.98 $1,170,356.97 $4,362,731.06 $8,118,645.18 Table 4.1.i. 2021 Total Procurement of Goods by Entity Factors to consider when determining EPP include, but are not limited to: ▪ Maximization of recycled products used in product lifecycle ▪ Environmental cost of entire product life cycle ▪ Reuse of existing products or materials in product life cycle ▪ Recyclability of product ▪ Cleanest mode of transportation used for distribution 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 44 | Page ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Biodegradability Feedstock analysis; what is used to manufacture the product and is the product biobased or recycled Minimization of packaging; use of reusable/recycled packaging materials Reduction of energy/water consumption Use of renewable energy Manufactured from renewable materials Reduction of GHG emissions Toxicity reduction or elimination Elimination of uncertified hardwoods in product life cycle Durability and maintenance requirements Ultimate disposal of the product; minimize landfill disposal When considering future procurement, the benefits of favorable pricing will have to be weighed against environmental preferability. In general terms, instituting an Environmental Preferable Procurement Policy would necessitate the following: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Institute practices that reduce waste by increasing product efficiency and effectiveness; Make a good-faith effort to use environmentally preferable purchasing methods when purchasing products to minimize environmental impacts, toxics, pollution, and hazards to worker and community safety; Purchase products that reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their production, shipping, use and discard; and Purchase products that include recycled content, are durable and long-lasting, conserve energy and water, use agricultural fibers and residues, use unbleached or chlorine free manufacturing processes, are lead-free and mercury-free, and use wood from sustainably harvested forests. 4.1 Procurement Policy Recommendations The BMIC Green Infrastructure Committee proposes the development of an Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy that promotes the following tenets: ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Conserve natural resources for the next seven generations, Minimize environmental impacts such as pollution and use of water and energy, Eliminate or reduce toxins that create hazards to workers and our community, Support strong recycling markets, Reduce materials that are landfilled, 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 45 | Page ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ Increase the use and availability of environmentally preferable products that protect the environment, Identify environmentally preferable products and distribution systems, Reward manufacturers and vendors that reduce environmental impacts in their production and distribution systems or services, and Create a model for successfully purchasing environmentally preferable products that encourages the use of agricultural fibers, chlorine-free manufacturing processes, wood from sustainably harvested forests, and other environmentally friendly practices, and that encourages other purchasers in our community to adopt similar goals. Given that BMIC already has an established Procurement Policy, the Green Infrastructure Committee recommends that an EPP Policy be developed to act in concert with the current Procurement Policy, assuring that supplies, services, and construction are procured at the most favorable prices available to BMIC, as well as assuring BMIC is making a good-faith effort to make environmentally preferable purchases. As a matter of policy, the Green Infrastructure Committee looks to Executive Council to determine how stringent the EPP Policy should be in terms of application. This could merely be an exercise of good-faith effort to purchase environmentally-preferable products when economically feasible. Alternatively, Executive Council may choose to establish a firm rule whereby an intangible benefit percentage is allocated for green products. For example, if a green product costs $10,700, versus a comparable product costing $10,000 that isn’t green, the green product should be given favor because it is less than 10% more than the non-green product. 4.2 Proposed Procurement Policy In line with the aforementioned recommendations, the BMIC Green Infrastructure Committee proposes the following Environmentally Preferable Procurement Policy. Note that an intangible benefit percentage has not been provided in this proposed policy draft. The proposed draft language was developed to provide a launching point for future EPP Policy discussions, and will require finetuning based on Executive Council and Executive Management feedback: BAY MILLS INDIAN COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTALLY PREFERABLE PROCUREMENT POLICY 1.0 STATEMENT OF POLICY It is the policy of Bay Mills Indian Community to: • Institute practices that reduce waste by increasing product efficiency and effectiveness; • Make a good-faith effort to use environmentally preferable purchasing methods when purchasing products to minimize environmental impacts, toxics, pollution, and hazards to worker and community safety; 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 46 | Page 2.0 • Purchase products that reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their production, shipping, use and discard; and • Purchase products that include recycled content, are durable and long-lasting, conserve energy and water, use agricultural fibers and residues, use unbleached or chlorine free manufacturing processes, are lead-free and mercury-free, and use wood from sustainably harvested forests. PURPOSE This Policy is adopted in order to: ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● 3.0 Conserve natural resources for the next seven generations, Minimize environmental impacts such as pollution and use of water and energy, Eliminate or reduce toxins that create hazards to workers and our community, Support strong recycling markets, Reduce materials that are landfilled, Increase the use and availability of environmentally preferable products that protect the environment, Identify environmentally preferable products and distribution systems, Reward manufacturers and vendors that reduce environmental impacts in their production and distribution systems or services, and Create a model for successfully purchasing environmentally preferable products that encourages the use of agricultural fibers, chlorine-free manufacturing processes, wood from sustainably harvested forests, and other environmentally friendly practices, and that encourages other purchasers in our community to adopt similar goals. DEFINITIONS 3.1 “Bio-Based Products” means commercial or industrial products (other than food or feed) that utilize agricultural crops or residues but does not include products made from forestry materials. 3.2 “Biodegradable plastic” means the degradation of the plastic must occur as a result of the action of naturally occurring microorganisms. 3.3 “Buyer” means anyone authorized to purchase or contract for purchases on behalf of this jurisdiction or its subdivisions. 3.4 “The Carpet and Rug Institute” (CRI) is the national trade association representing the carpet and rug industry. CRI has developed and administered the “Green Label” indoor air quality testing and labeling program for carpet, adhesives, cushion materials and vacuum cleaners. The “Green Label Plus” testing program incorporates additional requirements to meet California’s Collaborative for High Performance Schools low-emitting materials criteria. 3.5 “Compostable plastic” means plastic that is biodegradable during composting to yield carbon dioxide, water and inorganic compounds and biomass, at a rate consistent with other known compostable materials and leaves no visually distinguishable or toxic residues. 3.6 “Contractor” means any person, group of persons, business, consultant, designing architect, association, partnership, corporation, supplier, vendor or other entity that has a contract with Bay Mills Indian Community or serves in a subcontracting capacity with an entity having a contract with Bay Mills Indian Community for the provision of goods or services. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 47 | Page 3.7 “Degradable plastic” means plastic that undergoes significant changes in its chemical structure under specific environmental conditions. 3.8 “EcoLogo” is a third-party, multi-attribute eco-labeling program founded by the Canadian government in 1988 and part of UL Environment since 2010. The Program compares products / services with others in the same category, develops rigorous and scientifically relevant criteria, and awards the EcoLogo to those that are environmentally preferable throughout their entire lifecycle. 3.9 “Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool” (EPEAT) is a procurement tool to help institutional purchasers in the public and private sectors evaluate, compare and select personal computers, displays, imaging equipment and televisions based on their environmental attributes. 3.10 “Energy Star” means the U.S. EPA’s energy efficiency product labeling program. 3.11 “Energy-Efficient Product” means a product that is in the upper 25% of energy efficiency for all similar products, or that is at least 10% more efficient than the minimum level that meets Federal standards. 3.12 “Environmentally Preferable Products (EPP)” means products that have a reduced negative effect on human health and the environment when compared to competing products that serve the same purpose. This comparison may consider raw material acquisition, production, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, reuse, operation, maintenance or disposal of the product or service. 3.13 “Federal Energy Management Program” is a program of the Department of Energy that issues a series of Product Energy Efficiency Recommendations that identify recommended efficiency levels for energy-using products. 3.14 “Forest Stewardship Council” is a global organization that certifies responsible, on-the-ground forest management according to rigorous standards developed by a broad variety of stakeholder groups. 3.15 “Green Seal” is an independent, non-profit environmental labeling organization. Green Seal standards for products and services meet the U.S. EPA’s criteria for third-party certifiers. The Green Seal is a registered certification mark that may appear only on certified products. 3.16 “Integrated Pest Management” is an ecosystem-based strategy that focuses on long-term prevention of pests or their damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates they are needed according to established guidelines, and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target organism. Pest control materials are selected and applied in a manner that minimizes risks to human health, beneficial and nontarget organisms, and the environment. 3.17 “LEED Rating System” means the most recent version of the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Rating System, approved by the U.S. Green Building Council, and designed for rating new and existing commercial, institutional, and residential buildings. 3.18 “NSF/ANSI” means NSF International follows the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards development process. Standards are developed by joint committees (balanced stakeholder groups of public health, industry and user representatives). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 48 | Page 3.19 “Organic Pest Management” prohibits the use and application of toxic chemical pesticides and strives to prevent pest problems through the application of natural, organic horticultural and maintenance practices. All pest control products shall be in keeping with, but not limited to, those products on the approved list of California Certified Organic Farmers (CCOF). 3.20 "Post-consumer Material" means a finished material which would normally be disposed of as a solid waste, having reached its intended end-use and completed its life cycle as a consumer item, and does not include manufacturing or converting wastes. 3.21 “Pre-consumer Material” means material or by-products generated after manufacture of a product is completed but before the product reaches the end-use consumer. Pre-consumer material does not include mill and manufacturing trim, scrap, or broke which is generated at a manufacturing site and commonly reused on-site in the same or another manufacturing process. 3.22 “Recovered Material” means fragments of products or finished products of a manufacturing process, which has converted a resource into a commodity of real economic value, and includes pre-consumer and post-consumer material but does not include excess resources of the manufacturing process. 3.23 “Recycled Content” means the percentage of recovered material, including pre-consumer and post-consumer materials, in a product. 3.24 “Recycled Content Standard” means the minimum level of recovered material and/or postconsumer material necessary for products to qualify as “recycled products.” 3.25 “Recycled Product” means a product that meets [the Organization’s] recycled content policy objectives for post-consumer and recovered material. 3.26 “Remanufactured Product” means any product diverted from the supply of discarded materials by refurbishing and marketing said product without substantial change to its original form. 3.27 “Reused Product” means any product designed to be used many times for the same or other purposes without additional processing except for specific requirements such as cleaning, painting or minor repairs. 3.28 “Source Reduction” refers to products that result in a net reduction in the generation of waste compared to their previous or alternate version and includes durable, reusable and remanufactured products; products with no, or reduced, toxic constituents; and products marketed with no, or reduced, packaging. 3.29 “U.S. EPA Guidelines” means the Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for federal agency purchases as of October 2007 and any subsequent versions adopted. 3.30 “Water-Saving Products” are those that are in the upper 25% of water conservation for all similar products, or at least 10% more water-conserving than the minimum level that meets the Federal standards. 3.31 “WaterSense” means a partnership program by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Independent, third-party licensed certifying bodies certify that products meet EPA criteria for water efficiency and performance by following testing and certification protocols specific to each product category. Products that are certified to meet EPA specifications are allowed to bear the WaterSense label. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 49 | Page 4.0 STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION 4.1 Source Reduction 4.1.1 Institute practices that reduce waste, encourage reuse, and result in the purchase of fewer products. 4.1.2 Purchase remanufactured products such as toner cartridges, tires, furniture, equipment and automotive parts. 4.1.3 Consider short-term and long-term costs in comparing product alternatives. This includes evaluation of total costs expected during the time a product is owned, including, but not limited to, acquisition, extended warranties, operation, supplies, maintenance and replacement parts, disposal costs and expected lifetime compared to other alternatives. 4.1.4 Purchase products that are durable, long lasting, reusable or refillable and avoid purchasing onetime use or disposable products. 4.1.5 Request vendors eliminate packaging or use the minimum amount necessary for product protection. Vendors shall be encouraged to take back packaging for reuse. A vendor’s willingness to take back packaging will be used as part of the consideration in the bid process. 4.1.6 Specify a preference for packaging that is reusable, recyclable or compostable, when suitable uses and programs exist. 4.1.7 Encourage vendors to take back and reuse pallets and other shipping materials, unless these can be used by departments. 4.1.8 Encourage suppliers of electronic equipment, including but not limited to computers, monitors, printers, and copiers, to take back equipment for reuse or environmentally sound recycling when Bay Mills Indian Community discards or replaces such equipment, whenever possible. Suppliers will be required to state their take back, reuse or recycling programs during the bidding process. If this is not feasible, departments can utilize the BMIC E-waste recycling facility and will be expected to follow the disposal fee schedule. 4.1.9 Consider provisions in contracts with suppliers of non-electronic equipment that require suppliers to take back equipment for reuse or environmentally sound recycling when Bay Mills Indian Community discards or replaces such equipment, whenever possible. Suppliers will be required to state their take back, reuse or recycling programs during the bidding process. 4.1.10 Promote electronic distribution of documents rather than printing or copying. 4.1.11 When producing paper documents, print and copy all documents on both sides to reduce the use and purchase of paper. Printers and copiers shall be set to default to duplex. 4.1.12 Reduce the number and type of equipment needed to perform office functions to save energy and reduce purchasing and maintenance costs. Eliminate desktop printers, redundant network printers and reduce the number of fax machines leased or owned by Bay Mills Indian Community]. Consider lease or purchase of multi-function devices. 4.1.13 Ensure all imaging equipment is installed with energy and resource-efficient settings set as default. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 50 | Page 4.2 Recycled Content Products 4.2.1 Purchase products for which the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has established minimum recycled content standard guidelines, such as those for printing paper, office paper, janitorial paper, construction, landscaping, parks and recreation, transportation, vehicles, miscellaneous, and non-paper office products, that contain the highest post-consumer content available, but no less than the minimum recycled content standards established by the U.S. EPA Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines. 4.3 4.4 4.2.2 Purchase multi-function devices, copiers and printers compatible with the use of recycled content and remanufactured products. 4.2.3 When specifying asphalt, concrete, aggregate base or Portland cement concrete for road construction projects, use recycled, reusable or reground materials. 4.2.4 Specify and purchase recycled content traffic control products, including signs, cones, parking stops, delineators, channelizers and barricades. 4.2.5 Ensure pre-printed recycled content papers intended for distribution that are purchased or produced contain a statement that the paper is recycled content and indicate the percentage of post-consumer recycled content. Energy Efficient and Water Saving Products 4.3.1 Purchase energy-efficient equipment with the most up-to-date energy efficiency functions. This includes, but is not limited to, high efficiency space heating systems and high efficiency space cooling equipment. 4.3.2 Replace inefficient interior lighting with energy-efficient equipment. 4.3.3 Replace inefficient exterior lighting, street lighting and traffic signal lights with energy-efficient equipment. Minimize exterior lighting where possible to avoid unnecessary lighting of architectural and landscape features while providing adequate illumination for safety and accessibility. Refer to the BMIC Green Building Checklist, if needed. 4.3.4 Purchase U. S. EPA Energy Star certified products when available. When Energy Star labels are not available, choose energy-efficient products that are in the upper 25% of energy efficiency as designated by the Federal Energy Management Program. 4.3.5 Purchase U.S. EPA WaterSense labeled water-saving products when available. This includes, but is not limited to, high-performance fixtures like toilets, low-flow faucets and aerators, and upgraded irrigation systems. Green Building Products and Practices 4.4.1 Consider Green Building practices for design, construction, and operation as described in the LEED Rating Systems for all building and renovations undertaken by Bay Mills Indian Community. Refer to the BMIC Green Building Checklist. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 51 | Page 4.5 4.6 Landscaping Products and Practices 4.5.1 Employ sustainable landscape management techniques for all landscape renovations, construction and maintenance performed by Bay Mills Indian Community including workers and contractors providing landscaping services for Bay Mills Indian Community, including, but not limited to, integrated pest management, grasscycling, drip irrigation, computerized central irrigation linked with the local weather station, composting, and procurement and use of mulch and compost that give preference to those produced from regionally generated plant debris and/or food scrap programs. 4.5.2 Choose Landscape Professionals for landscape design and maintenance services. Training and qualifications shall include landscaping locally, landscaping for native and climate adapted species, landscaping for less to the landfill, nurturing the soil, conserving water, conserving energy, protecting water and air quality, and creating wildlife habitat. 4.5.3 Select plants to minimize waste by choosing species for purchase that are appropriate to the microclimate, species that can grow to their natural size in the space allotted to them, and perennials rather than annuals for color. Native and climate adapted plants that require no or minimal watering once established are preferred. 4.5.4 Hardscapes and landscape structures constructed of recycled content materials are encouraged. Limit the amount of impervious surfaces in the landscape. Permeable substitutes, such as permeable asphalt or pavers, are encouraged for walkways, patios and driveways. 4.5.5 Create bioswales and rain gardens in all landscape renovations and construction performed by Bay Mills Indian Community to assist in water run-off management. Develop outreach programs to instruct the public in the proper maintenance of bioswales and rain gardens. Toxics and Pollution Prevention Products and Practices 4.6.1 Manage pest problems through prevention and physical, mechanical and biological controls when Bay Mills Indian Community and its contractors maintain buildings and landscapes. Bay Mills Indian Community may either adopt and implement an Organic Pest Management (OPM) policy and practices or adopt and implement an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) policy and practices using the least toxic pest control as a last resort. 4.6.2 Use products with the lowest amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), highest recycled content, low or no formaldehyde and no halogenated organic flame retardants when purchasing building maintenance materials such as paint, carpeting, adhesives, furniture and casework. 4.6.3 Purchase or require janitorial contractors to supply, industrial and institutional cleaning products that meet Green Seal or UL/EcoLogo certification standards for environmental preferability and performance. 4.6.4 Purchase, or require janitorial contractors to supply, vacuum cleaners that meet the requirements of the Carpet and Rug Institute Green Label/Seal of Approval Program for soil removal, dust containment and carpet fiber retention for indoor air quality protection and performance cleaning standards. Other janitorial cleaning equipment should be capable of capturing fine particulates, removing sufficient moisture so as to dry within 24 hours, operate with a sound level less than 70dBA, and use high-efficiency, low-emissions engines. 4.6.5 Purchase paper, paper products, and janitorial paper products that are unbleached or are processed without chlorine or chlorine derivatives. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 52 | Page 4.7 4.8 5.0 4.6.6 Prohibit the purchase of products that use polyvinyl chloride (PVC) such as, but not limited to, furniture and flooring. 4.6.7 Purchase products and equipment with no lead or mercury whenever possible. For products that contain lead or mercury, Bay Mills Indian Community should give preference to those products with lower quantities of these metals and to vendors with established lead and mercury recovery programs. In addition, whenever lead- or mercury-containing products require disposal, Bay Mills Indian Community will dispose of those products in the most environmentally safe manner possible. All fluorescent lamps and batteries will be recycled or disposed of using the BMIC Maintenance Department Bulb Crusher 4.6.8 Purchase or specify personal computers, displays, imaging equipment and televisions that meet, at a minimum, all Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) environmental criteria designated as “required” as contained in the IEEE 1680 family of Environmental Assessment Standards. 4.6.9 Purchase or specify commercial carpeting that meets NSF/ANSI 140 Standard for Sustainable Carpet Assessment and require old carpet that is removed be recycled. 4.6.10 Purchase or specify non-carpet floor coverings that meet NSF/ANSI 332 Standard for Resilient Flooring including vinyl, linoleum and rubber flooring. 4.6.11 When replacing vehicles, consider less-polluting alternatives to diesel such as compressed natural gas, bio-based fuels, hybrids, electric batteries, and fuel cells, as available. Bio-Based Products 4.7.1 Purchase paper, paper products and construction products made from non-wood, plant-based contents such as agricultural crops and residues. 4.7.2 Purchase bio-based plastic products that are biodegradable and compostable, such as bags, film, food and beverage containers, and cutlery. Forest Conservation Products 4.8.1 To the greatest extent practicable, do not procure wood products such as lumber and paper that originate from forests harvested in an environmentally unsustainable manner. When possible, give preference to wood products that are certified to be sustainably harvested by a comprehensive, performance-based certification system. The certification system shall include independent third-party audits, with standards equivalent to, or stricter than, those of the Forest Stewardship Council certification. 4.8.2 Encourage the purchase or use of previously used or salvaged wood and wood products whenever practicable. RESPONSIBILITIES 5.1 The health and safety of workers and citizens is of utmost importance and takes precedence over all other practices. Nevertheless, Bay Mills Indian Community recognizes its duty to act in a fiscally responsible as well as a timely manner. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 53 | Page 6.0 7.0 5.2 Nothing contained in this policy shall be construed as requiring a department, purchaser or contractor to procure products that do not perform adequately for their intended use, exclude adequate competition, risk the health or safety of workers and citizens, or are not available at a reasonable price in a reasonable period of time. 5.3 Nothing contained in this policy shall be construed as requiring Bay Mills Indian Community, departments, purchasers, or contractors to take any action that conflicts with local, state or federal requirements. 5.4 Bay Mills Indian Community has made significant investments in developing a successful recycling system and recognizes that recycled content products are essential to the continuing viability of that recycling system and for the foundation of an environmentally sound production system. Therefore, to the greatest extent practicable, recycled content shall be included in products that also meet other specifications, such as chlorine free or bio-based. IMPLEMENTATION 6.1 The Chief Financial Officer shall implement this policy in coordination with other appropriate Bay Mills Indian Community personnel. 6.2 Require successful bidders to certify in writing that the environmental attributes claimed in competitive bids are accurate. Vendors shall be required to specify the minimum or actual percentage of recovered and post-consumer material in their products, even when such percentages are zero. 6.3 Upon request, buyers making the selection from competitive bids shall be able to provide justification for product choices that do not meet the environmentally preferable purchasing criteria in this policy. 6.4 Encourage vendors, contractors and grantees to comply with applicable sections of this policy for products and services provided to Bay Mills Indian Community. PROGRAM EVALUATION 7.1 8.0 The Chief Financial Officer shall periodically evaluate the success of this policy’s implementation and report to the Executive Council. EFFECTIVE DATES The above Policy was adopted at a meeting of the Executive Council held on the ____day of __________, 2023, by a vote of ____ in favor, ___ opposed, ___ absent, and ___ abstaining. As per the provisions of the Bay Mills Constitutions, the President must abstain except in the event of a tie. _____________________________ Beverly A. Carrick Secretary Executive Council 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 54 | Page Chapter 5. Green Buildings and Grounds Humans interact with the built environment constantly, from our homes, to the roads we drive on, to the stores we shop in, to the offices where we work. The built environment; therefore, literally shapes our everyday lives. Studies show that the design of infrastructure significantly impacts the mental, emotional, and physical health of humans. Partners with Biological Services and Inter-tribal Council of Michigan compiled a study in 2016 of expected weather impacts to the Bay Mills region. The region has observed noticeable changes in weather in recent years. These changes have been measured in mean season temperatures, percentage of ice cover, frequency of severe storms and many other parameters. Since 1950 the mean temperatures in winter and spring have increased more in the northern Great Lakes than in other areas. The Eastern Upper Peninsula has witnessed warmer winters and warmer springs. The frequency and intensity of storms in the Great Lakes region has also changed in the last fifty years. GLISA reported that precipitation from 1981-2010 is 5.1% more intense and frequency has increased 23.6% when compared to 1951-1980 (GLISA, Extreme Precipitation, 2015). Severe or intense precipitation has numerous consequences that are cause for concern. Flooding and storm water runoff are priority concerns, as rain from extreme participation events has inadequate time to infiltrate the soil. Instead, it erodes land surfaces, infiltrates and damages infrastructure, and carries soils, nutrients, and/or contaminants directly to surface waters (ITCMI, 2016). Stormwater runoff has the potential to impact natural and manmade systems and structures (ITCMI, 2016). Climate change is predicted to increase the number of extreme weather events and also decrease our air quality which will impact human health and disease in many ways. With the projected increases in temperature and frequency of extreme weather events, data suggests ground level ozone and particulate matter will increase which causes many problems including decreased lung function, increase in asthma attacks and increase in premature deaths. Also, with the increase in frost-free days and warmer seasonal temperatures, allergenic plants are projected to have longer pollen seasons and affect people with allergies. Buildings may also have increases in mold growth due to the warmer temperatures and increased precipitation. Doctors may have a harder time aiding people with allergies and asthma in the future (Luber et al. 2014). In addition, with these health risks, the projected increase in temperature may increase heat-related illness including heat exhaustion, heat stroke and death. Human health impacts from insect-borne diseases are projected to become more prevalent as well. Armed with this knowledge, Bay Mills Indian Community can make a conscious decision to thoughtfully design future infrastructure in such a way as to maximize Mino Bimaadiziwin “Good Life” of our citizens, employees, and visitors. Green buildings are one avenue through which BMIC can achieve this goal. 5.1 Definitions 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 55 | Page Sustainable Design: an architectural approach that seeks to reduce negative environmental impact that promotes improved health outcomes. Green infrastructure: planned natural and engineered features designed to deliver ecosystem services for the benefit of human and environmental health. Net Zero: a target of negating the amount of greenhouse gases produced by human activity by reducing emissions and removing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Stormwater Management: the process of controlling stormwater runoff, primarily from impervious surfaces. Biophilic Design: an architectural approach that promotes the use of natural materials, natural light, and landscape features to increase connectivity of building occupants to the natural environment, and create a more productive, healthy built environment. 5.2 Background Green buildings and grounds are those that exemplify biophilic and sustainable design. Essentially, this means that infrastructure is designed in such a way as to reduce harmful impact to the natural environment, while also promoting human health. This can be achieved through use of natural materials, maximizing natural light, incorporating green infrastructure in landscaping, and much more. When thinking about sustainability in the context of Bay Mills Indian Community, there are several aspects that we can contemplate. The first aspect is how infrastructure can impact different components of a community, whether it be the built environment, social atmosphere, cultural traditions, or human health. Human health is typically thought of as a cross-section of physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual well-being. These ideas can be melded together to create a model of sustainability catered specifically to BMIC. While the word sustainability typically focuses on the cross-section of community well-being, economic prosperity, and environmental stewardship, the Green Infrastructure Committee felt it important to add a longterm resilience component to the mix. All of these concepts together form the basis of sustainability, and the underlying goals for Green buildings in Bay Mills Indian Community (see Figure 5.2. BMIC Sustainability Model). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 56 | Page Cultural Long-term Resilience Social Human Economic Prosperity Community Well-being Built Environmental Stewardship Figure 5.2. BMIC Sustainability Model “Green” development can be expressed/measured in terms of green building certifications or standards. These certifications create, and hold buildings to specific environmental, energy, human health, etc. standards related to the design, construction, and performance of the building. This may include reduced water and energy consumption, maximizing natural light, proving green space, contemplating physical, mental and emotional wellbeing in the design of a building, meeting air quality standards, reducing light pollution, and much more. Dozens of green building certifications exist for new development and redevelopment. Some of the most popular new development certifications include Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), WELL, Energy Start, and the Living Building Challenge. Common redevelopment certifications include EnerPhit and Passive House Certificate. Organizations generally choose a green building certification that aligns most closely with the specific project, organizational goals and objectives. While these certifications/standards are great tools in assisting communities or entities in reducing their ecological footprint, it is important to note that meeting the stringent standards set by these certifications come at a cost, both in terms of time it takes to receive the certification, and the amount of money it can cost to meet the standards. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 57 | Page Given the extensive nature, time and monetary requirements associated with these certifications, the Green Infrastructure Committee is proposing a BMIC Green Building checklist, defined by the Tribe, to include elements of popular green building standards with the additional consideration of culture, values, and traditions as set forth in the BMIC Sustainability Model. 5.3 Green Building Recommendations and Checklist To ensure future infrastructure, whether new development or redevelopment of existing structures, incorporates sustainable and biophilic design, the Green Infrastructure Committee developed a Procedural Checklist for Development and Redevelopment, and a Green Elements Building Checklist. The Procedural Checklist for Development and Redevelopment is a tool for departments or entities to thoroughly review a proposed project while in its infancy. This procedural checklist allows BMIC to take a proactive approach to development and redevelopment, instead of a reactive approach, by thoughtfully assessing the proposed project and site on which it will be placed. The procedural checklist includes the following steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Tribal Manager Review Land Office Review Biological Services GIS Desktop Review THPO Review Construction Manager Review Team Review Additional Committee/Departmental Review Other Considerations, if warranted, including Phase 1 Archaeology Studies or BIA Forestry Timber Cruise and/or Timber Sale 9. Additional Steps, including a presentation of the proposed project to Executive Council, coordinating with the Grants Department to identify and secure funding, and posting a Request for Quotes for Architecture and Engineering services The full Procedural Checklist for Development and Redevelopment can be found on page 49-50 of this report. Working through this procedural checklist will ensure any concerns regarding the project and/or proposed location are identified right away. Findings during this initial process may warrant additional reviews, such as a Phase 1 Archeology Study or contacting the BIA Forestry Department. Should grant funding be required for a proposed project, this procedure will provide much of the information for an Environmental Narrative, should that be required by the funding agency/organization. Additionally, this comprehensive review ensures all aspects of a development or redevelopment are considered prior to procurement of architecture and engineering plans. This will safeguard against significant changes late in the development process due to poor initial planning, thereby saving time and money. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 58 | Page In addition to the Procedural CheckList, the Green Infrastructure Committee also developed a Green Elements Building Checklist for extreme weather resilience. This Checklist is designed to complement the Procedure Checklist, specifically when it is time to secure an Architect and Engineering firm. The Green Elements Building Checklist is a Bay Mills Indian Communityspecific set of standards for future development or redevelopment that encourages facilities to be designed and constructed to be more efficient, provide a healthier indoor environment, minimize harmful effects on human health and the environment, and ensure long-term resiliency of the structure. The checklist includes sections focusing on the following: 10. Seven Generations 11. Stormwater Management 12. Disaster and Extreme Weather Mitigation 13. Net Zero Construction and Green Energy 14. Indoor Human Use and Biophilic Design 15. Outdoor Human Use and Biophilic Design 16. Human Health Impacts 17. Solid Waste and Materials 18. Considerations During Construction, including what to do if historic properties, archeological resources, human remains, or other cultural items are discovered; a site blessing in conjunction with the Cultural Department; and how to mitigate environmental challenges in conjunction with the Biological Services Department. Each of these categories puts forth general items that should be incorporated in the development of Architect/Engineering plans and designs. Specific outcomes will be projectspecific, and should rely on proper planning. This checklist may be provided during the Request-for-Proposal process to ensure standards and expectations are fully understood prior to onboarding a A/E firm. The full and Green Elements Building Checklist can be found on page 51-53 of this report. In line with the aforementioned recommendations, the BMIC Green Infrastructure Committee proposes the following Procedural Checklist for Development and Redevelopment, and Green Elements Building Checklist: 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 59 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 60 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 61 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 62 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 63 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 64 | Page Chapter 6. Stormwater Management Infrastructure and Roads Network Like many communities, the network of roads, ditches, and stormwater management at Bay Mills has changed and evolved as the community has grown. Main roads, such as Lakeshore Drive, W Spectacle Lake Rd, Tower Rd, and Plantation Rd, are maintained by Chippewa County Road Commission and so match their typical design parameters. Neighborhood roads, such as Red Pine Lane, Crane Road, South Towering Pines Rd, and others are developed and maintained by BMIC. Some areas have ditching for stormwater management while others do not. BMIC ordinances for businesses and government building development date back to 1960s. These ordinances do not include design specifications on parking lot green space or ditching requirements. Snow plowing is also completed at the discretion of the operator, so piles frequently concentrate along riparian and shoreline areas. Consequently, many BMIC government, enterprise, business holdings, and residential facilities experience ponding or flooding during rain events and spring melt. Figure 6a. Road-stream-crossing locations around Waishkey Bay. Many more driveway and ditch culverts exist, but were not assessed. Figure 6b. High priority crossing 281/282 at BMRC. The Waishkey River Watershed Management Plan of 2020 included extensive surveys of area road stream crossings (whether they are culverts or bridges). Many, many more culverts exist in this area, allowing for ditch drainage, etc; in this survey, only crossings of permanent streams were surveyed. Information was collected at a dozen specific crossings on Bay Mills trust land within the Waishkey watershed (see Figure 6a). Data collected from the stream-crossings surveys revealed point- and nonpoint sources of contamination. Many of the culverts in the watershed and Bay Mills are undersized and should be considered for replacement. Additionally, their style may be ill-suited for the flashy, clay streams they are placed in. The metal or concrete of these structures may be in largely good condition, but due to alignment, sizing, embedded depth, etc, these structures are less than ideal for the environment and human infrastructure (see figures 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 65 | Page and table below). Potential negative outcomes from improper RSC range from environmental degradation, to additional road maintenance, to catastrophic failure of the crossing. Of the RSC surveys completed at Bay Mills, most are undersized. Two RSCs (located at BMRC parking lot) are deemed high priority due to their alignment. Figures 6c, 6d, 6e. Data summary from Great Lakes Road Stream Crossing data dashboard (DNR). 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 66 | Page Table 6.1. Road Stream Crossings recently surveyed with Great Lakes Road Stream Crossing Inventory. These priority levels have been determined by BMIC Biological Services staff. ID RSX 276 Priority Level Medium RSX 281 RSX 282 High High RSX 287 Low RSX 291 RSX 292 RSX 314 Low Low Lakeshore Dr Lakeshore Dr Lakeshore Dr RSX 315 Medium Plantation RSX 316 Low Lakeshore Dr RSX 317 Medium Lakeshore Dr RSX 318 Medium Lakeshore Dr RSX 319 Unranked Lakeshore Dr Road Lakeshore Dr BMRC Driveway Lakeshore Dr, BMRC Lakeshore Dr Stream/ Landmark Deep Creek Erosion Extent Entrenched Parrish Creek Parrish Creek Moderate Moderate Unnamed, Ash Preserve Club Creek Lil Waiska Unnamed, RV Park Unnamed, ditch Ponty’s Creek Moderately entrenched Minor Minor no Fish Passage Barrier at high flows Plugged Barrier at high flows Plugged. Barrier to Fish No No no Moderate Unnamed, Chippewa Landing Unnamed, Gma Turtle Unnamed, College Pond 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC Perch Culvert No Undersized Yes Misalignment Ok No No Yes Yes Severe Ok BMIC County Perched Yes Ok County Slightly No no No Yes Somewhat Minor Ok Ok County County County No No Yes Ok County Entrenched. Moderate Minor Yes No Ok County No Yes. Not Buried No Yes Ok County Moderate Barrier to Fish Yes Yes Poor County Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed Not assessed County 67 | Page Ownership County 6.1 Stormwater Management Recommendations General strategies have been developed by local land managers and partner organizations. These strategies are outlined and further described in the Waishkey River Watershed Management Plan (accepted in 2020 by Bay Mills Executive Council). These recommendations should be employed around Bay Mills when opportunity arises. Excerpts from Table 22. Nonpoint source pollution goals and proposed implementation strategies for all Waishkey River subwatersheds. SUBJECT STRATEGY PARTNER Ordinances and Policies (business development & parking lots) a. BMIC BMIC, CCRC, CLMCD, MITC, Townships Ordinances and Policies (BMIC neighborhood roads network) f. g. h. Promote water infiltration on site (percolation through soil and plant uptake and transpiration). Use soil and vegetation in a constructed technique, such as rain gardens. Build snow retention areas / bioswales DISCONNECTED from waterbodies. Protect adjacent lands from direct stormwater discharge off of BMIC gov and enterprise developments. Build rain gardens or green roofs, to mimic natural hydrologic processes and water infiltration. Effectively minimize or disconnect impervious surfaces (for example, continuous parking lots). Reduce floodplain development and preserve small streams. Preserve natural features, such as floodplains with a natural vegetation buffer along streams, that can slow, filter, and store storm runoff. Plan new neighborhoods with stormwater in mind. Ensure long-term operation and maintenance of stormwater facilities. Reduce streambank erosion (due to culverts & other anthropogenic causes) i. j. k. l. Stabilize slopes Reseed areas with native plants Replace undersized culverts Encourage the use of bottomless culverts and bridges b. c. d. e. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC BMIC 68 | Page References Bay Mills Indian Community. 2022. Solid Waste Management Plan. Accepted by Executive Council July 2022. Staff Jennifer Parks. Bay Mills Indian Community. 2020. Waishkey River Watershed Management Plan. Accepted by Executive Council Dec 2020. Staff Aubrey Maccoux-LeDuc. Bay Mills Indian Community. 2016. Non-point Source Pollution Management Plan. Accepted by Executive Council. Staff Brian Wesolek. Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments. 2014. Change in Frost-Free Season Length. Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments, Ann Arbor, MI (www.glisa.umich.edu, Accessed June 2016). Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments. 2014. Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region. Great Lakes Integrated Sciences and Assessments, Ann Arbor, MI (www.glisa.umich.edu, accessed June 2016). Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, Inc. 2016. Michigan Tribal Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation Planning: Project Report. Luber, G., K. Knowlton, J. Balbus, H. Frumkin, M. Hayden, J. Hess, M. McGeehin, N. Sheats, L. Backer, C. B. Beard, K. L. Ebi, E. Maibach, R. S. Ostfeld, C. Wiedinmyer, E. ZielinskiGutiérrez, and L. Ziska. 2014. Ch. 9: Human Health. Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment, J. M. Melillo, Terese (T.C.) Richmond, and G. W. Yohe, Eds., U.S. Global Change Research Program, 220-256. doi:10.7930/J0PN93H5. Superior Watershed Partnership. 2022. Bay Mills Indian Community Energy Efficiency Assess 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 69 | Page Appendix A: Energy Conservation Measures Thermostat Optimization Setback & Setup Savings Thermostat Temperature Savings Lighting Leviton Ultrasonic/Infrared Dual-Relay Multi-Technology Occupancy Sensor Model # : 041-OSSMT-MDI 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 70 | Page Appendix B: Energy Efficiency Assessment of 2022 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 71 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 72 | Page 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 73 | Page Executive Summary Project Profile This report contains the results of a community-wide, collaborative energy audit/assessment undertaken by the Superior Watershed Michigan Energy Assistance Program (SWP MEAP) at the Bay Mills Indian Community (BMIC) in Chippewa County. Over eight weeks, surveyors from the Great Lakes Climate Corps (GLCC) worked with an expert contractor to conduct audits on 24 buildings of importance to the BMIC population. The GLCC’s primary goal is to educate UP communities regarding renewable energy and energy waste reduction to assist low-income families in conserving energy and lowering their energy costs. UP communities pay some of the highest electricity rates in the country. The GLCC addresses this issue throughout all 15 counties in the Upper Peninsula by conducting basic home energy assessments in low-income households and installing weatherization measures to improve self-sufficiency and lower heating and electric costs. Their work with BMIC produced useful energy-asset characterizations and identified opportunities for tangible efficiency improvements. This report includes a building-by-building narrative description of assessment outcomes as well as figures and data pulled from DOE Assessment Summaries. The original summaries are included in the report’s appendices. Methodology At the BMIC, two GLCC Surveyors holding Department of Energy (DOE) energy efficiency scoring certifications and a contractor-partner deployed the DOE’s Building Energy Score Data Collection tool, a nationally standardized tool for assessing buildings’ physical and structural energy efficiency. Surveyors took measurements of each building’s envelope, orientation, and window area. They used an ETEKT+ Low-E Coating Detector to determine whether glass had a Low-E coating. Light fixtures were counted and listed by type, mounting, number of lamps per fixture, and wattage. Occupancy sensors were noted. Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment was inspected. Equipment nameplate data was used to calculate efficiencies available for air conditioners, chillers, boilers, and furnaces. Surveyors did this for hot water heaters as well. Manufacturers were contacted to gather further details. Interviews were held with building managers, maintenance personnel, and the BMIC Construction Department to glean additional information about building age and features. When available, blueprints and specifications were reviewed, and a discussion was held with the architect for the recently completed Ellen Marshall Health Center. Finally, the History Department provided additional information to fill knowledge gaps. Throughout this process, surveyors filled out department of Energy data collection sheets for each building. These were digitized, reviewed, and entered into the DOE’s Online Asset Scoring System. The system scored buildings’ energy efficiency based on asset characteristics; the score does not consider occupant behavior or operations, making inter-building score comparisons possible. Each building’s score falls along a one to ten energy efficiency scale. The system generates a series of energy conservation measures (ECMs) and shows how much a property score could increase through the ECMs’ adoption. Therefore, this report shares DOE system-generated property asset scores, property-specific ECMs, and expert recommendations offered by the project’s contractor after investigating each site with GLCC surveyors. 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 74 | Page Assessments by Building BMIC Tribal Administration The BMIC Tribal Administration Building, built in 1981, received a ten-out-of-ten DOE asset score. Occupant sensor assessments showed 248 average occupants and average usage at 48.6 hours a week. Recommendations The DOE building score summary identifies an upgrade opportunity in the Administration building’s Hot Water System; installing low flow faucets in Block 2 would slightly increase hot water efficiency for moderate investment cost. Building envelopes, Lighting Systems, and HVAC Systems generated no recommendations. If the recommended improvements are adopted, the building’s score would improve by one percent and remain at a score of ten. It is worth noting that while the Administration Building’s score reflects modern systems, only roughly a quarter of the building’s gross floor space is regularly used. This may affect the DOE system’s calculation and warrants further operations assessment. Regardless, the improvements’ effect in terms of fuel end use change is illustrated in the figure below. (Fig. 1 DOE) 2022 Energy and Waste Assessment of BMIC 75 | Page BMIC Biological Services & Conservation The BMIC Biological Services & Conservation Building, built in 2006, received a nine-out-of-ten DOE asset score. The building hosts an average of 31 people with an average usage of 48.6 hours per week. Recommendations DOE systems recommended several improvement measures. Firstly, the building envelope can be made more efficient through air barrier renovations; a building’s air barrier is composed of physical assemblies designed to prevent outside air infiltration. In most cases, un [Text truncated at 120,000 characters. The full text is on the page linked above.] --- Source: Frix Law Library, https://www.frixlaw.com/law-library/documents/tribal%3Abay_mills%3A6323f3625189d515. Public record. Not legal advice.